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Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Informatique; automatique theorique; systemes, Computer science; control theory; systems, Intelligence artificielle, Artificial intelligence, Reconnaissance des formes. Traitement numérique des images. Géométrie algorithmique, Pattern recognition. Digital image processing. Computational geometry, Genie mecanique. Construction mecanique, Mechanical engineering. Machine design, Généralités, General, Métrologie industrielle. Contrôle, Industrial metrology. Testing, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Radiotherapie. Traitement instrumental. Physiotherapie. Reeducation. Readaptation, orthophonie, crenotherapie. Traitement dietetique et traitements divers (generalites), Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects), Orl et stomatologie, Ent and stomatology, Maladies des voies aérodigestives supérieures, Diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract, Commande numérique calculateur, Computer digital control, Control numérico computador, Dentisterie, Dentistry, Odontología, Fabrication assistée, Computer aided manufacturing, Fabricación asistida por computador, Facteur réflexion, Reflectance, Coeficiente reflexión, Forme géométrique, Geometrical shape, Forma geométrica, Image tridimensionnelle, Tridimensional image, Imagen tridimensional, Interférométrie optique, Optical interferometry, Interferometría óptica, Langage CAML, CAML language, Laser, Láser, Méthode projection, Projection method, Método proyección, Métrologie surface, Surface metrology, Metrología superficie, Paramètre ordre, Order parameter, Parámetro orden, Pilotage ordinateur, Computer control, Control por ordenador, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Reconstruction image, Image reconstruction, Reconstrucción imagen, Scanneur, Scanner, Escáner, Sondage laser, Laser sounding, Sondeo láser, Temps traitement, Processing time, Tiempo proceso, Traitement image, Image processing, Procesamiento imagen, Vision ordinateur, Computer vision, Visión ordenador, 3D reconstruction, fringe projection, and laser scanner

The rapid prototyping and copying of real 3D objects play a key role in some industries. Both applications rely on the generation of appropriated computer aided manufacturing (CAM) files. These files represent a set of coordinates of an object and can be understood by a computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine. Non-contact techniques, like laser scanning and fringe projection, are among the possibilities for obtaining such CAM files. In this work, a comparison between the two aforementioned non-contact techniques is presented. The comparison is made based on their performance as candidates for generating CAM files of objects of high reflectivity and maximum lateral dimensions of the order of 15 mm The parameters tested are the quality of the 3D reconstruction, the processing time, and the possibility of these being implemented in industrial scenarios, among others. Under the scope of these parameters, it is concluded that laser scanning offers superior performance for the kind of objects here considered. The techniques are evaluated with dental pieces in order to validate these methodologies in the rapid prototyping and copying of teeth.

Science technology, industry, Sciences et technologies, industries, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Genie mecanique. Construction mecanique, Mechanical engineering. Machine design, Métrologie industrielle. Contrôle, Industrial metrology. Testing, Généralités, General, Moteurs et turbines, Engines and turbines, Moteurs à combustion interne: moteurs à essence, diesels, etc, Internal combustion engines: gazoline engine, diesel engines, etc, Conception machine, Machine design, Concepción máquina, Contamination, Contaminación, Développement durable, Sustainable development, Desarrollo sostenible, Faisabilité, Feasibility, Practicabilidad, Industrialisation, Industrialization, Industrialización, Modèle géométrique, Geometrical model, Modelo geométrico, Modélisation, Modeling, Modelización, Moteur combustion interne, Internal combustion engine, Motor explosión interna, Pollution, Polución, Problème agencement, Layout problem, Problema disposición, Propulsion, Propulsión, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Réalité virtuelle, Virtual reality, Realidad virtual, Rétroingénierie, Reverse engineering, Ingeniera inversa, Savoir faire, Know how, Saber hacer, Spécification, Specification, Especificación, Système acquisition donnée, Data acquisition system, Sistema adquisición dato, Véhicule hybride, Hybrid vehicle, Vehículo híbrido, bimodal vehicle, hybrid vehicle, and pollution

In research field of alternative solutions to internal combustion engine vehicles, the Politecnico di Milano has developed a design and manufacturing project for an adaptable electro-mechanical kit intended to transform a city car with endothermic propulsion into a bimodal one, using existent technologies and innovative solutions. This project involves mechanical and electrical competences in order to develop a new transmission parallel to the current endothermic propulsion and its control system. This paper describes, in general, the developed procedure to obtain the final prototype. At first, the requirements and constraints to fulfil a standard transport urban cycle has been established and the vehicle to modify was selected, in this case the Fiat Grande Punto. Next, new components and the required space to their installation have been identified and specified, whilst mechanical components were designed and manufactured. Instruments of reverse engineering and virtual prototyping have been employed to carry out the geometrical models, simulations and layouts and to identify useful spaces in the vehicle. Finally, general modifications, installation of new components, implementation of control and data acquisition system, fine-tuning and check of specifications fulfilment have been carried out. A 30 km range working in electrical mode, with a top speed of 70 km/h, is assured with the developed kit. These results demonstrate the feasibility to implement a forward bimodal propulsion system into a commercial city car with a little invasive commercial kit, and now, the Politecnico is working at its industrialization and implementation to different models of city cars. Regione Lombardia (Regional government in Italy) has funded this project as an investigation oriented to find new solutions to sustainable transport and reduction of environmental pollution.