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Systems analysis -- Methods

Information storage and retrieval systems -- Innovations and Electronic data processing -- Innovations

User Relations, System Development, User Need, Prototype, Systems, and System Design

According to Merle Parks, product manager for Cincom, DP personnel need to recognize the following myths when developing applications: users' needs are static, users know what they want and users can communicate their needs to DP. When dealing with users, the system developer should illustrate several types of systems via menus. A photograph of Merle Parks is included.

Relational Data Base Management Systems, DBMS, Mainframe Computer, Interface, Enhancements, and System 2000 Release 11 (data base management system)

Intel's Release 11 of its System 2000 data base management system (DBMS) features relational DBMS functions, data base modeling, prototyping, decision assist for what-if analysis, and access to multiple data bases. Designed for IBM-based OS and VM-CMS environments, the package also offers a new teleprocessing interface that combines the attributes of the existing batch and TP interfaces. It sells for $70,000.

Automation, Computer-Aided Design, Manufacturing, Solids Modeling, Modeling, Three-Dimensional Graphics, Integrated Systems, CAD/CAM, and Ingersoll

Computer-aided design (CAD) offers manufacturers increased design productivity, reduces prototyping by using three-dimensional modeling and easily transfers information from the designer to the manufacturer. Three-D modeling with solid and wire models has invaded mechanical engineering and can be linked to manufacturing operations. Ingersoll, a West German machine-tool company, uses a Cadam (Computer-augmented drafting and manufacturing) system for custom design of products. The increased productivity potential of CAD systems may not be fully realized but a case history illustrates a productivity increase using a CAD system. Screen displays of three-D graphics as well as a block diagram of the Northrup computer-aided design (NCAD) system are included.

Prototype, Forms Design, System Development, and Forms

Prototypes are often used to evaluate the feasibility of doing a full design of a new mechanism. A prototype of an electronic form system is presented with a discussion of prototypes. The mechanism being explored is a high level form definition mechanism based on abstract data types in programming languages. The prototype provided better understanding of implementation and facilities of a form definition language. Statements of prototype objectives assisted in developing a successful prototype.

Prototype, Definitions, Models, System Development, Functional Capabilities, and End User

The definition of a system can determine its success. Prototyping is a definition technique that minimizes life cycle cost, implementation time and project risk. This technique insures that a product will be accepted at conversion. It is based upon the assumption that people understand physical models and focuses upon the following factors when building a system: user needs, software that provides speed and flexibility, communication through familiar mediums and animated specifications. Prototyping works well in the early phases of system development.

Relational Database, DBMS, Relational Data Base Management Systems, and Prototype

Relational data base management systems (DBMS) are well suited for prototyping due to their ease of use and data independence. Updates can be entered directly at the terminals, placed in routines, or embedded in a host language. Relational DBMS have no separate data dictionaries. Changes to the logical design of data is also simple since logical design is implemented through views that do not physically exist.

Future of Computing, Software Engineering, Software Design, Product Development, Programming, and Prototype

Software tools are necessary for programming productivity and quality to match that of hardware improvements, but are not being used by engineers in the United States. One improvement in software design would be in rapid prototyping of systems. High- level languages could check the requirements of a program quickly by implementing a basic version of the final product. Reusable software would also cut down on the development process. Automated design tools would include a non-prodecural specifications language, an intelligent software-based management system for reusable software, and an intelligent editor.

Insurance Industry, Artificial Intelligence, Workstations, Networks, DBMS, Database, Online, Future Technologies, User Interface, Information Systems, and Information Resources Management

By 1990 developments in data processing and communications technology will bring dramatic changes to the insurance industry and other businesses using stored information resources. Information will be kept in true data bases which will be accessed on-line for updating, inquiries, and transactions. Home terminals linked to a company's mainframe computer will provide for electronic purchases of insurance policies. Workstations will give users the ability to produce, store, retrieve, manipulate, and analyze information located in personal, corporate, and external data bases. All hardware will be seen as part of a communications network which the user will join when he sits at a workstation. In the 1980's methodologies such as prototyping, along with dedicated efforts by information system managers and end users, will be needed to bring about these advances.

Software quality, Business application suite, Insurance industry, Umbrella, Software, Applications backlog, Insurance industry, Integrated software, and Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States

Specifications, Program Development Techniques, Software Engineering, Prototype, System Development, Software Quality, and Software Architecture

A perspective on the evolution and problems of the software development craft is presented. How software engineering techniques show promise to solve these problems is discussed. Using architecture prototyping as a program development technique for improving software quality is introduced. A disciplined approach to software development based on the use of formal specification techniques to express software requirements and system design is presented.

Language, Programming Language, Applications, Machine Independence, User-Friendliness, Design, and Technology

One way of classifying computer languages is by two classes: languages needing skilled programmers, and personal languages used by an expanding population of general users. REstructured eXtended eXecutor (REXX) is a flexible personal language designed with particular attention to feedback from its users. It has proved to be effective and easy to use, yet it is sufficiently general and powerful to fulfil the needs of many demanding professional applications. REXX is system and hardware independent, so that it has been possible to integrate it experimentally into several operating systems. Here REXX is used for such purposes as command and macro programming, prototyping, education, and personal programming. This paper introduces REXX and describes the basic design principles that were followed in developing it. (Reprinted by Permission of Publisher.)

Trends, Future of Computing, User Relations, User Assistance, End User, User-Written Software, Management of EDP, Programmer, EDP Personnel, Program Development Techniques, and Prototype

The processes of systems analysis and programming have changed little in the last ten to fifteen years. The arrival of mini- and micro-computers in user departments and the change in user information requirements will force a change in data processing. 'Fourth generation' software, or end user computing involves the user departments directly in the development of a system. Prototyping of a system by programmer and a user will be used to first develop screen layouts, then to map out processing using high-level languages. In order to survive, programmers will need to become involved with the applications they are coding and will need to acquire systems analysis skills.

DBMS, Enhancements, Upgrading, Disk/File Management Software, and Mantis Release 3.7 (computer program)

Cincom Systems Mantis application system has enhanced features for prototyping, file-access and documentation. Mantis runs in both IBM CICS and Cincom's TIS-DC environments. The list price ranges from $21,000 to $59,000.

Data Base Processors, New Product, Applications, Banking, Computer Systems, Data Base Languages, Query Languages, User Interface, Wells Fargo Bank N.A. -- Purchasing, and DBC-1012

Wells Fargo Bank N.A. is the first user of Teradata Corp.'s DBC-1012 data base machine. While Wells Fargo has no plans for replacing its VSAM files with the data base machine, it does expect to develop many of its small and medium-scale applications on the DBC-1012, particularly those requiring a quick turnaround time. Teradata's TEQUEL fourth-generation language is about twice as fast as the FOCUS language, in terms of prototyping and development. The DBC-1012 has a reported capacity of up to one terabyte - one trillion bytes. One of the first applications on Wells Fargo's DBC-1012, which consists of four parallel access module processors, two communications controllers, and four Winchester disk packs, included a difference analysis program in which three million item processing balances were input and searched for discrepancies. The acid test for the system will come in April when Wells Fargo plans to install an accounts analysis system.

Data Base Processors, New Product, Applications, Query Languages, Data Base Languages, User-Friendliness, Wells Fargo Bank N.A. -- Purchasing, and DBC-1012

Although Teradata Corp. touts its new data base machine, the DBC-1012, as being capable of handling large production-scale processing, Wells Fargo, the first user of the system, plans to use it for fast-changing new applications and end-user computing. The DBC-1012 has proven useful for prototyping, due primarily to the TEQUEL query language and the machine's self- normalizing relational structure. Because TEQUEL is relatively easy to learn, it will be taught to executive-level users at Wells Fargo.

Robots, Simulation, Performance Prediction, Simulation of Computer Systems, and Testing -- Other

There are three major advantages to using computer simulation for testing robot systems. First, the time and materials spent on physically prototyping alternative robot work cells is reduced or eliminated. Second, the need for on-site testing is eliminated. Third, the possibility of a programming error causing harm to personnel or equipment is reduced. The major disadvantage to using simulation is that computer simulations are never perfect representations of the real world. Users must be careful to understand how well real world applications are being reproduced. Three simulation screen displays are included.

Nonprocedural Languages, Study, User Relations, Evaluation, Programming, Programming Language, and Application Development Software

According to Input Inc.'s report titled Opportunities of Fourth-Generation Languages, fourth-generation languages can solve several problems relating to information systems. These problems include isolation of information systems from the rest of the organization; the development of systems that are late, incomplete, or inflexible; the perception of the information systems department as unresponsive; and user ignorance of data processing functions. The report predicts fourth-generation languages will play an important role in the systems development process. In addition, micro versions will offer some attractive options, including micro-mainframe communication and prototyping.

Relational Data Base Management Systems, Software Packages, Database, Beta Testing, Integrated Software, Prototype, User-Written Software, Application Development Software, End User, User-Friendliness, Central & South West Services, IDMS-R, Integrated PC Software, and Information Database

Although Central and South West Services, Inc. has yet to build a large-scale application, company officials are nonetheless pleased with Cullinet Software's IDMS-R relational data base management system (DBMS). The package has improved prototyping efficiency for both end-users and programmers. Central and South West also uses Cullinet's Integrated PC Software, which enables users to manipulate data without knowing where it is stored, and the Information Database package.

Prototype, Applications Backlog, Applications Programming, Efficiency, and Program Development Techniques

Although prototyping is not a perfect solution, it is one of the best ways to improve application development productivity. Unfortunately, it is also a misunderstood technique. Some fear that it serves merely to gloss over the real business problems. Others shy away from prototyping because they feel it departs from standard software engineering practices. Another concern is that it constrains the imagination of the system developers. Still another concern is that it conflicts with data resource administration and the creation of shared data bases. These are among the concerns that are addressed and refuted. In short, the difference between prototyping and traditional structured analysis is the difference bewteen experience and conjecture.

Programming Language, LISP, Workstations, Enhancements, Software, and Domain LISP

Apollo Computer Inc. has introduced a version of the LISP programming language for its Domain workstations. Domain LISP conforms to the standard LISP of 1979, and is compatible with the Portable Standard LISP developed at the University of Utah. It features save-restore environment commands, cross-call language capability, and a dynamically scoped binding environment. It also includes an interpreter for checkout and prototyping, and an optimizing compiler. The package runs on all Apollo systems and costs $1,850 per node and $15,500 per site.

Prototype, Applications Backlog, Programming, Efficiency, Productivity, Software, and Software Maintenance

According to industry experts, eighty-two per cent of a program's bugs are introduced during the specification process, seventeen per cent are introduced during detail design, and only one per cent are introduced during coding. The way to improve programming efficiency is through prototyping. Prototyping enables the finished program to more precisely meet the user's requirements. This, in turn, lowers maintenance requirements and increases the useful life cycle of an application. Because seventy to eighty per cent of a programmer's time is spent on maintenance and enhancements, prototyping frees valuable resources that can be better applied to the applications backlog.

Program Generators, Applications Programming, Programming, System Design, and Tutorial

The design process for systems using application generators is different from traditionally designed systems, in that application generators are data base oriented, not process-oriented. It involves a recommended sequence of events. In order, they include defining the functional requirements, building a data model, understanding the application generator, creating the specifications, conducting design walkthroughs, prototyping, and designing the physical data base.

Program Generators, Applications Backlog, Application Development Software, Programming, and Applications Programming

Applications backlog is the single biggest problem facing DP managers. One solution to the problem is program generators, not to be confused with applications generators. Program generators are designed to assist the programmer in the development of a program using procedural languages such as COBOL. Applications generators are strictly end user products. Program generators provide several benefits, including rapid prototyping, minimal debugging, easy code modification, well-organized code, and portability across many systems.

Prototype, System Development, Tutorial, End User, and User Need

Prototyping offers both increased development productivity and improved system quality. Prototyping can be broken down into four levels of activity: mock-ups of printed reports or screens; simulated interaction of on-line activity or batch reports; a working model of a system that can be gradually expanded, completed, and implemented; and a research project that uses the model to prove the feasibility of a system design. The best way to conceptualize prototyping is to think of it as anything that lessens the time between when a user describes a specification and then sees the results of the description. Remember, also, that it is a step-by-step proposition; prototyping does not happen overnight.

System Development, Prototype, Programming, Applications Programming, Productivity, and Efficiency

If used properly, prototyping can be a useful tool, but if used improperly can cause more problems than it solves. To be effective, prototyping should be used within a systems development methodology, though there are times when its use is inappropriate. It should be remembered that prototypes are full working representations of a complete system; poorly designed prototypes will result in poorly designed systems. It should also be realized that while prototyping may reduce coding time, it will not necessarily reduce total project time.

Application installation/distribution software, Securities industry, Application development software, COBOL, Rapid application development, Prototype-CICS, Applications programming, Program development software, COBOL, Securities industry, and Merrill

Application Development Software, Software Selection, Software Packages, Criteria, Productivity, and Efficiency

Though viewed with skepticism when they first arrived on the scene in the late 1970s, the market for application development tools is now booming. In 1983, sales reached $215 million; that figure is expected to grow to one billion dollars by 1987. Productivity gains from the use of program development tools range anywhere from ten to 400 percent. It should be realized, however, that the quality, not the quantity, of code is the most important consideration. While using development tools enables programmers to write good code more quickly, they also enable programmers to write bad code more quickly. When considering the purchase of an application development tool, there are several factors to be evaluated, including efficiency, usability by nonprofessionals, prototyping techniques, procedural power, interpretive benefits, integration, file support flexibility and hardware independence.

Relational Database, Database, Evaluation, Appraisal, Database Design, Online, and Online Transaction Processing

Relational data bases and relational-like fourth-generation software are useful for many applications, including electronic file cabinet systems, decision support systems, user-friendly systems that must be quickly constructed and changed, and prototyping. But they are not a panacea. Because they consume a lot of hardware resources, they are ineffective for on-line operational processing. After implementing a relational system, one company reported a fifty percent annual increase in the hardware budget over a five year period.

Software Engineering, Trends, Growth, Application Development Software, System Development, Software Design, Information Systems, Automatic Programming, and Automation

Computer-aided software engineering is now entering a period of rapid growth, according to many software productivity experts. Although there are a variety of approaches being taken by vendors of automated software engineering products, all are based on the process of designing an information system rather than toward the task of coding it. They emphasize the kind of structure and discipline that nonprocedural languages and prototyping aids purposely avoid. For many users, however, the focus of these tools on the total system life cycle may be their greatest weakness. The conversion to automated software engineering can be difficult for organizations without strictly defined software design procedures.

Software, Software Packages, Integrated Software, New Product, Technology, and McCormack and Dodge Corp.

McCormack & Dodge's Millenium technology is designed to integrate all the company's applications software into a real-time system. Under Millenium, users can switch from one program to another without leaving their work in progress. The system features a consistent user interface and a full-scale application development and prototyping language. Users are expressing concern about the amount of up-front money required to convert to the Millenium technology and the level of technical support the system will require.

Software Packages, New Product, Online, Applications Programming, Application Development Software, Mainframe Computer, and Programaster-OL

Master Software's Programaster-OL is an on-line applications development system that uses reusable code techniques. It features prototyping and screen and report-painting capabilities that can be used in batch and on-line modes. It is designed for IBM mainframes running under MVS with TSO. Annual licenses cost $5,000 plus $2,500-month. Perpetual licenses sell for $95,000.

Cost, Software, Software Quality, Hardware Error, Study, Increasing Costs, and Product Development

According to a study by T. Casper Jones, general manager of the Nolan Norton Co., up to twenty-five percent of all software systems with over 64,000 lines of source code currently under development will be terminated before they are completed. In addition, up to sixty percent will suffer from cost and schedule overruns and approximately seventy-five percent will have serious operational difficulties. In very large programs, the combination of coding and documentation defects and inadequate maintenance results in an average of 300 serious errors per 1,000 lines of code. To correct the problem, longer design times, high speed prototyping and a shorter debugging phase are encouraged.

Fourth Generation, Programming Language, Nonprocedural Languages, COBOL, Study, Applications Backlog, Response Time, Equipment Acquisition, and Comparative Study

According to an International Data Corp. (IDC) study titled 'Fourth-Generation Languages: Information Generators to Meet Information Needs', fourth-generation languages used as a substitute for COBOL result in the loss of a competitive advantage, poor response times, and unnecessary hardware additions. Rather, they are most effective when used as a prototyping-only aid for COBOL-oriented applications. The IDC report praises fourth-generation languages as productivity tools, but warns of lack of standards, limited portability, poor documentation, data transportation problems, and the shortage of experienced fourth-generation personnel.

Software Maintenance, Programming, Productivity, Survey, Program Development Techniques, Structured Programming, and Programmer

Software maintenance may be the major programming problem for the remainder of this century. According to a Computerworld survey, average programmers spend about fifty-five percent of their time on maintenance, up from forty-five percent in 1984. There are several ways to improve programmer productivity, including using structured programming techniques, computer-aided software engineering methods, reusable code, and prototyping aids.

Applications backlog and System development

Prototype, System Development, Program Development Techniques, and Conferences and Meetings

Prototyping is an important factor in the applications development process. While it should not be mistaken for a panacea, it can make it easier for developers to modify a program before the system reaches end users. Prototyping is most effective when used for applications designed to be interactive and predictive.

Test Equipment, New Product, System Development, Protocol, RAM, Prototype, Ethernet, LAN, Controllers, EtherServer 1, and EtherServer 2

Logic Replacement Technology's EtherServer 1 and EtherServer 2 equipment test and prototyping tools are designed to help accelerate Ethernet system development and installation times. The EtherServer 1 unit is designed to monitor traffic on an Ethernet network. The EtherServer 2 is an echo server that can be used for production testing controllers and for checking cable installations and controller performance.

Prototype, System Development, Program Development Techniques, Systems, Models, Analysis, Methods, and Guidelines

The purpose of prototyping is to refine the functions and I-O of a system during the design phase. There are three types of prototyping methods. In its simplest form, a prototype is simply a mock-up of system outputs. A more elaborate prototype is a throwaway functional model of the proposed system. An evolutionary prototype includes all the attributes of a throwaway system; in addition, it is capable of being transformed into the final system. There are six steps involved in the prototyping process: initial user confrontation; first-cut outputs; user review; prototype modification; data structure evolution; and coding program shells.

Data Processing, Future Technologies, Prototype, and System Development

Prototyping is growing as a requirements definition strategy. Data processing professionals are interested in learning prototyping and its implementation. The future of prototyping will consist of controversies, consultants becoming prototyping experts, prototyping products, and prototyping displacing prespecification. Prototyping will build a path for a fourth-generation development life cycle, which will provide the following benefits:; reduce application development risk, performance modeling to assure operational feasibility, rapid and responsive application, tactical software, and confirmation. A chart of a fourth-generation development life cycle is included.

Implementation, System Development, Pilot Project, and Prototype

Rapid prototyping, despite strong predictions, has failed to change software development. Although its strengths and weaknesses have not been evaluated, rapid prototyping is an excellent technique for delivering the correct system to users. Prototyping lets system developers generate parts of a system before the implementation phase. Prototyping saves time and allows the users to define their needs more quickly. Prototyping should include: planning, analysis, first-cut prototyping, prototype iteration, benchmarking, and training. A prototyping center's tools should consist of: text editor, teleprocessing monitor, screen generator, dictionary maintenance tools, report writer, interactive query language, and documentation reporter.

Nonprocedural Languages, Programming Language, Prototyping, and Software

Fourth-generation languages are designed to be more productive than third-generation languages and free programmers from software creation. Fourth-generation languages must have the following characteristics: nonprocedural operation, natural language keywords, links to a centralized data base and data dictionary, efficient code creation, and the capability of creating applications quickly. The lack of procedural code and rapid applications creation allows prototyping.

Applications Programming, Backlog, High Technology, Productivity, and Programming Language

Third-generation languages and manual coding are inefficient and must be replaced by new technology. There is a movement away from third-generation programming languages to more productive and automated fourth-generation languages. Development centers require productivity improvements to handle the growing backlog of applications. Productivity improvements can be obtain by eliminating hand coding, using automated applications development tools, providing end users with automated tools, using new prototyping, and developing methodologies tied to automation. As information services move from a mainframe-oriented environment to an end-user environment with networks of personal computers, the advantages of fourth-generation languages become obvious.

Applications Backlog, Backlog, COBOL, Data Processing, Insurance Industry, Prototype, and Rexcom

The installation of Rexcom, a fourth-generation language and relational data base management system (DBMS), reduced Capitol Bankers Life Insurance Co.'s application development backlog. Capitol Bankers, prior to the installation of the software, was facing a backlog of six to eight months because of rapid growth and programmers' inability to maintain pace using a third-generation language, COBOL. Since installing Rexcom, the backlog has been reduced to three months. Capitol Bankers uses two 6M-byte Prime Computer, Inc. 9950s, linked to a ring network, to run the software. A chart showing the development process at Capitol is included.

Prototype, Software Design, Software Engineering, and System Development

Some software development groups have little understanding about the prerequisites for successful prototyping. There are two approaches to prototyping: requirements prototyping and evolutionary development. In requirements prototyping, a prototype is used to define an initial solution to the prolem, while in evolutionary development, the prototype becomes the center of the developing system. Regardless of the prototyping approach, the result is a model used as a mechanism to define the final system solution.

Applications Backlog, Backlog, Fourth Generation, Prototype, System Development, Software Engineering, and MIS

Because of the tremendous demand for specific computer applications in companies, management information systems (MIS) managers are years behind in completing applications for users. Fourth generation languages can be used to prototype applications so that development time is shortened and satisfaction with the final product is greater. By making a prototype of the application before actually creating it, MIS managers find that the end users are happier since they take a part in the development process, the program is better suited for its intended purpose, and there is less user training required. One company had a 60 percent increase in productivity in the data processing department after it switched to a fourth generation development system, and the inclusion of end users in the development process helped in almost all respects of application creation. A graph indicates increases in logic and functionality in a system through prototyping and interactive development.

Applications, Information Systems, Management, System Development, MIS, Prototype, and Relational Data Base Management Systems

Applications prototyping has gained acceptances a device for development since the coming of relational data base implementations and fourth-generation languages. Systems professionals can join forces with end users to develop new and enhanced information systems through prototyping. Management information systems managers can obtain the benefits of prototyping by setting up relevant project control, avoiding overkill, fitting the method to the environment, picking a balance team, avoiding overtraining, and involving everyone.

Telecommunications Industry, Performance, Prototype, Software Engineering, and System Development

AT&T Communications has made considerable productivity gains by utilizing application prototyping with Cullinet Software Inc.'s ADS-Online development language. On the average, the productivity rate was tripled for fifteen communications applications developed during the last eighteen months. An additional sixteen communications applications have been developed, besides the fifteen in production. AT&T Communications has confidence in prototyping and believes that prototyping works.

Information Systems, Management, Prototype, and System Development

Many organizations are failing to receive the full benefits of prototyping techniques, and some individuals utilizing the technique are taking shortcuts which eliminate important stages in the system development process. Many times information systems management is cautious about employing prototyping because of the quick-and-dirty approach used by some organizations. Prototyping is a collection of methods, accomplished in a systematic manner and based on constructing a model of the desired system. The initial model should contain necessary program modules, the data base, screens, reports, and inputs and outputs. Prototyping utilizes the initial model to design the system. Prototyping covers system development to end-user training and eliminates communication problems, satisfies end users, and assists in installing the right system the first time.

Prototype, Simulation of Computer Systems, Software Engineering, Computer Software Industry, and Software Garden Inc. -- Product introduction

Dan Bricklin, one of the developers of Visicalc, has started Software Garden Inc., a one-man company. The Dan Bricklin Demo Program, a prototyping device for personal computer software, is an apparent success with early users. The Demo Program allows users to produce program simulations or tutorials for programs. Also, users have the ability to generate a product before it exists, and present it to OEMs and demonstrate it.

Programming, Computers, Applications Programming, Productivity, Structured Programming, and Software Engineering

The productivity of programmers and the quality of programming are diminishing because of the systems, individuals, and approaches involved. While these problems do exist, there are some solution to increasing programmer productivity and programming quality. One solution is embedded in modular coding, concurrent documentation, reuse of old program parts, and utilization of the better known algorithms. Also, new techniques can be helpful such as, for example, rapid prototyping, development of computer-assisted software, and restructuring engines.

Software Design, Computer Software Industry, Applications, Software Packages, Programming, Project Life Cycle, Product Development, and Symantec Corp. Living Videotext Inc. -- Product development

According to software developers at Living Videotext Inc., the overall nature of the product-development cycle can be outlined in five rough steps, which include prototyping, technology development, and user proofing to fill in holes; the fourth step involves deciding what will be contained in the first release and later releases and then creating a master disk; and the fifth step involves internal delivery, with a freeze on changing any features. A project that was conceived by Dave Winer, president of Living Videotext, was a low-cost calendar program for an IBM PC or an Apple Macintosh. After 18 months into the product cycle, the Macintosh product was chosen to be marketed, as company sales for Macintosh software increased, while demand for IBM PC software remained flat. Financing and some technical problems also contributed to the decision to ship the Macintosh product and to shelve the IBM PC version; however, technology features of the Macintosh version and may be incorporated into future projects.

Expert Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Productivity, Efficiency, System Development, Analysis, and Product Development

What expert systems practitioners do and how they do it is no longer a mystery now that expert systems are available commercially, but while some individuals believe that the expert systems business is based on techniques similar to conventional systems, in reality the development of expert systems differs considerably from the development experience of conventional systems. A close examination of the expert system development reveals the fundamental difference between conventional systems and expert systems: a small prototype solving a small portion of a problem is the beginning of an expert system, a process different from any formal prototyping and in contrast with most methods for constructing conventional systems. Developers of expert systems are not prisoners of their systems, and they are constantly learning more about how the systems should be constructed. Expert systems are not magical, but they do represent an honest attempt to improve productivity in organizations.

Computer Systems, System Development, Project Life Cycle, Prototype, Business Planning, Modeling of Computer Systems, and Project Management Software

A systems project takes over two years to get approved and started, according to government sources. Generally, the first working model should be substantiated during the first two weeks of the project's inception with seven minutes involving the installation of the first prototype. Prototypes are the first result of development and the benefit acquired from tight schedules. Prototyping is not project-oriented, but results-oriented. If the first working model is not produced during the first two weeks, management must assume that the project is in jeopardy and review the problem. The first two weeks of the system's life should involve constructing the file and assuring that it works, making the order of processing conform to specifications, installing legal and logical edits, and making necessary changes. Working prototypes and actual systems are quite similar, with one similarity being complication. Good management and standards should assist the development team in making the system perform to specifications. While the prototyping process requires more actual effort than appears to have taken place, increased personal productivity results because a machine now performs what was earlier accomplished by hand.

Programming Language, New Product, Product Introduction, User Interface, Enhancements, DBMS, Query Languages, Fourth-Generation Language, Software AG Americas Inc. -- Product introduction, and Super Natural (Program development software)

Software AG of North America Inc. has introduced a fourth-generation language permitting end users to extend beyond querying and reporting to prototyping and data base management. Version 2 of Super Natural, a menu-driven subset of the company's Natural fourth-generation language, has many of its restrictions removed, allowing more flexibility. The new package allows the user to customize or modify and create files on a mainframe Adabas data base management system. Super Natural will be available December 1, 1986 and costs $35,000 for DOS systems and $45,000 for MVS environments.

Functional Capabilities, Semiconductor Preparation, Gallium Arsenide Semiconductor, Product Development, Cost effectiveness, Applications, Manufactures, and Diodes

Hewlett-Packard (HP) uses the III-V compound semiconductor gallium arsenide (GaAs) for fabricating low-and medium-barrier diodes suitable to millimeter-wave circuit applications up to 110GHz, such as samplers, mixers, multipliers, and detectors. Such diodes have low parasitic capacitance, high power-handling without performance degradation, higher electron mobility for lower carrier transitions, low sensitivity to electrostatic discharge, and are easily integratable with other ICs into single chip GaAs millimeter-wave hybrid circuits. HP used molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to fabricate the low and medium-barrier GaAs diodes because of the MBE system's high control of consistent epitaxial layer doping and thickness. HP is encouraging use of the modified barrier diode technology at the firm by offering prototyping for custom device designs.

Social Science, Engineering, Social Issue, Technology, Human Factors, User Interface, Ergonomics, Work Environment, and Northrop Grumman Space & Mission Systems Corp. -- Innovations

A technique that mixes computer and social sciences is shaking the foundation of traditional computer systems development methods at TRW Inc.'s Defense Systems Group. Some company officials say that the technique provides end users with what they need instead of what they think they need; the method decreases life-cycle costs of systems and minimizes the risk of constructing unwanted systems. The technique, which is called user engineering, uses psychology, sociology, and anthropology to identify users' learning methods, work habits, and preferences. The project director of the user engineering team at TRW, Larry McGlaughlin, identifies four elements as critical to success: a user interface management system; a prototyping environment simulating the user workplace; a process that is creative; and a multidisciplinary team.

Software Design, Productivity, Performance, Programming, End User, Application Development Software, New Technique, Applications Programming, and E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. -- Product development

Divisions of the Du Pont Co. have adopted a new software design methodology called Rapid Iterative Production Prototyping (RIPP) that allows end user feedback to be considered throughout the software design process and increases productivity as much as 600 percent. While traditional software development includes five phases, RIPP combines the phases and removes any time-consuming analyses. The tool has been gaining popularity throughout the company's departments. The creation and use of the RIPP system at Du Pont is described.

Program Library, Software Engineering, Software Garden Inc., and Demo Program (Computer graphics software)

Libraries of reusable software, which permit fast prototyping and program editing are available for personal computer applications development. One such resource is The Demo Program from Software Garden, which lets programmers create and display screens in various sequences.

Performance, Program Development Techniques, Application Development Software, User Ratings, Online Database Software Inc. -- Public opinion, and The Application Builder (Data base management system)

Users of a microcomputer development environment, The Application Builder (TAB) from Online-Database Software Inc., have discovered that the software is a powerful prototyping device and a convenient method for executing mainframe applications on microcomputers. Despite users' praise, they still are waiting for Online-Database Software Inc. to introduce promised IDMS-R compatible facilities to allow users to begin full-scale application development. At $4,000, TAB was marketed as a microcomputer version of Cullinet's ADS Online applications development environment for mainframe computers.

DBMS, Applications Programming, File Organization, Disk/File Management Software, Software Packages, Computer Software Industry, Enhancements, Product Introduction, New Product, Software Design, COSMOS Information Internet Service -- Product introduction, and Advanced Revelation (Data base management system) -- Product introduction

Cosmos is developing a new version of its Revelation database management system to be released in June 1987. The enhancements expected in the new package, expected to be named Advanced Revelation, include an enhanced applications generator with menu designers and built-in pop-up windows, and options for multiple file structures and file indexing. The package is designed to allow programmers to create a variety of different customized file structures. Advanced Revelation also offers such indexing methods as B-trees, cross referencing, and computational and relational joining methods. Cosmos said its applications generator has an interactive interface similar to a word processor to speed up applications prototyping. Prices were not disclosed; Revelation currently sells for $950 and comes in a four-user network version for an additional $495.

Computer-Aided Software Engineering, Application Development Software, Software Engineering, Code Generator, Program Development Techniques, Project Life Cycle, Industrial project management, Prototype, Syntax Analyzers, and Program Verification

The common elements of tool kits for computer-aided software engineering (CASE) are described. A graphics tool is a crucial part of a CASE product used for creating program-structure charts, data-flow diagrams, and data-structure diagrams. CASE tool kits generally support a particularly methodology for structured analysis and design along with an appropriate method of syntax verification. Other elements of CASE tool kits include: central information repository; prototyping tools such as menu, screen and report generators; and code generators. Project management tools are an important part of the development life cycle but are not widely available in CASE products.

Artificial Intelligence, Productivity, Software, MIS, Market Segmentation, Expert Systems, Natural Language Interfaces, Software Complexity, and General Ledger Accounting Software

Artificial intelligence (AI) has two commercially valuable market segments: expert systems and natural language interfaces. Some of the productivity gains made by natural language interfaces include: applications prototyping, database applications design, development and maintenance, IBM structured query language coding, user self-sufficiency, and streamlined applications. Expert systems provide MIS with three main advantages: a new applications group, enhancement of existing applications, and the proliferation of intelligent debuggers. Natural language interfaces and expert systems can be used to enhance the productivity of general ledger applications.

Systems analysis -- Methods and Information resources management -- Methods

Software development/engineering, User need, End user, Rapid application development, End users, Applications programming, and Software engineering

Conferences, Computer-Aided Software Engineering, Computer Software Industry, Artificial Intelligence, Reasoning Inc., ProMod Inc., Pro-Source (Computer program) -- Product introduction, Re:Source (CD-ROM database) -- Product introduction, Reflection (Terminal emulation software), and Procap (Computer program) -- Product introduction

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) programs were introduced at the CASE Expo in Oct 1987. Products included Refine from Reasoning Systems Inc and Procap, Re-Source and Pro-Source from Promod Inc. Minimal training is required on Refine for programmers experienced with artificial intelligence languages. The program enables rapid prototyping and validation and has a specification compiler that provides declarative expressions and low-level procedure statements. Promod's new products are a family of integrated development tools. Procap is used for design, source-code development and maintenance, and documentation. Re-Source has a design library that feeds program elements into the modular design methodology, and Pro-Source is a code generator.

Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, LISP, Prototype, Software Design, Knowledge-Based System, and Logical Organization

The generic parts of an expert system are furnished by an expert systems shell. The human interface part includes questions and explanations for the user. The inference engine part is designed to facilitate problem-solving through the use of logic. The knowledge base, which is based on logic and plain English-language statements, is designed to provide answers to problems. Software shells are capable of non-numeric logic and can coordinate the decision-making logic of an expert with virtually all fields of expertise.

Executive, Programming Language, History of Computing, Enhancements, Software Engineering, Application Development Software, Coding, and Operating Environments

Professional applications developers require advanced program development tools, languages, and products for speedy coding capabilities. These products should offer a speedy, up-front prototyping capability and advanced code optimization at the end. They will require an easy technique to dynamically manage the individual steps of compiling, editing, linking, testing, and running code. Very integrated development environments are available to the users of Quickbasic 4.0 and QuickC from Microsoft. Technological improvements can be combined with language enhancements to produce a more sophisticated development environment. When tools are matched and mixed upon need the integrated development environment becomes optimal.

Computer-Aided Software Engineering, Applications Programming, Enhancements, Program Development Techniques, Application Development Software, Industry Analysis, Trends, Comparison, and Programming Management

Survey after survey of software personnel indicates that broader implementation of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is probably the best strategy to address the critical shortage of quality software development and skilled programmers. Consequently, CASE products constitute one of the fastest growing segments of the computer industry. CASE tools typically follow one of three methodologies: the life cycle approach, rapid prototyping, or structured development techniques. The most popular structured methodologies include: Yourdon, Warnier-Orr, Gane-Sarson, SADT, PSL-PSA, Martin, Ward-Mellor, and Hatley. The methodologies consist of graphical symbols representing concepts, rules for how symbols relate in a diagram, and procedures in which activities are performed. Rules can be data-driven, process- or function-driven, and-or event- or state-driven.

Programming Language, Waveforms, Signal Processing, Desktop Utility, New Technique, Technology, Applications Programming, Digital Signals, Application Development Software, Computer-Aided Engineering, Hewlett-Packard Co., and HP 8770A Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer

Hewlett-Packard developed the Waveform Generation Language (WGL) for waveform design and analysis, and it is the primary front-panel interface used to control the HP 8770A Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer when running on HP 9000 Series 200 and 300 computers. WGL is easily used by a novice, yet powerful enough to meet the needs of sophisticated signal requirements: beginners may consider it as a reverse Polish notation (RPN) calculator that can operate on entire waveforms; programmers may view it as a threaded interpretive language (TIL); and application engineers will observe that it facilitates application development based on digital signal synthesis because of its fast prototyping capabilities.

Computer-Aided Software Engineering, Application Development Software, Applications Backlog, Cost Benefit Analysis, and Trends

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools are not just being used in the design portion of a product life cycle, but are extending into the front end and further in the cycle. CASE tools are providing structured methodology and early prototyping in the analysis and design stage, thus enabling higher management and customers to see that their problems, needs, and objectives are being properly addressed. Reusable design modules are facilitating early prototyping, reducing total design time and costs, and assuring consistency of product. The trends in reusable data include capturing the logical abstractions of a design for reusability. Trends in next-generation CASE tools include design checking and tools to suggest appropriate environments or platforms for the product.

Evaluation, Relational Data Base Management Systems, Fourth-Generation Language, SQL, Informix-4GL 1.10.02 (Data base management system), Ingres 5.0 (Data base management system), Professional Oracle 5.1A (Data base management system), Ramis-PC Workstation 2.0 (Data base management system), and PC/Focus 3.0 (Data base management system)

Evaluations of five high-end relational database management systems are presented. High-end relational DBMSs evolved from the corporate practice of distributing database applications throughout a broad range of PCs and other computers. The programs are designed for the manipulation of enormous amounts of information. Many of these programs began as mainframe and minicomputer systems and have been adapted to the microcomputer. These programs are complex and powerful, with fourth-generation languages that give users access to specific data structures and language interfaces that let users connect with other language codes. All five program reviewed require considerable in-house support but are time- and resource-saving ways to off-load prototyping and development from large system. Ramis-PC Workstation is the easiest to use; Ingres and PC-Focus offer the best mix of features, power, and ease of use.

Evaluation, Relational Data Base Management Systems, SQL, Oracle Corp. -- Product information, and Professional Oracle 5.1A (Data base management system)

Professional Oracle, Version 5.1A from Oracle Corp requires PC-DOS or MSDOS 3.0 or later, an IBM PS-2, AT, Compaq 386, or compatible, 640Kbytes of RAM, 896Kbytes of extended memory, and a 7.5Mbyte hard drive. The relational DBMS costs $1,295 for a production license and $199 for a promotional development license. Oracle's hardware needs are extensive, the documentation is poor, installation is hard, and the program's mainframe orientation is painfully obvious in the unnecessarily difficult use. But the program is extremely powerful and highly functional for programmers. Its strength include: the SQL Plus interface; complete SQL implementation; the report generator; the forms manager-designer; the spreadsheet; the LAN support system; and C language environment. Professional Oracle is a powerful environment for prototyping mainframe applications but is suited for seasoned database programmers only.

Evaluation, Relational Data Base Management Systems, SQL, Fourth-Generation Language, Online International Inc. -- Product information, and Ramis-PC Workstation 2.0 (Data base management system)

The Ramis PC-Workstation, Version 2.0 high-end relational DBMS from Online Software International requires a hard disk, PC-DOS 2.0 or MS-DOS 2.11 or later, an IBM PC or compatible, and 512Kbytes of RAM. The $495 single-user program is a functional system for modest 4GL PC tasks only; the interface is by far the easiest to install, use, and master among high-end RDBMSs but trades off power. The subset of high-end functions proves a remarkably effective mix despite being the weakest among high-end RDBMSs, but the programming language is inadequate and the SQL implementation is incomplete. Automation tools for prototyping applications are available with the system. In addition, other PC programs can be built into Ramis' command shell, and a wide range of interfaces to other programs are included. Ramis is recommended as a front-end to mainframe RDBMSs or for light 4GL PC work.

Computer-aided design -- Methods, Semiconductor industry -- Equipment and supplies, and CAD-CAM systems industry -- Forecasts and trends

New Product, Product Introduction, RISC, Compatible Hardware, Applications, Microprocessor, and Advanced Micro Devices Inc. -- Product information

Advanced Micro Devices announced a variety of support products from itself and third-party firms for AMD's 29000 reduced-instruction-set computer (RISC) processor. The 29000 is available in 16, 20-, and 25-MHz versions; a 30MHz version is being beta-tested, the 29027 32-bit floating-point coprocessor will be available soon, and the 29062 Integrated Cache Unit and 29041 Data Transfer Controller are under development. AMD is also offering a symbolic debugger, development and prototyping tool, target resident debug monitor, and C cross-development package. Third-party 29000 products include: Embedded Performance's System 29000 development station, Yarc Systems' McCray 29000 coprocessor card for the Mac II, SBE's VME-based FDDI board; and a Martin Marietta military system.