articles+ search results

RATINGS of hospitals and MEDICATION errors

Aims To demonstrate an epidemiological method to assess predictors of prescribing errors. Methods A retrospective case-control study, comparing prescriptions with and without errors. Results Only prescriber and drug characteristics were associated with errors. Prescriber characteristics were medical specialty (e.g. orthopaedics: OR: 3.4, 95% CI 2.1, 5.4) and prescriber status (e.g. verbal orders transcribed by nursing staff: OR: 2.5, 95% CI 1.8, 3.6). Drug characteristics were dosage form (e.g. inhalation devices: OR: 4.1, 95% CI 2.6, 6.6), therapeutic area (e.g. gastrointestinal tract: OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.2, 2.4) and continuation of preadmission treatment (Yes: OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.3, 2.3). Conclusions Other hospitals could use our epidemiological framework to identify their own error predictors. Our findings suggest a focus on specific prescribers, dosage forms and therapeutic areas. We also found that prescriptions originating from general practitioners involved errors and therefore, these should be checked when patients are hospitalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

APPLE blue mold and MYCOTOXINS

Aims: To study the influence of culture preservation methods and culture conditions on the production of the mycotoxins patulin and citrinin by Penicillium expansum . Methods and results: Ten strains of Penicillium expansum were preserved using subculture and maintenance at 4 °C, mineral oil, drying on silica gel and freeze-drying. Patulin and citrinin production was assessed on yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) and grape juice agar (GJ), using TLC before and after 0·5, 2–3, 6 and 12 months preservation. Citrinin was detected in all cultures for all preservation techniques on YES. The patulin profiles obtained differed with strain and culture media used. Conclusions: Citrinin production seems to be a stable character for the tested strains. There is a tendency for patulin detection with time apparently more consistent for silica gel storage and freeze-drying, especially when the strains are grown on GJ. Significance and Impact of the Study: Variability in the profiles of the mycotoxins tested seems to be more strain-specific than dependent on the preservation technique used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AUDITORY evoked response, AUDITORY perception, HEARING, and COMPACT discs

The purpose of this series of experiments was to develop a simple, 500-Hz masking-level difference (MLD) protocol that could be implemented easily in the clinic to assess auditory perceptual abilities using an audio compact disc. Five, 300-ms tones with 250-ms intertone intervals were embedded in 3-s bursts of 200-800 Hz noise presented at 42.2-dB pressure-spectrum level with 4-5 s interstimulus intervals. The homophasic and antiphasic conditions were interleaved with the signal-to noise ratios decreasing in 2-dB steps. A single-interval, "yes/no" response task was used. Three experiments were performed on 24-28 listeners with normal hearing. The mean SoNo thresholds (58.1- to 59.5-dB SPL) and the mean SπNo thresholds (45.1- to 46.0-dB SPL) produced ∼13-dB MLDs. Experiment 3 included a SoNπ condition that had a mean threshold of 48.8-dB SPL and a 10.0-dB MLD. The mean test, retest of the SoNo and SπNo thresholds on 15 listeners was <0.5 dB. Over the three experiments, 95% of the listeners had SπNo MLDs that were ≥10 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HERBICIDES, CORN, WEEDS, and CROP yields

Summary This work was initiated to integrate an image analysis system and a prediction equation to support decisions for post-emergence herbicide applications under field conditions. Data were collected from 1999 to 2001 in 32 commercial fields to obtain weed cover data at the three to four leaf stage of maize (Zea mays L.), and crop yield at maturity. Relative crop yield was predicted using a non-linear sigmoidal equation with relative weed cover as the predictor variable (P < 0.0001; R [sup 2] = 0.39). The decision procedure consists of using the equation within the limits of a yield loss threshold that represents the loss one is willing to tolerate. The tolerance threshold (TT) allows determination of a weed threshold (WT). The procedure considers the variability around the prediction equation by setting the WT at the intersection between the lower 95% confidence interval of the prediction line and the TT. It also considers the variability around the weed cover estimate. For a given field, the decision is made by comparing the average weed cover corrected for sampling error, to the WT. We tested the performance of the decision procedure and found it could lead to a saving of 25% of herbicide use. We also computed a probability table showing the chances of getting relative yield above or below the TT. We suggest using the probability table in combination with the decision procedure to manage risks. The proposed approach does not offer a set ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer but rather provides a framework to support decisions by producers who ultimately must manage the risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RUBIACEAE, WEEDS, PLANT viruses, SEED industry, and ERIOPHYIDAE

Galium spurium L. (Rubiaceae), native to Europe, is an increasingly serious annual weed of cultivated crops in the prairie provinces of Canada. The gall mite Cecidophyes rouhollahi Craemer (Acari, Eriophyidae), originally found on the related plant species Galium aparine L. in southern France, was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for G. spurium. In greenhouse tests, C. rouhollahi caused severe stunting and complete prevention of seed production by G. spurium. Host specificity tests showed that C. rouhollahi developed only on three closely related annual Galium species in the Kolgyda section. No native North American Galium species were attacked, with the exception of G. aparine. A review of available information on G. aparine suggests that it is probably an introduced species in North America. It has been reported that a related gall mite attacking G. aparine might be associated with a plant virus. A series of tests on a greenhouse colony of G. spurium infested with C. rouhollahi showed no evidence of viral infection. On the basis of these results, C. rouhollahi has been approved for field release against G. spurium in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PROSTATE cancer, EPITHELIAL cells, ESTROGEN, and STEROLS

Estradiol rapidly activates Src as well as the Src-dependent pathway in human mammary cancer-derived MCF-7 cells, in human prostate cancer-derived LNCaP cells and in Cos cells transiently expressing hERs [EMBO J. 15 (1996) 1292; EMBO J. 17 (1998) 2008]. In addition, estradiol immediately stimulates, yes, an ubiquitous member of the Src kinase family, in human colon carcinoma-derived Caco-2 cells [Cancer Res. 56 (1996) 4516]. Progestins and androgens activate the same pathway in human mammary and prostate cancer-derived cells [EMBO J. 17 (1998) 2008; EMBO J. 19 (2000) 5406]. We observed that estradiol also stimulates the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in MCF-7 cells [EMBO J. 20 (2001) 6050]. In these cells, activation of the Src- and the PI3 K-dependent pathways is simultaneous and mediated by direct interactions of the two kinases with ERα. The signalling pathway activation by sex-steroid hormones leads to DNA synthesis and cell growth in human mammary and prostate cancer-derived cells [EMBO J. 19 (2000) 5406; EMBO J. 20 (2001) 6050; EMBO J. 18 (1999) 2500]. Furthermore, androgen stimulation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts activates the same pathways triggered by this hormone in LNCaP cells and promotes the S-phase entry or cytoskeleton changes in these cells [J. Cell Biol. 161 (2003) 547]. All the described effects are rapid and require classic steroid receptors, but, surprisingly, not their transcriptional activity. Indeed, a transcriptionally inactive mutant of hER mediates the estrogen-stimulated DNA synthesis of NIH3T3 fibroblasts [EMBO J. 18 (1999) 2500]. Furthermore, AR in NIH3T3 cells does not enter nuclei and is unable to respond to the hormone with transcription stimulation, whereas it activates signaling pathways and triggers important biological responses.Signaling pathway activation by steroids has also been described by other groups under different experimental conditions and/or in different cell types. In these cells, steroid stimulation triggers various effects, such as neuroprotection, vasorelaxation or bone protection [J. Neurosci. Res. 60 (2000) 321; Nature 407 (2000) 538; J. Cell Biochem. 76 (1999) 206]. Analysis of the mechanisms responsible for the hormone-dependent and steroid receptor-mediated pathway activation in epithelial as well as stromal cells reveals immediate association of steroid receptors with extranuclear signaling effectors [EMBO J. 17 (1998) 2008; Cancer Res. 56 (1996) 4516; EMBO J. 19 (2000) 5406; EMBO J. 20 (2001) 6050; J. Cell Biol. 161 (2003) 547]. These results further highlight the central role of the hormone-regulated protein–protein interactions in the steroid action. They also offer the possibility of interfering with important activities of hormones, such as proliferation or survival, cytoskeleton changes as well as invasiveness and vasorelaxation, without affecting the steroid effects that depend on receptor transcriptional activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ARTIFICIAL neural networks, COMPUTER architecture, EMBEDDED computer systems, PRODUCTION scheduling, and ESTIMATION theory

Real-time embedded systems are spreading to more and more new fields and their scope and complexity have grown dramatically in the last few years. Nowadays, real-time embedded computers or controllers can be found everywhere, both in very simple devices used in everyday life and in professional environments. Real-time embedded systems have to take into account robustness, safety and timeliness. The most-used schedulability analysis is the worst-case response time proposed by Joseph and Pandya (Comput J 29:390-395,1986). This test provides a bivaluated response (yes/no) indicating whether the processes will meet their corresponding deadlines or not. Nevertheless, sometimes the real-time designer might want to know, more exactly, the probability of the processes meeting their deadlines, in order to assess the risk of a failed scheduling depending on critical requirements of the processes. This paper presents RealNet, a neural network architecture that will generate schedules from timing requirements of a real-time system. The RealNet simulator will provide the designer, after iterating and averaging over some trials, an estimation of the probability that the system will not meet the deadlines. Moreover, the knowledge of the critical processes in these schedules will allow the designer to decide whether changes in the implementation are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ATHLETES, FATIGUE (Physiology), PHYSICAL education, QUESTIONNAIRES, and SPORTS medicine

Abstract: Objective. – The group of consensus of the French Society of Sport Medicine prepared a questionnaire in order to detect early stage of overtraining. This questionnaire includes 54 items which the subjects have to answer by “yes” or by “not”. A score is then established by summing the “yes”. Taking into account the formulation of the questions, this score will increase with the training load. The aim of our study is to propose a score of overtraining, and also to highlight the importance of some items or groups of items. Methods. – Our population consisted of French sportsmen of both sexes, from different geographical origins, age, sporting practice and level. A multicentric analysis was carried out on the basis of 1984 collected questionnaires. We analysed the evolution of the percentage of subjects, the weight of various parameters (age, overtraining) and the evolution of the frequency of each item as a function of the score. Results. – A score of 20 was proposed as an overtraining state threshold, which has to be confirmed on the basis of correlations with biological indices, in particular with a state of clinically established overtraining. Sixteen items present a linear evolution traducing an increase of tiredness according to the overload. Six items have a logarithmic increase, traducing a kind of “background noise”. The others items (N =32) presenting a non-linear increase are sign of a decompensation phenomenon. Conclusion. – This analysis by item make possible an improve of the questionnaire, by selecting items groups which may give an orientation on the type of tiredness. It also confirms the usefulness of this questionnaire as a tool for the follow-up of the training state of sportsmen, a score equal to or higher than 20 constituting the overtraining threshold. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

SILAGE, CORN, PENICILLIN, BACTERIA, and PHYSIOLOGICAL effect of patulin

Abstract: The objectives were to investigate the presence of patulin-producing Penicillium sp. in corn silage and high moisture corn as well as adverse effects of patulin on microbial fermentation in continuous culture fermenters. Eighty-three samples of corn silage or high moisture corn were cultured to determine the presence of molds. Penicillium sp. were isolated from 0.82 of samples. Of these Penicillium sp. isolates, 0.03 produced patulin on yeast extract sucrose and potato dextrose agar. The patulin-producing isolates belonged to the P. viridicatum group. The other molds identified were: Mucor sp. (0.45), Aspergillus sp. (0.41), and Fusarium sp. (0.25). Eight single-flow continuous culture fermenters were used to study effects of patulin on fermentation by ruminal microbes. Two 1-l fermenters were supplemented with 0, 10, 20 or 40mg of patulin every 12h for three consecutive days. Increasing patulin reduced neutral detergent and acid detergent fiber digestibility at a decreasing rate (linear, P<0.01; quadratic, P<0.05). True digestion of organic matter and total non-structural carbohydrates decreased linearly (P<0.05) as patulin concentration increased. Crude protein digestion and bacterial N flows decreased linearly (P<0.05). Conversely, there was a linear increase (P<0.05) in ammonia nitrogen with increased patulin. Total, ammonia and non-ammonia N flows were not affected by patulin. Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was not affected by patulin but there was a linear decreased (P<0.05) in the efficiency of N utilization. Increasing patulin levels caused a linear decrease (P<0.001) of total volatile fatty acid concentration and a quadratic decrease of acetate and propionate molar proportions (P<0.05). Ten and 20mg/l of patulin produced a decrease in acetate proportion and an increase in propionate proportion. Lactate concentration (mmol/l) increase from 0.0 to 216.5mmol/l (linear, P<0.05) with increasing patulin concentration. Penicillium sp. molds are common contaminants of corn silage and high moisture corn and they produce patulin that can adversely affect fermentation by ruminal microbes. Alterations in microbial digestion of dry matter, and production of microbial end products, impact the production and/or health of ruminants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

CYTOKINES, GROWTH factors, CHEMICAL reactions, and PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA

Abstract: Src family kinases are involved in transducing growth factor signals for cellular differentiation and proliferation in a variety of cell types. The activity of all Src family kinases (SFKs) is controlled by phosphorylation at their C-terminal 527-tyrosine residue by C-terminal SRC kinase, CSK. There is a paucity of information regarding the role of CSK and/or specific Src family kinases in neuronal differentiation. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with the Src family kinase inhibitor, PP1, blocked NGF-induced activation of SFKs and obliterated neurite outgrowth. To confirm a role for CSK and specific isoforms of SFKs in neuronal differentiation, we overexpressed active and catalytically dead CSK in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12. CSK overexpression caused a profound inhibition of NGF-induced activation of FYN, YES, RAS, and ERK and inhibited neurite outgrowth, NGF-stimulated integrin-directed migration and blocked the NGF-induced conversion of GDP–RAC to its GTP-bound active state. CSK overexpression markedly augmented the activation state of AKT following NGF stimulation. In contrast, kinase-dead CSK augmented the activation of FYN, RAS, and ERK and increased neurite outgrowth. These data suggest a distinct requirement for CSK in the regulation of NGF/TrkA activation of RAS, RAC, ERK, and AKT via the differential control of SFKs in the orchestration of neuronal differentiation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

SUICIDE prevention, MENTAL health services, SUICIDE, MEDICAL care, PSYCHIATRISTS, MENTAL health personnel, MENTAL depression, INTERPROFESSIONAL relations, and PSYCHIATRY

This article examines the role of psychiatrists in preventing suicide in Australia. It is noted that psychiatrists can help both in populations and in their patients but they cannot do it alone. It is recommended that primary care physicians need more training and education so that they can detect, engage in treatment and treat in collaboration patients with depression and substance abuse. Here again, psychiatrists can play a role through shared care models. Second, insufficient coordination between psychiatric services and addiction services was found in more than one-third of cases.

ANTIBIOTICS, MOLECULES, PHARMACEUTICAL industry, SCIENCE, and CLINICAL trials

Abstract: The golden age of antibacterial antibiotics extend from year 1941 to the 1990s decade. At that time, something like an earth quake occurred: from the thirty molecules or so whose development was being achieved or was already marketed, only three were put on the French market, and faced the greatest difficulties to be prescribed by practicians, because: [-] the knights of good practice want a strict limitation of their use to precise indications; [-] the pharmaceutical companies find that the return on investment is almost impossible; [-] the prescribers are stunned by the inconsistency between the MAs, the advances in science and the health economic authorities advices which claim that these products are not very interesting; [-] the research for new antibiotics is stalling; [-] thus, for the first time in 60 years, an iconoclastic question arises: do we need new antibiotics? However, while the debate is raging, many of us think “yes we do”, as it is a duty to anticipate today the consequences of tomorrow''s bacterial resistances. This paper presents three types of propositions to optimise the development of future molecules: [-] sharpening of the data concerning preclinical security for a better predicting both the activity and the toxicity; [-] improvement in performances and organization of clinical trials, which implicates to reconsider some of the present methodological rules; [-] inclusion in the evaluation data of some relevant and new features measuring the anti-bacterial activity while taking into account the present and future bacterial resistances. The development of new concepts to develop new drugs which would be active against tomorrow''s bacteria compels us to manage in a new fashion today''s systems, which have reached their own limits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

RADIOGRAPHY, MEDICAL radiology, PROSTATECTOMY, and THERAPEUTICS

Background: This study analyzed the outcome of salvage radiotherapy for biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy (RP). By comparing the outcomes for patients who received RT alone and for those who received combined RT and hormonal therapy, we assessed the potential benefits of hormonal therapy. Patients and Methods: This cohort was comprised of 101 patients who received salvage RT between 1990 and 2001 for biochemical failure after RP. Fifty-nine of these patients also received hormone. Margin status (positive vs. negative), extracapsular extension (yes vs. no), seminal vesicle involvement (yes vs. no), pathologic stage, Gleason score, pre-RP PSA, post-RP PSA, pre-RT PSA, hormonal use, radiotherapy dose and technique, RP at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, and time from RP to salvage RT were analyzed. Statistically significant variables were used to construct prognostic groups. Results: Independent prognostic factors for the RT-alone group were margin status and pre-RT PSA. RP at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center was marginally significant (p = 0.06) in multivariate analysis. Pre-RT PSA was the only significant prognostic factor for the combined-therapy group. We used a combination of margin status and pre-RT PSA to construct a prognostic model for response to the salvage treatment based on the RT group. We identified the favorable group as those patients with positive margin and pre-RT PSA ≤0.5 ng/mL vs. the unfavorable group as otherwise. This stratification separates patients into clinically meaningful groups. The 5-year PSA control probabilities for the favorable vs. the unfavorable group were 83.7% vs. 61.7% with radiotherapy alone (p = 0.03). Androgen ablation seemed to be most beneficial in the unfavorable group. Conclusion: After prostatectomy, favorable-group patients may fare well with salvage radiotherapy alone. These patients may be spared the toxicity of androgen ablation. The other patients may benefit most from a combined approach with hormonal treatment. We further suggest that salvage radiotherapy should be given early when the PSA is still low. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

STILLBIRTH, PHYSICAL diagnosis, REPRODUCTION, and FETAL death

Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors of stillbirth and foetal mummification in 565 farrowings of four commercial pig farms in Brazil. Stillborn piglets were observed in 31.3% of the litters and the stillborn risk was 5.6%. Mummified foetuses occurred in 42.1% of the litters and the mummification risk was 3.4%. The potential risk factors were included in multivariable logistic regression models as categories: herd (1–4); parity (1, 2–5 and >5); litter size (<10, 10–12 and >12 piglets); farrowing length (≤3 or >3h); presence of mummified foetuses (yes or no); farrowing induction (yes or no); use of oxytocin (yes or no); use of vaginal palpation (yes or no); body condition score (<3, 3 and ≥4), and placental production index (PPI) (≤5 or >5) which was measured as the ratio of total foetal weight to total placental weight. Duration of farrowing and use of farrowing induction, oxytocin or vaginal palpation were not included in the model that investigated the risk factors of foetal mummification. Two models were used to investigate the risk factors of stillbirth, one with and the other without the inclusion of farrowing length. When compared to sows of parity 2–5, sows of parity >5 had 1.7- and 1.6-times higher odds (P <0.05) for stillbirth in the models with and without the inclusion of farrowing length, respectively. In both models, sows with more than 12piglets/litter had 3.6-times higher odds of stillbirth occurrence compared to sows with less than 10 piglets (P <0.05). Sows with prolonged farrowing (>3h) had 2.0-times higher odds of stillbirth occurrence than sows with short farrowing (P <0.05). Sows with more than 12piglets/litter had 14.5-times higher odds of mummification compared to sows with less than 10 piglets (P <0.05). Sows of parities 1 and >5 had 3.5- and 2.0-times, respectively, higher odds of mummification in comparison to sows of parity 2–5 (P <0.05). Sows with low PPI had 1.7-times higher odds of mummification compared to those with high PPI (P <0.05). A large litter, a high-parity and a prolonged farrowing increased the risk of stillbirth. The probability of having a mummified foetus was increased in very young and older sows, when having a large litter and a litter with a less efficient placenta. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

GENETIC polymorphisms, HUMAN population genetics, HUMAN evolution, GENETICS, POPULATION, ASIANS, and NATIVE Americans

Background : Alu insertions provide useful markers for the study of inter-population affinities and historical processes, but data on these systems are not numerous in Native Americans and related populations. Aim : The study aimed to answer the following questions: (a) do the population relationships found agree with ethnic, historical and geographical data? and (b) what can heterozygote levels and associated results inform us about the events that led to the colonization of the New World? Subjects and methods : Twelve Alu insertion polymorphisms were studied in 330 individuals belonging to South American Native, Siberian and Mongolian populations. These data were integrated with those from 526 persons, to ascertain the relationships between Asian, Northern Arctic and Amerindian populations. Results : A decreasing trend concerning heterozygosities and amount of gene flow was observed in the three sets, in the order indicated above. Most results indicated the validity of these subdivisions. However, no clear structure could be observed within South American Natives, indicating the importance of dispersive (genetic drift, founder effects) factors in their differentiation. Conclusions : The answers to the questions are: (a) yes; and (b) an initial moderate bottleneck, intensified by more recent historical events (isolation and inbreeding), can explain the current Amerindian pattern of diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IMPOTENCE, DIABETES complications, DRUG dosage, MEN'S health, and DRUG efficacy

Aim. The aim of this article is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 20-mg tadalafil taken on demand or three times per week and its effect on the sexual activity of patients with diabetes mellitus and erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods. The scheduled use vs. on-demand regimen evaluation (SURE) was a randomized, crossover, open-label study with 4,262 patients in 14 European countries. The efficacy measures for the 762 patients with diabetes and ED included changes from baseline in the erectile function (EF) domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), and the proportion of “yes” responses to patient Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) questions 2 (SEP2) and 3 (SEP3). The treatment satisfaction was measured with responses to SEP question 4 (SEP4) and SEP question 5 (SEP5), and sexual attempts data were collected. Patient preference for either regimen was determined by the treatment preference question (TPQ). Results. At end point on both regimens, the mean IIEF EF domain score was 22, and >40% of the patients had a normal EF domain score (≥26). The proportion of “yes” responses was ≥73% for SEP2 (penetration), ≥58% for SEP3 (successful intercourse), >46% for SEP4 (hardness of erection), and ≥45% for SEP5 (overall satisfaction). Efficacy was maintained up to 36 hours post-dosing. More than 70% of sexual attempts while on the three-times-per-week regimen and approximately 50% of the attempts on the on-demand treatment occurred >4 hours post-dosing. Tadalafil was well tolerated, with dyspepsia and headache as the most frequent adverse events reported. Treatment preference was 57.2% for on demand and 42.8% for three times per week. Conclusions. Tadalafil, when taken on demand or three times per week, is efficacious and safe in men with diabetes and ED. Buvat J, van Ahlen H, Schmitt H, Chan M, Kuepfer C, and Varanese L. Efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of tadalafil and patterns of sexual activity in men with diabetes mellitus and erectile dysfunction: Scheduled use vs. on-demand regimen evaluation (SURE) study in 14 European countries. J Sex Med 2006;3:512–520. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BIPOLAR disorder, MENTAL depression, DEPRESSED persons, ANTIPSYCHOTIC agents, and MENTAL health

Abstract: Introduction: Although depressive moods are recognised as a very broad condition, there is still only one definition in international classifications for describing a major depressive episode (MDE). However, there is currently some controversy surround the treatment of depressive states. This includes SSRIs and suicide in adolescents, and more specifically in bipolar disorders where some depressions are made worse by antidepressants. New data has suggested that depressive states in BP patients can be improved by atypical antipsychotics. Aim: We aimed to assess 1) whether it is possible to distinguish different forms of bipolar depression using a dimensional approach, and 2) if, yes, whether there are different patterns of treatment response. Method: We characterised 60 bipolar patients with a Major Depressive Episode (DSM-IV) using a new tool (MATHYS: Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States) assessing five fundamental dimensions (emotional reactivity, cognitive speed, psycho-motricity, motivation and senses perception) of mood states (full description elsewhere). Results: A cluster analysis using the items of the dimensional scale revealed two types of depressive states. One group (G1; N =38), which had a low score, is characterised by an inhibition in all dimensions, whereas the other group (G2; N =22) is characterised by an over-activation. Emotional reactivity is a useful dimension for discriminating these two types of depression (G1: hyporeactivity; G2: hyperreactivity) whereas sadness is not. A lower score on the MAThyS scale at day 1 was associated with a good response to antidepressant treatment, whereas higher scores were linked to a good response to a mood stabilizers alone or in combination with an antipsychotic. Conclusion: Bipolar depressive states are not homogeneous and this heterogeneity can explain various patterns of treatment response. A dimensional approach could be useful for discriminating the different forms of bipolar depression and to help manage treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

HYDROGEN-ion concentration, ASPERGILLUS niger, OCHRATOXINS, MYCOTOXINS, SUCROSE, RECOMBINANT DNA, FOOD contamination, INDUSTRIAL contamination, and ACIDITY function

The effect of pH (2–10) on growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production by 12 Aspergillus niger aggregate strains was studied in two culture media: Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA) and yeast extract sucrose agar (YES), over 30 days. The strains were selected to include different sources, different reported abilities to produce OTA and different ITS-5.8S rDNA RFLP patterns. YES was a better culture medium than CYA for OTA production. In this medium, OTA was produced from pH 2 or 3 to 10 depending on the strain. The results show the ability of A. niger aggregate strains not only to grow, but also to produce OTA over a wide pH range. The results will lead to a better understanding of the role of A. niger aggregate strains in the OTA contamination of several food commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ETHICS, PSYCHIATRISTS, MENTAL health personnel, PSYCHIATRY, and PSYCHOTHERAPISTS

Abstract: In legal proceedings the expert witness testimony may be considered a medical act only if the expert conducts his clinical observations within the limits established by the medical code of ethics. This will then allow the psychiatrist to help the judge reach a more informed legal decision. The difficulty inherent in this process is for the expert to give an exact answer (“yes” or “no”) to the questions formulated in order for the judge to arrive at an accurate decision. To better understand the evidence presented, the judge may ask empirical questions that require the expert witness to give testimony going beyond the information directly gathered through clinical observations. It is the expert witness'' responsibility to determine what amount of interpretation of material drawn from a clinical observation is appropriate to help the judge make a legal decision. This requires defining legal standards such as credibility, truth, and suggestibility. One must also recognize that the clinical observation of a victim is often the person''s first contact with a psychiatrist. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

PHYSICAL education

After publication it was brought to our attention that the information for one of the variables in Table 1 was incorrect (Weiss, O'Loughlin et al. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2007, 4:2). The variable in question is "Use of a neighborhood facility for activity". In the first column, the first row should read "yes", and the second row, "no". In the second column, the first row should read 25.8 (41) and the second row, 41.3 (152). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FERTILIZATION (Biology), HUMAN embryos, HUMAN artificial insemination, OVUM, CYTOPLASM, GONADOTROPIN, and HUMAN embryology

The aim of this study was to identify predictors of fertilization rate (FR) and embryo quality (EQ) in 126 donor women who underwent 160 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. Main outcome measures were oocyte dysmorphisms (OD) [perivitelline space (normal/large), perivitelline debris (no/yes), oocyte shape (spherical/non-spherical), zona pellucida (normal/abnormal), first polar body morphology (normal/fragmented or irregular), cytoplasmic granularity (normal/excessive), cytoplasmic vacuoles (no/yes) and colour of cytoplasm (normal/dark)l, semen source (ejaculated or testicular), donor age, number of days of stimulation, plasma oestradiol concentration (pg/ml) on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration, FR and day 2 EQ. No significant predictors of fertilization were identified. However, the presence of a dark cytoplasm decreased by 83% the likelihood of obtaining good quality embryos (OR = O. 17; 95% CI: 0.044-0.74). Oocytes with a larger than normal perivitelline space were associated with 1.8 times higher chance of having good quality embryos (OR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.15-2.80). Patients and ovarian stimulation characteristics evaluated here did not affect FR and EQ. ICSI technique may guarantee good FR in spite of OD; however, certain cytoplasmic anomalies at the oocyte level, such as a dark cytoplasm, could compromise subsequent embryo development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ANESTHESIA, PLACEBOS, ETOMIDATE, and HEART beat

Abstract: Objective: Various drugs including hydroxyzine are preoperatively administered to facilitate the induction of general anaesthesia. We investigated the effect of hydroxyzine premedication on BIS-based etomidate induction of general anaesthesia. Patients and methods: Sixty-seven ASA I–II consecutive patients were randomly allocated to receive oral hydroxyzine 1.5 mg/kg or placebo, 90 min prior to inducing general anaesthesia using intravenous etomidate alone 0.3 mg/kg. BIS values were continuously recorded. The times for the BIS to decrease to 50 and to loss of eyelid reflex; the evolution of arterial pressure and heart rate; and myoclonia rate and grade were investigated and compared. Results: The results for the hydroxyzine and placebo groups were similar with respect to: a) time [median (range) (seconds)] to a BIS decrease to 50 [100 (21–266) versus 113 (30–510), P =0.1] and to loss of eyelid reflex [83 (21–210) versus 97 (30–300), P =0.1]; b) myoclonia frequency (yes/no) (9/26 versus 4/28, P =0.2) and grade (P =0.3); the evolution of mean arterial pressure and heart rate (P =0.3). Conclusion: Oral weight-related hydroxyzine premedication does not alter BIS-based etomidate induction of GA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

PATIENTS, MEDICAL education, NURSING, and INTERNAL medicine

Abstract: To investigate if routine education by nurses is associated with improved metabolic control in type 2 diabetic (DM2) outpatients, we randomly selected 143 patients (81 women), not using insulin, at the Endocrine or Internal Medicine clinics, to be interviewed and submitted to a clinical and laboratory evaluation. Age was 59.1±10.1 years; duration of DM2 7.5±6.3 years; BMI 29.7±5.2kg/m2. Patients were grouped according to HbA1c (<7.0% or ≥7.0%). Age, gender, DM2 duration, BMI, and lipid profile were not different. Patients with HbA1c ≥7.0% (n =49) were more likely to be taking oral agents, and to be treated by internists rather than endocrinologists (P =0.04). Nurse education was associated with a greater proportion of patients with HbA1c <7.0%, especially among those attending the Internal Medicine clinic. In logistic regression, education by nurses remained associated to HbA1c <7.0% (OR: 3.29, P =0.005), after controlling for use of oral agents (OR 0.067, P =0.01), attending the Endocrine clinic (OR 4.11, P =0.002), self-reported adherence to diet (“yes” or “no”), known DM duration, and instruction level (NS). Nurse education contributes significantly and independently for better metabolic control in DM2 outpatients in a teaching hospital. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

LISTERIA, MILK quality, DAIRY farms, DAIRY cattle, and SILAGE

This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of Listeria spp. in bulk-tank milk on dairy farms in the region of Galicia in northwest Spain. The aim was to identify management practices associated with the presence ofListeria spp. and possible effects on milk hygienic quality. A total of 98 farms was randomly selected on the basis of an expected prevalence of 6.5% for Listeria monocytogenes from 20,107 dairy farms in the region. Bulk-tank milk samples were obtained from 98 farms, fecal samples from lactating cows from 97 farms, and silage samples from 83 farms. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 6.1, 9.3, and 6.0% of these samples, respectively. Statistical analyses confirmed the relationship between low silage quality (as indicated by high pH) and presence ofListeria spp. in silage (29.5 vs. 6.2% for pH above or below 4.5, respectively). Only milking system [tie-stall systems (28.6%) vs. parlor milking (10%)] and inadequately controlled milking order [yes (32.0%) vs. no (10.7%)] had statistically significant effects on management practices for increasing the risk of Listeria contamination of bulk-tank milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ENZYMES, WIENER processes, FLUCTUATIONS (Physics), MONETARY systems, and DOW Jones averages

In Biology, all motor enzymes operate on the same principle: they trap favourable brownian fluctuations in order to generate directed forces and to move. Whether it is possible or not to copy one such strategy to play the market was the starting point of our investigations. We found the answer is yes! In this paper we describe one such strategy and appraise its performance with historical data from the European Monetary System (EMS), the US Dow Jones, the german Dax and the french Cac40. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPASMS, SEIZURES (Medicine), EPILEPSY, MUSCLE cramps, BRAIN diseases, and DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities

Do early seizures beget seizures later in life? Clinical data and experimental observations seem to answer that question differently, with a no and a yes, respectively, which may stem from an inadequate readout of what experimental data actually do tell us and a possible simplification of what clinical data indicate. Using specific experimental examples, it is possible to show that in the developing brain, seizures do produce long-lasting alterations of neuronal excitability, although ongoing seizures are not observed in adults. The findings suggest that the long-lasting changes in developmental programs and network activity that seizures induce do not necessarily lead to epilepsy, unless other events that remain to be identified occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DETERMINANTS (Mathematics), TRAVELING wave antennas, FREDHOLM equations, and MATHEMATICAL analysis

Abstract: Continuing a line of investigation initiated in [F. Gesztesy, Y. Latushkin, K.A. Makarov, Evans functions, Jost functions, and Fredholm determinants, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 186 (2007) 361–421] exploring the connections between Jost and Evans functions and (modified) Fredholm determinants of Birman–Schwinger type integral operators, we here examine the stability index, or sign of the first nonvanishing derivative at frequency zero of the characteristic determinant, an object that has found considerable use in the study by Evans function techniques of stability of standing and traveling wave solutions of partial differential equations (PDE) in one dimension. This leads us to the derivation of general perturbation expansions for analytically-varying modified Fredholm determinants of abstract operators. Our main conclusion, similarly in the analysis of the determinant itself, is that the derivative of the characteristic Fredholm determinant may be efficiently computed from first principles for integral operators with semi-separable integral kernels, which include in particular the general one-dimensional case, and for sums thereof, which appears to offer applications in the multi-dimensional case. A second main result is to show that the multi-dimensional characteristic Fredholm determinant is the renormalized limit of a sequence of Evans functions defined in [G.J. Lord, D. Peterhof, B. Sandstede, A. Scheel, Numerical computation of solitary waves in infinite cylindrical domains, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 37 (2000) 1420–1454] on successive Galerkin subspaces, giving a natural extension of the one-dimensional results of [F. Gesztesy, Y. Latushkin, K.A. Makarov, Evans functions, Jost functions, and Fredholm determinants, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 186 (2007) 361–421] and answering a question of [J. Niesen, Evans function calculations for a two-dimensional system, presented talk, SIAM Conference on Applications of Dynamical Systems, Snowbird, UT, USA, May 2007] whether this sequence might possibly converge (in general, no, but with renormalization, yes). Convergence is useful in practice for numerical error control and acceleration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

SEWAGE disposal plants, HOSPITALS, SEWAGE purification, REFUSE disposal facilities, STEROIDS, HORMONES, ENVIRONMENTAL impact charges, WATER quality management, and WATER utilities

Influent and effluent samples originating from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (treating hospital wastewater and domestic wastewater, Belgium) have been analyzed in order to estimate their steroid hormone content. The natural estrogens estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and the synthetic 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) together with other steroid hormones progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) metabolites were detected in these samples. The hormone concentrations in both the hospital and the domestic WWTP samples were not significantly different and ranged from <0.2 ng EE2/L to 114 ng EE2/L, from <0.2 ng E1/L to 58 ng E1/L and from <0.2 ng P/L to >100 ng P/L. E2 was detected once at a concentration of 17 ng/L. In the domestic WWTP which comprises a conventional activated sludge treatment in parallel with a membrane bioreactor, no differences in estrogen removal efficiency could be observed for both treatments. In comparison to chemical analysis data, the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) appears to underestimate the influent estrogen concentrations, probably due to influent toxicity for the YES. Effluent estrogen concentrations, on the other hand, were overestimated by the YES test, probably due to the presence of other estrogenic compounds in the effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RIGHT heart ventricle diseases, ADULT respiratory distress syndrome, and PATIENTS

The article introduces the report "Incidence and prognostic value of right ventricular failure in acute respiratory distress syndrome," by D. Osman, X. Monnet, N. Anguel, and J.-L. Teboul which appears in the current issue.

QUASSIA, HERBAL teas, ANTIMALARIALS, MALARIA treatment, PLANT extracts, DICHLOROMETHANE, and CELL-mediated cytotoxicity

Abstract: Aim of the study: Our objective was to assess whether it could be contemplated to recommend Quassia amara young leaf tea for treatment against malaria, and if yes, set up a standard protocol for preparing the herbal tea. Materials and methods: The leaf tea was extracted with methylene chloride and the organic extract was fractionated with HPLC. Pure compounds were characterized and their in vitro cytotoxicity and antiplasmodial activity was determined. Results and discussion: We discovered that antimalarial Quassia amara young leaf tea contains several quassinoids: simalikalactone D (SkD, 1), picrasin B (2), picrasin H (3), neoquassin (4), quassin (5), picrasin I (6) and picrasin J (7). These last two compounds are new. In addition, our experiments demonstrate that both biological activity and cytotoxicity of the remedy may be attributed solely to the presence of SkD. Conclusion: In conclusion, this preparation should not be recommended for treatment of malaria until a clinical study in humans is performed with SkD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

PEOPLE with paranoid schizophrenia, PATHOLOGICAL psychology, PSYCHOLOGICAL stress, PSYCHIATRIC hospital care, HOSTILITY, and SYMPTOMS

Background: Stress and trauma have been reported as leading contributing factors in schizophrenia. And certainly child abuse (neglect, emotional, physical and sexual abuse among others) has a lasting negative impact, which is well established in literature. Objectives: To consider the presence of infant trauma and its relationship with psychopathology in paranoid schizophrenics.Methods. 37 patients (mean age 29±6.3; years from onset 9.20±4.7), meeting DSM IV paranoid schizophrenia criteria, undergoing treatment in a university hospital are studied. The PANSS is administered in order to rate psychopathology. Results: 27 patients had infant trauma (55.8%). Main traumas are: sexual abuse (12.8%), child abuse (7.7%), both sexual and child abuse (5.18%), parental separation (7.7%), extra-rigid parents (2.6%), alcoholic parents (18.2%), child abuse and mother''s death in childhood (2.6%). Infant trauma and psychopathology showed a significant relationship concerning Hostility (No 1.75±1.209, Yes 2.26±1.759), Unnatural Movements and Posture (No 1.55±0.945, Yes 1.16±0.545), Depression (No 1.25±0.550, Yes 1.74±1.284) and Preoccupation (No 2.75±1.410, Yes 3.26±1.996). Conclusions: Infant trauma is common in paranoid schizophrenia and our findings give some evidence to a relationship with psychopathology, especially with dimensions as Hostility, Unnatural Movements and Posture, Depression and Preoccupation. Despite sample size, a high proportion (55.8%) of the patients presented infant trauma and future research is needed in order to open new avenues in this field, particularly studies concerning infant trauma and symptomatology specificity will be greatly appreciated as well as the plausible link to personality traits and personality disorders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

AGERATUM conyzoides, ESSENTIAL oils, AFLATOXINS, ASPERGILLUS flavus, CARCINOGENICITY, YEAST extract, TRANSMISSION electron microscopy, and ULTRASTRUCTURE of bacteria

Abstract: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic metabolite produced by Aspergillus species on food and agricultural commodities. Inhibitory effects of essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides, on the mycelial growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus were studied. Cultures were incubated in yeast extract-sucrose (YES) broth for days at 25°C at the following different concentrations of the essential oil (from 0.0 to 30μg/mL). The essential oil inhibited fungal growth to different extents depending on the concentration, and completely inhibited aflatoxin production at concentrations above 0.10µg/mL. The analysis of the oil by GC/MS showed that its main components are precocene II (46.35%), precocene I (42.78%), cumarine (5.01%) and Trans-caryophyllene (3.02%). Comparison by transmission electron microscopy of the fungal cells, control and those incubated with different concentrations of essential oil, showed ultra-structural changes which were concentration dependent of the essential oil of A. conyzoides. Such ultra-structural changes were more evident in the endomembrane system, affecting mainly the mitochondria. Degradation was also observed in both surrounding fibrils. The ability to inhibit aflatoxin production as a new biological activity of A.conyzoides L. indicates that it may be considered as a useful tool for a better understanding of the complex pathway of aflatoxin biosynthesis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

FACE perception, MEMORY, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests, PICTURES, AVERSIVE stimuli, and PROBABILITY theory

The authors investigated directed forgetting as a function of the stimulus type (picture, word) presented at study and test. In an item-method directed forgetting task, study items were presented 1 at a time, each followed with equal probability by an instruction to remember or forget. Participants exhibited greater yes-no recognition of remember than forget items for each of the 4 study-test conditions (picture-picture, picture-word, word-word, word-picture). However, this difference was significantly smaller when pictures were studied than when words were studied. This finding demonstrates that the magnitude of the directed forgetting effect can be reduced by high item memorability, such as when the picture superiority effect is operating. This suggests caution in using pictures at study when the goal of an experiment is to examine potential group differences in the magnitude of the directed forgetting effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHICKEN as food, ANIMAL products, VITAMIN E content of food, SOUS-vide cooking, PRECOOKED meat, OXIDATION, LIPID metabolism, MARKETING, and SAFETY

There is an increasing demand in precooked chicken meat products for restaurants and catering services. Because cooked chicken meat develops lipid oxidation relatively fast, sous vide chicken meat was studied to assess its shelf-life. Six hundred Cobb x Ross broilers were fed for 6 wk with a basal cornsoybean meal diet including soybean, palm kernel, or animal-vegetable oil, each supplemented with 33 or 200 mg/kg of DL-a-tocopheryl acetate. Broilers were randomly assigned into 6 treatments and 4 repetitions with 25 birds each. Boneless breast or thigh muscle pieces were dissected into 5 x 5 x 5 cm cubes, vacuumpacked, cooked in water bath (until 74°C internal temperature), chilled, and stored at 4°C for 1, 5, 10, 25, and 40 d. For each storage day, each pouch contained 3 pieces of meat, either breast or thigh. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances analysis, to quantify malonaldehyde (MDA) values, was conducted to estimate the lipid oxidation development. Nonheme iron values of cooked meat were analyzed. Fatty acid methyl esters analysis was performed in chicken muscle to determine its fatty acid composition. There was no interaction between dietary fat and vitamin E level in all of the variables studied except in nonheme iron. Dietary fat significantly influenced the fatty acid composition of the muscle (P < 0.01), but it did not affect the MDA values, regardless of differences in the muscle fatty acid composition between treatments. Supplementation of the high level of vitamin E significantly reduced l;he MDA values in both breast and thigh meat (P < 0.01). The maximum MDA values were observed at d 40 of storage in thigh and breast meat in animal-vegetable and soybean oil treatments with the low levels of vitamin E, 0.91 and 0.70 mg/kg, respectively. Nonheme iron values in thigh meat differed between treatments at 1 or 25 d of storage but not in breast meat. In conclusion, refrigerated sous vide chicken meat has a prolonged shelf-life, which is enhanced by dietary supranutritional supplementation of vitamin E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HEADACHE, TURKS, DISEASE prevalence, PSYCHIATRY, ANXIETY, MENTAL depression, COMORBIDITY, and HEALTH

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of headache in psychiatry clinics. Method: Three hundred and seventy two consecutive patients aged between 18 and 82 (Mean: 36.4±13.2) years were interviewed with a semi-structured interview form. All patients were asked whether they had headache or not. If they answered 'yes, the differential diagnosis of headache was made. Findings: Two-hundred and fifty- two patients (67.7%) did not complain any kind of headache. Migraine (13.7%, n=51) and tension type headaches (12.6%, n=47) were the most commonly seen headaches in psychiatry outpatient clinics. The frequency of migraine in subjects with anxiety disorder was higher than that in subjects with other psychiatric conditions including major depression. The frequency of tension type headache was higher in subjects with anxiety disorder in comparison to other psychiatric disorders, too. We found a statistically significant positive relationship between anxiety disorder or depression, and headache disorders (p<0.00). The tension type or chronic daily headache was seen at later ages but migraine in younger ages (p<0.00). The prevalence of migraine was similar in psychiatry clinics and in the general population of Turkey previously reported. The similar frequency of headache in psychiatry clinics is probably due to a comorbidity with psychiatric diseases. Discussion and Conclusion: We concluded that it was important to ask standard questions about headache in the course of the anamnesis in patients with major depression and anxiety disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BIOLOGICAL assay, ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring, XENOESTROGENS, WATER pollution measurement, ANALYTICAL chemistry techniques, WATER quality monitoring, IN vitro toxicity testing, and EVALUATION

Bioassays are well established in the pharmaceutical industry and single compound analysis, but there is still uncertainty about their usefulness in environmental monitoring. We compared the responses of five bioassays designed to measure estrogenic activity (the yeast estrogen screen, ER-CALUX, MELN, T47D-KBluc, and E-SCREEN assays) and chemical analysis on extracts from four different water sources (groundwater, raw sewage, treated sewage, and river water). All five bioassays displayed similar trends and there was good agreement with analytical chemistry results. The data from the ER-CALUX and E-SCREEN bioassays were robust and predictable, and well-correlated with predictions from chemical analysis. The T47D-KBluc appeared likewise promising, but with a more limited sample size it was less compelling. The YES assay was less sensitive than the other assays by an order of magnitude, which resulted in a larger number of nondetects. The MELN assay was less predictable, although the possibility that this was due to laboratory-specific difficulties cannot be discounted. With standardized bioassay data analysis and consistency of operating protocols, bioanalytical tools are a promising advance in the development of a tiered approach to environmental water quality monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PROTEIN-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, GENE transfection, EPIDERMAL growth factor, ENDOTHELIAL growth factors, TUMORS, PHARMACOKINETICS, and PATIENTS

Background: JNJ-26483327 is an oral, potent, multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibiting kinases of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-1, -2 and -4, rearranged during transfection (RET) receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3 and Src family (Lyn, Fyn, Yes) at low nanomolar concentrations. This phase I, accelerated titration study assessed maximum tolerated dose, safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of JNJ-26483327.Methods: Nineteen patients with advanced cancers received JNJ-26483327 continuous twice daily (BID) in escalating dose cohorts ranging from 100 to 2100 mg. Pharmacodynamic effects were assessed in paired skin biopsies and blood.Results: JNJ-26483327 was well tolerated in doses up to 1500 mg BID, with target-inhibition-related toxicity such as diarrhoea and skin rash, and other common reported toxicities being nausea, vomiting, anorexia and fatigue. At 2100 mg, two episodes of dose-limiting toxicity were observed, consisting of grade 3 anorexia and a combination of grade 3 anorexia and fatigue, respectively. Pharmacokinetics were dose proportional up to 1500 mg in which plasma levels were obtained showing anti-tumour activity in xenograft mouse models. Pharmacodynamic analysis did not show a substantial effect on expression of Ki-67, p27(kip1), phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphorylated Akt and EGFR, and serum levels of sVEGFR-2, VEGF-C and VEGF-D remained unchanged. Stable disease was noted in six patients (32%).Conclusion: JNJ-26483327 is well tolerated and shows a predictable pharmacokinetic profile; the recommended dose for further studies is 1500 mg BID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NUTRITIONAL assessment, FOOD consumption, INGESTION, OLDER people physiology, and POLISH people

Purpose: The aim of the research was to conduct a mini-nutritional assessment in relation to the food intake model and food intake variety for Polish older persons.Material and Methods: The research included 420 people aged 65+. Using the food consumption frequency method (by a FIVeQ questionnaire), the weekly intake of 63 groups of products was assessed (yes, no). Food intake variety was assessed with the use of food intake variety index (FIVeI), which was calculated as the total number of products eaten per week in the amounts exceeding trace quantities. Four models of food intake were established: "ordinary" (S1), "rich varied" (S2), "ordinary with a tendency to vary" (S3) and "moderate connoisseur" (S4). The risk of malnutrition or the incidence of malnutrition was determined based on the questionnaire of the mini nutritional assessment (MNA).Results: The good nutritional status of Polish older persons was affected by better results obtained in three parts of the questionnaire: "global evaluation" (MNA-2), "assessment of dietetic habits" (MNA-3) and "subjective assessment of self-perceived quality of health and nutrition" (MNA-4). It confirms the significance of those parts of the questionnaire in detecting malnutrition or the risk of malnutrition in older persons and suggests a lower share of the MNA-1 part which concerns anthropometric indicators. It was found that S2 and S3 persons were characterized by a greater food intake variety index (the median of 36 and 34 products eaten per week, respectively) and more often by a good nutritional status (88% and 79%, respectively) in comparison to S4 and S1 persons, who had a lower food intake variety index (the median of 4 and 30 products eaten per week, respectively) and more often occurring malnutrition (17% and 1% respectively) or a risk of malnutrition (17% and 30%, respectively).Conclusion: To conclude, a larger variety of food intake favoured better nutritional status of older persons, while a lower food intake variety increased the risk of malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PROTEIN kinases, POLYMERS, IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, IGA glomerulonephritis, and EPIDERMAL growth factor

Polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) transcytosis, mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), is a central component of mucosal immunity and a model for regulation of polarized epithelial membrane traffic. Binding of pIgA to pIgR stimulates transcytosis in a process requiring Yes, a Src family tyrosine kinase (SFK). We show that Yes directly phosphorylates EGF receptor (EGFR) on liver endosomes. Injection of pIgA into rats induced EGFR phosphorylation. Similarly, in MDCK cells, pIgA treatment significantly increased phosphorylation of EGFR on various sites, subsequently activating extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). Furthermore, we find that the Rab11 effector Rab11-FIP5 is a substrate of ERK. Knocking down Yes or Rab11-FIP5, or inhibition of the Yes-EGFR-ERK cascade, decreased pIgA-pIgR transcytosis. Finally, we demonstrate that Rab11-FIP5 phosphorylation by ERK controls Rab11a endosome distribution and pIgA-pIgR transcytosis. Our results reveal a novel Yes-EGFR-ERK-FIP5 signalling network for regulation of pIgA-pIgR transcytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RADIOMETERS, ULTRAVIOLET spectrometry, CALIBRATION, and DEVIATION (Statistics)

The article presents a study on the influence of using one-step and two-steps method on the experimental ultraviolet index (UVI) measured by a YES UVB-1 radiometer located in Granada, Spain for 2006-2009. Also, the study analyzes the deviation from the UVI values taken from the application of the calibration factors. Based on results, absolute mean differences between measured and modeled UVI data of the methods indicate an excellent performance for obtaining UVI data.

OCHRATOXINS, MICROBIAL growth, ASPERGILLUS, CULTURE media (Biology), MICROBIAL cultures, SUCROSE, and YEAST

As there is no knowledge of the influence of abiotic factors on the two new ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing species Aspergillus sclerotioniger and Aspergillus lacticoffeatus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature and incubation time on growth and OTA production by these species on culture media. The study was carried out on yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) and Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) incubated at ten different temperatures from 5 to 50°C (at 5°C intervals). Growth assessment and OTA production were determined after 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days of incubation at each temperature. Aspergillus sclerotioniger grew from 10 to 35°C; OTA was detected from 10 to 35°C and the highest concentration was achieved at 15°C in CYA. Aspergillus lacticoffeatus grew from 10 to 45°C; OTA was detected from 15 to 45°C, and the maximum concentration was produced after 5 days at 25°C in YES. The studied species can produce OTA over a wide range of temperatures and significant amounts can be produced in only 5 days. This is the first report on the influence of ecophysiological factors on these two ochratoxigenic species. The pattern of effects of temperature on growth and OTA production by A. sclerotioniger and A. lacticoffeatus was similar to those reported for the closely related species Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger, respectively. The two new OTA-producing species have both been isolated from coffee beans, and the closely related ochratoxigenic species of section Nigri, A. carbonarius and A. niger are important sources of OTA in this substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CANCER treatment, SMALL cell lung cancer, OLDER patients, CANCER chemotherapy, POPULATION health, and DRUG toxicity

Background: Twenty percent of all newly diagnosed patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) are >75 years. Elderly patients may show more toxicity due to co-morbidity. We evaluated motives for adherence to treatment guidelines, completion of treatment and toxicity.Patients and methods: Population-based data from patients aged ≥75 years and diagnosed with SCLC in 1997–2004 in The Netherlands were used (368 limited disease and 577 extensive disease). Additional data on co-morbidity (Adult Co-morbidity Evaluation 27), World Health Organisation performance status (PS), treatment, motive for no chemotherapy, adaptations and underlying motive and grade 3 or 4 toxicity were gathered from the medical records.Results: Forty-eight percent did not receive chemotherapy. The most common motives were refusal by the patient or family, short life expectancy or a combination of high age, co-morbidity and poor PS. Although only relatively fit elderly were selected for chemotherapy, 60%–75% developed serious toxicity, and two-thirds of all patients could not complete the full chemotherapy.Conclusions: We hypothesise that a better selection by proper geriatric assessments is needed to achieve a more favourable balance between benefit and harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EMBRYOS, PROGESTERONE, BOS, HEIFERS, ULTRASONIC imaging, HEART beat, and REPRODUCTION

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to evaluate embryonic size and survival, plasma progesterone (P4) and pregnancy-specific protein bovine (PSPB) concentrations in early pregnancies (n = 99) following the transfer of one whole (n = 66) or one demi (n = 33) embryo to recipient virgin dairy heifers. The experiment was designed to evaluate the fixed effects of embryo size at transfer (whole or demi embryo) on Day 7 of the estrous cycle (Day 0 = estrus) and P4 supplementation between Days 7 to 19 through an intravaginal device (yes or no) on plasma P4 and PSPB concentrations and on embryo measurements. Plasma P4 concentrations were measured by RIA on Days 0, 7, 14, 19, 21, 25, 35, 42, 49, 56 and 63 of pregnancy and, PSPB concentrations were measured by ELISA on Days 7, 21, 25, 35, 42, 49, 56 and 63. The presence of an embryonic vesicle was detected on Day 25, embryonic/fetal movements and heartbeat were evaluated on Days 42 and 63 and embryo measurements [crown-rump length (CRL) and width at mid body] were obtained on Day 42 through ultrasonography. In non-supplemented pregnancies, Day 42 whole embryos had higher (P < 0.05) CRL and width than demi embryos, but the difference averaged only 1 to 2 mm. In P4 supplemented pregnancies, whole and demi embryos attained a similar size on Day 42 of pregnancy. Embryo size at transfer, early exogenous P4 supplementation and their interactions had no effects (P > 0.05) on plasma P4 concentrations. However, the post-hoc LSD evaluation showed that plasma P4 concentrations on Day 25 were higher (P < 0.001) in whole than in demi embryo derived pregnancies and, that exogenous P4 supplementation increased (P < 0.05) plasma P4 concentrations on Day 19 of pregnancy. The plasma PSPB detection rate on Days 7 to 63 of pregnancy was similar in pregnancies resulting from the transfer of whole and demi embryos. From a total of 93 recipients remaining pregnant until Day 63, plasma PSPB was constantly undetectable on Day 7, was detected in 4% of Day 21 samples, 41% of Day 25, 95% of Day 35, 96% of Day 42, 99% of Day 49 and in 100% of samples of Days 56 and 63. Concentrations of PSPB increased (P < 0.05) from Days 21 to 42 and from Days 56 to 63, with a plateau between Days 42 to 56. Demi embryo pregnancies had higher (P < 0.05) plasma PSPB concentrations on Days 35 and 42 than whole embryo pregnancies. Progesterone supplementation had a positive effect (P < 0.01) on PSPB concentrations from Days 35 to 63. Concentrations of PSPB were similar in non-supplemented whole and demi embryo pregnancies from Days 7 to Day 63. In contrast, in supplemented recipients, demi embryo pregnancies had higher (P < 0.05) PSPB concentrations on Days 25 to 42 than whole embryo pregnancies. No significant correlation was found between P4 and PSPB concentrations or between the concentrations of these hormones and embryonic measurements on Day 42. In conclusion, demi embryos experienced a compensatory growth until Day 42 of pregnancy, attaining a similar size to that of whole embryos and originating conceptuses producing similar plasma PSPB concentrations to those of whole embryo derived conceptuses. Embryonic growth and conceptus secretion of PSPB were positively stimulated by early pregnancy exogenous P4 treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ARRHYTHMIA, CARDIAC pacing, CONFERENCES & conventions, and ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

ANTIARRHYTHMICS P001 THE ANTI‐ARRHYTHMIC EFFECTS OF STATINS IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATORS Panattoni G; Papavasileiou LP; Della Rocca DG; Cioè R; Magliano G; Topa A; Sergi D; Santini L; Forleo GB; Romeo F Cardiology Department, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy Introduction: A few studies have suggested that statins may have anti‐arrhythmic effects in patients with coronary artery disease. One proposed mechanism for the antiarrhythmic effect of statins is their antioxidant properties. The aim of our study was to determine whether statin therapy could reduce mortality, the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias and appropriate or inappropriate intervention of the device in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). Methods: We investigated 244 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease who received ICDs at our institution between April 2003 and November 2010. Patients were subdivided into "statin" (n = 177, 153 males, age 67.4 ± 10.2 years) and "no‐statin" (n = 67, 56 males, age 71.4 ± 8.2 years) groups based on the use of statins. Results: Mean follow‐up was 20,6 ± 17,2 months and the two groups were homogeneous regarding antiarrhythmic therapy and ejection fraction. The overall incidence of non‐sustained (NSVTs) was lower among the statin group when compared with the no‐statin group (44 vs 31 patients, p = 0.02). No significant differences were found in the overall mortality (25 vs 12 patients, p = ns). The use of statin did not reduced significantly the occurrence of appropriate or inappropriate intervention of the device (31 vs 20 patients, p = 0.09 and 9 vs 3 patients, p = ns respectively) and of therapy. Conclusions: In our study statin therapy is associated with a lower incidence of non‐sustained ventricular tachycardias in patients with coronary artery disease and ICDs but does not influence overall mortality and appropriate or inappropriate intervention of the device. P002 QUINIDINE: AN "ENDANGERED SPECIES" DRUG APPROPRIATE FOR MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL STORM IN BRUGADA SYNDROME Theofilogiannakos EK; Paraskevaidis S; Kamperidis V; Chatzizisis Y; Tsilonis K; Dakos G; Vassilikos V; Styliadis IH 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessalon The clinical manifestation of Brugada Syndrome (BS) varies from asymptomatic form to electrical storm and sudden cardiac death. We report two cases of BS that were presented with electrical storm. A 38‐year‐old man, who was treated with ICD implantation two years ago presented to our emergency department with electrical storm (i.e. three episodes of ventricular tachycardia in the same day) provoking shocks from the ICD. On admission, the patient was on a febrile status due to pneumonia that may was the predisposing factor that lead to the electrical instability. The second patient was a 75‐year‐old man, who was treated with ICD implantation nine years ago, was admitted for seven episodes of ventricular fibrillation within 24 hours that was successfully treated with ICD shocks. There was no predisposing factor that could lead to the electrical instability. Since the ICD implantation both patients did not receive any medication. Both patients were started on oral hydroquinidine (600 mg twice daily), remaining electrical stable for the rest of their hospitalization. After six months of hydroquinidine treatment the patients were also asymptomatic without any recorded ICD therapy. Recently, a discussion was initiated among electrophysiologists concerning quinidine shortage in the drug market. Quinidine is effective medical treatment for patients with short QT syndrome, BS and a subgroup of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Electrical storms in patients with the above syndromes should be treated with ICD. However, since ICD does not prevent the occurrence of arrhythmias, oral quinidine could be a reasonable choice for long‐term prevention of life‐threatening tachyarrhythmias. P003 SMALL NUMBER OF CANDIDATES FOR ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS IDENTIFIED BY DATA FROM IMPLANTED PACEMAKERS Fisher JD; Yedlapati N; Rosal‐Greif V Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Background: Modern pacemakers (pacers) quantify atrial fibrillation (AF) episodes and overall burden (% of time in AF). Many AF episodes are asymptomatic but still can be stroke risks. Records of 742 consecutive pacer checks were reviewed by a single investigator (JDF). Objective: To determine see how many patients (pts) had AF and might be candidates for antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy. Methods: Charts were reviewed on or near the day of the in‐office pacer check. Pts were considered potential candidates for AAD therapy if they had dual chamber pacers (DDD), and electrograms showing AF or flutter burden between 1% and 99%, confirmed after 1 more month. 80% of patients had dual chamber pacers. Patients with single chamber pacers were excluded because in our practice these are used in AF patients when there is no intention of restoring sinus rhythm. Other exclusions were: Severe Co‐Morbidities – 9; Demented, aged – 10;Already on AAD – 8; MDs refused – 4;Patient refused – 17; AF disappeared – 8Chronic AF – 2; Language barrier – 13;Died – 1; SVT not AF – 2; Lost – 4; Moved – 2; Too Recent implant – 1 There were 11.3% non‐excluded DDD Patients with 1–99% AF. The Average% AF (Burden)was 24%. Conclusion: AF can be detected and quantified in DDD pacemaker patients, but only a low percentage go on to have appropriate antiarrhythmic drugs administered. P004 CHRONIC USE OF AMIODARONE IN ICD RECIPIENTS Santini L; Cioè R; Magliano G; Viele A; Minni V; Forleo GB; Mahfouz K; Sergi D; Topa A; Romeo F Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy Purpose: Amiodarone is one of the most studied and used drug to treat life‐threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of use of amiodarone on the outcomes of patients receiving implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Methods: We enrolled 428 consecutive patients (358 males, mean age 66,8 ± 11.3 years) who underwent ICD implantation at our Institute between September 2003 and January 2011. We subdivided patients in two groups regarding the used of amiodarone in chronic treatment. The Amiodarone + group (n = 161 patients, 139 males, 68.2 ± 10.6 years) and the Amiodarone‐ (n = 267, 219 males, 66.0 ± 11.6 years). Results: Groups resulted to be homogenous regarding age, sex, ejection fraction and underlying heart disease. After a mean follow‐up of 22,1 ± 18.0 months, 38 patients (23.6%) in Amiodarone + group experienced appropriate discharges versus 46 patients (17.2) in the Amiodarone − group (p = ns); while the incidence of inappropriate discharges was 5% (8 pts) and 6.7% (18 pts) respectively (p = ns). The incidence of TVNS was 26% (42 pts) vs 34% (91 pts) respectively (p = ns). No significant difference was found about mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (10/161 pts vs 18/267, p = ns). Conclusions: As reported by major clinical trials only the use of ICD influence mortality when compared to antiarrhythmic treatment. The chronic use of amiodarone in ICD recipients does not influence occurrence of major arrhythmic events, nevertheless reduces total number of events per patient. P005 ATRIAL TACHYARRHYTHMIA DECREASES VENTRICULAR MICROPERFUSION DURING AMIODARONE BUT NOT DURING DRONED‐
ARONE TREATMENT Hammwohner M; Bukowska A; Sixdorf A; Roehl FW; Lendeckel U; Goette A St.Vincenz Hospital Paderborn, Germany Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk for acute coronary syndromes. AF‐induced ischemia seems to be related to disturbance of ventricular microcirculation. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dronedarone (DRO) and amiodarone (AMIO) infusion on ventricular macro‐ and microperfusion during rapid atrial pacing (RAP). Coronary flow reserve (CFR, microvascular perfusion marker) and fractional flow reserve (FFR, epicardial coronary artery flow marker) were determined in the left anterior descending artery in 30 pigs using a sensortipped thermodilution and pressure guidewire. Measurements were conducted at baseline, and after 6h of RAP with 600 bpm and/or DRO/AMIO infusion. RAP alone was performed in 6 pigs, 6 animals underwent RAP with DRO i.v. (10mg/kg) and 5 with AMIO i.v. (5mg/kg). 6 pigs were instrumented without intervention (Sham), 7 animals received DRO alone. FFR measurement (baseline = 100%) revealed a decreased FFR only in RAP and AMIO animals after 6h compared to all other groups (RAP:93 ± 6%; RAP + AMIO:82 ± 20%; p < 0.05). However, FFR did not drop below <0.8 in any animal. DRO infusion increased FFR compared to RAP after 6h (DRO:105 ± 5% vs RAP:93 ± 6%; p < 0.05). RAP and AMIO significantly decreased CFR (baseline = 100%) when compared with any other group (RAP:57 ± 11%; RAP + AMIO:54 ± 18% vs Sham:103 ± 14% vs RAP + DRO:96 ± 13% vs DRO:110 ± 17%; p < 0.05). DRO infusion abolished RAP induced decrease in CFR with a tendency towards an increased CFR compared to baseline (+10%). DRO infusion did not alter QTc compared to Sham. QTc increased in the DRO group (baseline Qtc 372 ± 10ms vs 6h DRO 408 ± 36ms). There were no significant differences in cardiac or systemic hemodynamic parameters between all groups. RAP impaires left ventricular microcirculation. DRO but not AMIO exerted vasodilatory effects in coronary arteries and improved microcirculation, thus abolishing RAP‐induced microvascular flow disturbances. P006 CONVERSION EFFICACY OF PROPAPHENONE IBOUTILIDE AND AMIODARONE IN MEN AND WOMEN WITH PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION OF RECENT ONSET Panageas V; Zika A General Hospital of Pyrgos Introduction: We aimed to determine whether the efficacy of antiarrhythmic agents is associated with sex, in patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation of 3–48h. duration (PAFib). Methods used: We have observed 94 patients (64 men and 30 women). with PAFib. Patients were treated with Propaphenone (PR.), Ibutilide (IB) or Amiodarone (AMIO). If sinus rhythm was not restored with the first drug we used another one. Successful cardioversion was defined as arrhythmia termination within 48 hours. The results were analysed using Fisher's exact test. Summary of Results: Of 94 patients 89 were restored (95%). 60 men (93,75%) and 29 women (96,77%) were restored (p‐value = 1). As regards Propaphenone we used it as a 1st choice in 32 men (efficacy: 81,25%) and in 15 women (efficacy: 93,34%)(p = 0,6599). Propaphenone was never used as a 2nd choice). Amiodarone was used in 21 men as a 1st choice, with 90,5% efficacy and in 4 men as a 2nd choice, with 75% efficacy. In women it was used only as a 1st choice in 5 cases with 80% efficacy. (Amiodarone: p = 0,5153 as a first choice and 1,0000 as a 2nd choice). Finally, Iboutilide was used in 11 men and 10 women as a first choice and in 4 men and 1 women as a 2nd choice with efficacy 100% (in all of theme) (so p = 1,0000). Conclusions: In Southern‐West Greece the association between the gender and the conversion rate of antiarrhythmic drugs is not statistically significant. P007 ATRIAL EXCITATION PATTERNS OF REFRACTORY AND NON REFRACTORY TO PROPAPHENONE RECURRENT PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Dakos G; Vassilikos V; Chouvarda I; Chatzizisis I; Mantziari L; Kamberidis V; Paraskevaidis S; Tsilonis K; Maglaveras N; Styliadis I 1st Cardiology Dept., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece The aim of this study was to associate the effects of propaphenone on the atrial excitation patterns of the recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), with P wave wavelet analysis. Methods: Thirty‐three PAF patients (20 males, mean age 60 ± 11 years) who received propaphenone, were divided into 2 Groups, after were followed for 2.3 ± 0.4 years. Nine patients (5 males, mean age 61 ± 7years) with multiple AF recurrences (>5 /year) were consisted Group A, while twenty‐four patients (15 males, mean age 60 ± 12 years) with less than 2 recurrences/year were consisted Group B. Two consecutive recordings were obtained, before and 37 ± 6 days after propaphenone administration with a 3 – channel digital recorder for 10 minutes and digitized with a 16–bit accuracy at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. The P wave was analyzed using the Morlet wavelet and wavelet parameters expressing the mean and max energy of P wave were calculated in the three orthogonal leads (X, Y, Z) and in the vector magnitude (VM), in three frequency bands (1st: 200–160 Hz, 2nd: 150–100 Hz and 3rd: 90–50 Hz). The P wave duration was also measured in these axes and in the VM. Paired‐samples T‐test was used for comparing continuous variables. Results: After propaphenone administration, Group A patients showed higher mean and max energy values in the 2nd and 3rd frequency bands at Z axis, while Group B patients had shorter P wave duration at Z axis along with higher max energy values in the 1st and 3rd frequency bands at X axis and mean and max energy values in all frequency bands at Y axis. Conclusion: The refractory and non refractory to propaphenone recurrent PAF are associated with specific effects of propaphenone on the atrial excitation patterns, that can be revealed with P wave wavelet analysis. ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION P008 LONG‐TERM RESULTS OF BALOON CRYOISOLATION OF PULMONARY VEINS IN PATIENTS WITH PAROXYSMAL OR PERSISTENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Misikova S; Stancak B; Spurny P; Komanova E; Olexa P; Machacova Z; Sedlak J; Sudzinova A East Slovakia Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kosice, Slovakia Introduction: Balloon cryoisolation of pulmonary veins is a novel method for treatment of atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study is to evaluate it's mid‐ and long term effectiveness in reducing the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. Patients and methods: We evaluated 95 patients with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (mean age 58,6 ± 5,1 years, 62 men, 33 women) who underwent cryoisolation of pulmonary veins with 28 mm and 23 mm balloon size. The ablation protocol consisted of application of cryoenergy with duration of 900–1200 s into the ostium of each vein and check for the isolation with normal lasso or special microcircular catheter. The ambulatory evaluation via 24 Holter monitoring was repeated in 6 and 12 months. Results: We successfully isolated 361 (95%) pulmonary veins, veins without reach of balloon catheter were 19 (5%). Fluoroscopy time was 25 ± 10 min., procedural time 174 ± 79 min, average ACT during the ablation was 281 ± 38 s. The freedom of atrial fibrillation based on Holter data and patient's reports in 6 and 12 months was 68% and 65% respectively with more success in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation group. The phrenic nerve palsy was found in 5 patients, in 4 of them resolved within 6 months. Small pericardial effusion without the need of intervention was found in 1 patient, and femoral pseudoaneurysm managed by vascular surgeon in 1 patient. Conclusion: Balloon cryoisolation of pulmonary veins is fast, effective and safe ablation method. Long‐term success rate is comparable with conventional radiofrequency ablation especially in paroxysmal forms of atrial fibrillation. P009 PREVENTION OF POST OP ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WITH SURGICAL PULMONARY VEIN ISOLATION Ayala‐Paredes FA; Lavallee L; Lessard N; Teijeira J CHUS Universite de Sherbrooke Background: Post operative atrial fibrillation (Afib) is highly prevalent after CABG surgery; surgical pulmonary vein isolation, would reduce the risk of post operative AFib in patients (pts) with high risk. Methods & Results: Pts at least 65 years old with either hypertension or diabetes, but not previous Afib were randomized (1:1) to a CABG only (controls) or CABG + Cardioblate BP2 (Medtronic) to isolate four pulmonary veins (PV isolation) during the bypass surgery, plus left atrial appendage exclusion. A Reveal XT was implanted for long term monitoring. End point was any Afib lasting 2 min or longer before discharge. 42 pts were studied to date (from 50 expected), 88% men; with no complications and non significant changes in surgical times due to the addition of PV isolation. There were no differences in basal characteristics, diabetes or hypertension rates; beta –blockers or ACE/Ang II inhibitors use, but a marked reduction of new atrial fibrillation in patients with pulmonary vein isolation. In hospital Afib was present in 68.4% of controls versus 26.09% of PV isolation pts (p = 0.06). At 30 days Afib rate was 21.1% in controls versus 8.6% in PVI pts (p = 0.2). Most of patients (64.8%) with post op AFib received amiodarone for at least 30 days (47.4% group control vs 17.4%; (p = 0.049). Total surgical times were similar in both groups 206 (± 57 min) for controls versus 198.7 (± 30.3 min) in PVI pts (p = 0.8) as total hospital stay 8.21 (± 4.3 days) in controls versus 8.7 (± 3.9 days) in PVI pts (p = 0.7). Conclusion: A simple and time efficient surgical technique could significantly decrease the incidence of post operative atrial fibrillation, in pts with no history of atrial fibrillation, but high risk profile. This could decrease time to discharge and need of anti‐arrhythmic or anticoagulant therapy. This approach merits a wide scale validation as it could change the way CABG pts are managed. P010 PREVALENCE OF RIGHT ATRIAL THROMBUS ON THE TRANSEPTAL SHEATHS DETECTED BY INTRACARDIAC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY DURING CATHETER ABLATION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WHILE ON THERAPEUTIC COUMADIN Di Biase L; Santangeli P; Bai R; Sanchez J; Mohanty P; Horton R; Lakkireddy DJ; Raviele A; Burkhardt JD; Natale A Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin, Texas, USA Introduction: The reported prevalence of left atrial thrombus formation on the transseptal sheath detected by ICE ranged from 5 to 10.3% in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for atrial fibrillation (AF). Aim of our study was to report the prevalence of thrombus on the transeptal sheath placed in the right atrium (RA) before the transeptal access in patients undergoing PVI. Methods: Data from 4 centers performing catheter ablation of AF under ICE guidance and utilizing an open irrigated catheter have been collected. Before transeptal, a bolus of i.v. Heparin (10000 UI) was administered. Sheaths were continuously irrigated with heparinized saline and ACT was kept above 300 sec with additional bolus of i.v. heparin when required. Before administration of i.v. heparin, we assessed the prevalence of thrombus attached to the transeptal sheath placed in the RA. Results: Data from 2773 patients were analyzed. 1749 patients underwent PVI without Coumadin discontinuation with a mean INR of 2.46 + 0.32 while 1024 patients underwent PVI after Coumadin discontinuation 3 days preceding the PVI. In all patients the right thrombus was detected by ICE during transeptal access or immediately after the first transeptal puncture. The prevalence of right thrombus on the transeptal sheath was found in 9% (158 pts) of patients on 'therapeutic" Coumadin before PVI and in 8.6% (88 pts) of patients off Coumadin before PVI (p > 0,001). In all cases the right thrombus have not been aspirated but only monitored during the whole procedure by ICE. No parameter included in the baseline characteristics of the patients was found to be a predictor of this finding. Conclusions: Our study shows that thrombus on the transeptal sheaths is detected by ICE in about 9% of the patients undergoing PVI despite a therapeutic "INR". These results suggest that administration of i.v. heparin before transeptal access is required even in patients with "therapeutic" INR. P011 LEFT ATRIAL SPONTANEOUS ECHO CONTRAST IS CLINICAL PREDICTOR FOR THE RECURRENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER CATHETER ABLATION? Kim M‐N; Park S‐M; Shim W‐J; Choi J‐I; Park S‐W; Kim Y‐H Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine Background: Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LASEC) is known as one of markers of thrombogenic milieu in patients with atrial fibrillation(AF). But it was not examined that SEC has a influence on the recurrence of AF after catheter ablation. Method: 229 patients with non‐valvular AF who underwent catheter ablation for AF were enrolled and performed trans‐thoracic echocardiography (TTE) and trans‐esophageal echocardiography (TEE) before procedure. SEC was diagnosed by TEE as the presence of smoke‐like echogenic materials which swirled in the cavities. And other 2D‐echocardiography parameters were measured. Result: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of patients with (+) SEC was mildly decreased than in patients without SEC (55.5 ± 5.8% vs. 56.4 ± 3.7%, P = 0.003). E/e' ratio, the marker of diastolic function of the LV was larger in patients with (+) SEC than in patients without SEC (10.8 ± 5.9 vs. 8.7 ± 2.9, P = 0.004). Ablation time was longer in patients with (+) SEC than in patients without SEC (91 ± 59 min vs. 88 ± 34 min, p < 0.001). Patients with (+) SEC had a non‐significant, but higher incidence of AF recurrence after ablation (25.9 vs. 20.1%, P = 0.45). Conclusion: LASEC was closely associated with LV systolic and diastolic function as well, however, was not significantly related to clinical outcome after catheter ablation of AF. Further study including large number of the patients is warranted. P012 LONG TERM RESULTS OF ABLATION FOR LONE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION VIA RIGHT MINITHORACOTOMY: TOWARDS A RATIONAL REVISION OF TREATMENT PROTOCOLS Nasso G; Bonifazi R; Romano V; Visicchio G; Fiore F; Speziale G GVM Care & Research, Bari, Italy Objective: Despite continued technical improvements, the results of transcatheter radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation may be suboptimal in some patients subgroups. The short‐term follow‐up results of the minimally invasive epicardial ablation of lone atrial fibrillation were encouraging. Methods: One‐hundred‐four patients with drug‐refractory lone atrial fibrillation underwent minimally invasive surgical ablation with a right 3–4 cm minithoracotomy by isolation of the pulmonary veins, and were followed‐up for average 17 months. Previous failed transcatheter ablation was not an enrolment criterion for this procedure in the last phase of our experience. Results: The procedure is confirmed to be safe (one case of procedure‐related morbidity, no operative deaths) and effective (89% overall freedom from recurrent arrhythmia at follow‐up with 96 freedom from arrhythmia for paroxysmal AF Type and 80% free for persisting AF).The results tend to improve with the expansion of the surgical experience. Cox hazards regression and Kaplan‐Meier analysis identified persisting type of atrial fibrillation and enlarged left atrium as the major predictors of recurrent atrial fibrillation at follow‐up. Health‐related quality‐of‐life is confirmed improved at the end of the follow‐up vs. baseline in the majority of the SF‐36 domains. Conclusions: The minimally invasive epicardial ablation of lone atrial fibrillation yields stable and gradually improving results. Earlier referral of patients to surgery is justifiable after a careful cardiologic work‐up. In order to define the relative roles of the minimally invasive ablation and the transcatheter ablation, which may be considered in the future as alternative therapies, a randomized trial of these two procedures is advisable. P013 A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF CATHETER ABLATION VERSUS MEDICAL TREATMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN HEART FAILURE (THE CAMTAF TRIAL) Hunter RJ; Berriman TJ; Diab I; Baker V; Richmond L; Abrams D; Dhinoja M; Earley MJ; Sporton S; Schilling RJ Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital Introduction: We sought to compare the impact of a catheter ablation strategy (CA) to a medical rate control strategy (MED) in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF). Methods: Patients with persistent AF, symptomatic HF, and a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) < 50%, were randomised to CA or MED. HF medication and anticoagulation were optimised prior to baseline observations. For those with recurrent AF in the CA group, a repeat procedure was performed at the end of the 3 month blanking period and follow up re‐started. The primary end‐point was the difference in LV EF between groups on echocardiography at 6 months. Echocardiographic data were anonymized and core reported by a blinded collaborating centre. Results: 54 patients were randomised, but 5 were excluded (LV normalised during optimisation of medications prior to baseline tests in 2, and 3 withdrew un‐happy with their treatment allocation). Patients were 58 ± 11 yrs and 96% were male. Baseline EF was 31 ± 10% in the CA group and 33 ± 9% in the MED group. NYHA class was 2.5 ± 0.5 in both groups. Patients underwent 1.6 ± 0.7 procedures. There were 2 complications: 1 stroke and 1 tamponade. In the CA group 1 patient withdrew after a procedural stroke, and in the MED group 1 patient died. All 21 remaining in the MED group, and the 24 of 26 in the CA group that had reached 6 months follow‐up were included in the analysis of the primary end‐point. Freedom from AF was achieved in 21/24 (88%) off antiarrhythmic drugs. LV EF in the CA group at 6 months was 39 ± 10% compared to 32 ± 13% in the MED group (p < 0.05). NYHA class was also significantly lower in the CA group (1.7 ± 0.8 compared to 2.3 ± 0.6 in the MED group; p < 0.05). Conclusions: CA is effective in restoring sinus rhythm in patients with persistent AF and HF, and improves LV function and heart failure symptoms compared to medical treatment alone. P014 A NOVEL APPROACH TO MINIMALLY‐INVASIVE ABLATIVE MAZE SURGERY FOR REFRACTORY LONE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Benussi S; Pozzoli A; Taramasso M; Dorigo E; Calabrese M; Nascimbene S; Anzil F; Alfieri O San Raffaele University Hospital, Cardiothoracic Surgery Department Purpose: One of the main limitations of the Maze is the requirement of median sternotomy. This, has limited the popularity for the surgical treatment of lone atrial fibrillation (AF) despite its recognized superior efficacy. We evaluated the outcomes of an original technique, devised to perform a complete MazeIII procedure with bipolar radiofrequency (RF), through a minimally‐invasive approach. Methods: The procedure was carried out through right minithoracotomy. Cardiopulmonary by‐pass was instituted through peripheral venous and arterial cannulation. After cross‐clamping, all Maze III ablations were performed using a new glidepath‐guided, articulated bipolar RF clamp, including a complete box around the 4 pulmonary veins. If needed, mitral and tricuspid connecting ablations, were completed using cryoenergy. Results: 14 patients were included (13 male; mean age 53 ± 9.6 years). All patients had highly symptomatic persistent (5/14 patients, 35%) or long‐standing persistent (9/14 patients, 65%) lone AF, refractory to a median number of 3 percutaneous ablations (min 1, max 5). The mean duration of AF before surgery was 117 ± 68.4 months, and mean hospital stay was 12 ± 6.7 days. Procedural success rate was 93% (13/14). There was no operative mortality or major complications. No patient required a permanent pacemaker. Follow‐up was complete for all patients, with a mean period of 13 ± 7.7 months and 13/14 patients were in stable sinus rhythm at latest follow‐up. Three months after surgery, left ventricular ejection fraction improved significantly (from 55.2%± 5.9% to 63%± 3.8%, p = 0.007). Furthermore, after surgery, EHRA score decreased by ≤ 2 in 9 patients (64%) and NYHA functional class also improved by ≥ 1 in 11 cases (78%). Conclusions: A MazeIII procedure can be reproducibly performed through right minithoracotomy using an articulated bipolar RF clamp and cryoenergy, with excellent mid‐term results. Maze surgery with bipolar RF can thus be performed through minithoracotomy safely, without compromising efficacy. P015 EVALUATION OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES SENSITIVITY FOR GUIDING TRANSEPTAL PUNCTURE Ardashev AV; Zhelyakov EG; Rybachenko MS; Konev AV; Kuzovlev OP; * Belenkov YuN 83 Clinical Hospital of FMBA, * Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia Objective: to compare the sensitivity of transthoracic (TTE), transesophageal (TEE) and intracardiac (ICE) echocardiography for guiding transeptal puncture. Methods: The study concluded of 208 pts (48 female, mean age was 56.4 ± 11.3 years) who underwent RFA of left atrium because of atrial fibrillation. Transeptal puncture was performed after interatrial septum (IAS) visualization using TTE in 32 (15.4%), TEE – in 26 (12.5%), ICE – in 150 (72.1%) pts. ICE was preformed using the electronic phased‐array intracardiac ultrasound catheter sector imaging system (AcuNav, Siemens). Optimal contact of transeptal needle with IAS was defined as a tension of septum using echocardiographic techniques. Verification of tenting and following transeptal puncture with LA catheterization defined as a true positive result. Lack of visualization of tenting with successful transeptal puncture under fluoroscopy was defined as a false negative result. Results: Clear visualization of the IAS using TTE technique was demonstrated in 2 (6%) cases, and the sensitivity amounted for 6.7%. Obvious verification of IAS by TEE was revealed in 20 (77%) pts, and sensitivity of this technique was 86.9%. ICE control of septum puncture was performed in 127 pts. ICE allowed visualizing septum and tenting in 125 pts and the tension of septum was unable to be determined in 2 cases despite of the efforts of specialists. ICE sensitivity for IAS verification was 98.4%. Conclusion: In our study we estimated that ICE is the most sensitive ultrasound technique for obvious verification of optimal location of the transeptal needle in the region of IAS comparing with TTE and TEE. P016 ABLATION OF LONG‐LASTING PERSISTENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION BY INTRAPROCEDURAL USING OF IBUTILIDE TO IDENTIFY PERSISTENT CFAES: RESULTS FROM A RANDOMIZED STUDY COMPARING TWO DIFFERENT STRATEGIES Rebecchi M; de Ruvo E; Sciarra L; De Luca L; Pitrone P; Guarracini F; Zuccaro LM; Dottori S; Verlato R; Calò L Policlinico Casilino, Rome, Italy. Introduction: Ablation of long‐lasting (LL)‐persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly variable, with different strategies and outcome. We sought to compare RF ablation of CFAEs in right (RA) and left atrium (LA) identified by using endovenous low‐dose of ibutilide plus pulmonary veins isolation (PVI) with linear lesions in LA plus PVI. Methods: Fifty‐four symptomatic patients with LL‐persistent AF, refractory to AADs, were randomized to two different ablation approach. Twenty‐seven patients (group A; mean age 58.7 ± 7.4 years, 14 males) underwent PVI plus bi‐atrial ablation of CFAEs areas identified prior and post endovenous low‐dose of ibutilide (0.5 mg) administration. The remaining 27 patients (group B; mean age 58.6 ± 9.4 years, 14 males) underwent PVI and linear lesions (roof and mitral isthmus) in the LA. Results: All patients completed ablation procedure without complications. In the group A, the prevalence of CFAEs before ibutilide administration was higher in the LA than in the RA (35.4% vs 21.2% P = 0.016). After ibutilide administration, AF cycle lenght significantly decreased if compared with baseline (264.2 ± 51.9 vs 153.4 ± 33.9, P = 0.0001) and CFAEs prevalence was globally reduced of 69.4% (P = 0.001) in LA and of 81.7% (P = 0.001) in RA. Complete PVI was performed in all patients of both groups. Complete mitral isthmus and roof conduction block was observed in 15 (55%) and in 24 (88%) patients of group B, respectively. After a mean follow up of 13 ± 8 months, 22 (81.4%) patients of group A and 9 (33.3%) patients of Group B were free from AF recurrences (P = 0.001). Conclusion: In patients with LL‐persistent AF, PVI plus bi‐atrial ablation of CFAEs after ibutilide administration is safe and more effective in term of success rate if compared with PVI plus linear lesions approach. This study suggests the utility of intraprocedural use of ibutilide to perform ablation of persistent CFAEs that could be critical for the maintenance of AF. P017 CRYOBALLOON‐ABLATION TO TREAT PARO‐
XYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION USING ELECTROANATOMICAL VOLTAGE MAPPING:
WHAT IS THE LEVEL OF PULMONARY VENOUS ISOLATION? Catanzariti D; Maines M; Angheben C; Cirrincione C; Vaccarini C; Vergara G Division of Cardiology, S. Maria del Carmine Hospital, Rovereto (TN) – Italy Background: Balloon‐based technology and cryoenergy were recently introduced to increase the safety of procedure and to reduce discontinuity of circular lesions around pulmonary veins (PVs), by avoiding a major role in the outcome of the operatory dexterity. However relatively unknown remains the exact level of PVs isolation induced by cryoballoon‐ablation (CBA). Methods: In 22 consecutive patients undergoing CBA for paroxysmal or short standing persistent atrial fibrillation after prior MRI data acquisition, 3D reconstruction of the LA could be generated using the EnSite Verismo Software incorporating the 3D reconstruction of the LA created by MRI. This software was also used for measuring distances and the diameter of various anatomical structures and for reconstructing the complete "true" 65533 anatomy of PVs antra. Using preselected amplitude voltage limits of 0.05–0.5 mV and differential pacing techniques, the topographic extension of PVs isolation was assessed after CBA. Results: All 80 PVs of patients study were isolated by CBA (including 9 left common trunk and 1 right middle accessory veins). An antral level of isolation was observed in the vast majority of PVs with severe reduction of voltage outside the tubular portion of PV and at various extent proximal to the PV ostium. Indirect approaches to CBA were preferred in 42% of cryofreezes to enlarge the perivenous atrial lesions, while the coaxial approach was reserved in the remaining cases. Conclusion: CBA exerts its effects on electrical isolation at the antral level of PV ostia largely resorting to indirect approaches for achieving mechanical occlusion during cryoenergy delivery. P018 PVI IN 2011: IS IT NECESSARY TO PERFORM A DETAILED TIME CONSUMING ELECTROPHYSICAL MAPPING OR SHOULD WE FOCUS ON A RAPID AND SAFE THERAPY? A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ABLATION TOOLS Maagh P; Butz T; van Bracht M; Trappe HJ; Meissner A Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Cologne gGmbH, Hospital Merheim/Germany Background: PVI is an established treatment option in the field of drug refractory atrial fibrillation (AF). Different ablation tools are available, comparisons between procedure duration (PD) and fluoroscopy time (FT) are lacking. Objective: We compared PD and FT using I) the High Density Mesh Mapper (HDMM) with irrigated‐tip radiofrequency (RF) for antral ablation, and II) the single device RF technique of the High Density Mesh Ablator (HDMA), and III) the "single shot" device of the Arctic Front Cryoballoon with cryothermal energy. Methods: In our single center between August 2007 and March 2010, a series of 111 PVI procedures were performed in paroxysmal AF (PAF) and persistent AF (persAF) patients (mean age 59.7 ± 9.9 years with a 6.4 ± 4.4 years history of PAF (67 patients, 60.4%) and persAF (44 patients, 39.6%)). PD and FT were entered into a retrospective database. Results: The procedures included 42 PVIs with the HDMM (37.8%), 47 with the HDMA (42.3%) and 22 with the cryoballoon (19.8%). Comparing the 30 first procedures in groups of 10 in the HDMM and HDMA group, PD and FT fell in the HDMM group (257.5 to 220.9 min and FT from 80.5 to 67.3 min (both p < 0.005) as well as in the HDMA group (182.9 to 147.2 min and FT from 41.02 to 29.1 min). In the cryoballoon group, there was a steep learning curve with a steady state after the first 10 procedures (PD and FT decreased from 189.5 to 151.0 min and 36.9 to 33.0 min, p values 0.005 and 0.05 respectively). Severe complications did not occur. Conclusion: The cryoballoon technology had the shortest PD and FT. The strongest indicators of quality of ablation should include PD and FT as well as the efficacy to prevent AF recurrence. Further studies will show if we should adopt a "wait‐and‐see" attitude referring the AF recurrence or if the time for correct mapping of the PV potentials is a price we should be willing to pay. P019 INITIAL RESULTS OF PURSE‐STRING PV BOX ISOLATION PROCEDURE FOR NON‐MITRAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Imai K; Sueda T; Bagus H; Katayama K; Takahashi S; Takasaki T; Kurosaki T; Uchida N Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital Introduction: Although less invasive procedure for atrial fibrillation (AF) such as catheter ablation or minimally invasive surgery diminished AF with high success rate, several problems still remain unsolved, including repeat sessions or uncertainly of ablation tools. We have performed surgical PV Box isolation (PVBI) for AF combined with mitral valve disease (MVD) with good success rate, however, PVBI for non‐MVD is invasive because of its incision line. We have developed less invasive surgical procedure, purse‐string PBVI with certain ablation line for non‐MVD AF. Method: Seven non‐MVD paroxysmal AF (pAF) cases (3 ASD, 2 AVR 1 TVR and 1 OPCAB) that have indication for surgical intervention, were received PVBI. Box ablation line was created by using bipolar radiofrequency surgical device which can create a long (about 7 cm) continuous transmural lesion. At first, bilateral epicardial PV isolation line was made and second, upper and lower connecting line was added without incision of left atrial wall using purse‐string technique: one‐half of ablation jaw was inserted into the left atrium through a purse‐string suture on the right PVs toward the left PVs. All patients were received continuous monitor ECG (in hospital) and Holter ECG of every 6 month (after discharge), AF recurrence was estimated by more than 5 minutes duration. Result: No complications or death were procedure related. At discharge, freedom from AF was 86%. In the patients of AF free at discharge, 100% of patients were free from pAF at averaged 13 months follow‐up. Conclusion: Purse‐string PVBI can be a less invasive and effective procedure for non‐MVD pAF. P020 PULMONARY VEIN ISOLATION WITH THE PULMONARY VEIN ABLATION CATHETER VERSUS CONVENTIONAL POINT‐BY‐POINT ABLATION USING THE CARTO SYSTEM: A LARGE, COMPARATIVE, SINGLE CENTRE STUDY De Greef Y; Segers V; Schwagten B; De Keulenaer G; Stockman D Department of Cardiology, Antwerp Cardiovascular Institute Middelheim, Belgium Aim: To compare pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using the pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC) with conventional PVI guided by CARTO. Methods: Two‐hundred consecutive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) and left atrial (LA) diameter of <50 mm underwent either CARTO‐ (N = 100) or PVAC‐guided (N = 100) PVI. Follow‐up (symptoms and Holter) was performed at 1 month and every 3 months thereafter. Repeat ablation was guided by a circular catheter and CARTO to describe PV reconnection characteristics. Results: Clinical characteristics were similar. Successful PVI was obtained in 378 out of 390 (97%) veins in the PVAC vs. 393 out of 393 (100%) in the CARTO group. At 1 year follow up, 73 patients in the PVAC group were free of AF compared to 67 of CARTO patients (P NS). Procedure time was significantly shorter in the PVAC group (126 ± 44min vs. 201 ± 44, p < 0.0001). At repeat, the N (total (%)/per patient) of reconnected PV's was similar after PVAC (19 patients; 50 (66%)/2.7 ± 1.1) and CARTO (20 patients; 50 (63%)/2.4 ± 1.4) (P NS). Neither the N (total/per patient (PVAC N 44; 2.3 ± 0.9 vs CARTO N 59; 3.0 ± 1.6, P NS) nor spatial distribution of conduction gaps differed between both groups. PV stenosis occurred more significantly after PVAC (4 vs. 0, p < 0.05) while pericardial injury (8 vs. 0, p < 0.05) and LA tachycardia (9 vs. 3, p < 0.05) were more frequent after CARTO. Conclusions: Pulmonary vein isolation using the PVAC catheter is as efficient but significantly faster than the conventional approach. Whereas findings at repeat were similar, their safety profile differs significantly. P021 CATHETER ABLATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENT WITH MECHANICAL MITRAL VALVE: PVAI VS. TRIGGER ABLATION Bai R; Di Biase L; Mohanty P; Santangeli P; Mohanty S; Pump A; Sanchez J; Burkhardt JD; Horton R; Natale A Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin, Texas, USA Background: It has not been reported whether trigger ablation prevents more arrhythmia recurrences than standard pulmonary vein antra isolation (PVAI) in patients with mechanical mitral valve (MMV) undergoing ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: 109 patients with MMV who underwent ablation for either persistent (N = 70) or paroxysmal (N = 39) AF were divided into 2 groups: standard PVAI was performed in Group 1 (N = 45); in Group 2 (N = 64), in addition to PVAI, an isoproterenol challenge up to 30μg/min was performed and ectopic atrial beats or tachycardias (trigger activities) arising from extra‐PV foci were abolished. RF was delivered with a 3.5mm open irrigated‐tip catheter guided by CARTO map. The endpoint of procedure was complete PVAI (for both Groups 1 and 2) as well as elimination of all potential trigger sites (for Group 2). Patients were followed‐up by ECGs, transtelephonic monitoring, 7‐day Holters and office visit. Results: All patients (51 males; age 62 ± 10yrs) underwent the procedure successfully. INR on the day of ablation was 2.6 ± 0.3. There were 2 groin hematomas and 1 pericardial effusions in Group 2; while 1 diaphragmatic paralysis, 1 tamponade and 2 AV fistulae in Group 1. All except one patient in Group 2 had extra‐PV triggers. At 1‐year follow up, 39 (61%) patients in Group 2 and 7 (15%) patients in Group 1 were in sinus rhythm off AAD with single procedure (p < 0.0001). 85% of patients in Group 1 underwent redo ablation due to early recurrence of AF. Very late recurrence (32 ± 4 months) was observed in 12 (19%) patients in Group 2 and consisted of focal atrial tachycardia in 9 and atypical atrial flutter in 3 patients, which were treated with repeat ablation. Conclusion: Catheter ablation of AF in patients with MMV is feasible and safe. Trigger ablation in addition to standard PVAI was associated with less arrhythmia recurrence at follow‐up. Focal atrial tachycardia appeared to be the predominant cause of very late recurrences. P022 A FAST EVALUATION OF THE LEFT ATRIUM BEFORE ABLATION: ICETEE (INTRACARDIAC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY PROBE USED FOR TRANSOESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY) Schuster P; de Bortoli A; Chen J; Hoff PI Haukeland University Hospital, Department of Heart Disease, Bergen, Norway Aim: In high risk patients before atrial fibrillation (AF) radiofrequency ablation (RFA) we used nasogastrically an expired resterilized intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) probe (AcuNav, Siemens; 10 F) as a a simplified transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) procedure and registered the time consumption. Method: 25 patient (mean age 59 ± 9 years, 4 female) were examined without any form of sedation or anaesthesia using the ICEETEE method to exclude atrial thrombi and to determine left atrial (LA) appendage flow. 17 patients because of high CHADS2 score (>2), four paroxysmal AF patients not using preprocedural Warfarin, three patients admitted to RFA with AF unknown duration, one with unknown duration of a fast AFL and the purpose of DC conversion. Results: Due to previous painful and difficult gastroscopi one patient refused a conventional TEE before the RFA procedure. Despite good sedation, local anesthesia and an experienced operator including help of a gastroenterologist conventional TEE had failed in another patient. No difficulties during the nasogastric insertion of the probe were experienced in any patient. In all patients a good overview of the LA excluding thrombi and an acceptable LA appendage Doppler flow were demonstrated. The duration of the ICEETEE examination was 8 ± 2 min and a mean of 11 ± 5 loops were recorded. In the 24 RFA patients the ICEETEE procedure lasted 8 ± 3 min of the 208 ± 73 min of total procedure duration. No thrombembolic complications occurred during the RFA procedures. Conclusion: A simplified and fast risk stratification using an ICE probe nasogastrically as TEE is feasible and only 8 min (4%) of the total RF procedure time are needed to perform an ICEETEE examination. P023 EFFECT OF GENDER AND AGE ON RESULTS OF ABLATION OF PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Rafla S; Kamal A; Kautzner J* Alexandria Univ. Cardiology Dept, Egypt and IKEM institute, Prague, Czech Republic* This analysis assesses the effect of gender and age on the results of ablation of paroxysmal AF. Methods: We studied 150 patients (pts) (86 males and 64 females) having a mean age of 51.3 yrs, who suffered from symptomatic drug refractory paroxysmal AF. Cardiac MSCT image integration to the 3D electroanatomic LA map was used in 106 pts (70.6%, however all of them underwent intracardiac echo guided imaging during the ablation procedure. 40 pts underwent manual RF ablation using CARTO, 40 pts underwent ablation using NavX system, 70 pts underwent robotic ablation using Sensui system. Pulmonary vein isolation was done to all pts using either pulmonary vein (PV) antral isolation in 116 (77.3%) or circumferential pulmonary vein ablation in 34 pts (22.7%). Circumferential PV ablation was usually associated with posterior wall ablation. Additional roof line was done in 28 pts (18.6%). All pts were followed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Results: 34 patients (22.6%) developed early recurrence of AF after an initial blanking period of 3 months. We had 16 patients(10.6%) with treatment failure at short term follow up, this number increased to 18 patients (12%) at midterm follow up and further small increase to 20 patients(13.3%) at long term follow up, recurrences were any episode of AF and /or AFL/AT > 30 seconds after the blanking period. ECG during follow up: Normal SR 32 (80%), Atrial Tachycardia 4, PAF 2, A flutter 2. Complications rate: None in 92,5%, air embolism zero, cardiac tamponade zero, trivial pericardial effusion 1, groin hematoma 5%. There was no difference between males and females in success of ablation or complications. Those below age 50 and above 50 were not different in incidence of maintenance of SR or complications. Conclusions: Neither gender nor age had influence on success of ablation of AF or on incidence of complications. P024 A MIDTERM FOLLOW‐UP RESULT OF SIMPLIFIED MAZE PROCEDURE BASED ON RADIOFREQUENCY PV BOX ISOLATION Imai K; Sueda T; Bagus H; Katayama K; Takahashi S; Takasaki T; Kurosaki T; Uchida N Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Introduction: It has been reported that some less invasive modified Cox‐maze procedures were effective for limited patients. We report a midterm follow‐up result of our simplified procedure based on PV Box isolation for permanent/chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) combined with several type of organic heart disease. Methods: Among a total of 194 cases, we extracted 93 cases that received modified maze procedures; pulmonary vein box isolation (PVBI) or hybrid procedure (HBP). The HBP consisted of 1) circumferential isolation of four pulmonary veins (this is "PVBI") with monopolar or bipolar device, 2) radiofrequency ablation (RF) between PVBI‐line and mitral annulus (with monopolar or bipolar), 3) RF for RA isthmus (bottom line of Koch's triangle and between RA incision and coronary sinus orifice with monopolar or pen type bipolar) and 4) RF from IVC to RA incision line. We divided the patients based on their etiological background and analyzed the operative results in overall, every groups and between groups retrospectively. Results: Overall freedom from recurrent AF was 80% at latest follow up. The significant (p < 0.01) predicting factor of AF recurrence were AF duration, amplitude of V1‐f wave and LAD. In the patients of bi‐atrial strain (mitral regurgitation + tricuspid regurgitation), the AF free rate in the HBP group was significantly higher than that in PVBI (91% vs. 68%, p = 0.0307) without any differences of their backgrounds. Conclusions: For further improvement of operative outcomes with lesser invasion, it may be necessary to choose the tailored procedure based on the etiology. P025 USE OF PARTIALLY WITHDRAWN CORONARY SINUS CATHETER TO EVALUATE CAVOTRICUSPID ISTHMUS BLOCK DURING RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION Marinskis G; Aidietis A; Kaireviciute D; Jurkuvenas P; Bagdonas K Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Vilnius University Purpose: to assess feasibility of verification of cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) block by evaluation of low right atrial activation sequence using coronary sinus (CS) electrode withdrawn to the inferior vena cava (IVC) orifice. Methods: in 167 patients (pts) who underwent CTI ablation for typical atrial flutter, presence of cavotricuspid block has been verified by halo catheter or evaluation of low lateral right atrial activation sequence by ablation catheter, and comparison of His bundle electrogram (HBE) and proximal coronary sinus (PCS) atrial activation timing. In all pts, decapolar CS catheters with 5 mm inter‐electrode space and 10 mm space between electrode pairs have been introduced using femoral approach. After prolongation of CTI conduction times, CS electrode was withdrawn to the IVC orifice and timing of atrial activation on the proximal (5th) pair and the 4th pair of electrodes has been compared. Results: when complete CTI block has been achieved, pacing lateral to ablation line has been accompanied by "bracketing" of low right atrial activation – activation on the proximal pair (closer to ablation line) was later than activation on the 4th pair. That was seen in 127 of patients with CTI block (sensitivity 76%, specificity 100%). In 40 pts with complete CTI block after extensive ablation close to CS ostium, either the signals on the proximal pair could not be appreciated, or atrial activation on this pair was the earliest. Conclusion: evaluation of low right atrial activation sequence by coronary sinus catheter partially withdrawn to the inferior vena cava helps to confirm cavotricuspid isthmus block after ablation. P026 SERUM n‐3/n‐6 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID RATIO IS A STRONG PREDICTOR OF SINUS RHYTHM MAINTENANCE AFTER CATHETER ABLATION OF PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Nakanishi H; Hirata A; Okada M; Kashiwase K; Nishio M; Asai M; Nemoto T; Matsuo K; Konishi S; Ueda Y Cardiovascular Division, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Japan Purpose: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Despite advances in rhythm control including catheter ablation (CA), the effect on secondary prevention of AF is not completely established. There have been some evidences that the n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have anti‐arrhythmic effects, however, these effects are controversial. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the serum n‐3/n‐6 PUFA ratio on the rate of SR maintenance after CA of paroxysmal AF (pAF). Methods: We assessed 38 patients with pAF. The serum n‐3/n‐6 PUFA ratio was defined as an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) / arachidonic acid (AA) ratio. All the serum samples were obtained before admission. In the procedure, all patients underwent bilateral extensive encircling pulmonary vein (PV) isolation. Additional procedures (left atrial (LA) linear [1 patient], complex fractionated atrial electrograms [3 patients], non‐PV foci [2 patients], or cavo‐tricuspid isthmus [15 patients]) were performed as necessary. The definition of AF recurrence was one more than 3 months after the procedure. In this study, no patients were taking purified EPA ethyl ester agent. Results: 27 patients maintained SR, while 11 patients had recurrence of AF. SR maintenance group had significant higher serum EPA/AA ratio (0.50 ± 0.20 vs. 0.29 ± 0.11, p = 0.002) than AF recurrence group. There were no significant differences between two groups in age (64.0 ± 10.6 vs. 59.3 ± 14.0 yrs, p = NS), gender (15 (56%) vs. 7 (64%) males %, p = NS), LA diameter (39.5 ± 4.4 vs. 42.5 ± 6.4 mm, p = NS), left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (67.7 ± 5.9 vs. 68.3 ± 6.6%, p = NS), LV end‐diastolic dimension (49.1 ± 5.2 vs. 51.3 ± 4.2 mm, p = NS), CHADS2 score (0.7 ± 0.7 vs. 1.3 ± 1.1, p = NS), follow up period (11.7 ± 6.0 vs. 15.6 ± 7.8 mths, p = NS), and antiarrhythmic drugs after procedure (8 (30%) vs. 4 (36%), p = NS). Conclusions: Serum n‐3/n‐6 PUFA ratio is important for secondary prevention after CA of pAF. P027 RATIONALE AND DESIGN OF VATCAT: VIDEO‐ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC PULMONARY VEIN ISOLATION VERSUS PERCUTANOUS CATHETER ABLATION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION TRIAL Velthuis BO; Stevenhagen J; Storm van Leeuwen RPH; Speekenbrink RGH; van der Palen J; Scholten MF; VATCAT Medisch Spectrum Twente Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that radiofrequency isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVI) and surgically video‐assisted thorascopic pulmonary vein isolation (VATS‐PVI) are acceptable or even superior alternatives to anti‐arrhythmic drug therapy in patients with symptomatically paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). However, data comparing effectiveness in both interventions are limited. Objective: The primary objective is to compare the effectiveness of PVI and VATS‐PVI. The secondary objective is the comparison of duration and costs of hospitalization, discomfort during admission, experienced AF burden during follow‐up and time to recurrence. Methods: The Video‐Assisted Thoracoscopic pulmonary vein isolation versus percutaneous Catheter Ablation in atrial fibrillation Trial (VATCAT) is a prospective single center study. 160 patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF will be randomized to percutaneous PVI or VATS‐PVI. After a stabilization period of 90 days, which allows for a second procedure, 7‐day Holter‐ECG will be done at 3, 6 and 12 months. Treatment failure will be defined as reoccurrence of AF exceeding 30 seconds. Results: Inclusion started in August 2010, currently 40 patients are included. 22 patients were treated of which 9 received VATS therapy. Conclusion: This study should provide data on the effectiveness of either PVI strategy based on intensive rhythm observation. It is unique because, to the best of our knowledge, no previous randomized trial comparing both strategies has been published. P028 USEFULNESS OF CONTRAST INTRACARDIAC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN PERFORMING PV BALLOON OCCLUSION DURING CRYO‐ABLATION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Maines M; Catanzariti D; Angheben C; Cemin C; Giovanelli C; Vergara G Division of Cardiology, S. Maria del Carmine Hospital, Rovereto (TN) Introduction: Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) has proven very effective for pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) if complete mechanical occlusion is achieved and conventionally assessed by angiographic injection of contrast within PV lumen. The aim of our study was to assess the usefulness of saline contrast intracardiac echocardiography (CE) in guiding CBA. Methods: Twenty consecutive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were assigned to fluoroscopy plus CFD (n = 10; group 1: iodinated medium as both an angiographic and an echographic contrast) versus CE plus CFD (n = 10; group 2: saline contrast) for guidance of CBA. CFD‐guidance was used only in pull‐down approaches (16% in the study) in both groups. Results: We evaluated 227 occlusion of 71 PVs. CE‐guided assessment of occlusion, defined as the loss of echocontrastographic back‐flow to the left atrium after saline injection regardless of the visualization of PV antrum, showed a high level of agreement with the angiographic diagnosis of occlusion. PVI rate was similar in both groups and effectively guided by CE (PVI using ≤ 2 double cryofreezes: 89% of PVs in gr. 1 vs 91% in gr. 2; P = n.s.). Group 2 patients (CE guidance) had significantly shorter procedure (128 ± 17 minutes vs 153 ± 18; P < 0.05) and fluoroscopy times (30 ± 11 minutes vs 42 ± 9, P < 0.05) and used lower iodinated contrast (90 ± 25 mL vs 191 ± 45, P < 0.05). Conclusion: PV occlusion and PVI during cryoablation can be effectively predicted by CE. This technique reduces radiological exposure and iodinated contrast use. P029 NO DIFFERENCE IN TRIGGER INDUCIBILITY DURING ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION PERFORMED WITH GENERAL ANESTHESIA Mountantonakis SE; Kondapalli L; Marchlinski F; Hutchinson M Electrophysiology Section, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA Background: General anesthesia (GA) has been increasingly utilized during catheter ablation of AF. When AF ablation is performed under GA, many operators do not intentionally elicit AF triggers with catecholamine infusion due to concern for either excessive medication‐induced hypotension or autonomic‐dependence of trigger induction. We sought to determine whether patients undergoing AF ablation with GA had fewer provocable triggers than patients whose procedures were performed under conscious sedation alone. Methods: 23 patients who underwent AF ablation under GA (Group 1) were matched for age, gender, ejection fraction, left atrial size and type of atrial fibrillation with 23 patients who underwent catheter ablation under conscious sedation (Group II). Patients in Group 1 were maintained under general anesthesia with intravenous propofol; those in Group 2 were anesthetized with boluses of midazolam and fentanyl without airway support. Both groups received escalating doses of isoproterenol (ISO) until either: 1) a maximal dose of 20 mcg/min was achieved or 2) AF was induced. We included only pulmonary vein or non‐pulmonary vein triggers which initiated AF in the analysis. If necessary, intravenous phenylephrine was administered via bolus (25 mcg) and/or continuous infusion (up to 200 mcg/min) to maintain a mean arterial pressure >60 mmHg. The incidence of AF triggers between the two groups was compared. Results: AF triggers were identified in 19/23 patients from Group I and 18/23 patients from Group II (83% vs. 78%; p = 0.9). There was no difference in trigger site or the total ISO required between the 2 groups (15.8 vs 14.8mcg/min, p 0.624). The use of phenylephrine was more frequent in Group I (83% vs. 52%, p = 0.028). Conclusion: The use of GA does not appear to inhibit the provocation of AF triggers. Although ISO‐induced hypotension is more often required in patients under GA, effective doses of ISO can be reliably achieved with phenylephrine infusion. P030 RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN RETIREED PATIENTS Ardashev AV; Konev AV; Zhelyakov EG; Rybachenko MS; *Belenkov YuN 83 Clinical Hospital of FMBA, * Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia Aim: To assess effectiveness and safety of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) in elderly pts with paroxysmal, persistent and permanent AF. Methods: Study was conducted on 214 pts who underwent primary RFA of AF. 76 of them were older than 60 years of age and underwent 93 procedures. The mean age was 68 ± 3.5 years (22 females). The mean duration for AF was 8.7 ± 6.5 years. 36 had paroxysmal, 19 had persistent AF and 21 had permanent AF despite use of 1.7 ± 0.4 antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD). All pts were divided into two groups. First group consisted of 60 pts ranged from 60 to 70 years old (mean age – 65.7 ± 3.5 years), second group concluded of 16 pts ranged from 71 to 83 years old (mean age – 73.7 ± 2.4 years). The ablation strategy consisted of wide‐area circumferential lines around pulmonary veins, roof lines and extensive RFA of the left atrial substrate modification using a three‐dimensional mapping system. Follow up consisted of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months out‐patient clinical visiting after de‐novo RF‐procedure and included of repetitive 24 hour Holter monitoring. Results: There were no complications associated with RFA. 24 (40%) pts of the first group vs 5 (31%) pts of the second subgroup had arrhythmia of the blanking period (p = 0.84) 10 (17%) pts of the first group vs 5 (31%) pts of the second group underwent redo procedures because of atypical atrial flutter, focal atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation in period from 6 to 12 months after primary RFA (p = 0.009) because of failure to sinus rhythm control using combined RFA and AAD approach. The incidence of stable sinus rhythm in the first/second groups were 60%/69%, 72%/69%, 83%/81% and 92%/75% at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Conclusion: RFA is a safe and effective treatment for elderly patients with AF. One year arrhythmia free survival rate was higher in patients ranged from 60 to 70 years old. P031 EVALUATION OF ESOPHAGEAL DISPLACEMENTS DURING PULMONARY VEIN ISOLATION IN PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION Scazzuso FA; Rivera S; Gomez L; Albina G; Laino R; Sammartino V; Giniger A; Kamlofsky M; Banega R Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA) Purpose: Catheter ablation represents a substantial achievement in AF treatment but this technique is not free from complications. Atrio esophagic fistula has been described as an infrequent but lethal complication. The aim of this study is describe esophagus position shifts using the shadow function. Methods: Single‐center prospective analysis of consecutive patients who underwent ablation of atrial fibrillation and received a MSCT‐64 prior to ablation between May 2009 and May 2011. A multislice 64 computed tomography was optimized for imaging of pulmonary veins. We performed the tridimensional reconstruction of the esophagus. We designed the left atrium shell and the esophagus position with a quadripolar EP catheter inside the esophagus lumen. We obtain the fiducially points from the pulmonary vein ostium and transport passively the esophagus acquired points obtained during shell construction. If esophagus tract fit with 3D Esophagus reconstruction its position was assessed by using the Nav X Shadow tool during the entire procedure. Significant displacements were defined as those presenting a more than 3 mm shift between the esophagus passive fusion and the 'in vivo' position determined by the shadow function. Results: 153 patients were included with a mean age 61 ± 9.7 yrs, 90% male and a mean BMI of 26.5 ± 6.4 kg/m2. 142 (93%) patients were in sinus rhythm at time of MSCT‐64. We determine the esophagus tract in 146 patients (95%). In 17 patients it was impossible to perform the reconstruction because of technique problems in acquisition image. Significant displacements were observed in 21 patients (15%) and 125 (85%) showed no significant position shifts (p value <0.05). Conclusions: The present study suggests that the Esophagus does not present significant position shifts during PVI. Shadows tool confirm that initial assessment of esophagus position after 3D reconstruction is safe and precisely to guide PVI procedure. P032 CONTINUATION OF VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS AS ACCEPTABLE ANTICOAGULATION REGIMEN IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PULMONARY VEIN ISOLATION Oude Velthuis B; Stevenhagen YJ; van Opstal JM; Scholten MF Medisch Spectrum Twente Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that radiofrequency isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVI) is an effective treatment for symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Based on these positive results, non‐ pharmacological therapy has been incorporated in the guidelines for drug refractory atrial fibrillation, resulting in an increased popularity. The prevention of thromboembolic complications remains an important issue. Methods: In January 2010, we adopted an anticoagulation strategy based on continuation of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and selective use of transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). We retrospectively analyzed the results of this strategy in all patients referred for PVI treatment. VKAs were started for all patients 2 months prior to treatment. Discontinuation of oral anticoagulation was considered 3 months after treatment based on thromboembolic and bleeding risk profile. Bleeding and thromboembolic complications were registered during outpatient clinic follow‐up up until 3 months. Results: We performed 151 PVI procedures from January 2010 to March 2011. All patients were seen 6 weeks after discharge. No transient ischemic accident or ischemic cerebrovascular incident occurred pre‐, peri‐ or postprocedure. Four (2.7%) procedures were complicated by tamponade requiring pericardiocentesis. Conclusions: Our data support the increasing evidence for continuation of periprocedural administration of VKAs complemented by a selective TEE approach as a safe therapy for thromboembolic complications. P033 EFFECTIVNESS OF AF ABLATION STRATEGIES IN "YOUNG" AF‐ABLATION CENTER Chasnoits A; Goncharik D; Halianishcha V; Kovalenko O; Persidskikh Y; Plaschinskaya L Republican Scientific and Practical Center "Cardiology", Minsk, Belarus Purpose of the study: to estimate effectiveness and time consumption of 3 different strategies of ablation in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) in condition of first starting AF‐ablation center. Methods: 35 consecutive patients underwent Carto XP Merge endocardial ablation procedure. Follow up period was 3 – 18 month. Data presented as Median (Q25; Q75). Summary: Patient divided into 3 groups: 1) ganglionary plexi (GP)‐ablation (n = 11 (4 females), age 55.0 (50.0, 58.0). AF duration 6,50 (4,0; 8,0) years; left atrium (LA) size 41,50 (36,50; 47,00) mm). 2) pulmonary vein (PV)‐isolation (n = 18 (5 females), age 52,50 (48,0; 62,0) years, AF duration 2,00 (1,00; 2,00) years, LA size 41,00 (40,0; 42,0) mm). 3) PV + GP ablation group. (n = 6 (1 female), age 54 (44,0; 59,0), AF duration 4,0 (3,0; 8,0) years, LA size 42,0 (37,0; 42,0) mm). Time of procedure does not significantly differ between groups 4,0 (5,0; 6,0) hour, 3,5 (4,88; 5,5) hour, and 4,0 (4,0; 6,0) hour respectively. After at least 3 month post procedure in GP‐group 5 patient out of 11 were in sinus rhythm (45,45%); in PV‐group 12 out of 18 were in sinus rhythm (66,66%); and in PV + GP‐group – all 6 patients (100%) were in sinus rhythm. Average effectiveness resulted as follows: 23 patients out of 35 (65,71%) were in sinus rhythm. Statistical analysis by Kruskal‐Wallis, Mann‐Whitney and Fisher exact p, two‐tailed tests showed significantly better effectiveness (p < 0,05) only in PV + GP‐group than in GP‐group. GP‐ablation and PV‐isolation groups do not differ in effectiveness by this number of patients. Conclusion: Effectiveness of GP‐ablation and PV isolation does not significantly differ in firs starting AF‐ablation center, but results in group PV + GP are significantly better than in just GP‐group, what is connected to size of myocardial critical mass, involved by PV + GP ablation. It does not take additional time to perform GP‐ablation, doing PV‐isolation. We suggest performing a GP + PV ablation technique. P034 SEQUENTIAL APPROACH FOR TREATMENT OF LONGSTANDING PERSISTENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Revishvili A; Matsonashvili G; Labartkava E; Serguladze S; Shmul A; Kvasha B Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia Nowadays surgical ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation (PAF) is thought to be the most effective approach. But still postablative atrial tachycardias (PAT) can be observed in a short period after intervention because of incomplete lesions. Subsequent percutaneous ablation can improve success rate by precise elimination of critical gap‐zones. From May 2007 to June 2011 55 consecutive patients (40 patients with concomitant valvular pathology and 15 patients with failed prior to surgery percutaneous ablations) with symptomatic PAF (mean arrhythmia duration 6 ± 2 years, mean age 56 ± 4 years, mean left atrial volume 180 ± 22 ml., mean EF 58 ± 5%), refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy, underwent bipolar modification of MAZE procedure (MAZE IV) using the Atricure system. Within 14 days after surgery PAT was observed in 7 cases (14%). These patients underwent electrophysiological (EP) study and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). During mean follow up of 14 ± 2 months 49 patients (98%) had stable sinus rhythm, 1 patient (2%) required dual chamber pacemaker implantation because of symptomatic sinus bradycardia. No peri‐operative complications were observed. In 7 patients with PAT during EP study next observations were registered: 1 patient with left atrial ectopic tachycardia because of restoration of conduction from left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV), 1 patient with typical atrial flutter with cycle length (CL) 235 ms and 5 patients with left atrial flutter (mean CL 240 ± 15 ms). During mapping critical sites of left atrial (LA) flutters were found at LA ridge (3 patients) and at LSPV‐LA roof junction(2 patients). All arrhythmias were successfully ablated and during mean follow‐up of 2 ± 1,2 years no evidence of any tachycardia was registered on repetitive Holter monitoring. Two‐step approach can improve long term success for maintaining sinus rhythm and can increase effectiveness of invasive methods of treatment of PAF. P035 DETECTION OF ATRIAL EXCITATION CHAN‐
GES FOLLOWING CIRCUMFERENTIAL PULMONARY VEINS ISOLATION USING WAVELET ANALYSIS Vassilikos V; Dakos G; Chouvarda I; Paraskevaidis S; Mantziari L; Hatzizisis I; Tsilonis K; Maglaveras N; Styliadis I 1st Cardiology Dept, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece The aim of this study was to investigate differences in P wave duration and excitation characteristics following circumferential pulmonary veins (CPV) isolation using P wave wavelet analysis. Methods: We studied 33 patients (20 males, mean age 52.5 ± 7 years) which underwent CPV isolation because of non‐responsive to drugs atrial fibrillation. The recordings were obtained during sinus rhythm before and after PV isolation with a 3 – channel digital recorder for 10 minutes and digitized with a 16–bit accuracy at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. The PVs were isolated in pairs using the Nav‐X mapping system. The P wave was analyzed using the Morlet wavelet and wavelet parameters expressing the mean and max energy of P wave were calculated in the three orthogonal leads (X, Y, Z) in three frequency bands (1st: 200–160 Hz, 2nd: 150–100 Hz and 3nd: 90–50 Hz). Nonparametric Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank test was used for comparing continuous variables, while p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Following CPV isolation, P wave duration at X, Y and Z axes was significantly shorter (96.8 ± 18 vs 86.7 ± 12msec, p < 0.001, 99.3 ± 14.7 vs 89.9 ± 13.8msec, p = 0.001 and 99.5 ± 17 vs 91.3 ± 15msec, p = 0.001, respectively), while mean and man energy in all frequency bands at X and Y axes along with mean energy in all frequency bands at Z axis were significantly lower. Conclusions: P wave wavelet analysis demonstrates significant differences in atrial conduction patterns following CPV isolation, as suggested by the shortening of P wave duration and the lower wavelet energies. P036 TNT DEMONSTRATES COMPARABLE IMPACT OF CIRCULAR MULTIELECTRODE AND IRRIGATED COOL TIP CATHETERS IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION Herstad J; Hoff PI; de Bortoli A; Solheim E; Lizhi S; Chen J; Schuster P Haukeland University Hospital, Department of Heart Disease, Bergen, Norway Aim: Comparing the level of myocardial injury by measuring TnT using non‐irrigated circular multielectrode or irrigated cool tip catheters. Method: 40 patients (mean age 53 ± 12 years, 10 females) underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for paroxysmal (n = 36) or persistent (n = 4) atrial fibrillation. A multielectrode low energy phased radiofrequency catheter (PVAC, Medtronic Ablation Frontiers Inc, USA; n = 20, group 1) or 3‐D mapping system, irrigated cool tip catheter and circular mapping catheter for demonstrating PVI (n = 20, group 2) were used. TnT (ng/L) was measured 15–22 hours post procedural. Results: No significant differences in age or sex were demonstrated between the groups and no complications were observed. In group 1 procedure time was significantly lower (150 versus 193 min, p < 0,05) and X‐ray duration shorter (26 versus 36 min, p < 0,05). The applied RF energy (43 min (group 1) versus 55 min (group 2), p = ns) resulted in a not significant different release of TnT between the groups (720 ± 352 versus 1397 ± 1134, p = 0,06). The time corrected TnT release per minute ablation (21 ± 12 versus 26 ± 17, p = ns) was similar. Conclusion: Signal controlled PVI using multielectrode radiofrequency catheters compared to irrigated cool tip catheters results in a similar myocardial injury suggesting comparable impact in shorter procedure time and shorter X‐ray duration. P037 THE LONG‐TERM SAFETY OF ANTICOAGULATION STRATEGY AFTER RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Park JH; Ko KJ; Han PK; Lim RS; Jang JK; Park HC; Kim YH Korea University Arrhythmia Center Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of standard anticoagulation (SA) over 3 months after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) in comparison with the early‐stopped warfarinization (EW) within 3 months. Methods and Results: We compared safety between SA (n = 50) and EW (n = 59) group in 109 patients who underwent RFCA of AF (78 males, 55.9 ± 11 years old, paroxysmal AF 59.6%, CHADS2 score 1.5 ± 0.9, duration of follow up 693.1 ± 234.6 days, duration of AF 46.7 ± 42.5 months). Results: There was no significant difference in CHADS2 score (1.5 ± 0.9 vs 1.4 ± 0.8, P = NS) between SA and EW group. Compared to EW group, uninterrupted preprocedural warfarinization (70.6% vs 39.4%, P = 0.014) was greater in SA group, therefore, INR value (1.47 ± 0.51 vs 1.14 ± 0.28, P = 0.002) at the procedure was higher. However, the incidence of hemorrhagic complications (11.9% vs 6.0%, P = NS) or the thromboembolic events (1.7% vs 0.0%, P = NS) was not different between two groups. Conclusion: In patients with low to intermediate risk of thromboembolism (mean CHADS2 1.5) early stopped warfarinization within 3 months after catheter ablation of AF had comparable safety with warfarinization over 3 months. Further prospective study in large scale is warranted to determine long‐term safety of each anticoagulation strategy. P038 INCIDENCE OF SUPERIOR VENA CAVA ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY DURING ATRIAL FIBRILLATION RADIOFREQUENCY TREATMENT Scazzuso FA; Rivera S; Gomez L; Albina G; Laino R; Sammartino V; Giniger A Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA) Introduction: It is widely known that almost 94% of atrial fibrillation triggers are located in pulmonary veins and only few are located in extrapulmonary vessels. Nevertheless, new ablation techniques including superior vena cava (SVC) isolation have demonstrated higher success rates. Objective: To determine the incidence of SVC electrical activity in patients elegible for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) as a methodological approach to understand atrial fibrillation (AF) pathophisiology in a huge cohort of patients. Method: Single‐center analysis of consecutive patients who underwent pulmonary vein isolation ablation between may 2009 and january 2011. Electrical activity in SVC was assessed by placing a circular multipolar catheter (Optima, St. Jude medical) inside the vessel. The SVC electrical activity was defined as the registry of potentials inside this structure (impulse conduction between right atrium and SVC) as far as 5 cm by the Optima catheter during sinus rhythm or AF. Results: A total of 107 patients were included. Electrical activity in SVC was assessed in only 42 patients; 90.47% male; Mean age 48 ± 8,4 years; 73.80% presented as paroxysmal AF. A total of 16 patients (38.09%) showed SVC electrical activity. Conclusion: This study confirms a high prevalence, almost 40%, of SVC electrical activity in patients referred for PVI. If this finding become in a new goal in AF treatment has to be determine in future trials. P039 PREVALENCE, CHARACTERISTICS AND PREDICTORS OF PULMONARY VEIN NARROWING AFTER PVAC ABLATION De Greef Y; Tavernier R; Raeymaeckers S; Schwagten B; Desurgeloose D; De Keulenaer G; Stockman D; Duytschaever M Department of Cardiology, Antwerp Cardiovascular Institute Middelheim, Belgium Background: The risk and determinants of pulmonary vein narrowing (PVN) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using a novel multi‐electrode ablation catheter (PVAC) are unknown. Methods and Results: PV diameters (PVD) and left atrial (LA) volume were compared by computed tomography before and 3 months after PVI using duty‐cycled phased RF energy (2:1 or 4:1 bipolar/unipolar ratio) in 50 patients. PVD was measured in a coronal and axial view at three levels (A = ostium, B = 1cm more distal, C = 2cm more distal). Moderate PVN was defined as a PVD reduction of 25–50%, severe PVN as > 50%. Axial PVD shortened by 17 ± 16%, 14 ± 16% and 8 ± 22% at level A, B and C respectively (p < 0,001 for all); coronal PVD decreased by 16 ± 14%, 13 ± 17% and 7 ± 19% (p < 0,001 for all). Moderate PVN occurred in 55/200 PVs (28%) in 36 patients (72%); severe PVN occurred in 8/200PVs (4%) in 7 patients (14%). The left superior PV and the number of 2:1 applications were predictors for PVN. LA volume decreased by 10 ± 18% (p < 0,001). Conclusions: PVAC ablation results in a consistent moderate reduction of the PVD predominantly at the ostium. PV narrowing occurred more frequently in the LSPV and was related to the number of 2:1 applications. Severe PVN in 14% of patients, raises concerns about the risk for clinical PV stenosis. P040 ATRIAL FIBRILLATION TREATED WITH PULMONARY VEINS ABLATION:PATIENTS PROFILE AND LIFE QUALITY Fernandez‐Oliver AL(1); Mgueraman‐Jilali R; (1) ELECTROPHISIOLOGY AND ARRHYTHM UNIT Universitary Hospital Virgen de la Victoria. Malaga. Spain Purpose. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a highly prevalent arrhythmia with significant impact on patients' life quality. Pulmonary veins ablation (PVA) offer new treatment expectations. Purposes: 1. To assess daily living activities changes, the patient quality of life as a result of arrhythmia, and changes after PVA. 2. To get the profile of patients with AF those who perform PVA. Method. Quantitative, retrospective, descriptive study. Sample of 44 patients (56 procedures) underwent PVA (March 2008–August 2009). We custom‐assessment interview prior to the procedure and post‐ablation to 3,6 and 9 months for assessing the impact it was on issues as respiratory distress, palpitations, difficulty performing daily activities. Were also given to patients health questionnaire EQ‐5D to responses objectively. Also we discussed Holter records evaluation to verify presence of sinus rhythm or AF recurrence. Results. Mean age 51 years (19‐72), 66% men; 65% of patients improved significantly their quality of life, refer unwell without pain /discomfort, assessing their current health status markedly improved (39% according rating scale). 50% following a 15% to more than one and 19% waiting for a new procedure; 12% were asymptomatic before PVA. We obtained a profile highlighting: Overweight ‐ Obesity (86.3%) and Hypertension (43.2%). Emphasize that 22.7% have no CVRF, 29.5% have one, 31.8% two, 13.6% three, and 2.2% four CVRF. Detected greater success 72.4% males vs. 40% women (p = 0.03). Conclusions. Despite the information given on CVRF remains high prevalence assessing the need for modification, corrective strategies and approach to heart‐healthy living habits. We need to plan a continuity care program, information and control of CVRF. Care plans implementation and data transmission between hospital and primary health care centers increases the efficacy and safety of the PVA treatment, while increasing the patient perception of safety, quality and continuity of care. ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: EPIDEMIOLOGY, AETIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT P041 MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN EMERGENCY ROOMS OF 23 MIDDLE EASTERN HOSPITALS: FINDINGS FROM GULF RACE Zubaid M; Rashed W; Alsheikh‐Ali AA; AlMahmeed W; Shehab A; Sulaiman K; Al‐Zakwani I; Al Qudaimi A; Asaad N; Amin H; Gulf SAFE Registry Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait Purpose: To study emergency room (ER) management strategies of patients presenting with atrial fibrillation (AF) in the Middle East. Methods: We used data from the Gulf Survey of Atrial Fibrillation Events (Gulf SAFE), a prospective multinational registry of consecutive AF patients presenting to ERs of 23 hospitals in the Gulf region of the Middle East between October 2009 and June 2010. Results: Of 2043 patients enrolled, we analyzed data from 923 patients whose primary reason for ER visit was AF (age 52 ± 16, age ≥ 75 (9%), 56% male, 26% with diabetes, 48% with hypertension, 12% with history of heart failure, 6% with prior stroke/transient ischemic attack, 17% with history of significant valvular disease). Types of AF were: first attack 46%, paroxysmal 26%, persistent 11%, permanent 16% and not known 1%. Majority of patients (75%) presented to ER within 48 hours of symptom onset. While in ER, 98 patients (11%) had spontaneous cardioversion. Out of the remaining 825 patients the ER management strategy was rate control in 482 patients (59%) and rhythm control in 341 patients (41%). Cardioversion was attempted during ER stay in 226 patients (27%). Electrical cardioversion was used in 24 patients (11%) and pharmacological cardioversion in 202 patients (89%). The remaining 115 patients were admitted to hospital for cardioversion. Among those cardioverted pharmacologically in ER amiodarone was the drug used in the majority of patients (64%), propafenone was used in about one third of patients and all other antiarrhythmic drugs were used in only 5% of the patients. Majority of patients (76%) were admitted to hospital independent of the management strategy used and even after successful cardioversion in ER. Conclusions: Despite being relatively young with a short history of AF duration, most patients Admitted to ER Primarily for AF were not cardioverted and a majority got admitted to hospital. P042 HOW BENIGN IS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION? A LOOK AT THE ONSET (THE FIRST EPISODE) Fraile A; Goicolea L; Perea JA; Villanueva A; Kallmeyer C; Galán L; González‐Panizo J; González A; Zorita B; García‐Cosío F Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid. Spain Chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) is often considered a benign arrhythmia in which attempts to recover and maintain of sinus rhythm might be deleterious, however some studies suggest a poor prognosis at the outset of the arrhythmia. Objective: To study the prognosis of patients after a first episode of AF in an industrial city in the center of Spain, 250000 in population, served by one public hospital. Methods: We registered all patients seen in the emergency room (ER) during the year 2010, with a previously undetected AF. Clinical evolution of admitted patients was obtained from clinical records. Discharged patients were followed in a dedicated clinic 15 ± days post discharge. Results: We registered 75 patients with a first episode of AF, 21 (28%) needed hospitalization: in 6 (28.6%) due to congestive heart failure, 4 chest pain (19′1%), respiratory insufficiency in 2 (9.5%), cerebrovascular accident in 2 (9.5%), poor ventricular rate control in 2 (9'5%), and in 5 (23.8%) other causes nonrelated to cardiovascular disease. The reason for ER visit among those discharged was: palpitations in 23 (42.6%), dyspnea in 7 (13%), chest pain in 6 (11.1%) and neurological symptoms in 6 (11.1%). In 10 patients (18.5%) AF was an incidental finding, and 2 (3.7%) patients consulted for other reasons. As compared to those discharged from the ER, hospitalized patients were older (71.2 vs. 63.9 y, p 0.043) with more associated disorders: hypertension (76.2% vs. 50%, p 0.011); valvular heart disease (23.1% vs. 16%, p 0.005); cerebrovascular accidents (19% vs. 9.2%, p 0.019). Two patients died during hospitalization: one from respiratory distress syndrome and another of aspiration pneumonia. Conclusions: The initial episode of AF prompts hospitalization in 28% of the cases. Advanced age, hypertension, structural heart disease and neurological complications are the factors associated with the more severe clinical pictures. Death is not rare during this first episode of AF (1.5%). P043 EFFECTS OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE ABLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ATRIAL FIBRILLATION CANDIDATE FOR CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY Moghaddam M; Bagher Zadeh A; Moshkani Farahani M Jam Hospital, Tehran, Iran Objectives: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an important advance for the treatment of end stage heart failure (HF). The aims of this study were (i) to assess the clinical benefit of CRT in patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and (ii) to evaluate the impact of Atrioventricular junctional (AVJ) ablation on the outcome of AF patients undergoing CRT. Method: A total of 68 permanent AF patients were included in this prospective study and CRT implantation. The patients randomized in 2 groups, 34 Patients received optimal medication to control ventricular rate and other 34 patients underwent an AVJ ablation and were followed up for 21 ± 11 months. Clinical parameters and echocardiographic parameters were compared at baseline and after a follow‐up of 1 and 6 months after and every 6 months thereafter. Patients were evaluated for the occurrence of cardiac death, hospitalization for HF, and responsiveness to CRT (improvement of 1 (NYHA) class at 6 months). Results: Although EF and NYHA class was improved with marginal significance, QRS duration and severity of Mitral Regurgitation was not significantly changed in Medical Therapy group but all of these parameters were significantly improved in AVJ ablation group. Although the clinical characteristics was somewhat improved in both groups after CRT implantation, the improvement was much higher in AVJ ablation group. Conclusion: Beneficial effects of CRT could be noticed in a significant number of AF patients, therefore these patients should not be excluded from CRT implantations. AF without AVJ ablation was an independent predictor of hospital admissions and non‐responsiveness to CRT. Performing AVJ ablation in AF patients undergoing CRT seems crucial to attain maximal clinical benefit. P044 SLEEP QUALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Kayrak M; Gul EE; Alibaşiç H; Abdulhalikov T; Gunduz M; Aribas A; Yazici M; Ozdemir K; Cardiology/Arrhythmia Selcuk University, Meram School of Medicine, Cardiology Department, Konya, Turkey Background: Although, AF was related with impaired quality of life (QoL), decreased functional physical activity, and elevated levels of anxiety and depression in clinical investigation, little is known about the level of sleep quality (SQ) in patients with AF. We aimed to examine self reported SQ of patients with AF. Methods‐Materials: Ninety‐one patients with a history of asymptomatic non‐valvular AF (mean age 62 ± 10 years) and 110 age and gender‐matched patients with sinus rhythm were recruited. Patients with heart failure, coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, severe valvular heart disease, and cerebrovascular accident were excluded from the study. Echocardiography was performed in all study population. SQ was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The PSQI scoring yielded seven components: subjective SQ (C1), sleep latency (C2), sleep duration (C3), sleep efficiency (C4), sleep disturbances (C5), use of sleep medications (C6), and daytime dysfunction (C7). A global PSQI score > 5 indicated ''poor sleepers". Main Results: Demographic features were comparable between groups. Also, echocardiographic measurements were similar in two groups. The prevalence of '' poor sleepers" was significantly higher in patients with AF compared to patients with sinus rhythm (76% vs. 45%, p < 0.001). In addition, patients' global PSQI score was also increased in AF group compared with control group (9.4 ± 4.6 vs. 5.8 ± 4.1, p < 0.001, respectively). In a multivariate regression model, predictors of poor SQ was found as HT (odds: 1.9 (1.2–3.6 with 95% CI)) and AF (odds: 3.7 (1.9–6.8 with 95% CI)). However, age, gender, and BMI did not predict a poor SQ in this model. Nevertheless the effect of diabetes on SQ was in a trend of significance (p = 0.06). Conclusion: Poor SQ is a potentially important problem in patients with AF and may be determined with PSQI score, a simple screening tool. P045 CORRELATION BETWEEN WARFARIN PRESCRIPTION AND STROKE RISK AMONG MIDDLE EASTERN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: DATA FROM THE GULF SURVEY OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION EVENTS (GULF SAFE) Zubaid M; Rashed W; Alsheikh‐Ali AA; AlMahmeed W; Shehab A; Sulaiman K; Al‐Zakwani I; Al Qudaimi A; Asaad N; Amin H; Gulf SAFE Registry Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait Purpose: To describe anticoagulation use among patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) in the Middle East and its relation to stroke risk. Methods: We used data from the Gulf Survey of Atrial Fibrillation Events (Gulf SAFE), a prospective multinational registry of consecutive AF patients presenting to emergency rooms of 23 hospitals in the Gulf region of the Middle East between October 2009 and June 2010. Results: Of 2043 patients enrolled, we analyzed data from 846 patients with previous history of non‐valvular AF (age 62 ± 15, 50% female, 37% with diabetes, 68% with hypertension, 35% with history of heart failure, 16% with prior stroke/transient ischemic attack, 3% with history of major bleed and 8% with renal impairment). Among these patients, 17% had CHADS2 score of 0, 24% had CHADS2 score of 1 and 59% had a CHADS2 score of 2 or more. Warfarin prescription increased with higher stroke risk categories: 27% in patients with CHADS2 score of 0, 38% in patients with CHADS2 score of 1 and 52% in patients with CHADS2 score of 2 or more (P‐trend < 0.01). However, warfarin was inappropriately used and underused in a large number of patients. About one in four patients considered at low risk for stroke (CHADS2 score 0) were prescribed warfarin (27%) while a substantial proportion of high risk patients (CHADS2 score of 2 or higher) were not prescribed warfarin (48%). Conclusions: There is significant misuse and underuse of warfarin among Middle Eastern patients with AF. Future studies should aim to understand determinants of anticoagulation patterns for stroke prevention among Middle Eastern patients with AF and strategies to improve them. P046 REVERSE BIATRIAL REMODELING IN PERSISTENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER CARDIOVERSION van Bracht M; Christ M; Plehn G; Prull M; Meissner A; Butz T; Trappe HJ Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany Background: Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Approximately 25% of those over forty will experience atrial fibrillation at least once in their life. It is well known that "atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation" due to morphological and electrophysiological remodeling. In cardiac magnetic resonance imaging biatrial volumes and function can be measured with great accuracy. Our aim was to evaluate changing of atrial volumes and ejection fraction in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation after cardioversion. Methods: We examined 15 patients (8m,7f) with persistent atrial fibrillation directly after cardioversion and in a 4 weeks follow up. All scans were done in sinus rhythm. The images were performed with a 1,5 T Siemens Sonata scanner. SSFP sequences with a slice thickness of 5 mm and no gap were used. Image analysis was performed offline using CMR Tools (Imperial College London, UK). Results: Enddiastolic volumes (EDV) after cardioversion in the right atrium: 69,4 ml ± 15,1 (m), 67,9 ml ± 32 (f). At the four week follow up volumes decreased to 61,8 ml ± 31,7 (m), 60,5 ± 17,4 (f). Ejection fraction of the right atrium measured after cardioversion 19,4%± 11,1 (m), 20,7%± 8,6 (f), four weeks later 30,7%± 13,2 (m) and 27%± 16,9 (f). In the left atrium EDV decreased from 99,3 ml ± 32,5 (m) 96 ml ± 25,1 (f), to 99,2 ml ± 29,6 (m), 90,3 ml ± 27,4 (f) and ejection fraction increased from 22,4%± 12,6 (m), 17,6%± 6,4 (f) to 36,2%± 10,8 (m), 27%± 16,9 (f). Conclusion: Already 4 weeks after cardioversion the biatrial dilatation in persistent atrial fibrillation decreases and the atrial ejection fraction increases. Structural remodeling in persistent atrial fibrillation seems to be to some extent reversible. P047 ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEFT ATRIUM AND LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE IN PATIENTS WITH STROKE/TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK Park HC; Park YM; Ban JE; Park JH; Choi JI; Park SW; Kim YH Arrhythmia center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea Background: The left atrial appendage (LAA) has been identified as a frequent source of cardiac thrombus associated with systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to identify morphological characteristics of the LA and LAA that may confer higher stroke/TIA risk. Methods: We enrolled 119 patients with AF who underwent 3D‐CT examination. We assessed LA and LAA anatomy and categorized LAA morphology and LAA position, and counted the number of LAA lobes. Thirty one patients had a history of stroke/TIA (S group) and the others (88 patients) were free (NS group). There were no significant differences in age between two groups (63.0 ± 6.3 years in S, 63.5 ± 6.1 years in NS group, NS). Results: The LA size (41.9 ± 6.1 mm) and LA volume (108.2 ± 40.5 mm3) in S group were similar to those of NS group (42.3 ± 6.6 mm and 98.0 ± 35.8 mm3, p = 0.7 and p = 0.2, respectively). There were no significant differences in LAA volume (p = 0.8) and LAA neck diameter (p = 0.2) between two groups (22.3 ± 4.2 mm3 and 10.1 ± 3.4 mm in S, 22.6 ± 5.1 mm3 and 11.1 ± 5.0 mm in NS group). There were no significant differences in LAA morphology, LAA position and the number of LAA lobes between two groups. Conclusions: Morphological and dimensional characteristics of the LA and LAA did not determine the risk of stroke/TIA in patients with AF. Keywords: stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), 3D contrast‐computed tomography P048 INCIDENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER ATRIAL FLUTTER RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION Scazzuso FA; Rivera S; Gomez L; Albina G; Laino R; Sammartino V; Giniger A Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA) Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (F) are frequently associated arrhythmias. Cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation for typical F is a proven effective treatment; nevertheless, AF can still be developed after this procedure. Objective: To determine the incidence of AF after CTI ablation in a cohort patients eligible for Atrial Flutter ablation, whether they presented or not prior AF. Method: Patients eligible for CTI ablation were included. Prior history AF was assessed. Telephonic follow up and Holter monitoring was performed to determine AF incidence after ICT ablation. Results: A total of 179 patients (77.09% male; Age 66 ± 8 years) were analyzed. Prior AF was observed in 80 patients (44.61%) of which 76 (95%) developed AF during the follow up. There was no history of prior AF in 99 patients (55.30%) of which 37 (37, 37%) presented AF after CTI ablation. Both groups' variables were analyzed. Atrial fibrillation predictors after CTI ablation were: Prior history of AF (p = 0.001); Male sex (p = 0.03); Valvular Heart disease (p = 0.04); Coronary heart disease (p = 0.01) and hypertensive heart disease (p = 0.003). Antiarrhythmic drug therapy with Class IC / III drugs was higher in the group with prior AF (90.01% vs. 24.6%). Conclusion: Atrial Flutter is a major risk factor to predict Atrial Fibrillation recurrence after CTI ablation. It occurs predominantly in males, with higher prevalence of cardiomyopathy. Radiofrequency treatment of atrial flutter may not be a suitable technique to reduce AF incidence in patients with these characteristics. Difference between real lone Atrial Flutter vs Atrial Fibrillation under Class I drugs treatment must be posed as differential entities. We emphasize the global treatment of this kind of patients. P049 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND IS ASSOCIATED INFECTION IS AN INDEPENDENT RISK OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION RECURRENCES RATE IN LONE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS Hatzinikolaou‐Kotsakou E; Latsios P; Kotsakou M; Reppas E; Beleveslis T; Moschos G; Tsakiridis K Electrophysiology Department, Saint Luke's Hospital‐Thessaloniki, Greece Background: Depression is common after the first recurrence in lone atrial fibrillation (AF) patients (pts). While there is evidence that major depression (MD) is related to reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) and enhanced cytokine production in healthy individuals. Its effect on recurrences rate in Lone AF pts is unknown. We examined the role of hostility, depression, somatic symptom, anxiety, overall psychological distress and associated infectious illness on long‐term recurrences in pts with lone AF. Methods: The study included 355 pts with lone AF, mean age 57 ± 14 years, after the cardioversion for the first recurrence episode of AF, followed prospectively with annual Kellner Symptom psychometric questionnaire at 8 weeks interviews. NKCC was measured by 3‐hour chromium release assay. We calculated the incidence rate of AF by quartiles of psychometric scores. We estimated the odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), to represent the association between depression, anxiety, somatic symptom, and hostility scores and risk of AF. Results: After adjusting for non psychological risk factors, of AF, higher anxiety, depression hostility somatic symptom and total psychological distress were significantly associated with risk recurrences of AF. A higher quartile group was associated with a significant increase in risk. For each higher quartile group, adjusted odds ratio for total psychological distress was 2. 4 (CI, 1.4–4.3). Compared to those without psychological distress, depressed pts had diminished NKCC (22.1 ± 12 vs 13.4 ± 9.8%, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Among patients with lone AF, psychological distress in general is associated with reduced NKCC, increased infectious illness and with a dose‐response increase in the long‐term risk of AF recurrence rate. Cognitive behavioral therapy may hold promise for improving depression and for reducing AF recurrences in this population. P050 ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER ISOLATED CORONARY SURGERY: COMPARISON BETWEEN OP‐ CABG AND CPB‐ CABG. INCIDENCE, TREATMENT AND LONG TERM EFFECTS Rostagno C; Blanzola C; Sclafani G; Codecasa R; Carone E; Giunti G; Rapisarda F; Stefano PL; Cardiologia Generale 1, Cardiochirurgia AOU – Careggi – Firenze Background: The effects of operative technique (off‐pump versus conventional cardiopulmonary assisted revascularization) on post‐operative AF is still unclear. Aim of present investigation was to compare the incidence of POAF and its prognostic role in patients undergoing respectively OP‐CABG and CPB –CABG. Methods and Results: We conducted a prospective study on 229 patients undergoing isolated CABG between January 1 2007 and December 31 2007. Patients with PO AF were followed up for an average period of 522 days (end of the study June 31 2008). The two groups did not show significant baseline difference with the exception that OP‐CABG were significantly older than CPB‐CABG patients (70.5 vs 64.9 years). 52/229 (22.7%) developed AF after coronary surgery. Incidence of POAF was not significantly different in patients undergoing CPB‐CABG (20/90‐ 22.2%) in comparison to those undergoing OP –CABG (32/139 – 23%). Hospital mortality was 0.4%(one death for cardiogenic shock after CPB‐CABG). Only in patients with POAF after CPB‐CABG length of hospitalization was significantly higher (7.55 days versus 5.9 in patients with PO‐AF after OP‐CABG P <.001). During follow up AF recurred in 6 patients, 3 for both groups, within 2 months after surgery. Hospitalization was required in 3. Three patients recovered SR after amiodarone, 1 required electrical cardioversion, 1 had spontaneous recovery of SR while in the last one AF persisted. Only one patient died during follow up. No strokes were recorded. Conclusions: Although we did not find any difference in the incidence of postoperative AF between OP‐ and CPB‐CABG however OP‐CABG patients were significantly older than CPB‐patients. Early and late mortality did not show relation with POAF probably due to immediate treatment with recovery of sinus rhythm before hospital discharge. Recurrence of AF occurred in 6/52 patients (11.5%) however only in one AF persisted. P051 THE USE OF ANTICOAGULATION THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH PACEMAKER DETECTED ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Music L; Boskovic A Clinical Center of Montenegro Euro Heart survey have already demonstrated the suboptimal use of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Recent generations pacemakers demonstrated the ability to detected episodes of AF by recording electrogram (egm). The aim of the study is to reveal appropriate use of anticoagulations in patients with AF episodes diagnosed by pacemaker EGM during routine pacemaker interrogation. These AF episodes are quantified on the basis of their duration. The medication regime was noted and control at the next scheduled pacemaker interrogation. Two hundred patients with dual chamber pacemaker were included in the study. Atrial fibrillation was diagnosed in 79 (40%). Anticoagulation by vitamin K antagonist was prescribed 51 (63%) with new detected AF on the risk factor – based point scoring system CHA2DS2VASc and antiplatelet agent prescribed in 30 (27%) Among patients with prescribed anticoagulation therapy, 35 (43%) had optimal value of international normalized ratio (INR) during regular control of 3 months and 6 months, 4 (5%) gave up because of discomfort of checking value of INR, 41 (52%). Patients had suboptimal value of INR. The majority of patients in this study received anticoagulation therapy according the current guidelines. But the values of INR were not satisfactory. Pacemakers provide the important information on cardiac rhythm and represent a useful tool of detecting subclinical AF. The rate of appropriate anticoagulation prescription and control of optimal INR may be improved through specific treatment recommendations and better compliance with patients and anticoagulation drugs. P052 THE EFFECT OF SINUS RHYTHM RESTORATION WITH ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION ON SELF REPORTED SLEEP QUALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Kayrak M; Gul EE; Alibaşiç H; Abdulhalikov T; Yildirim O; Aribas A; Yazici M; Ozdemir K; Cardiology/Arrhythmia Selcuk University, Meram School of Medicine, Cardiology Department, Konya, Turkey Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance encountered in clinical practice and associated with impaired quality of life. In patients with AF, sinus rhythm maintenance after electrical cardioversion or direct current cardioversion (DCC) provides improvement in functional capacity and decrease in symptoms. However, the effect of DCC on the sleep quality (SQ) is still unknown. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effect of sinus rhythm restoration after successful DCC on the SQ in patients with AF. Methods‐Materials: DCC was performed in eligible 53 patients with persistent AF. Electrical cardioversion was performed successfully (i.e., sinus rhythm restoration) in 48 patients. To eliminate the placebo effect of DCC, patients were divided into two groups; patients with sinus rhythm maintenance (n = 34) and recurrent AF patients (n = 14) according to sixth months follow up. SQ was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before DCC and sixth month later. The PSQI scoring yielded seven components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleeps efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medications, and daytime dysfunction. Patients with global PSQI score > 5 was defined as "poor sleepers." Thus increase in global PSQI score was considered as a marker of worsened SQ. Main Results: Demographic features and baseline PSQI scores were comparable in two groups. In sinus rhythm maintenance group, baseline global PSQI score was significantly improved compared to sixth month follow‐up (8.7 ± 4.1 vs. 7.2 ± 3.8, p < 0.001, respectively). However, global PSQI score did not change in AF recurrence group compared to baseline value (Table). The difference of intergroup change reached to statistical significance in repeated ANOVA analysis (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Maintenance of sinus rhythm after DCC may have favorable effect on SQ in patients with AF. P053 MINIMAL EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES THE OCCURRENCE OF POSTOPERATIVE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Jakubova M; Sabol F; Stancak B; Luczy J; Kolesar A; Hermely A; Torok P East Slovakia Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kosice, Slovakia Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia after cardiac surgery. The pathogenesis of postoperative atrial fibrillation is multifactorial. It has been hypothesized that atrial fibrillation might be related to extracorporeal circulation. Objectives: The aim of the study was to monitor preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors and their relationship to the occurrence and duration of AF. Methods: 196 patients with coronary heart disease (152 men, age 62,7 ± 10,1 years) underwent surgical revascularization. Extracorporeal circulation was used in 64 patients and minimal extracorporeal circulation was used in 75 patients. 57 patients underwent surgery without using ECC. During the first 3 postoperative days, patients were monitored for the incidence and duration of AF. Laboratory markers of inflammation (CRP, leukocytes), and serum potassium were routinely measured. Results: Patients' preoperative characteristics did not differ between groups. The incidence of AF was 56% (110 patients). The highest incidence was in the ECC subgroup. The incidence of AF in patients operated using minimised circuit or operated off pump was significantly lower (75% vs. 47% vs. 46%, p < 0,001). The longest duration of AF was in patients operated with ECC, patients in group with minimal extracorporeal circulation and without extracorporeal circulation fibrillated significantly shorter (9,7 ± 11,6 vs. 4,9 ± 8,3 vs. 3,1 ± 5,2, p ≤ 0,001). The incidence of postoperative AF significantly correlated with elevation of inflammatory markers (Leukocytes and CRP) compared to patients free of AF (p ≤ 0,001, p ≤ 0,05). Conclusion: The use of minimal extracorporeal circulation lowers the incidence of postoperative AF in comparison to classical ECC. P054 THE ANTIARRHYTHMIC IMPACT OF RANOLAZINE IN PATIENTS WITH SICK SINUS SYNDROME AND PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Leftheriotis D; Flevari P; Rigopoulos A; Rizos I; Anastasiou‐Nana M "Attikon" University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece Background: It has been reported that Ranolazine (Ran) suppresses atrial fibrillation (AF), but its efficacy in patients with sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and paroxysmal AF is not clear. Besides, pacemakers that detect and store AF episodes can be useful tools for revealing asymptomatic AF recurrence. Therefore, we studied the antiarrhythmic impact of Ran on patients with paroxysmal AF, who had such pacemakers due to SSS. Methods: We studied 22 patients with SSS, paroxysmal AF under no antiarrhythmic medication, and stable coronary artery disease who had a dual chamber pacemaker with the capability to detect and store AF episodes (Altrua DR, Boston Scientific, MA, USA, and Sensia DR, Medtronic, MN, USA). The number and total duration of AF episodes within the last 6 months and QTc duration were assessed at baseline. Subsequently, Ran was administered (375 mgr, twice daily) for six months and AF episodes, total time in AF, and QTc were reassessed. Side‐effects related to Ran were reported. Results: Two patients missed their six‐month reevaluation. Among the remaining 20 patients, 7 (35%) discontinued Ran within the first three months due to side effects: constipation (3), abdominal pain (2), dyspnea and dizziness (1), and decreased urination (1). Compared to baseline, treatment with Ran was associated with a non significant trend towards a decrease in the number of AF episodes (16.5 ± 2.6 vs 15.9 ± 2.8, p = 0.3) and a significant decrease in the total AF duration (4.8 ± 2.9 vs 3.7 ± 2.5 hours, p = 0.01) without QTc prolongation (457 ± 2 vs 459 ± 3 ms, p = 0.2). Conclusions: In clinically stable patients with a pacemaker due to SSS, paroxysmal AF and coronary artery disease, Ran did not significantly reduced AF episodes, but it shortened the total time in AF. Although QTc was not significantly prolonged, a high rate of Ran discontinuation was observed, due to its side effects. P055 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CARDIOEMBOLIC STROKE PREVENTION IN PATIENTS ELIGIBLE AND UNELIGIBLE FOR WARFARIN THERAPY Timcenko M; Volceka D; Skorodumovs A; Sipacovs P; Kenina V; Miglane E; Millers A Paul Stradin's Clinical University Hospital Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate efficacy of warfarin (Wn) therapy in CS prevention and eligibility of Wn substitution with antiplatelet therapy (a/p) for CS secondary prevention if one is contraindicated. Methods: The trial is ongoing unicenter prospective. 94 cases of acute stroke classified as CS had been analysed. First, clinical record analysis was done. Then patient's telephone inquiry was used to recognize incidence of primary outcome (PO) (death, stroke, systemic embolism, hospitalization) or haemorrhage within 90 days from the stroke onset. 76 patients had completed trial. Results: None of patients used Wn prior stroke. Main source of embolism was atrial fibrillation (AF) in 86,2% of cases. In 77.8% of cases CHADS2 score prior stroke was >1. At discharge Wn was recomended in 55 (58,5%) cases, a/p was recommended in 35 (37,2%). Wn was avoided by these reasons: patient's incompliance in 30,8% (12), INR control inaccessibility in 15,4% (6), hemorrhagic risk in 28,2% (11), severe stroke in 25,6% (10). 90 days after discharge: Wn was continued in 35 cases (46,1%), but 41 patients (53,9%) were on a/p therapy. There was PO in a/p group in 18 (43,9%; confidence interval (CI) 29,9–59,0%), in Wn group in 2 (5,7%; CI 1,6–18,6%) (p = 0,0002); major haemorrhage in a/p group in 0 (0%; CI 0–8,6%), in Wn group 2 (5,7%; CI 1,6–18,6%) (p = 0,209); minor haemorrhage in a/p group in 1 (2,4%; CI 0,4–12,6%), in Wn group 5 (14,3%; CI 6,3–29,4%) (p = 0,0889); death in a/p group in 14 (34,2%; CI 21,6–49,5%), in Wn group in 0 (0%; CI 0–9,9%) (p = 0,0001) cases. Conclusion: Wn is used insufficiently for primary CS prevention. The incidence of PO and death within 90 days after CS is significantly higher in group of patients unable to use Wn for secondary CS prophylaxis. Wn is contraindicated after CS in almost half of cases, but risk of haemorrhage isn't the main contraindication. Wn is more effective in PO and death prevention in CS patients compared to a/p. P056 CLINICAL FLOW OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DEPENDING ON CONCOMITANT THYROID FUNCTION Lyzohub SV; Sychov OS; Romanova OM; Frolov OI; Mogilnitskiy YV NSC «Institute of Cardiology named after N.D.Strazhesko» of AMS of Ukraine Objective: To estimate amount of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) with concomitant thyroid pathology (TP); to study frequency of new cases of TP in the patients receiving amiodarone; to study morphological and functional indices of cardio‐vascular system in the groups of patients with hyper‐ and hypothyroid function. Methods: We included 763 patients. All patients underwent clinical examination, including thyroid function evaluation, EchoCG, ECG HM, 24‐hours BP monitoring. Results: In thre patients with AF 90% had normal thyroid function, 10% (77 patinets) had thyroid disorders, including hypothyroid status in 29 patients (4%), and hyperthyroid status in 48 patients (6%). In hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism groups patients did not significantly differ in age, concomitant CAD ot myocardiofibrosis, but significantly differed by concomitant CHF status – 4% in hyperthyroidism group compared to 41% in hypothyroidism group. We observed difference in appreciation of paroxysms severity by patients according to EHRA scale depending on thyroid function. Thus, in normal thyroid function group 50% had class II, while only 8% had class IV. In the groups with thyroid function impairment we observed increase of patients with class III to IV according to EHRA scale, which is probably connected to cardiovascular system function alterations and deepened by CNS dysfunction. Conclusion: • TP was found in 10% of patients. Hyperthyroidism was present in 6%, hypothyroidism – in 4% of patients.• Patients with concomitant hypothyroidism significantly differed from those with hyperthyroidism by lower LV EF, lower mean, maximal and minimal HR during 24 hrs, lower quantity of AF paroxysms, as well as higher amount of ventricular extrasystoles according to ECG HM data.• Significant difference in patients perception of AF paroxysms severity according to EHRA scale depending on thyroid function was observed, which is due both to hemodynamics and CNS alterations. P057 THE ROLE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENTS WITH IMPLANTABLE CARDIO‐
VERTER‐DEFIBRILLATOR Panattoni G; Papavasileiou LP; Della Rocca DG; Forleo GB; Topa A; Cioè R; Magliano G; Sergi D; Santini L; Romeo F Cardiology Department, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy Purpose: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in patients with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) and could lead to inappropriate shocks due to AF misclassification. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of AF on ICDs outcomes. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 428 consecutive patients (358 males, mean age 66.8 ± 11.3 years) who underwent ICD implantation at our institution. We excluded 322 patients without history of AF. Patients were divided in two groups: 45 patients (38 males, mean age 73.0 ± 8.8 years) with permanent AF (group A); 61 patients (48 males, mean age 69.4 ± 11.0 years) with history of paroxistical (83.3%) and persistent (16.7%) AF (group B). During follow‐up the occurrence of appropriate or inappropriate device therapy as well as mortality was noted. Results: During a mean follow–up of 24.8 ± 20.1 months, no significant differences were found in the overall mortality (12 vs 7 pts, p = ns). The presence of AF did not increase significantly the risk of appropriate therapy (13 vs 12 pts, p = ns) or of inappropriate therapy (5 vs 4 pts, p = ns). Type of treatment, with ATP or shock did not result to be statistically significant between groups (ATP: 7/13 vs 10/12 p = ns, shock: 6/13 vs 2/12, p = ns). Conclusion: In our study type of AF does not influence significantly the occurrence of appropriate or inappropriate device therapy and mortality. P058 PREVALENCE OF RISK FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH A FIRST EPISODE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Gonzalez A; Hinojar R; Perea JA; Zorita B; Goicolea L; Fraile A; Palma J; Romero R; Ruiz‐Polaina M; García‐Cosio F Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain Background: Therapeutic failures in atrial fibrillation (AF) has turned the attention of clinical researchers toward chronic subclinical remodeling related to risk factors causing chronic atrial overload, in the hope that "upstream" therapy might improve prognosis. Objective: To study AF risk factors present in patients with a first episode of AF, who do not have significant structural heart disease, attending a public Spanish hospital that provides care to a population of 250000 people. Methods: From January 2008 to December 2010, patients attending the emergency room for a first episode of AF were registered. We excluded patients admitted to the hospital for coexistent structural heart disease. Follow‐up was done 10–20 days after discharge. Results: 170 patients were diagnosed and discharged, of which 50,6% were men. The mean age was 63.9 ± 13.9 years. 79 patients (46.5%) had hypertension, 11 (6.5%), were obese, 29 (17.1%), were diabetic, 10 (5.9%) had coronary artery disease, 11 (6.5%) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 5 (2.9%) obstructive sleep apnea. Two patients (1.2%) practiced high level sports, 2 (1.2%) consumed alcohol in excessive quantities and 8 (4.7%), had history of hyperthyroidism. In 53 patients (31.2%), no risk factors were present. One risk factor was present in 47 patients (27.6%), 2 in 40 (23.5%), and 3 or more in 30 (17.7%). Conclusions: Most patients presenting with a first episode of atrial fibrillation have risk factors that could be corrected with the purpose of maintaining sinus rhythm once it has been achieved. A high percentage of patients have no risk factors and follow‐up should reveal if they have a better prognosis for AF control. In patients with no risk factors and recurrence of AF, it seems important to rule out triggering arrhythmias which could be treated with an ablation such as atrio‐ventricular tachycardias and arrhythmogenic foci in pulmonary veins. P059 INTERLEUKIN‐18 AMONG ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS IN THE ABSENCE OF STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASE Guo Y; Luan Y; Li S; Yu B; Li S; Li N; Tian Z; Cheng J; Tian Y Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086 Background: Inflammation plays a role in the genesis and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Interleukin (IL)‐18 is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine with a central role in the inflammatory cascade. We hypothesize that the circulating IL‐18 concentration is elevated in AF patients. Methods: In a case‐control study design, 56 cases with AF and 26 controls were enrolled. All AF cases were categorized into paroxysmal and persistent AF, or lone AF and AF with hypertension. Circulating levels of IL‐18, tumor necrosis factor‐α, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 were measured. Results: In adjusted analyses, only age, MMP‐9 and IL‐18 were independently associated with AF, in which IL‐18 had the most significant association [p = 0.0011, STB = 1.76, OR = 1.02; 95% CI (1.01–1.03)]. IL‐18 levels in persistent AF patients were higher than those in paroxysmal ones(p = 0.0011). Patients who developed AF within 24 hours prior to sampling displayed a higher level of IL‐18 than those with sinus rhythm (p = 0.0027). IL‐18 was positively correlated with left atrial diameter (LAD) (r = 0.33, p = 0.0117). Conclusions: This study is the first to document elevated IL‐18 in AF patients. IL‐18 may be superior to other inflammatory markers which are known to be elevated in AF. Keywords: Atrial fibrillation, inflammation, interleukin‐18, MMP‐9, hs‐CRP. P060 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND NONVALVULAR AF Demir M; Uyan U; Günay T; Özmen G; Keçeoğlu S; Doğanay K; Melek M Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Education and Research Hospital Cardiology Clinic Bursa/Turkey Aims: The role of vitamin D (vitD) deficiency suggests cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease, heart failure and hypertension.VitD deficiency actives renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system which affects cardiovascular system.For this reason, could be suggested relationship between vitD deficiency and atrial fibrillation (AF). In our study we compared 25‐ OH vitD levels, between nonvalvular‐valvular AF and control groups in sinus rhythm. Method: Patients with replacement therapy of vitD and who has a disease affect vitD levels were excluded. 102 patients with nonvalvular chronic AF without any other cardiovascular disease (42 male; average age 62,51 ± 5.88; Group I) and 96 patients with AF which is associated with mitral valve disease (38 male; mean age 61,51 ± 5; Group II) were included in our study. 100 age‐matched healthy people with sinus rhythm were accepted as control groups (40 male; mean age 61,35 ± 5,44). All groups underwent transthoracicechocardiography. Routine biochemical parameters, 25‐OH vitD and parathormon (PTH) levels were performed. Results: Baseline characteristics of the study groups were comparable. Group I patients had a lower vitamin D level than Group II and control group (6,51 ± 4,89; 9,24 ± 7,39 and 11,18 ± 6,98 ng/ml, p < 0.001, respectively). In Group I and Group II patients left atrium (LA) diameter and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) is higher than the control groups. In nonvalvular AF patients, LA diameter (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1,850–2,984, p < 0.001)and 25 OH VitD level (0.86, 95% CI: OR: 0,786–0.940, p = 0.001) were found independent predictors for AF. In patients with valvular AF, LA diameter, SPAP and right atrium diameter were predictors for AF. Conclusion: As a result of our study revealed relationship between vitD deficiency with nonvalvular AF. But the vitD level were found similar in valvular AF patients with mitral valve disease and control group. This situation suggests that vitD deficiency may cause nonvalvular AF. P061 AGE RELATED PREDICTION OF RECURRENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN METABOLIC SYNDROME PATIENTS Borrello F; Nardi S; Cassadonte F; Pirrotta S; Ciconte VA; Maglia GP Cardiology and ICU Pugliese Hospital Catanzaro, Italy Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MS), already known as a concurring condition in atrial fibrillation (AF), is a worldwide cluster of multiple cardiovascular risk factors. To establish the recurrence of AF is important for selecting patients who will be undergoing catheter ablation, several studies respectively evaluated the risk factor of the recurrence of AF post‐ablation. Objective: To investigate the factors predicting the recurrence of AF after catheter ablation in MS population. To assess the specific weight of each risk factor contributing MS in each decades. Methods: Out of 500 patients undergone AF catheter ablation in 2 years in Catanzaro and Terni, 100 (53 ± 26 years, 56 male) fulfilled the criteria for MS, including 59 paroxysmal AF and 41 persistent AF who were studied. Clinical data before, during, at 6, and 12 month follow‐up were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the factor weight predicting late recurrence of AF (LRAF). Results: There were 38 patients who experienced LRAF at 12 month follow‐up. Metabolic syndrome was statistically associated with recurrence of LRAF in all the subpopulation examined (< 45 yrs, 45–65, 65–75 yrs). From 75 years of age on, recurrence of AF was independent from the presence of MS. In addition, in patients younger than 65 yrs of age, the more risk factors of MS, the more the recurrence of AF. Conclusion: Our data suggest that MS is associated with LRAF in paroxysmal and non‐paroxysmal AF in patients younger than 75 yrs of age. Below such age, the more risk factors determining MS, the higher the risk of AF recurrence. P062 AUTONOMIC OUTFLOW DURING PROVOCATIVE MANEUVERS IN PAROXYSMAL LONE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Oliveira M; Laranjo S; Tavares C; Xavier R; Geraldes V; da Silva N; Santos S; Ferreira R; Rocha I Autonomic Nervous System Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine; Cardiology, Sta Marta Hospital Autonomic dysfunction appears to play a role in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), but the mechanisms linking autonomic nervous system activity with PAF are incompletely understood. Aim: to assess the RR‐intervals (RRI) and systolic blood pressure (BP) variability in lone PAF patients (P) during standard autonomic tests. Methods: 16P with PAF (8 men; 55 ± 17 years) and 16 healthy individuals (HI) (8 men; 54 ± 10 years) while on sinus rhythm. RRI and BP were continuously assessed and LF (low‐frequency), HF (highfrequency) and LF/HF calculated in response to head‐up tilt (HUT), handgrip (HG), cold pressure (CPT) and deep breathing (DB), by using the wavelets transform analysis. Results: In baseline RRI and BP were similar for both groups. HI showed larger mean RRI and maximum RRI during DB. During HUT, two BP profiles were observed: an increase in PAF P and a decrease followed by an increase and further recovery in HI. HG and CPT provoked an increase of BP with a delayed pattern in PAF P. DB elicited a modulation of systolic and diastolic BP in both groups, but a significant decrease occurred only in HI. PAF P showed lower LF in HUT, and decreased HF in basal and during tilting movement in RRI variability analysis, without differences regarding systolic BP variability. LF of BP variability increased earlier in PAF P, with higher values during the second minute of HG. During the CPT, LF for BP variability analysis increased significantly only in HI. There were no differences between groups for RRI variability during DB. Conclusions: P with PAF present modified cardiovascular responses during maneuvers evoking autonomic outflow. These data underscore the presence of autonomic disturbances in PAF. P063 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NEUTROPHIL/LYMPHOCYTE RATIO AND RECURRENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER SUCCESSFUL ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION Kayrak M; Gul EE; Demir K; Duman C; Alibaşiç H; Akıllı H; Aribas A; Ozdemir K; Gok H; Cardiology/Arrhythmia Selcuk University, Meram School of Medicine, Cardiology Department, Konya, Turkey Background: Current evidence links Atrial Fibrillation (AF) to the inflammatory state. Inflammatory indexes such as C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) have been related to the development and persistence of AF. More recently, the neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, which can be easily derived from the WBC count and determines the state of inflammation (reflecting neutrophil) and poor general health (lymphopenia), has emerged as a potentially useful prognostic parameter and was related with postoperative AF. We hypothesized that an elevated N/L ratio would be associated with an increased incidence of AF recurrence after successful electrical cardioversion. Methods‐Materials: One hundred and forty nine patients with a history of symptomatic AF (mean age 62 ± 10 years) underwent cardioversion. Echocardiography, complete blood count, and hs‐CRP assay were performed prior to cardioversion.During a follow‐up period of sixth months, AF recurred in 46 patients (31%). Main Results: Baseline hs‐CRP levels were greater in patients with AF recurrence compared to those with sinus rhythm (8.0 ± 5.1 mg/dl vs. 5.1 ± 3.7 mg/dl, p = 0.007, respectively). Overall, baseline N/L ratio was comparable between groups (AF recurrence 2.9 ± 2.0 and SR 2.8 ± 1.5, p = 0.96). Duration of AF was significantly longer in AF recurrence group than SR group (19 ± 12 months vs. 12 ± 9 months, p = 0.012, respectively). In addition, left atrial diameter was enlarged in AF recurrence group compared to SR group (p = 0.002). There was no correlation between N/L ratio and echocardiographic parameters. There was a weak positive correlation between hs‐CRP levels and N/L ratio (r = 0.22, p = 0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest N/L ratio was failed to predict of AF recurrence. It needs to future investigation to determine the role of N/L ratio in AF development and recurrence. P064 ANTI‐COAGULATION USE FOR STROKE PROPHYLAXIS IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN A MULTI – ETHNIC POPULATION Neo S; Francis PJ; Li A; Chia P‐L; Foo D Department of Cardiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital Aims: We evaluate the patterns and prevalence of anti‐coagulation amongst patients of different ethnic backgrounds presenting with atrial fibrillation (AF) to a tertiary hospital. Methods: We identified 588 patients with AF admitted to our institution between years 2006 to 2010 and performed a retrospective review of their medical records. Baseline demographics, stroke and bleeding risk stratification scores and anti‐coagulation use were evaluated. Results: The mean age was 63 ± 14 years and 33% were aged ≥75. 77.6% were Chinese, 4.8% Indians, 11.7% Malays. Hypertension (67.7%) was the commonest associated co‐morbid condition, with no statistically significant difference amongst the ethnic groups. The mean composite CHA2DS2‐VASc score was 3.1 ± 2.0. The mean composite HAS‐BLED score was 1.8 ± 1.3. 62.9% had no contraindications to anti‐coagulation. Although 45.1% had composite CHA2DS2‐VASc scores ≥2 and HAS‐BLED scores ≤2, only 26.7% received warfarin. The commonest reasons for physicians not starting warfarin were patients' refusal due to fear of adverse effects of bleeding and increased fall risks in the elderly. There was no statistical difference regarding lack of anti‐coagulation across the different ethnic groups. Patients with permanent AF have higher odds of receiving anti‐coagulation compared to those with paroxysmal AF (OR 2.3; 95% CI, 1.51‐ 3.36; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of anti‐coagulation in elderly is low in our multi‐ethnic population. Both physician and public education is of importance to prevent increased health care costs and AF related stroke mortality and morbidity. P065 THE FEATURES OF AUTONOMIC HEART RATE CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH PERMANENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN RESPONSE TO ACTIVATION OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Mamontov OV; Berngardt ER; Parmon EV; Treshkur TV; Shlyakhto EV Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, Saint‐Petersburg, Russia Background: Assessment of autonomic heart rate (HR) regulation in patients suffering from permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) remains an unresolved problem. Most methods are based on evaluation of dynamics of sinus rhythm (SR). At the same time, alteration of autonomic cardiac nerve tone in patients with AF can be realized by modification of atrioventricular (AV) conduction. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate features of autonomic HR modulation in patients suffering from permanent AF in response to activation of sympathetic nervous system. Methods: The study enrolled 43 patients suffered from heart failure II‐IV functional class (NYHA), mean age 53,8 ± 7,2 yrs. 20 pts had ischemic, 16–nonischemic and 7–mixed cardiomyopathy. 30 pts had SR and 13 ones had permanent AF. All patients underwent a handgrip test (HGT) during which blood pressure (BP) was measured by continuous noninvasive method (Finometer, FMS) and high resolution ECG was recorded simultaneously. BP and HR were estimated initially and in 3 min from starting of the HGT. Results: During the HGT comparable augmentation of BP was registered in both groups: dBP systolic in AF and SR patients was 20.5 ± 11.4 and 19.5 ± 10.7 mmHg, respectively, p > 0.05; dBP diastolic (dBPD) 14.3 ± 5.2 and 11.2 ± 6.4 mmHg, p > 0.05 resp. HR increase significantly greater in AF group than in SR one: dHR 11.7 ± 7.0 and 5.7 ± 4.0 bpm, resp., p < 0.005. In AF group dHR was strongly correlated with dBPD (r = 0.62, p < 0.005) but in SR group this correlation was less significant (r = 0.36, p > 0.05). The difference in HR increase and its relation with dBPD between SR and AF groups explains the difference in intensity of modulating impact of arterial baroreflex on sinus node and AV conjunction that opposes sympathetic activation. Conclusions: Parallel with BP augmentation strongly marked HR is observed in patients with AF during a simpathotonic HGT. That may indicate weak limitative influence of vagal feedback on AV conduction. BASIC SCIENCE: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE P066 CHANGES IN THE AGING‐ASSOCIATED OF L‐TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL OF THE LEFT ATRIA OF THE CANINES Tianyi G; GuoJun X; Xianhui Z; Baopeng T; Xia G; Yaodong L Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China Introduction: Action potential (AP) contours vary considerably between normal adult and aged left atrial fibers. The ionic and molecular bases for these differences remain unknown. So we investigate whether the L‐type calcium current (ICa.L) an L‐type calcium channel of left atria may be altered with age. Methods: We used whole‐cell patch‐clamp to record action potential (AP) and ICa.L in left atrial (LA) cells dispersed from normal adult (2–2.5 years) and older canines (>8 years).The a1c (Cav1.2) subunit of L‐type calcium channel mRNA and protein expression were assessed by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR and Western blotting respectively. Results: Whereas resting potential, AP amplitude and Vmax did not differ with age, the plateau was more negative and AP duration was max longer in old tissue. Aged LA cells have lower peak ICa.L current densities than Adult LA cells (P < 0.05). In addition, Compared to the adult group,the Cav1.2 mRNA and protein expression of LA were decreased in aged group. Conclusions: The lower plateau potential of AP and the decreased ICaL of LA in aged canines may contribute to the slow conduction and discontinuous conduction of LA. While the decreased expression of Cav1.2 with age may be the basis of the decrease of ICaL with age. Atria; Calcium channel; Cellar electrophysiology; Aging P067 SINUS RHYTHM RESTORATION AFFECTS COLLAGEN TURNOVER IN PATIENTS WITH PERSISTENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Kallergis EM; Kanoupakis EM; Mavrakis HE; Goudis CA; Saloustros IG; Vardas PE Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece Objectives: To evaluate the importance of serum markers of collagen turnover in predicting the outcome of electrical cardioversion (CV) of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) and to clarify the relationship between AF and fibrosis. Background: Collagen turnover and atrial fibrosis have been implicated in the generation and perpetuation of AF. Methods: Serum C‐terminal propeptide of collagen type I (CICP) and C‐terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (CITP) were measured in 98 patients with AF before and two months after CV. Results: All patients were successfully cardioverted to sinus rhythm (SR) although in 27 of them AF recurred. Baseline CICP levels were comparable in patients in sinus rhythm 60 days after CV and in those who experienced a relapse of AF (82.464 ± 16.65 ng/ml vs. 86.45 ± 10.95 ng/ml, respectively, p = 0.18). Baseline CITP levels were significantly higher in patients with AF recurrence compared to those who remained in SR (0.47 ± 0.15 ng/ml vs. 0.33 ± 0.19 ng/ml, respectively, p = 0.001). The restoration and maintenance of SR resulted in a decrease of CICP but not of CITP levels. In the 75 patients who maintained SR, CICP levels were significantly lower at the end of the study as compared to baseline, (61.89 ± 14.18 ng/ml vs. 82.464 ± 16.65 ng/ml p < 0.001), while there was no difference in plasma CITP levels, (0.35 ± 0.20 ng/ml vs. 0.33 ± 0.19 ng/ml, respectively, p = 0.477). Conclusions: AF can result in alterations in atrial structure and architecture that make the atrial myocardium more susceptible to the maintenance of the arrhythmia. Sinus rhythm restoration could affect the fibrotic process occurring or exacerbating during AF course. P068 ASSESSMENT OF VENTRICULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AT PERI‐INFARCT ZONE OF POST MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE RABBITS FOLLOWING STELLATE GANGLION BLOCK Gu Y; Wang X; Wang L; Tang Y Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University Background: To investigate the characteristics of ventricular electrophysiology following stellate ganglion block at peri‐infarct zone in the rabbits with MI. Method and Results: Sixty‐four rabbits were randomly assigned into two groups: MI group (n = 32), ligation of the anterior descending coronary; SO, sham operation group (n = 32), without coronary ligation. Both MI group and SO group were divided into four subgroups according to the right or left SGB and the corresponding control (n = 8, each). After eight weeks, 90% of monophasic action potential duration (MAPD90) of epicardium, midmyocardium and endocardium, transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR), effective refractory period (ERP), ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were measured at the infarct border zone (MI group) and corresponding zone (SO group) following SGB. For SGB, 0.5ml of 0.25% bupivacaine was used.As compared with the corresponding control group, in both of the MI group and SO group, LSGB prolonged the MAPD90 of three layers, reduced the TDR, increased the ERP and the VFT (P < 0.05). However, RSGB shortened the MAPD90, increased the TDR, reduced the ERP and the VFT(P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that LSGB can increase the electrophysiological stability of ventricular myocardium. Keywords: Stellate ganglion block; transmural dispersion of repolarization; effective refractory period; ventricular fibrillation threshold; Myocardial infarction. P069 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WENXIN GRANULE IN RABBITS WITH CON‐
GESTIVE HEART FAILURE IN VIVO Tang YH; Liu MX; Lian ZM; Wang Xi; Wang T; Hu P Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, china To observe the effect of Wenxin Granule on electrophysiology in rabbits with congestive heart failure(HF). 32 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, they are sham‐operated no‐drug group (sham group), sham‐operated Wenxin Granule group (SHAM‐Wenxin group), HF no‐drug group (HF group) and HF Wenxin Granule group (HF‐Wenxi Group). HF model was successfully produced by volume overload combined with pressure overload. The rabbits were feed by Wenxin Granule 8 weeks. Sinusatrial node function, atrial and ventricular myocardium monophasic action potential duration (MAPD), effective refractory period (ERP), transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) and ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were record by monophasic action potential (MAP) technique. Results: 1. sinusatrial node conduction time (SACT), sinusatrial node recovery time (SNRT), cSNRT were all prolonged in HF group (P < 0.05). SACT was shorter in HF‐Wenxin group (P < 0.05). 2. Compared with sham group, MAPD50 and MAPD90, ERP were prolong in sham‐Wenxin group and HF‐Wenxin group (P < 0.05). But there were no significant difference between HF group and HF‐Wenxin group (P>0.05).3. Compared with sham group and HF‐Wenxin group, the MAPD90 of the middle layer myocardium of left ventricular was prolonged and TDR was larger in HF group (P < 0.05 respectively). 4. Compared with HF group, VFT were remarkably increased in HF‐Wenxin Granule group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Wenxin Granule had no more negative effects on sinus node dysfunction in heart failure rabitts. APD became conformity in three layers myocardium of heart failure by using Wenxin Granule, to decrease TDR in left ventricular, Wenxin Granule can increase VFT of heart failure rabitts, there was protective function in heart failure accompaning with arrhythmia. P070 SINUS NODE DYSFUNCTION AND HYPER‐
POLARIZATION‐ACTIVATED (HCN) CHANNEL SUBUNIT REMODELING ASSOCIATED WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Tianyi G; GuoJun X; Xianhui Z; Baopeng T; Xia G Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequently associated with Sinoatrial node (SAN) dysfunction. But underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.The hyperpolarization‐activated cation current contributes significantly to sinoatrial node pacemaker function and possibly to ectopic arrhythmogenesis. This study examined the hypothesis that AF impair SAN function by altering hyperpolarization‐activated (HCN) channel expression and AF may lead to HCN channel of atria remodeling. Methods: We assessed expression of HCN1, 2, 4 and beta‐subunit minK in sinus rhythm (SR) beagle canines and canines subjected to 8‐week atrial tachypacing‐induced atrial fibrillation (AF). Realtime RT‐PCR and Western blot were used to quantify HCN subunit and beta‐subunit minK mRNA and protein expression in the right atrium (RA) and sinoatrial node. Results: AF canines have longer sinus node recovery time than SR canines, which reflects impaired SAN function.HCN2 and HCN4 expression was greater at both protein and mRNA levels in sinoatrial node than RA. AF significantly decreased sinus node HCN2,4 and beta‐subunit minK expression at both mRNA and protein levels,while increased HCN2,4 and beta‐subunit minK expression of RA. Conclusions: The decreased expression of HCN2,4 and beta‐subunit mink of sinoatrial node contribute to AF‐induced sinus node dysfunction; while upregulation of atrial HCN2,4 and beta‐subunit minK may help to promote maintaining of AF. Keywords: Atrial fibrillation; sinoatrial node; HCN channel; remodeling. BRADYARRHYTMIAS P071 PREDICTIVE VALUE OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY AND ELECTOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN CONDUCTION ABNORMALITIES AFTER CORE VALVE‐MEDTRONIC AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION‐ PRELIMINARY RESULTS Kostopoulou A; Karyofillis P; Livanis E; Voudris V 2nd Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece Aim: Surgical aortic valve replacement is associated with complete heart block (CHB) requiring permanent pacing in 3 to 6%. Reports have shown a higher incidence of conduction disease in patients (pts) undergoing percutaneous aortic valve implantation (PAVI). The purpose of our study was to assess the value of the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and the electrophysiology study (EPS) as predictors of conduction abnormalities after PAVI. Methods: Twenty seven consecutive pts mean aged 81 ± 6 years with severe aortic stenosis and normal or slightly impaired left ventricular function (mean LVEF 53 ± 10%) who underwent Core Valve‐Medtronic implantation were included. The baseline 12‐lead surface ECG was analyzed for the recording of basic rhythm and conduction abnormalities. A basic EPS study was performed a day before for the measurement of the basic intervals PA, AH, HV, the effective refractory period (ERP) of the atrioventricular (AV) node and the Wenckebach cycle length (WCL). Results: At baseline evaluation 21 pts were in sinus rhythm and 6 in chronic atrial fibrillation. The mean PR and QRS were 185 ± 25 msec and 118 ± 27 msec. Six pts had a LBBB and 3 LAH. The basic EPS measurements were: AH 93 ± 17 msec, HV 51 ± 11 msec (34–90 msec), AV‐ERP 288 ± 59 msec, and WCL 386 ± 72 msec. All pts, except 1, had HV intervals <70 msec. Nine pts (33%) required permanent pacing due to CHB after PAVI. Seven pts developed LBBB during the first 4 days. Four of the 9 pts that had a pacemaker implantation had restored normal rhythm at first‐month follow‐up. Student's T test showed that in pts with pacemakers compared to those without, the AH interval was prolonged at significant levels. The HV interval and AV‐ ERP measurements were higher but not significantly whereas the QRS width did not differ. Conclusions: Preliminary data show that patients with pre‐existing conduction abnormalities revealed in an EPS study may be susceptible to development of complete AV block after PAVI. P072 HIGH PREVALENCE OF AMYLOID DEPOSITION IN SUBCUTANEOUS FAT TISSUE IN PATIENTS WITH BRADYARRHYTHMIA Omi W; Hanaoka R; Takatori O; Saeki T; Kasashima S; Kawashima A; Sakagami S Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa Medical Center, National Hospital Organization Background: Most of cases with amyloidosis progress asymptomatically, and is diagnosed when cardiac involvement is already at end stage. Additionally, the diagnosis is sometimes cumbersome and accompanied with complication. These factors make early diagnosis difficult. Aim: To assess the usefulness of subcutaneous fat sampling during pacemaker implantation and to validate the prevalence of systemic amyloidosis in patients with bradyarrhythmia who required permanent pacemaker. Patients and Methods: We enrolled 15 consecutive patients (79 ± 12 years old, 7 males) who required pacemaker implantation (containing 4 patients, generator exchange). Four patients had sick sinus syndrome and 11 had atrioventricular block. In all cases, echocardiography did not show typical findings suggesting cardiac amyloidosis. Pacemaker was inserted to infraclavicular precordia. Subcutaneous fat tissues were taken during surgery and specimens were evaluated by the pathologists. Results: Pacemaker implantation and subcutaneous fat sampling were performed successfully and safely in all cases, and interstitial amyloid deposition was confirmed in 9 cases (60%). Gastro and/or colon endoscopy were performed in 4 patients of them, and intestinal amyloid deposition was confirmed in 2 patients. Conclusion: Subcutaneous fat sampling during pacemaker implantation was safety and helpful for diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis. Our data suggests that systemic amyloidosis could be more frequent than we supposed, and that contribute to bradyarrhythmia even in the absence of other typical manifestation. P073 CASE REPORT: COMPLETE HEART BLOCK FOLLOWING PARAPHENYLENE DIAMINE (PPD) HAIR DYE POISONING Suliman AAA; Ibrahim GIA Alshaab Teaching Hospital – Khartoum‐Sudan Introduction: Paraphenylene diamine (PPD) [C6H4 (NH2)2] is an aromatic amine not found in nature and it is produced commercially by many industrial companies. It is widely used in industrial products. PPD is the most common constituent of hair dye formulations. PPD is commonly used in its raw form for cosmetic purposes in Africa, Middle East and Indian subcontinent while it is rarely used in the West. In Sudan, PPD is mixed with henna leaves of Lawsonia Alba, which is a non toxic herb used to decorate the hands and feet in special social events. PPD intoxication is a life threatening condition, commonly manifested as acute upper respiratory tract obstruction and acute kidney injury but seldomly affects the heart. Case Presentation: We are reporting this case of a 26 year old female from Aljazeera State in Sudan, who presented complaining of dizzy spells and severe fatigue following swallowing of hair dye intentionally (suicide attempt). She was seen initially at her local hospital where she was found to be bradycardic. Her HR was 40 bpm and she was referred to our cardiology department at AlShaab Teaching Hospital. Upon arrival, the patient looked fatigued but was fully conscious, BP 110/50, HR 40/min and her systemic examination was unremarkable. ECG showed complete heart block with wide complex escape rhythm of 38 bpm. Her blood tests showed mildly elevated renal profile and CPK with normal cardiac biomarkers. Echo showed normal systolic function. Temporary pacemaker wire was immediately inserted and kept under monitoring. Over the next two weeks she remained in complete heart block with intrinsic HR of 38bpm. After two weeks of temporary pacing, a DDDR pacemaker was inserted. Two years after initial presentation, the patient still remains in complete heart block and is pacemaker dependent. Conclusion: This is the first reported case of permanent complete heart block, requiring PPM implantation, following PPD intoxication without evidence of of myocardial injury. P074 BRADYCARDIA AS A CAUSE OF ANGINATHE NEW BRADYANGINA SYNDROME Duque M; Herrera AM; Múnera JS; Medina E; Marín J; Uribe W School of Medicine, Universidad CES – Department of Cardiology, Clínica CES, Medellín, Colombia Background: Angina is defined as a sensation of pressure or retrosternal pain with a rather specific pattern of irradiation, with physical or emotional stress, or even at rest, and secondary to a decrease in myocardial oxygen supply. Bradycardia is defined as a persistent or transitory decrease in heart rate below 60 beats per minute, due to primary, secondary, and reversible or irreversible causes. There is an association between heart rate and cardiac output. Could it be possible that a reduction in the heart rate results in a decrease in cardiac output to a point that it is responsible for myocardial ischemia, and as such, angina?Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective – prospective study of patients with angina of unknown origin and sinus bradycardia diagnosis that were admitted in our cardiology service between august 1st 2007 and august 31st 2009. Diagnostic approach included coronariography, or non invasive measures as stress echocardiography or myocardial perfusion test with radiotracers. Patients were treated with pacemaker implantation, discontinuation of medications with negative chronotropic effect and/or follow up in those with transitory or non pharmacologic causes of bradycardia. After performing the interventions, all patients were followed up and evaluated in search of the presence of angina or bradycardia, and persistence of symptoms. Results: A total of 60 patients were evaluated, 70% were men. Mean age of 52.5 ± 16.3 (SD) years. Pacemaker implantation was performed in 78.3% of patients. Medication associated with bradycardia was discontinued in 11.7% of patients. During follow up, 100% of patients did not report having new episodes of angina after the intervention was performed. Conclusion: With coronary disease discarded, the study of rhythm anomalies as a potential etiology of the symptomatology should be performed. The association between bradycardia and angina could be newly defined as "Bradyangina syndrome". P075 SINUS OF VALSALVA ANEURYSM AS A REVERSIBLE CAUSE OF COMPLETE HEART BLOCK (A CASE REPORT) Alasti M; Omidvar B; Mali S; Majidi S Department of Cardiology, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran A 43 year old lady was referred to our center for temporary intravenous pacemaker insertion. She had a history of dizziness and one episode of syncope since two days ago. She did not have any risk factor of coronary artery disease. There was no significant past medical illness. Laboratory data including serum potassium and cardiac enzyme levels and sedimentation rate were within normal limits. The ECG showed complete AV block with ventricular escape rate of 30–35 beat/min. The QRS complexes were wide with LBBB morphology pattern (Figure 1‐A). Transthoracic echocardiography showed mildly enlarged left ventricle with normal contractility, mild aortic regurgitation and an aneurysm of sinus of valsalva eroding into the upper part of interventricular septum (Figure 2‐A). 64‐slice CT scan disclosed a large sinus of valsalva aneurysm originating from right sinus of valsalva (Figure 2‐B). Right sided heart catheterization and selective coronary angiography showed normal pulmonary artery and wedge pressures and normal epicardial coronary arteries. Aortography in LAO and RAO projections showed a large aneurysm of right coronary sinus of valsalva and mild aortic regurgitation (Figure 3‐A&B). The patient underwent surgery and the mouth of aneurysm was closed with a Gortex patch. In addition, an epicardial pacemaker was implanted. The ECG taken two weeks later disclosed sinus rhythm with prolonged AV interval and bifascicular block and no pacing (Figure 1‐B). In rare cases, the aneurysm erodes into the interventricular septum. Direct pressure by the expanding aneurysm and low grade inflammation can lead to atrioventricular conduction defects. It is interesting in our patient that the rhythm returned to sinus after surgical decompressing of interventricular septum. It looks reasonable that unruptured sinus of valsalva aneurysm eroding into the interventricular septum is operated as soon as possible, preventing development of complications such as heart block. CARDIAC IMAGING P076 CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF EVALUATING LEFT ATRIAL ARTERY AND LEFT ATRIAL RIDGE BEFORE CATHETER ABLATION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WITH MULTIDETE‐
CTOR‐ROW CT Kimura R; Inoue K; Toyoshima Y; Doi A; Masuda M; Sotomi Y; Iwakura K; Fujii K Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital Objective: The anatomy of the left atrial ridge (LAR) is important for deciding strategy of catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF). The branch of the left atrial circumflex artery (AC) runs within LAR, and it could exert the cooling effect during CA. We studied the morphology of LAR and AC with multidetector‐row CT (MDCT). Methods: Twenty‐six patients (age 60 ± 12 years, male 16) undergoing CA for AF (13 with paroxysmal AF and 13 with persistent AF) were enrolled. MDCT was performed prior to CA. Results: The left atrial volume (LAV) (98.6 ± 46.8 ml vs. 58.9 ± 21.9 ml, P < 0.05) and the thickness of the LAR (3.15 ± 0.60 mm vs. 2.54 ± 0.85 mm, P < 0.05) was significantly greater in persistent AF group. AC was observed by MDCT in 4 cases (30.7%) in proximal AF group and in 2 cases (15.4%) in persistent AF group. There were no significant differences in LAV and the thickness of LAR between groups with and without visible AC. The time (21.7 ± 11.4 min vs. 18.2 ± 8.61 min) and the number of CA (37 ± 23 vs. 31 ± 13) for left pulmonary vein isolation were greater in the patients with visible AC, but this difference did not reach statistical difference. Conclusion: The evaluation of the LAR with MDCT was useful for deciding strategy of AF ablation. The clinical implication of AC in AF ablation needs further investigation. P077 MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY CAN DETECT LEFT VENTRICULAR MECHANICAL DYSSYNCHRONY IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY Kimura R; Koyama Y; Inoue K; Toyoshima Y; Doi A; Masuda M; Sotomi Y; Iwakura K; Fujii K Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is widely accepted as the adjuvant treatment of patients with severe heart failure. However, approximately 30% of patients receiving CRT are non‐responders. In order to improve the efficacy of CRT, the selection of appropriate patients based on the preoperative evaluation of the extent of left ventricular dyssynchrony is important. Several echocardiographic indices for the evaluation of dyssynchrony are proposed, but recent study shows their limitations. Objective: We sought to determine the feasibility of MDCT (Multidetector CT) to detect left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony in heart failure patients. Methods: Eight patients with heart failure (mean left ventricular ejection fraction 22.8%) who were the candidates for CRT underwent electrocardiogram‐gated contrast‐enhanced 64‐slice MDCT (Philips Brilliance 64, EBW Workstation) and axial multiphase reformats were constructed. With visual observation, patients are divided into two groups: group D (with apparent left ventricular dyssynchrony, 4 patients), and group N (without apparent dyssynchrony, 4 patients). The short‐axis image of the left ventricle at the level of papillary muscle was divided into 6 segments. We determined the time from R wave to maximal wall motion for each 6 segments and defined the maximum difference in time‐to‐maximal wall motion of all 3 pairs of opposing segments as wall motion delay (WMD). Echocardiographic measurements including septal‐to‐posterior wall motion delay (SPWMD) were performed in all patients. Results: WMD was significantly greater in group D compared with group N (32.5 ± 9.6% RR vs. 10.0 ± 7.1% RR, P < 0.05). SPWMD was greater in group D, but it did not reach statistical significance (233 ± 60 ms vs. 161 ± 93 ms, p = 0.12). Conclusion: MDCT is useful for the observation and the evaluation of left ventricular dyssynchrony with its ability to clearly visualize the cross‐sectional moving images of left ventricle. P078 COMBINED USE OF THREE‐DIMENSIONAL ROTATIONAL ANGIOGRAM OF LEFT ATRIUM AND CIRCULAR MULTI‐ELECTRODE ABLATION CATHETER FOR PULMONARY VEIN ISOLATION Tang M; Gerds‐Li J‐H; Kriatselis C; Zhang S Department of Arrhythmia, Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Background: A novel circular pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC) has been introduced for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Accurate delineation of left atrium‐pulmonary vein (LA‐PV) anatomy is important for this technique. The aim of this study was to test the 3‐dimensional rotational angiogram of left atrium (3D RTA) can facilitate PVI using PVAC technique. Methods: Twenty patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) were enrolled in this study. The 3D RTA was reconstructed and registered with live fluoroscopy in all the patients. AF ablation was performed with PVAC catheter in the navigation of registered 3D RTA. Results: The 3DRTA image was successfully reconstructed and registered with the live fluoroscopy in all patients (100%). The LA‐PV anatomy was delineated clearly in all patients. Navigation of the PVAC inside the registered 3D RTA, ensured accurate placement within the atrium to perform ablation, and the PVAC was correctly placed inside the PV ostium to verify the PVI. All the PVs were isolated. Total procedural time was 87.5 ± 12.1 minutes, and fluoroscopy time was 20.1 ± 6.3 minutes. Follow‐up after 7.1 ± 1.5 months showed freedom from AF in 70% (14/20) patients. No PV stenosis was observed. Conclusions: Intraprocedurally reconstructed and registered 3D RTA can clearly delineate the LA‐PV anatomy in real‐time, this study demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of combining use of 3DRA and PVAC in AF ablation procedure. CARDIAC RESYNCHRONISATION THERAPY P079 LONG TERM OUTCOMES IN ISCHEAMIC VERSUS NON‐ISCHEAMIC DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY AFTER CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY Mantziari L; Vassilikos V; Kamperidis V; Paraskevaidis S; Dakos G; Chatzizisis Y; Giannakoulas G; Karvounis H; Styliadis IH First Cardiology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established treatment for patients with heart failure. Response to CRT and long term survival may be affected by a plethora of factors, heart failure aetiology being one of them. Aim of this study was to assess differences between patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and non‐ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) treated with CRT. Methods: Data from CRT implantations for standard indications were retrospectively analysed. Differences in baseline characteristics, clinical and echocardiographic response to CRT and long term outcomes were sought between ICM and DCM. Results: A total of 166 patients were included, 51% with ICM and 49% with DCM. Mean baseline EF was 24 ± 5% and baseline NYHA class 3.0 ± 0.2 and did not differ between ICM and DCM. DCM patients were younger (61 ± 11 vs 69 ± 9 years, P < 0.001) and included more females (24% vs 2%, P < 0.001). QRS duration was similar between ICM and DCM (169 ± 24 vs 163 ± 25, p = 0.162) but left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology was more frequent in DCM (89% vs 77%, p = 0.035). Atrial fibrillation prevalence and LV lead implantation site were similar. At 6 months, clinical improvement, defined as reduction ≥1 NYHA class, was 76% in both groups, and LVEF increased ≥15% in 75% of DCM vs 70% of ICM patients (p = 0.770). After a mean follow up of 24 ± 21 months DCM patients showed better survival (log rank p = 0.006) and a trend for better event‐free survival (log rank p = 0.055). After adjusting for age, gender and QRS morphology, DCM remains an independent predictor of better survival. Conclusions: Patients with DCM treated with CRT are younger, are more frequently female and have higher prevalence of LBBB. Even though short‐term response to CRT is similar between ICM and DCM, long term survival is better for DCM patients. P080 MORLET WAVELET ANALYSIS OF THE QRS COMPLEX AS A NOVEL TOOL FOR PREDICTING RESPONSE TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY Vassilikos V; Mantziari L; Dakos G; Kamperidis V; Kalpidis P; Paraskevaidis S; Maglaveras N; Chouvarda I; Karvounis H; Styliadis IH First Cardiology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Background: Among eligible patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), those with wider QRS and left bundle branch block (LBBB) are more likely to respond. The wavefront pattern of myocardial ventricular activation in LBBB may differ between responders and non responders. Aim of the present study was to explore the differences in the QRS complex components between responders and non‐responders. Methods: We conducted a pilot prospective study in 39 consecutive patients (age 64 ± 10 years, 31 males) with heart failure and LBBB treated with CRT according to established guidelines. Signal averaged electrocardiograms were recorded before implantation and QRS decomposition was performed using the Morlet wavelet transformation. Wavelet parameters expressing the mean and maximal (max) energy were calculated in three orthogonal axes (x,y,z) and in the vector magnitude (vm), in each of three frequency bands. Response was defined as clinical improvement by one or more NYHA classes at 6 months follow up. Results: Baseline QRS duration was 166 ± 23 ms, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 26 ± 7% and LV end systolic volume (LVESV) 163 ± 49 ml. Thirty patients (77%) were identified as responders and had wider baseline QRS (171 ± 22 vs 142 ± 11ms, p = 0.005) and lower mean and max energies in all frequency bands on x axis as compared to non‐responders. Wavelet parameters on x lead could predict response to CRT with 76–79% sensitivity and 83% specificity. Conclusions: This pilot study showed that wavelet transformation of the amplified QRS complex may contribute in discriminating among patients who are more likely to benefit from CRT. A larger prospective study is deemed necessary to validate our findings. P081 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONISATION THERAPY (CRT‐D/CRT‐P) RECEIPIENTS AT OUR CENTRE – FIVE YEARS (2006–2011) EXPERIENCE Singhal R; Jaswal A; Saxena A Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India Introduction: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT‐D/CRT‐P) is the emerging and proven modalities of treatment in patients (pts) with severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Our center evaluated demographic profile of CRT in our pts over five years. Objective: To evaluate demographic profile of pts being referred for CRT‐D/CRT‐P in our center. Population/Methods: We studied 352 pts with severe LV dysfunction who were implanted CRT‐P/CRT‐D from 2006–2011. We analysed distribution by% of pts who received CRT‐D/CRT‐P, their age, gender selection, NYHA class, QRS duration (QRSd), etiology and comorbid conditions. In pts with QRSd (120–150 msec), we analysed mechanical dyssynchrony with Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI). Indices chosen were atrioventricular (AV), interventricular and intraventricular dyssynchrony. Pts with 2/3 dyssynchrony indices were included. Results: Out of 352 pts (85.6% males, 14.4% females); mean age of pts 62.9 ± 17 yrs, with no statistical difference in mean age (59.3 ± 11.6 yrs for males vs 57.9 ± 10.4 yrs for females). 79% were diabetic and 60% hypertensive. CRT‐P was given to 79%, CRT‐D to 21%. 69.6% had ischemic etiology, 30.4% idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Mean ejection fraction (EF) 22 ± 9%, mean QRSd 146 ± 18 msec. 2% in NHYA class II, 68% in NYHA class III and 30%in ambulatory NYHA class IV as a group, in females 46% were in NYHA class III and 54%in ambulatory class IV and in diabetics 43% were in NYHA class III and 57% in ambulatory class IV. Conclusion: We analysed demographic profile of pts who received CRT‐D/CRT‐P. The rate of implantation in females in our center is lower than expected. Also, females were older with higher NYHA class. The guidelines must be implemented carefully to avoid gender selection biases. We also concluded that diabetics were older with higher NYHA class vs non‐diabetics and hypertensives. In this study 2% population got CRT in NYHA classII in accordance with recent European guidelines for CRT. P082 LEFT VENTRICULAR PACING USING ACTIVE FIXATION LEADS IN CHALLENGING CORONARY SINUS ANATOMY Ahmad Fazli AA; Azlan H; Surinder K; Zunida A; Tay GS; Noor Ashikin S; Razali O National Heart Institute, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Introduction: The placement of leads in the distal coronary sinus is required for left ventricular stimulation in cardiac resynchronization therapy as well as for ventricular pacing whereby the right ventricle is inaccessible. Challenging coronary sinus anatomy may lead to instability, lead dislodgements and phrenic stimulations. We hypothesise that usage of an active fixation lead mechanism will overcome these limitations with stable lead performances. Methods: Patients who had implantation of 4F active fixation leads (SelectSecure Model 3830, Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, USA) due to failed conventional left ventricular leads from May 2009 until July 2011 were selected for the study. Pacing parameters were tested at implantation and if found unreasonable, the lead is then unscrewed and fixed at a new location until the pacing parameters were satisfactory. We analysed pacing parameters at implantation and follow up as well as monitoring for lead related complications in these patients. Results: A total of 28 patients received implantation of the 4F active fixation leads. Among these, 71.4% were due to lead instability, 14.3% were selected for recurrent dislodgements, and 14.3% for phrenic stimulations. All 28 patients had successful implantations. Pacing threshold at implantation was 1.37 ± 0.59V and lead impedance was 809 ± 393 ohms. There were no significant difference in the pacing thresholds and lead impedances at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months follow up. The lead thresholds were 1.35 ± 0.86V, 1.33 ± 0.77V and 1.65 ± 0.98 V respectively (p = NS). Impedances were 624 ± 188 ohms, 666 ± 252 ohms and 624 ± 202 ohms respectively (p = NS). No lead related complications were encountered. Conclusions: Obstacles in lead placement for left ventricular stimulation due to challenging coronary sinus anatomy can be safely overcome by the use of 4F active fixation leads with stable pacing parameters. P083 AV NODE ABLATION IS NOT A PREDICTOR OF MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION TREATED WITH CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY Trucco E; Tolosana JM; Borras R; Calvo N; Arbelo E; Berruezo A; Sitges M; Castel MA; Brugada J; Mont L Hospital Clinic, Thorax Institute, Cardiology Department, Barcelona, Spain Background: There is a controversy about whether the AVJ node ablation (AVJ) improves the response and reduces the mortality of patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The aims of our study were: 1) to analyze if AVJ ablation reduced the mortality of patients in AF treated with CRT; 2) to analyze the predictors of mortality in this group of patients. Methods: This is a prospective and observational study. A cohort of 154 consecutive patients with permanent AF treated with CRT from 2000 to 2010 in our center was analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1: patients with AVJ ablation or need for continuous ventricular pacing due to complete AV block and group 2: those without AVJ ablation and non AV block. Patients were seen at the outpatient clinic at 6‐month intervals and at any time they required further evaluation due to a worsened clinical condition. Results: Of 154 patients: 78 (50.6%) were classified in group 1 and 76 (49.4%) in group 2. Basal echocardiogram and clinical parameters were similar in both groups. At 12 months, overall mortality was 21/154 (14.2%); 9/78 (11.5%) group 1 vs. 12/76 (15.7%) group 2 (p 0.486). In a univariate analysis the predictors of mortality were: plasma creatinine levels and NYHA functional class IV. After adjusting for these variables in a Cox regression model, the independent predictors of mortality were: basal NYHA functional class IV (HR 3.73, 95% CI [1.45–9.59], p = 0.006) and plasma creatinine levels (HR 1.93, 95% CI [1.00‐ 3.70], p = 0.048). Conclusions: AVJ ablation did not decrease the mortality of patients in AF treated with CRT. Basal NYHA functional class IV and poor renal function were the independent predictors of mortality in this group of patients. P084 A PROSPECTIVE AND RANDOMIZED STUDY USING A NUMERICAL MODEL ABLE TO PERSONALIZE AV AND VV DELAYS IN CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZARION THERAPY Di Molfetta A; Forleo GB; Minni V; Panattoni G; Cioè R; Papavasileiou LP; Magliano G; Santini L; Capria A; Romeo F Department of Cardiology, University of Tor Vergata‐Departement of Cardiovascular Engineer CNR, Rome AV and VV setting is a critical issue in CRT. A numerical model (NM) able to simulate patients condition and optimize AV and VV was developed. The aim of this study was to assess if the developed algorithm dedicated to CRT‐optimization could increase clinical, electrical and echocardiographic outcome. Forty patients (PT) were enrolled in a prospective study and randomized into two groups. Group A (B) contains PT programmed by NM (commercial ones). PT were studied before CRT, 3 (_3) and 6 (_6) months after CRT to evaluate: left ventricular end systolic and end diastolic volumes (Ves, Ved), QRS, 6 minute walking test (S) and total Minnesota scores (M). In group A the AV and VV were changed at each follow up according to NM indications. No significant statistical differences were observed at the baseline (Ves_A = 194 ± 102 ml, Ves_B = 157 ± 56 ml; Ved_A = 252 ± 113 ml, Ved_B = 213 ± 72 ml; QRS_A = 156 ± 44 ms, QRS_B = 150 ± 43; S = 127 ± 88 m, S_B = 132 ± 90; M_A = 29 ± 19, M_B = 33 ± 21) A significant statistical difference in left ventricular remodeling concerning the reduction of Ved (A_3 =−25%, B_3 =−10%, p = 0.001; A_6 =−30%, B_6 =−10%, p = 0.0009) and Ves (A_3 =−23%, B_3 =−12%, p = ns; A_6 =−35%, B_6 =−12%, p = 0.002) were observed. A more evident increase of S distance was observed in A (A_3 =+219 m, B_3 =+198 m; A_6 =+279 m, B_6 =+195 m). No significant statistical difference in the reduction of QRS width was reported (A_3 =−16%, B_3 =−10%; A_6 =−9%, B_6 =−18%) and in M (A_3 =−8.9, B_3 =−14.25; A_6 =−9.25, B_6 =−16). A dynamic and personalized CRT can improve ventricular remodeling, without affecting QRS decreasing. Moreover, NM can be a support to select candidates to CRT estimating in advance the benefit effect of CRT on a specific patient. P085 THE EFFECT OF CARDIAC RESYNCHR‐
ONIZATION THERAPY ON THE LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION: EVALUATION OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC AND ECHOCARD‐
IOGRAPHIC CHANGES Marinskis G; Maneikiene V; Jonaityte D; Zasytyte I; Aidietis A Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine Aim: To evaluate the effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on the left ventricular function by analyzing changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and QRS complex width. Patients and methods: A retrospective study was held in Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu clinics. We analyzed 55 patients (18 women, 37 men, age 61.5 ± 14.5 years) who had biventricular pacing system implantation because of II‐IV NYHA heart failure. Primary implantation was performed for 45 patients, system upgrade – for 10. We analyzed the data of electrocardiograms and heart ultrasound before and after implantation (QRS width, LVEF and clinical status). Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA software was used for data processing and statistical analysis. Student t‐test was used to evaluate the difference between continuous variables in two groups. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure the correlation between the changes of QRS width and LVEF. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: QRS width average before implantation was 185 ± 26 ms, after – 152 ± 19 ms (P < 0.05). QRS width decreased by mean value of 31 ± 22 ms (P < 0.05). QRS width remained the same in 4 patients. LVEF mean value before implantation was 26 ± 10%, after – 31 ± 9% (P < 0.05). On average LVEF after the implantation increased by 6 ± 10% (P < 0.05). Changes in QRS width correlated with LVEF changes (r =−0.276, p = 0.048). The broader QRS complexes were before treatment, the more significantly they shortened after implantation of resynchronization system (r =−0.52, p = 0.00078). Clinical status (followed from 3 to 76 months after treatment) of 23 (42%) patients improved, 21 (38%) remained stable, 3 (5%) worsened, 8 patients (15%) died. Conclusions: In responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy, shortening of QRS complex correlates with improvement of left ventricular function. P086 PRESERVED CONTRACTILE AND CORONARY FLOW RESERVE ARE PREREQUISITE FOR POSITIVE RESPONSE AFTER CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY Djordjevic‐Dikic A; Nikcevic G; Raspopovic S; Jovanovic V; Tesic M; Djordjevic S; Milasinovic G Pacemaker Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has become a mainstay in heart failure management, but still 30% of patients failed to respond to such therapy. In patients with non‐ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, abnormal coronary flow reserve and absence of contractile reserve are independent prognostic markers of bad prognosis. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of coronary flow reserve (CFR) and myocardial contractile reserve on left ventricular function recovery following CRT implantation. Method: Eighteen patients with heart failure (EF 26 ± 5%) and QRS duration of 159 ± 23 ms, underwent transthoracic Doppler echocardiography adenosine test to evaluate CFR and dobutamine echocardiography test to assess global contractile reserve (improvement in LVEF), before CRT implantation. Responders were defined by decrease in end‐systolic volume (ESV) ≥15%, 6 months after CRT. Results: Fourteen patients were responders, whereas 4 were nonresponders. At inclusion these groups did not differ in LVEF, ESV, EDV, QRS duration, 6 min walk test distance and coronary flow velocity at rest. Before CRT implantation, responders, compared with nonresponders, showed a greater increase in coronary flow velocity during hyperemia, and consequently higher CFR: 2,39 ± 0,74 vs. 1,68 ± 0.29, p = 0.03. During dobutamine test responders also had higher LVEF, p = 0.02, as well as after 6 months: 45 ± 12% vs. nonresponders 28 ± 8%, p = 0.013. By univariate analysis, LVEF during dobutamine infusion (p = 0.02) and coronary flow velocity during hyperemia (p = 0.04) were predictors for improvement of left ventricular function after CRT. Conclusion: Our results showed that prerequisite for positive response to CRT are preserved CFR and microcirculation and a presence of contractile reserve. P087 PREDICTORS OF THE RESPONSE TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH NONISCHEMIC DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY Vaikhanskaya TG; Kaptsiukh TM; Sidorenko IV; Kovalenko ON Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Cardiology, Minsk, Belarus Purpose: The aim of our study was to identify the significant finding of surface electrocardiogram (ECG) to predict the response to CRT in patients (pts) with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Metods: 34 pts with DCM nonischemic aethiology HF (82,4% male; 48,5 ± 10,7 years; NYHA class 3,0 ± 0,3; QRS 167 ± 21ms; LVEF 24,7 ± 2,8%) had CRT implanted. Pts were classified as symptomatic responder (CRT‐R) if they were experienced ≥5% absolute increase LVEF and improvement NYHA class ≥1 at 6 months after CRT. We (independent 3 doctors)assessed all the clinical characteristics including 12 lead ECG parameters before and after CRT and compared the findings between CRT‐R and non‐responders (CRT‐NR). Results: 15 pts (44,1%,14 male and 3 female) were CRT‐R and 19 pts (55,9%,3 female) were CRT‐NR. At baseline there were no significant differences in age, gender, NYHA, QRS width, 6‐MWT, maxV O2, LVEF, LV end‐diastolic and end‐systolic volume and pharmacology therapies between two groups. When compared width QRS,QR,RS,amplitude wave in 12 lead ECG after CRT, responders had a greater RS interval shortening in V1 lead (ΔRS in V1 −16 ± 4,5 ms vs. −8,4 ± 4,9 ms; p = 0,000) and increase R wave in V1 (ΔR in V1 1,4 ± 0,8 mm vs.0,6 ± 0,7 mm; p = 0,004), and at baseline width RS in V1 were significant differences between two groups (RS in V1 55,3 ± 12,4 ms vs. 43,2 ± 13,1 ms; p = 0,01). By multivariate logistic regression analysis identified presence reduction of RS interval and increase R wave in V1 during pacing as independent predictors of response to CRT. Conclusions: The reduction of RS interval and increase R wave in V1 lead during pacing CRT and baseline greater RS in V1 was significantly correlated with improvement of both LVEF and functional capacity. Future studies on larger population are needed to confirm that RS interval in V1 lead may reliable to predict CRT‐R in pts nonischemic DCM with indication to CRT. P088 VECTOR ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC AND HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO ATRIOVE‐
NTRICULAR DELAY OPTIMIZATION IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS RECEIVING CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY Ståhlberg M; van Geldorp I; van Deursen C; Strik M; Francois R; Francesco F; Auricchio A; Prinzen F Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Introcuction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the vector electrocardiographic (vECG) and hemodynamic response to atrioventricular delay (AVD) optimization in heart failure patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Methods: In 19 CRT recipients different AVDs were programmed in steps of 20 ms ranging from 60 ms to each patients maximal AVD before loss of capture during atrial overdrive pacing (90 bpm). ECG was recorded continuously for subsequent analysis of frontal plane vECG. At each AVD, stroke volume (SV) was measured using echocardiography (LVOT‐VTI, average of 10 beats in each setting). The AVD yielding the largest SV was considered optimal. Results: Mean maximal AVD was 270 ± 60 ms. Two different pattern of QRS response to AVD programming was observed. During CRT at short AVDs 8 patients (group 1) displayed a reduction in QRS width > 5% (mean: −23 ± 7%) while in 11 patients (group 2) no significant QRS shortening occurred (mean: +9 ± 15%). A significant, CRT induced, increase in SV over most AVDs was only observed in group 1 patients. Patients in group 2 had significantly shorter baseline QRS width (138 ± 22 vs. 170 ± 28 ms, p = 0.01) and significantly longer optimal AVDs compared to group 1 (220 ± 40 ms vs. 170 ± 50 ms, respectively, p = 0.02). Only in group 2 QRS width was shorter at optimal AVD than at short AVD (‐10 ± 10ms vs. +10 ± 10 ms in group 1, p = 0.02). In group 2 only, vector length was significantly shorter at AVDs > 230 ms compared to at AVD 60 ms which indicates fusion with intrinsic activation. Conclusions: Patients with relatively short QRS duration show little or no resynchronization (QRS reduction) with CRT at short AVD but may benefit from very long AVD, where QRS is reduced. This resynchronization is probably due to fusion with intrinsic activation, as indicated by vector length shortening on the vECG. P089 SINUS RHYTHM RECOVERY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND DILATED CARDIOMYOPATY WHO UNDERWENT CRT IMPLANT (SIBILLA STUDY) Turco P (1); D'Onofrio A (2); Stabile G (3); Solimene F (4); La Rocca V (5); Cavallaro C (2); Iuliano A (3); Donnici G (4); Vecchione F (2); De Simone   (5); Sibilla Study (1) Hesperia Hospital, Modena, Italy. (2) Monaldi, Napoli, Italy. (3) C. Mediterranea, Napoli, Italy Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) has been demonstrated to be beneficial also in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF); in some patients sinus rhythm occur after CRT. In this patients we evaluate the feasibility of electrical cardioversion (EC) to restore sinus rhythm and the EC efficacy in preserving SR at follow‐up. We enrolled 41 consecutive patients with symptomatic heart failure despite optimal medical treatment, left bundle branch block (QRS duration ≥120 ms), left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% and chronic (more than one year) AF, who underwent CRT‐D implant. In all patients, an atrial lead was used. We scheduled one or more internal, by means of device, or external EC in all eligible patients. Results: Major population characteristics are reported in the table. Mean ± SD orPercentageGender (Male)75%Age (Years)71,6 ± 9,2Ischemic Heart Disease54%Hpertension61%Diabetes24%NYHA functional class III/IV93%/ 7%QRS width (ms)138 ± 16LV ejection fraction (%)23,6 ± 5,7Left atrial diameter (mm)51,3 ± 7,8 At a mean of 2,7 ± 1,8 months 19/41 (46%) patients underwent at least one EC. No complications occurred. EC was effective in restoring SR in 13 patients (68%); an intention to treat analysis shows a success rate of EC procedure (SR) in 31% (13/41). Eleven among thirteen patients (85%) with effective EC remained in SR at a mean follow‐up of 9,2 ± 7,6 months. Spontaneous conversion was observed in two patients. Atria; Calcuim channel; Cellar electrophysiology; Aging EC was feasible in less than 50% of patients with chronic AF post CRT; however SR was persistent at six months in greater than 30% of population, suggesting an atrial lead may be considered at implant. P090 CEPHALIC VENOUS ACCESS FOR CRT WITH SUBCLAVIAN AND CEPHALIC VEIN TORTUROSITY AND ANOMALY Xu Y; Wang J; Qiao Q; Zhang S; Hua W Hangzhou 1st People's Hospital, Fu Wai Hospital, China Introduction: Subclavian venous access can be applied for the majority of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantation. However, puncture failure occurs occasionally. Case History: A 70‐years‐old man fulfilled CRT criteria. At first, several attempts were made to puncture the left subclavian vein, until arterial blood was aspirated. Puncture of subclavian vein then was abandoned out of concern for the risk of pneumothorax or hemothorax. Cephalic cutdown were performed. A 16‐gauge, 8.3‐cm angiocath was inserted into the cephalic vein, through which contrast was injected to perform venogram. Cephalic and subclavian venous anomalies were revealed. The proximal cephalic vein devided into two branches, the upper one joined the external jugular vein while the lower one, which was small and torturous, joined the axillary vein laterally at the level of superior border of the second rib, and subclavian vein was also small. A 150‐cm 0.89‐mm hydrophilic glide wire was introduced into the lower branch of the cephalic vein and advanced toward the heart under venographic guidance. A 9‐F 14‐cm sheath was then advanced over the glide wire, once the tip of the sheath unit was positioned in the superior vena cava, the dilator was removed and 2 other standard 50‐cm 0.97‐mm guidewires were introduced. The sheath was peeled away while the 3 guidewires were held in place. A left ventricular (LV) lead delivery system was advanced over the glide wire to position the LV lead. When an acceptable lead position had been attained, the delivery system was removed by tearing. A 8‐F sheath was advanced over one of the 50‐cm guidewires to position the atrial lead. This sheath was peeled away when a suitable position had been attained. Then a 8‐F sheath was placed over the final guidewire to position the right ventricular lead. All leads were fixed separately. A CRT device was implanted. Conclusion: Cephalic venous access is a feasible alternative to subclavian access for CRT. P091 TRANSAPICAL ENDOCARDIAL LV PACING FOR CRT, FIRST EXPERIENCE IN FIVE PATIENTS Karpenko Y; Volkov D Odessa State Medical University, Ukraine Background: CRT is approved method for HF treatment in selected groups of patients (pts). Transvenous method of implantation is common. Endocardial LV pacing seems promising by the fact of rapid physiologic LV depolarization pattern and absence of anatomical limits committed to the transvenous procedures. Life‐long taking of oral anticoagulants is obliged. Objective: To analyze experience of the few first LV endocardial pacing for CRT. Methods: 5 pts (4 men, age 57—74) with LBBB (QRS 170 ± 24 ms), advanced HF NYHA III (EF – 27 ± 9%) were implanted with DDD (3 pts) and DDDRV (2pts) for CRT with transapical endocardial LV lead placing as a part of the procedure. All of them had been on warfarin due to persistent‐permanent AFib. Two pts had repeated transvenous LV lead dislocations, one – no anatomical conditions for transvenous LV lead placement, one – LV lead exit block after repositioning and the last – deterioration after apical RV pacing. After thoracotomy the apex of LV was punctured and conventional screw‐in endocardial lead were inserted into LV by Seldinger method via pill‐away introduser using hemostatic purse‐string sutures. In 3 pts endocardial LV 3D activation mapping (NavX, S.J.M, USA) to find the optimal pacing site were done before final fixation. Then the electrode was tunneled to the pocket. Results: CRT was available in all pts with acute thresholds less than 1,5V,led to dramatic reduction of QRS duration (135 ± 17 ms) and good immediate and mid‐term clinical results (EF – 34 ± 12%). One patients had raise of LV capture threshold up to 3V with adequate pacing with 4,5V amplitude. LV 3D activation mapping during procedure revealed the "latest" point near LV apex in two pts with further implantations in that area which is discordant with existed theory of the best postero‐lateral regions for LV CRT delivery. Conclusion: Endocardial LV pacing for CRT is safe, useful and was at least as effective as traditional methods in our small group. P092 CARDIAC RESYNCHRONISATION THERAPY IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS – ANY OUTCOME DIFFERENCES TO SINUS RHYTHM PATIENTS? Dusceac D; Iancu A; Capraru C; Bostan I; AlHassan A; Ciudin R "C.Davila" Univ of Medecine, "C C Iliescu" Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bucharest, Romania Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) is been the therapy of choice in patients (pts) with severe heart failure (HF) and left bundle brunch (LBB) QRS morphology. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 35%, optimal medical therapy and NYHA class III/IV are also major indications for CRT. Atrial fibrillation (AF) prevalence is high in pts with CRT indication but number of such pts enrolled in major CRT clinical trials is not so. We have study 94 pts who underwent CRT for severe HF and we have followed them for a mean of 3.2 years (from 9 years to 11 months). 60 pts had dilated non‐ischaemic etiology and 32 pts were of ischaemic etiology. 1 pt had hypertrophic non obstructive cardiomyopathy. 22 pts (23.4%) were in AF. We compare there outcome in terms of NYHA class, LVEF, mitral regurgitation degree, quality of life (QoL) and clinical and echo parameters evolution. There was no significant difference in NYHA class reduction or LVEF improvement between sinus rhythm (SR) and AF pts.Pts in SR have marginally done better in terms of mitral regurgitation reduction, 6 min walk test and QoL(Minnesota score). Non–responders percent was mainly the same: 26% in AF pts and 23% in SR pts group. If after 3 months following the initial implant the pacing percent was less than 80% despite optimal medical therapy we performed AVN ablation. We conclude that pts in AF can benefit from CRT almost as SR pts but more data and longer follow‐up period is needed. P093 THE CHOICE OF APPROACH TO LEFT VENTRICULAR LEAD IMPLANTATION FOR PERMANENT PACING Osadchy A; Marinin V; Kurnikova E; Lebedev D Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre Objective: to improve surgical results of cardiac conduction disorder by prevention and correction of left ventricle dyssynchrony on the back of permanent pacing. Design and Methods: We observed 257 patients was exam and treated. Task 1 – to study the electrophysiological indices of LV lead, considering the delivery way (n = 80). Task 2 – to evaluate the effect of pacing on hemodynamics and CHF course, consider the lead position (n = 90). Task 3 – to study the anatomy of the venous system of the heart according to coronary angiography (CAG) (n = 107). In each task were formed comparable groups without significant clinical and demographic differences. Task 3 – by etiology patients were divided into 2 groups: 1 – with CHD, 2 – without CHD; we assess the effect of heart chambers enlargement to anatomy of cardiac veins. Venous anatomy was studied considering the zone of myocardial infarction. Results: Task 1 – in 1 group at 21% of cases problems with left ventricular lead was observed, but in 2 group these were absent. Differences in duration of operation, acute and chronic pacing thresholds were not obtained. Task 2 – ECHO: at 1 group ↑LVEDV, MR, ↓EF were significantly; at 2 and 3 group remodeling of heart chambers with normal EF were observed. At 1 group appearance of patients with IV f.cl. (NYHA), at 2 group ↓ quantity patients with III f.cl. were observed. At 3 group quantity patients with II f.cl. were decrease, patients with IV f.cl. weren't register. Task 3 – in all groups CS ostium, MCV, GCV were visualized at 100%. Conclusion: in patients before cardiac resynchronization device implantation is necessary to study the anatomy of cardiac veins and determination the optimal lead position (by tissue Doppler imaging). CAG allows to study the anatomy of cardiac veins and in combination with results of tissue Doppler imaging – permit to select the surgical approach (endovascular or thoracoscopical). P094 CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY IN POTENTIAL HEART TRANSPLANT CANDIDATES Sasov M; Liska B; Goncalvesova E; Margitfalvi P; Svetlosak M; Hatala R National Cardiovascular Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia Selected patients (pts) with end‐stage HF benefit from CRT and CRT might decrease or postpone the need for heart transplant (HTx). Aim of this study was to analyze in clinical practice the implementation of the latest ESC guidelines on CRT in HTx candidates. 311 pts with LVEF ≤ 35% referred for HTx eligibility in the years 1996 – 2009 at our institution were included in the analysis. This comprised 207 pts randomly selected from pts without realized HTx and 104 pts who finally underwent HTx (data taken from last evaluation prior HTx). Their mean age was 49.8 ± 11.4 years, 263 pts (85%) were male. The etiology was dilated CMP in 169 pts (54%), CAD in 87 pts (28%), hypertensive heart in 25 pts (8%), valvular disease in 11 pts (4%) and other in 19 pts (6%). Permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) was present in 50 pts (15%) and LBBB in 93 pts (30%). Results: In the entire cohort 110 pts (35%) fulfilled the criteria for CRT. Prevalence of CRT candidates in the subgroup of patients who finally underwent HTx was 51% (53 pts). In candidates for CRT, permanent AF was present in 14 pts (13%) and LBBB in 72 pts (65%). Optimal criteria for achieving CRT response (NYHA III/IV, QRS≥150 ms, LBBB, sinus rhythm) were fulfilled in the entire cohort by 43 pts (14%). Overall, CRT devices were implanted in 22 end‐stage HF pts (7%), 17 of them fulfilled optimal criteria for achieving CRT response. In multivariate analysis the presence of LBBB (P < 0.001) but not QRS duration was independent predictor for criteria fulfillment. Conclusions: More than 1/3 of chronic HF pts eligible for HTx fulfilled criteria for CRT. This proportion was higher (51%) in the subgroup of transplanted pts. CRT was underused in this specific patient cohort with only 20% of pts fulfilling actual indication criteria receiving a CRT device. However, this proportion increased to 40% when optimal criteria for achieving CRT response are considered. P095 FEATURES OF HOLTER MONITORING OF ECG IN CRT PATIENTS Basova VA; Rogacheva NM; Krasnoperov PV; Petruneva TS; Schneider YuA Medical Academy of Postgraduate Study Purpose: to assess the significance and features of Holter Monitoring of ECG in CHF patients with CRT devices. Methods: 112 ECG Monitoring records of patients with severe heart failure were analyzed before and after biventricular pacemaker implantation. 19 patients had coronary artery disease and 32 patients – nonischemic cardiomyopathy. 9 patients was in IV heart failure NYHA class, 32 – was in III NYHA class and 10 – was in II NYHA class. 38 CRT‐P and 13 CRT‐D devices were implanted in our clinic. Results: Holter Monitoring features in CHF patients before biventricular pacemaker implantation were distal type of LBBB (QRS > 170 ms in 13 cases), changing the degree of intraventricular conduction (Δ QRS = 30 ms), high ventricular ectopy (PVC > 100/hour – 7 patients (17%), paired PVC – 2 (4,8%), polymorphic PVC – 3 cases (7,3%), nonsustained VT–– 10 (24,4%), sustained VT – 5 patients (12,2%). Reduction in heart rate variability was registered in 34 patients (SDANN). Biventricular pacing percentage, existence and number of native QRS (own AV conduction) and fusion biventricular pacing with native QRS. The most of patients had biventricular pacing >90%. All patients were separate into 2 groups: "responders" (37) and "nonresponders" (14). Patients of the 1st group ("responders") reduced ventricular ectopy, increased heart rate variability (just in patients with sinus rhythm). However patients of the 2nd group ("nonresponders") had biventricular pacing <80% (3 cases), high ventricular ectopy (2 cases), existence of the fusion biventricular pacing with native QRS complexes > 20% of 24 hours recording (3 cases). Conclusions: It's important to pay attention for biventricular pacing percentage, existence and number of native QRS and fusion biventricular pacing with native QRS complexes during the ECG records analysis. Holter Monitoring of ECG is indicated to CRT patients who didn't response to the therapy. P096 TRIPLE‐SITE VENTRICULAR PACING IN PATIENTS WITH BORDERLINE NARROW QRS AND NYHA III‐IV CARDIAC FAILURE Calovic Z; Vicedomini G; Cuko A; Saviano M; Petreta A; Vitale R; Pappone C Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy Two‐fifths of heart‐failure patients who receive cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) are not benefitting clinically from the device therapy. Purpose: We hypothesized that among others, one of the possible reasons for this failure could be found in group patients who received CRT with a borderline QRS interval of 120 ms. (assuming they meet LVEF% requirements and other criteria). Materials and Methods: In 10 consecutive patients who fullfill "classic" criteria for CRT‐P/D, but borderline QRS duration of 120 ± 5 ms, NYHA III/IV class and echocardiography evidence of dyssynchrony, we performed CRT implantation placing additional CS lead over left ventricle and in that way obtained unify‐right with bifocal LV pacing. CS electrodes were implanted at two separate location of the LV, so the distance between the electrodes would be as far as possible. We use „Y connector" to connect two CS leads in one LV port of the pacemaker. RV electrode was implanted either in septal or apical portion of the heart. Six min hall‐walk test and echocardiography were performed 1 and 3 months after the implantation. Results: All implants were successful. No complications, either peri or post‐procedural, were observed in the patients. After 3 months follow‐up no patients died. Only one patient has no clinical improvement in hearth functional class. The rests of the 9 pts were improved at least one NYHA class, with the increase in LVEF (29,5% vs 38,9%). There was also significant increase in 6 min walking test (P < 0.05), 1 and 3 months, respectively. Conclusion: In our observational study, we found that triple‐site ventricular pacing is feasible and efficacious during 3 months pacing in patients with serious heart failure, borderline narrow QRS and significant ventricular dyssynchrony on TDI. Further bigger study and longer follow‐up is needed for pure clarification of this therapy. P097 PACING MODE SELECTION IN CRT PATIENTS: SEQUENTIAL OR SIMULTANEOUS BIVENTRICULAR PACING Krasnoperov PV; Rogacheva NM; Basova VA; Petruneva TS; Schneider YuA Medical Academy of Postgraduate Study Purpose: to study the results of sequential or simultaneous biventricular pacing in CRT patients, to assess is VV interval optimization need or not. Methods: 51 patients (M‐42, 59,7 ± 7,3 years) with cardiomyopathy (ischemic – 19, nonischemic – 32) were enrolled in the study. 38 CRT‐P and 13 CRT‐D devices were implanted. All patients had such examinations as clinical, ECG, two‐dimensional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging. Sequential or simultaneous biventricular pacing was programmed after operation before discharge. We optimized VV interval with LV outflow tract VTI. We particularly paid attention to clinical status: NYHA functional class, and echocardiographic parameters: LV volumes, LV ejection fraction (EF) at baseline, before discharge and in a 6 month after CRT implantation. Patients with improvements of ≥1 NYHA class at 6‐month follow up were classified as clinical responders. Patients with reduction of >15% in LV end‐systolic (LVESV) or/and end‐diastolic volume (LVEDV) and improvement in the LVEF of >5% were classified as echocardiographic responders. Results: 51 patients were separated depending into 2 groups depending on pacing mode. The 1st group – 29 patients with sequential biventricular pacing. VV interval was optimized after CRT implantation. The 2nd subgroup – 22 patients with simultaneous biventricular pacing. The results of 6 month follow up showed significant reduction of LV sizes and volumes in patients of the both groups. But the 1st group demonstrated biventricular pacing more systolic function improvement: EF, dP/dt, EPSS. Conclusions: Biventricular pacing is effective method of treatment patients with congestive HF. Sequential and simultaneous biventricular pacing lead to reverse LV remodeling. Systolic function increase significantly with sequential biventricular pacing. VV interval optimization is indicated to non‐responders. P098 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTERVENTRICU‐
LAR DELAY OPTIMIZATION IN CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY USING ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY VERSUS USING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY An C; Yang D; Chen K; Xu J; Fang X; Sun N; Liu F; Su H; Huang X; Yan J; Department of Cardiology, Anhui Province Hospital Anhui Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Objective: To assess ECG‐optimized Interventricular Delay Interval (V‐V) in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Methods: 30 CRT patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic cardiomyopathy, NYHA class III ∼IV, were studied, aging from 42 to 79 (63.3 ± 10.6) years. After one month follow‐up, the patients were programmed to only LV (Left ventricle) pacing and only RV (Right ventricle) pacing, respectively. V‐V interval optimization was performed by ECG as follows: calculating the time from pacing spike to beginning of earliest deflection of QRS complex in precordial leads, first activating epicardial LV lateral wall (named as T1) and secondly during RV pacing (named as T2). Difference between T1 and T2 was regarded as a surrogate measurement of interventricular delay and defined as the best optimal V‐V interval. Echocardiography was performed to measure the optimal V‐V interval using maximal aortic VTI. Results: By echocardiography, there were 20 patients and 5 patients showed the optimal LV synchrony with LV preactivation at 30 ms, 70 ms respectively, while 3 patients gained the most benefit from simultaneous pacing at 0∼5 ms, 2 patient achieved the maximum benefit with RV preactivation at 30 ms. With ECG, 19 patients and 5 patients benefited the most with LV preactivation at 30 ms, 70 ms, respectively. 4 patients got the best benefit with simultaneous pacing at 0∼5 ms, and 2 patients benefited most with RV preactivation at 30 ms. Good concordance was found between the ECG‐optimized and echocardiography‐optimized V‐V interval (K = 0.937). Conclusions: For CRT patients, the optimal V‐V interval can be achieved by ECG which shows a good correlation with UCG. Key words: cardiac resynchronization, electrocardiography, echocardiography. P099 EFFICACY OF CRT IN CHF WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WITHOUT ABLATION OF AV NODE, BUT ACHIEVED STRICT RATE CONTROL Mareev YV; Golitsin SP; Sapelnikov OV; Kiktev VG; Latypov RS; Grishin IR; Saidova MA; Shitov VN; Akchurin RS Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation Aim of our study was to compare effect of CRT therapy in CHF patients with low EF and wide QRS in sinus rhythm (which have been proven) and permanent atrial fibrillation without ablation of AV node. Our hypothesis was that patients with atrial fibrillation and good pharmacological rate control with indication for CRT by EF and QRS duration would have comparable effect from CRT as patients with sinus rhythm. Methods: We used The Minnesota Living_with_Heart_Failure_Questionnaire, 6 minutes walk test, measurement of EF by echocardiography (GE Vivid 7). Percent of biventricular pacing we calculated by using of 24 hours ambulatory monitor. We examined patients before implantation of CRT and after six month. Statistical significance was evaluated with Wilkokson analysis. Results: We included 24 patients: 8 patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and 16 patients with sinus rhythm. 7 of 8 patient with permanent atrial fibrillation had >85% biventricular pacing. This patient had algorithm VSR – his "fusion" complex has same Doppler VTI as biventricular complex. There ware no death in both groups of patients. Functional class by NYHA decreased from 3.1 to 2 (P < 0.05) in group of permanent AF and from 2.9 to 1.6 (P < 0.05) in group of sinus rhythm. MLHFQ decreased from 55 to 39 (P < 0.05) in patients with permanent AF and from 49 to 35 (P < 0.05) in patients with sinus rhythm. 6 minutes walk test increased from 306 to 384m (by 66 m, p< 0.05) in patients with permanent AF and from 368 to 408 (by 40 m, P < 0.05) in patients with sinus rhythm. EF increased from 26.6% to 31.6% (by 5%) in group of permanent atrial fibrillation and from 23.3% to 33.4%(by 10.1%, P < 0.05) in group of sinus rhythm. Conclusion: Patients with permanent AF without ablation of AV node have comparable effect from CRT as patients with sinus rhythm. Limitation: We exclude from study patients with mean heart rate more than 95 bpm. P100 LOSS OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY: INCIDENCE, CAUSES AND OUTCOMES Colchero T; Arias MA; Domínguez‐Pérez L; Jiménez‐López J; Puchol A; Pachón M; Lázaro‐Salvador M; Rodríguez‐Padial L Department of Cardiology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain Background and Objectives: The benefits OF cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) are directly related to the maintenance of continuous biventricular pacing. The loss of the TRC is a common clinical problem that limits the potential benefits of this therapy in patients with heart failure. We describe the experience in our center by identifying the causes, incidence and results of loss of CRT. Method: Retrospective, observational study of all patients who were implanted with a CRT device for a period of 43.2 months. Results: We analyzed data from 97 patients. 64.4% were male and mean age was 66 years. The indication for CRT was ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in 41.8% of cases. 63,2% of patients were implanted with a cardioverter defibrillator system added. During a mean follow‐up of 43,2 months, 15 patients died and a total of 37 (37.8%) patients experienced transient or permanent loss of CRT. Six patients had more than one reason for loss of CRT. The most frequent cause was the presence of atrial tachyarrhythmias (12.3%), followed by dislodgement of the LV electrode (8.2%), increased threshold of the LV electrode (7.2%), extracardiac stimulation (4.1%), increased threshold for the VD electrode (4.1%), ventricular oversensing (3.1%), atrioventricular sensing (3.1%), infection (1%) and clinical intolerance to CRT (1%). The loss of the CRT was resolved in 79.1% (n = 34) of cases and was permanent in 20.9% (n = 9). Univariate analysis was performed to identify possible predictors of loss of CRT but there was no statistically significant difference in any of the variables. Conclusions: Despite technical advances in CRT, the loss of it is a very common clinical condition and difficult to solve in an appreciable percentage of cases. A close monitoring of patients with CRT is essential to identify and solve all the problems associated with this therapy. P101 A NOVEL 3D ELECTROMAGNETIC NAVIGATION SYSTEM REDUCES FLUOROSCOPY TIME AND RADIATION EXPOSURE IN LEFT VENTRICULAR LEAD PLACEMENT Heist EK; Valderrabano M; More R; Ryu K; Greenberg S Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Introduction: CRT implantation is often associated with extended fluoroscopy time and results in radiation exposure to physicians, patients, and staff. A novel 3D electromagnetic navigation system (MediGuide™, St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN) can be utilized to facilitate lead delivery with minimal fluoroscopy using specialized sensor‐enabled delivery tools. We report on our initial experience with the MediGuide™ system and tools, and its effect on reducing fluoroscopy time and radiation exposure during placement of left ventricular (LV) leads. Methods: In six canines, LV lead placement was performed by three operators in one or more coronary sinus (CS) branches using both Conventional (Conv) and MediGuide™ approaches in random order. The Conv implant used traditional tools – 0.014 CPS Courier® Guidewire, CPS Aim® inner and CPS Direct® outer catheters (St. Jude Medical, Sylmar, CA) and the MediGuide™ system implant used sensor‐enabled equivalent tools. Total fluoroscopy time, radiation exposure and lead delivery time were recorded from the time of CS cannulation to the time of final LV lead placement. For statistical evaluation, two‐sided Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test was used. Results: The LV lead was successfully placed in 11 CS branches in 6 canines (1.8 ± 0.8 branches/canine) using both methods. The MediGuide™ system resulted in a 93% reduction in median values of fluoroscopy time (P = 0.001, 0.9 ± 2.0 [median = 0.1] vs 2.2 ± 2.0 [median = 1.5] min) and a 94% reduction in median values of radiation exposure (P = 0.005, 13.8 ± 32.5 [median = 1.7] vs 49.5 ± 45.3 [median = 27.2] uGym2), as measured by dose‐area product. Lead delivery times were similar (MediGuide™:237 ± 193 vs Conv: 186 ± 117 sec, P = 0.27) between the two methods. Conclusions: The MediGuide™ navigation system significantly reduced total fluoroscopy time and radiation exposure during LV lead implantation without compromising final lead location or total procedure time compared to the Conv implant strategy. P102 A NOVEL 3D ELECTROMAGNETIC NAVIGATION SYSTEM IS ACCURATE AND RELIABLE FOR LEFT VENTRICULAR LEAD PLACEMENT WITHOUT FLUOROSCOPY GUIDANCE Valderrabano M; Greenberg S; More R; Ryu K; Heist EK The Methodist Hospital System, Houston, TX Introduction: Fluoroscopic exposure during left ventricular (LV) lead placement remains a major concern. A novel 3D electromagnetic navigation system (MediGuide™, St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN) was developed to minimize fluoroscopic exposure by displaying the real‐time location of sensor embedded delivery tools superimposed on pre‐recorded coronary sinus (CS) venograms. We report on the accuracy and reliability of the MediGuide™ system in an in vivo setting with varying heart rates and C‐arm angulations. Methods: In six canines, CS venograms were obtained in three different fluoroscopic projections (RAO, LAO, AP) at three different heart rates (range: 60–140 bpm) for each projection. A MediGuide™ sensor embedded into a 0.014 guidewire was then introduced sequentially into two distinct CS branches. Location of the guidewire sensor detected by MediGuide™ was projected in real time on the pre‐recorded venograms and recorded as a movie file during pacing at the same rates that were used for venogram acquisition. The performance of the MediGuide™ system was assessed by analyzing the displacement between the projected sensor icon and the CS target branch on individual movie frames over three consecutive cardiac cycles. Results: In all six canines, the MediGuide™ sensor‐enabled guidewire could be visualized and tracked without fluoroscopy. The sensor icon was displayed within 1.7 mm of the target branch 90% of the time for all C‐arm angulations and heart rates. The MediGuide™ system accuracy was not affected by heart rate variations up to ± 30 bpm from the original rate that was used to acquire the venogram. In addition, the accuracy results were not affected by various C‐arm angulations (90% Quantiles – RAO: 1.3 mm; LAO: 1.7 mm; and AP: 2.0 mm). Conclusions: The MediGuide™ system provided accurate and reliable tracking of sensor‐enabled tools at various heart rates and C‐arm angulations for LV lead placements without fluoroscopy guidance. CHANNELOPATHIES P103 LIMITED VALUE OF INTRA‐CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY (EPY) IN SCD RISK EVALUATION IN PATIENTS WITH INHERITED ARRHYTHMIAS Zaklyazminskaya EV; Podolyak DG; Shestak AG; Nechaenko AM; Dzemeshkevich SL Perovsky Russian Research Centre of Surgery RAMS Background: Intracardiac electrophysiological (EP) study is considered as one of the methods to evaluate the risk of malignant cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). But the predictive value of this method is still under the question. Material and Methods: Invasive EP study with 3 consequent extra‐stimuli was performed using CardioLab 4,0 Pruca installation. Genetic screening included direct Senger sequencing of SCN5A, KCNQ1, KCNH2, KCNE1, TRPM4, MOG1 and KCNE2 genes. Results and Discussion: We did perform EP study in 4 index patients with inherited arrhythmic syndromes. One patient (21 y.o., female, SCD case in the family) had idiopathic ventricular tachycardia with moderate shortening of QT interval till 390 ms. Three patients (males 38 y.o., 40 y.o., and 44 y.o.) had genetically confirmed Brugada syndrome with spontaneous Brugada type‐1 ECG. Patients were carriers of p.Y87C, p.R893H, and p.S1787N mutations in SCN5A gene. We failed to induce ventricular tachycardia in those patients. Nevertheless, for 3 patients ICDs were implanted, and one patient with p.Y87C mutation in SCN5A refuse the ICD implantation. During 1 year of follow‐up female patient had 2 appropriate shocks, male patients with Brugada syndrome did not experienced any shocks for now. Conclusion: We suspect that patients with lack of inducible ventricular tachycardia during EP study cannot be definitely considered at low‐risk of SCD. Presence of strong familial history of sudden death or genetic confirmation of diagnosis has to be taken into account in decision‐making about ICD implantation. This study was partly supported by grant No02740110783, Russian Ministry of Education and Science. P104 FAMILIAL SUDDEN NOCTURNAL CARDIAC DEATH ASSOCIATED WITH J WAVES AND ST SEGMENT ELEVATION PREDOMINANTLY IN INFERIOR AND LATERAL LEADS: EARLY RIPOLARIZATION SYNDROME OR BRUGADA VARIANT? Menichetti F*; Ottonelli AG; Svetlich C; Lilli A; Magnacca M; Chioccioli M; Casolo G Cardiology Unit, Versilia Hospital, Italy. *Cardiology Unit, University of Pisa, Italy A 43‐year‐old man with a family history of sudden nocturnal death (his father, his brother and his cousin died respectively at the age of 35, 49 and 50 year‐old) was presented to our Hospital for cardiologic evaluation. Before any further examination, the cardiologist drew the family tree and observed some correspondences: all died patients were male and had experienced SCD during night‐time. The authors could examine the ECG for one of them, revealing an ER pattern with prominent J waves in infero‐lateral leads. This ECG alteration was also observed in other six living family members who started a medical screening for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: no structural heart disease was found at MRI scan. All these features are very similar to those which belong to Brugada Syndrome patients (sudden death syndrome associated with right bundle branch block and ST elevation in V1 trough V3), except that J wave and ST segment elevation was not seen in the right precordial leads, but rather in the inferior and lateral leads. All patients were tested with sodium channel blockers (Ajmalina) infusion, but none ECG conversion was observed. After one year, all patients were free from syncope, chest pain and palpitations, but a very close follow up is still going on and they were referred for improved genetic analysis, looking for specific channel mutations. A growing number of case reports and case‐control studies indicate that at some instances, ER is associated with increased risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Our report further strengthens the hypothesis of a causal relationship between ER and family sudden nocturnal death and suggests to consider ER as a variant of Brugada syndrome. The authors hope that his case report can stimulate investigators to address the many unresolved questions in this rapidly evolving field. P105 A CASE REPORT OF BRUGADA SYNDROM PATIENT WHO TAKES QUININE AFTER BEING IMPLANTED ICD Dong J; Sun J; Zhang Z; Yuan Y; Feng L; Deng Z Department of Cardiology Zhong Shan People's Hospital, Guangdong, China Background: The Brugada syndrome (BrS) is regarded as a rare genetic disease importantly because of the mutation of SCN5A nowadays. It easily causes unexpected sudden cardiac death by malignant ventricular arrhythmia. The effective treatment is the Implantation of ICD which is an external cardiac defibrillator automatically. Quinidine is the effective durg which is an Ito retardant of sodium channel. Quinine is a levorotatory form of Quinidine. Methods: To observe occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmia in one patient with Brugada syndrome who was implanted ICD in Jun in 2006. From Jun of 2006 to July of 2009, metoprolol and Amiodarone had been regularly taken also. During that time, there were total 15 times Ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation events. So metoprolol and Amiodarone were stopped by the patient himself. Then Quinine which is regarded as Quinidine by himself was took. It was regularly took from 200 mg to 600 mg each day. The patient voluntarily takes it about 2 years for no recurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmia. The Quinine is produced by Actavis in England. Results: Malignant ventricular arrhythmia never recurs from July in 2009 by now and his ECG is changed. Conclusions: Quinine is possibly as effective as Quinidine to Brugada syndrome. But it is need to make further investigation. ECG P106 ALTERATIONS IN ATRIAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY AFTER HEMODIALYSIS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE P WAVE DURATION AND P WAVE DURATION AMONG CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS HOSPITAL (USTH) Ona RL; Ramirez MF University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Espana, Manila, Philippines Hemodialysis causes significant changes in hemodynamic status and metabolic milieu in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Electrocardiographic parameters which reflect atrial electrophysiology, exemplified by p wave duration and p wave dispersion, may indirectly reflect these hemodynamic and metabolic changes. Prolonged P‐wave duration (Pmax) has been shown in some studies to be a useful predictor of atrial fibrillation development in various clinical settings. This study aimed to determine the effect of hemodialysis on the p wave duration and p wave dispersion among patients with CKD. This is a prospective study of patients undergoing hemodialysis at the USTH. A 12 L ECG at a standard rate of 25 mm/sec was taken before and immediately after the hemodialysis. P wave duration (Pmax) was measured with electronic digital caliper in all 12 leads by one observer. P wave dispersion (Pwd) was measured. Pmax and Pwd were compared pre and post dialysis using paired student's T‐test. A total of 43 CKD patients with mean age of 55.23 ± 14.3 (age range 22–86 years old), 20 males and 23 females were included in the study. Mean pre‐dialysis Pmax was 72.44 ± 6.58. Mean Post dialysis Pmax was 75.39 ± 8.86. The mean difference between pre‐dialysis and post dialysis Pmax was −2.95 ± 5.55 (P 0.001). Mean pre‐dialysis Pwd was 15.51 ± 5.64. Mean post dialysis Pwd was 19.51 ± 7.29. The mean difference between pre‐dialysis and post‐dialysis Pwd was‐4 ± 6.2 (P0.0001). Among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis, in our study p wave duration and p wave dispersion significantly increased after hemodialysis indicating prolongation of atrial conduction time. Longer duration of hemodialysis and increase in the amount of ultrafiltrate significantly increase the maximum p wave duration and p wave dispersion. These findings may suggest that the observed p wave prolongation is most likely due to changes in metabolic milieu rather than effect of extracellular volume changes. P107 THE 12‐LEAD ECG IN PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY Tibazarwa K; Lee G; Mayosi BM; Carrington MJ; Stewart SS; Sliwa K Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town Background: The prognostic value of the 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in the deadly syndrome of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is unknown. Aim: To determine the prevalence of major and minor ECG abnormalities in PPCM patients on diagnosis, and to identify any ECG correlates of persistent LV dysfunction and/or clinical stability at six‐months follow‐up, where available. Methods: 12‐Lead ECGs were performed on 78 consecutive PPCM patients presenting to two tertiary centres in South Africa on diagnosis, and 44 cases at six‐month follow‐up. Blinded Minnesota coding identified major ECG abnormalities and minor ECG changes. Results: The cohort mainly comprised young Black‐African women (mean age 29 ± 7 years and median body mass index of 24.3 [IQR 22.7–27.5]kg/m2). The majority of cases (n = 70, 90%) presented in sinus rhythm (mean heart rate 100 ± 21 beats/min). At baseline, at least one ECG abnormality/variant was detected in 96% of cases. Major ECG abnormalities and minor variations were detected in 49% (95%CI 37–60%) and 62% (95%CI 51–74%) of cases, respectively; the most common being T‐wave changes (59%), p‐wave abnormality (29%) and QRS‐axis deviation (25%). Of the 44 cases (56%) reviewed at 6‐months, normalisation of the 12‐lead ECG occurred in 25%; the most labile ECG features being heart rate (mean reduction of 27 beats per min; P < 0.001) and abnormal QRS‐axis (36% vs. 14%; p = 0.014). On adjustment, major T‐wave abnormalities on the baseline 12‐lead ECG were associated with lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at baseline (average of −9%, 95%CI −1 to −16; p = 0.03) and at six‐months (‐12%; 95%CI −4 to −24; p = 0.006). Similarly, baseline ST‐segment elevation was associated with lower LVEF at six‐months (‐25%; 95%CI −0.7 to −50; p = 0.04). Conclusions: This unique study shows almost all women with PPCM have an "abnormal□ 12‐lead ECG. Pending more definitive studies, the ECG appears useful as both a screening and prognostic tool in resource‐poor settings. P108 INFLAMMATION MODULATES VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION IN CHILDREN WITH KAWASAKI DISEASE Fujino M; Kuriki M; Horio K; Omeki Y; Uchida H; Eryu Y; Boda H; Miyata M; Hata T; Yamazaki T Fujita Health University Introduction: The instability of myocardial repolarization is generally mediated by myocardial failure. We assessed the hypothesis that transmural dispersion of repolarization is increased in the inflamed myocardium in patients with acute‐phase Kawasaki disease. Method: Consecutive 27 infants (M:F = 15:12) with Kawasaki disease aged 2.6 ± 2.2 years and age‐matched control infants were included. RR interval, QT interval and Tp‐e time (CM5 lead) were calculated using analysis software (Acqknowledge Ver. 3.9, Biopac Systems Inc., CA, USA). Tp‐e time was corrected by Fridericia equation (Tp‐eC). These parameters were compared in the acute phase (6.9 ± 3.0 days after onset) and recovery phase (23.0 ± 13.3 days after onset) or control. The relationship between Tp‐e/QT, Tp‐eC and C reactive protein, body temperature on admission were evaluated by regression analysis. Results: 1) The Tp‐e/QT in the acute phase were significantly higher than that in the recovery phase and control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.005, respectively).2) The Tp‐eC in the acute phase was significantly higher than that in the recovery phase and control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively).3) In acute phase, significant positive correlation was observed between Tp‐e/QT and C reactive protein or body temperature (r = 0.677 and 0.672, respectively). Further, between Tp‐eC and C reactive protein or body temperature (r = 0.482 and 0.583, respectively). Conclusions: Transmural dispersion of repolarization assessed by Tp‐e/QT and Tp‐eC was increased by inflammation in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease, which exhibits the sub‐clinical lability of ventricular repolarization. These repolarization properties of the myocardium were considered a useful indicator to assess arrhythmogenesis in patients with Kawasaki disease. P109 FRAGMENTED ECG IN CHAGAS' CARDIOMYOPATHY (FECHA STUDY) Rodriguez C; Baranchuk A; Femenia F; Lopez‐Diez JC; Muratore C; Valentino M; Retyk E; Galizio N; Di Toro D; Alonso K; on behalf of the FECHA Study Investigators IECTAS Maracaibo, Venezuela Background: Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) proven to be an effective therapy to prevent sudden death in patients with CChC. Identification of predictors of appropriate therapies delivered by the ICD remains a challenge. Aims: To determine whether surface fragmented ECG helps in identifying patients with CChC and ICDs at higher risk of presenting appropriate ICD therapies. Methods: Retrospective study involving 14 centers from Latin America. All patients with CChC and ICDs were analyzed. Pacing dependent patients were excluded. Clinical demographics, surface ECG and ICD therapies were collected. Bivariate and multivariate analyses analysis were performed. Results: A total of 98 patients from 14 Latin American centers were analyzed. Four cases were excluded due to pacing dependency.63.8% were male, mean age was 55.4 ± 10.4 years old (26/75), mean LVEF was 39.6 ± 11.8%. Secondary prophylaxis was the reason for implanting in 71.3% of the cases. Fragmented surface ECG was found in 56 patients (59.6%). Location of fragmentation was inferior in 57.1%, lateral 35.7% and anterior 44.6%. Rsr pattern was the more prevalent (57.1%). Predictors of appropriate therapy in the multivariate model were: increased age (p = 0.01), secondary prevention indication (p = 0.01) and ventricular pacing >50% of the time (p = 0.004). Male gender presented a positive trend (p = 0.07). The presence of surface ECG fractionation did not identify patients at higher risk of presenting appropriate therapies delivered by the ICD (p = 0.87); regardless of QRS interval duration. Conclusions: Fragmented surface ECG is highly prevalent among patients with CChC. It has been found to be a poor predictor of appropriate therapies delivered by the ICD in this population. P110 THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MYOCARDIAL IRON LOAD AND VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION PARAMETERS IN ASYMPTOMATIC BETA‐THALASSEMIA PATIENTS Kayrak M; Gul EE; Acar K; Abdulhalikov T; Ozbek O; Kaya Z; Cardiology/Arrhythmia Selcuk University, Meram School of Medicine, Cardiology Department, Konya, Turkey Background: Previous studies have demonstrated impaired ventricular repolarization in patients with β‐TM. However, the effect of iron overload with cardiac T2* magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on cardiac repolarization remains unclear yet. We aimed to examine relationship between repolarization parameters and iron loading using cardiac T2*MRI in asymptomatic β‐TM patients. Methods‐Materials: Twenty‐two β‐TM patients and 22 age and gender matched healthy controls were enrolled to the study. From the 12‐lead surface electrocardiography, regional (QT duration, corrected QT duration, QT dispersion, corrected QT dispersion) and transmyocardial (T peak to T end interval, T peak to T end dispersion, and [T peak‐T end]/QT ratio) repolarization parameters were evaluated digitally by two experienced cardiologists. All patients were also undergone MRI for cardiac T2* evaluation. Main Results: Of the QT parameters, QT duration, corrected QT interval, and QT peak duration were significantly longer in the β‐TM group compared to the healthy controls. Tp‐Te and Tp‐Te dispersion were significantly prolonged in β‐TM group compared to healthy controls (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). Only (Tp‐Te)/QT was similar between groups (p = 0.32). There was no any correlation between cardiac T2* scores and repolarization parameters. Conclusion: Although repolarization parameters were prolonged in asymptomatic β‐TM patients, this prolongation were not correlated with cardiac iron overload. P111 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC LATE POTENTIAL RATES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS FREE OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC RISK FACTORS WITH PRESERVED LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION Canataroglu A; Tekin K; Cagliyan CE; Ortoglu G; Tufan MA; Sahin DY; Koc M; Sakalli H Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Departement of Rheumatology Aim: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) and conduction disturbances due to atherosclerosis is a common manifestation of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Objective of this study is to investigate electrocardiographic late potentials (LP) by using signal averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) in patients with RA with no traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. Presence of LP's had been considered as a substrate for increased SCD in patients with cardiovascular disease. There is no previous study investigating LP's in RA patients. Methods: A total of 34 patients with RA (RA Group) and 32 healthy controls had been included in our study. All of the RA patients and controls had neither history of cardiovascular disease nor cardiac risk factors. SAECG recordings and calculations were made due to Simson method in all of them. Individuals positive for the following 2 of 3 criteria were considered to have electrocardiographic late potential (LP): 1. Filtered QRS duration (FQRS) > 110 ms 2. Root mean square voltage (RMS) in the last 40 ms < 25 mV and 3. Low amplitude duration (LAD) < 40 mv of > 38 ms. Results: SAECG calculations were made from a mean of 350 cardiac cycles and mean noise level was 0.79 ± 0.22 mV. Continous variables were compared by using t test.FQRS levels were significantly higher (82.14 ± 11.6 mV vs 77.00 ± 8.4 mV; p: 0.044) in the RA group. RMS levels were lower (63.51 ± 43.7 vs 82.87 ± 35.6 mV; p: 0.052) and LAD levels were higher (28.93 ± 12.0 vs 25.25 ± 6.5 ms; p: 0.124) in RA group, and the differences weren't statistically significant. Electrocardiographic LP's were observed in 12 patients with RA whereas none of the controls had LP'S (35.3% vs 0%; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Cardiac LP's seem to be significantly increased in RA patients free of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors with preserved left ventricular function. Carefully designed prospective studies including higher numbers of this patient group are needed for more accurate results. P112 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC P WAVE CHARACTERISTICS IN PATIENTS WITH THALASSEMIA MAJOR: P‐INDEX AND INTERATRIAL BLOCK Kayrak M; Acar K; Gul EE; Abdulhalikov T; Ozbek O; Ucar R; Alibaşiç H; Cardiology/Arrhythmia Selcuk University, Meram School of Medicine, Cardiology Department, Konya, Turkey Background: Although previous studies have documented a variety of electrocardiogram abnormalities in beta‐thalassemia major (β‐TM), little is known about P‐wave indices (P max, P min, and P dispersion), an independent risk factor for development of atrial fibrillation (AF). P index (Pi) and interatrial block (IAB) as novel parameters may more accurately predict AF and has not been previously investigated in β‐TM patients. We aimed to examine relationship between P‐wave parameters (traditional and novel) and iron loading using cardiac T2*MRI in asymptomatic β‐TM patients. Methods‐Materials: Twenty‐two β‐TM patients and 22 age and gender‐matched healthy controls were enrolled to the study. P‐wave duration was measured in all 12‐leads of the surface ECG. The difference between maximum and minimum P‐wave durations was defined as Pd. The standard deviation of the P‐wave duration across the 12 ECG leads accepted as a Pi. P wave duration above and equal 110 milliseconds was defined as interatrial block (IAB). All P‐wave parameters were evaluated digitally by two observers. All patients were also undergone MRI for cardiac T2* evaluation. Cardiac T2* score under 20 msec was considered as iron overload status. Main Results: P max, P min, and P index were significantly prolonged in the β‐TM group compared to the healthy controls (p = 0.005, p = 0.014, and p = 0.034, respectively). Only P disp was found similar between groups (p = 0.46). The prevalence of IAB was 41% and 73% in patients with β‐TM and healthy controls (p = 0.033). P‐wave parameters of patients with cardiac T2*<20 msec and T2*≥ 20 msec were comparable in patients with β‐TM. There was no correlation between P‐wave parameters and cardiac T2*MRI values. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that Pi and IAB frequency were increased in patients with β‐TM. These novel parameters may be useful measurement tools in predicting AF in the recent group. P113 ASSOCIATION OF P WAVE DURATION AND DISPERSION WITH BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSE TO EXERCISE IN NON‐HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS Yao RC; Mancera JR; Asido CD; Ramirez MF University of Santo Tomas Hospital Objective: We hypothesize that hypertensive blood pressure responses to exercise stress test may be associated with prolonged P‐wave indices among non‐hypertensive patients. Methodology: Non‐hypertensive patients without known structural heart disease 18 years old and above with negative stress tests were included. Resting 12‐lead ECG at a paper speed of 25mm/s and 1mV/cm were recorded. An electronic caliper was used to measure P‐wave duration and dispersion. Patients were classified into normal systolic blood pressure (SBP), normal diastolic blood pressure (DBP), hypertensive SBP, and hypertensive DBP groups. Mean P‐wave indices were compared using independent samples T test. Results: 76 patients were eligible with mean age of 43.77 ± 12.16. 46% were male; 12.7%, smokers; 7.6%, diabetic; and 21.5%, dyslipidemic. Mean P‐wave dispersion in the hypertensive SBP group was higher than the normal SBP group (0.0512 ± 0.0234 vs 0.0386 ± 0.0200 P = 0.032). No significant difference in P‐wave dispersion between the hypertensive DBP and normal DBP groups was seen. P‐wave duration was prolonged in the hypertensive DBP group (0.113 ± 0.0147 vs 0.103 ± 0.0142 P = 0.031). Conclusion: Among non‐hypertensive patients, hypertensive systolic blood pressure response to exercise was associated with more prolonged P‐wave dispersion while hypertensive diastolic blood pressure response to exercise was associated with more prolonged P‐wave duration. P114 INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTRICAL AXIS OF THE HEART TO QRS DURATION AFTER BIVENTRICULAR PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION Kazakevicius T; Zabiela V; Kazakevicius L; Sileikis V; Sedlickaite D; Puodziukynas A Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania Background: Biventricular (BiV) pacing is indicated for treatment of heart failure patients with interventricular or intraventricular dyssynchrony and left bundle branch block (LBBB). Shortening of QRS duration is expected during implantation of BiV pacemaker. We observed differences in changes of QRS morphology, duration and electrical axis before and during simultaneous, left and right ventricle pacing. Aim of our study was to find correlation between these parameters. Methods: Electrical axis of the heart (QRS vector) was calculated using mathematical formula of P.N.Singh and M.Sajjad Athar Tanθ== (I+2III)/(I√3) before pacemaker implantation, during left (LV), right (RV) and simultaneous (BiV) ventricle pacing. Correlation was calculated between axis and duration of QRS complex. Results: Duration of QRS complex changed in all 27 consecutive patients with statistically significant (P < 0.001) mean difference 43.7 ± 10.6 ms. Observed correlation between QRS complex width during BiV pacing and following parameters: 1Electrical axis of preoperative (initial) QRS complex (correlation coefficient was −0.87),2Preoperative duration of QRS complex (correlation coefficient was +0.92),3Duration of QRS complex during LV pacing (correlation coefficient was +0.93). Best results (narrowness of QRS) were achieved when QRS axis before implantation was between 60° and 76°– normal or slightly to the right axis (37.5% of patients) then the QRS with LBBB and left axis morphology. Conclusions: According to our data LBBB and normal axis morphology of preoperative QRS complex predispose greater narrowing of QRS complex after implantation of biventricular pacemaker. Duration of preoperative and LV pacing QRS depends on ventricular conduction properties and has influence for postoperative QRS duration. P115 DAILY MONITORING OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN DIAGNOSTICS OF PARASYSTOLES IN CHILDREN Dolgikh VV; Zurbanov AV; Denisova TV; Rychkova LV Scientific Centre of Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems of Siberian Brunsh of RAMS The Aim: To evaluate the frequency of parasystoles in the structure of the heterotropic heart rhythm disorders among children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: We surveyed 125 children aged 7–17 years with the idiopathic extrasystoles. All patients were examined by electrocardiography (ECG) in 12 standard leads and it was done 24‐hour monitoring ECG. The Results: According to the results of standard ECG in 81 children was found supraventricular extrasystoles, in 44 children – ventricular extrasystoles. Parasystolic signs, namely: the coupling interval variability, fusion complexes, multiplicity of interectopic intervals were found on standard ECG with 15 children (12%). Ectopic inflow in this group registered in atrioventricular node in one child (0.8%). 14 (11.2%) children has the diagnosis of ventricular parasystole. It should be noted that the multiplicity of the interectopic intervals on the standard ECG happened only among 3 people. Long‐term ECG recording complemented our group of surveyed with parasystoles, which con‐sisted of 4 children with ventricular and 1 child with atrial parasystole and parasystoles from atrio‐ventricular node. Thus, the total number of patients with parasystoles was 21 (16.8%). According to the daily monitoring, the number of registered parasystoles, with account fusion complexes was from 5 to 13 thousand per day. The coupling interval variability had increased significantly compared to the standard ECG and ranged from 100 to 230 msec, an average of 140 msec. Conclusion: therefore, the results showed a significant prevalence of parasystoles, as well as advantage of daily monitoring in the diagnosis of this dysrhythmia. P116 ACUTE EFFECTS OF ENERGY DRINK ON CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS AMONG HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS Elcano JW; Ramboyong RE; Ramirez MF The Medical City Background: Energy drinks are consumed by teens, young adults, athletes and medical students at an alarming rate despite their unproven safety. The reported association of energy drinks to arrhythmias after its consumption remain controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine if consumption of energy drink among healthy young adults was associated with any acute cardiovascular physiologic effects as measured by blood pressure (BP), heart rate and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters that are markers of increased arrhythmia risk. Method: A total of 103 healthy young adults were randomized to either an energy drink or placebo. Heart rate, blood pressure and ECG were taken immediately before, thirty minutes, one hour and two hours after consumption of the assigned beverage. P wave dispersion (PWD), P wave variability, QT interval, corrected QT interval (QTI rc), RR interval, QRS duration and morphology, and the presence of ST changes relative to the isoelectric line, T wave inversions, Atrial premature complexes (APCs) and Ventricular premature complexes (PVCs) were accounted for. Results: Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly increased in the treatment compared to placebo group at thirty minutes, one hour, and two hours, but there was no significant difference in the heart rate for all time frames. The PWD values were significantly longer in the treatment group at thirty minutes. There were no statistically significant differences in the QRS duration and QT interval between placebo and treatment. Two subjects developed premature ventricular complexes at one hour and two hours post energy drink ingestion. There were no ST segment shifts nor T wave inversions noted. Conclusion: These results suggest that acute ingestion of energy drink can cause systolic and diastolic BP elevation but no significant change in heart rate. No significant arrhythmia was observed in our study. P117 ST SEGMENT DEPRESION MORPHOLOGIES DURING SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYACRDIA Scazzuso FA; Rivera S; Gomez L; Albina G; Laino R; Sammartino V; Giniger A Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA) Objetive: ST segment depression is a known high risk marker in coronary syndromes. It's value remains unknown in the presence of certain arrhythmias. The aim of this study is to determine the different morphologies in ST depression and its prevalence during supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Method: Patients selected for paroxysmal SVT radiofrequency ablation were included. Only nodal re‐entrant tachycardia was included without bundle Branch block or other arrhythmias. CAD history and coronary risk factors were analyzed. ST segment depression was defined as equal or greater than 0.1 mv measured 80 ms after J deflection in more than one contiguous leads. Horizontal and descendent morphologies were considered pathologic and ascendant ST depression as normal. We compared the group which developed pathologic ST segment depression and normal. Results: A total of 162 patients, (age 48 ± 17 years, 67.6% female, 41.89% showed coronary risk factors and 8.78% coronary artery disease history); 39.86% presented STD (10.13% ascendant, 6.81% descendent and 25.67% horizontal). The group that did not developed STD presented a higher mean age, coronary risk factors and coronary artery disease history. The group that developed STD were younger (45 ± 17 vs. 50 ± 16 years, p = 0.05) with less CRF (49.51% vs.25%, p = 0.04) and the arrhythmia had a shorter cycle length (258.99 mseg vs. 343.46 mseg, p = 0.05). Pathological STD was observed in 44 cases (29.72%); those presenting this condition were even younger compared to the ones with non pathological STD or without STD (43 ± 17 vs. 50 ± 16 years, p = 0.03) and had a higher prevalence of female sex (78% vs. 63%, p = 0.09). Conclusion: These results suggest that STD is a length cycle phenomenon and it is most commonly seen in healthier populations, questioning its value as a high risk marker in certain arrhythmias. This result should be analyzed in further prospective trials. P118 HAVE FRAGMENTED QRS ANY PROGNOSTIC VALUE IN CRT‐D PATIENTS? Cipolletta L; Luzi M; Brambatti M; Guerra F; Matassini MV; Capucci A Cardiologic Clinic, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy Fragmented‐QRS on electrocardiogram (ECG) is a marker of depolarization abnormality that can be correlated with a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. The purpose of this study is to analyze the responsiveness to CRT‐D and cardiac event rate in patients with fragmented‐QRS. We studied 58 patients, candidated to CRT‐D(mean age 70.8 ± 6.8 years, mean EF 24 ± 9%, NYHA III) with an echocardiogram and a 12‐lead ECG before and after implant. 3 readers, blinded to clinical outcome, analyzed ECG. Fragmented‐QRS in narrow QRS were defined as: presence of a notching in R or S wave in two or more contiguous leads. Fragmented‐QRS in patients with wide QRS were defined as ≥2 notches in the R or the S wave. Non‐responders were defined as patients with no improvement of NYHA class and no increase of ejection fraction (EF) at 3 months >10% than baseline. Interventricular dyssynchrony was measured considered an aorto‐pulmonary pre‐ejection delay >40 msec. Spontaneous fragmented‐QRS prevalence was 66% in all patients; stimulated fragmented‐QRS prevalence was 52% in ischemic and 59% in non‐ischemic patients. Elderly (≥65 years) have a 2.8‐fold higher risk to have a stimulated fragmented‐QRS (p = 0.005). At 6 months follow‐up, the incidence of non‐responders to CRT is higher in patients with stimulated fragmented‐QRS (88% vs 45%; p = 0.031). Patients with spontaneous non‐fragmented‐QRS have a greater reduction of left ventricular dyssynchrony (‐34.9 ± 11.7 ms vs −11.3 ± 26.0 ms, p = 0.030); patients without stimulated fragmented‐QRS showed a greater increase of left‐ventricular EF (12.9 ± 12.3% vs 6.23 ± 9.7%, p = 0.009) at 6 months. In our study fragmented‐QRS is not predictive of arrhythmic events. Non‐fragmented QRS is associated with an improvement of echocardiographic parameters, thus it could be a good marker in identifying responders. Instead, the persistence of stimulated fragmented‐QRS is associated with lack of response to CRT making this subgroup less likely to benefit from CRT. GENETICS P119 COMMON NOS1AP GENETIC VARIANT IS ASSOCIATED WITH SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN DCM AND ALL‐CAUSE DEATH IN ICM Pei J; Che J; Zhan Y; Pu J State Key Lab Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital Background: QT interval duration was an intermediate phenotype for sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a surrogate marker of SCD risk. Recent studies have shown that genetic variations in affecting QT interval and occurrence of cardiac events in healthy subjects and CAD respectively. Objective: We set to investigate whether the affecting QT interval gene variants are related to SCD in patients with CHF in a prospective study of Chinese Han populations. Methods: Using haplotype tagging SNPs (htSNPs) to choose 6 SNPs of three candidate‐genes (KCNJ2, KCNJ11, NOS1AP) in modulating QT interval. 6 marker SNPs were genotyped to assess the effect of variant alleles on QTc and the association with SCD risk in patients with CHF. Results: The successful follow‐up rate was 86.06%(1117 cases) including 303 (85.59%) cases of DCM and 814 (86.29%) cases of ICM with the median follow‐up time of 48 months (0.58∼70 months). 298 (26.68%) cases died in total, including 133 cases of DCM and 215 cases of ICM. Of them 60 cases (45.11%)of DCM and 67 cases (40.6%)of ICM had SCD. We found that the A allele of rs12567209 in NOS1AP was significantly not associated with adjusted QT interval in additive model but involved in the prognosis of CHF. After adjusting for age, gender, and suspected risk factors, patients carrying the A allele of rs12567209 had an increased risk of SCD (HR with 4.165 for 95% CI 2.052–10.382) and cardiac death (HR with 1.893 for 95% CI 1.205–3.887) in DCM. However, in ICM patients carrying the A allele of rs12567209 was only associated with cardiac death (HR with 1.524 for 95% CI 1.278–1.78). Conclusions: The A allele of rs12567209 in NOS1AP is associated with increased risk of SCD in patients with DCM and all‐cause death in ICM. The A allele of rs12567209 in NOS1AP is an independent protective factor against SCD in patients with DCM. Key words: genetics variant; QT interval; sudden cardiac death; predictor P120 A PROTECTIVE ROLE OF KCNE1 G38S POLYMORPHISM AGAINST SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN PATIENTS WITH DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY Galati F; Galati A; Massari S Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, I Introduction: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a myocardial disease with a multifactorial etiology. During recent years it has become evident that genetic factors can play a crucial role in its etiology, pathogenesis and prognosis. So we decided to investigate the effects of G38S polymorphism in the KCNE1 gene, that encodes for the β subunit of Iks potassium channel, in ischemic and idiopathic DCM (EF ≤ 35%). Methods: G38S polymorphism was genotyped by RFLP‐PCR in 132 subjects with idiopathic and ischemic DCM, treated with an ICD for primary prevention of sustained ventricular tachycardia (TV) or ventricular fibrillation (FV). Patients were followed at 6‐month intervals. Results: During a median follow‐up time of 47 ± 13 months, 60 patients (45,5%) developed almost one episode of TV/FV. We observed a prevalence of SS genotype in subjects without life‐threatening arrhythmias, although not statistically significant. Hypertension and diabetes could increase mortality and morbidity in DCM. So we divided our population into two groups, depending on the presence (I group – 78 pts) or absence (II group – 54 pts) of these diseases. Group I didn't show any difference in the distribution of alleles. In group II only 1/25 of homozygous carriers of the S38 allele developed severe ventricular arrhythmias, while 48,00% of GG38 patients (12/25) experienced at least one episode of TV/FV: this distribution was statistically significant (P < 0,05). So the incidence of TV/FV was lower in SS homozygotes (1/10; 10% vs 90%) than in G carriers (24/44; 55% vs 45%– P < 0,025). Conclusion: These results suggest that S38 allele can act as protective factor against malignant arrhythmias in patients with DCM without hypertension and/or diabetes. IMPLANTED CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATORS P121 SURVIVAL, INCIDENCE AND TIME‐DEPENDENCE OF APPROPRIATE THERAPY IN PATIENTS RECEIVING ICDS FOR PRIMARY PREVENTION: LONG‐TERM FOLLOW‐UP IN A TERTIARY SINGLE CENTER Kanoupakis EM; Koutalas EP; Mavrakis HE; Kallergis EM; Saloustros IG; Goudis CA; Psathakis E; Petousis S; Vardas PE Cardiology Dpt, University Hospital of Heraklion Crete Introduction: Despite the increased utilization of ICDs for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death, there is a limited number of long‐term follow‐up data regarding outcomes of this population in a routine clinical practice, outside the context of controlled clinical trials. In the present, analysis we examined the survival, the incidence and time‐dependence of appropriate ICD therapy for ventricular arrhythmias in patients who underwent ICD implantation at our institution. Methods and Results: We acquired data from patients with ischaemic, non‐ischaemic dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as well as patients with inherited channelopathies who received an ICD from 1996 to 2009 for primary prevention. Of 377 ICD recipients 44 deaths were observed (11.7%). Median survival was 8.9 years (95% CI: 86–95). 87 patients (23.1%) had appropriate ICD therapy. Median shock time was 6.9 years (95% CI: 41–72). Incidence of first appropriate ICD therapy was 7.7% in the first year postimplant, increased to 12.5% in year 2, while in year 5 it was 58.3%. Comparing Kaplan‐Meier curves between ischemic and nonischemic patients, nonischemic patients seem to receive shocks at a significantly higher rate than ischemic patients (p = 0.04). Conclusion: In a routine clinical practice primary prevention population, mortality rate remains low. The risk of first appropriate ICD therapy persists over long lifetime and necessitates continuing device therapy irrespective of shock‐free intervals. P122 INTRAVASCULAR DEFIBRILLATOR (INNERPULSE PICD): IMPLANTATION AND REMOVAL TECHNIQUES Merkely B; Geller L; Molnar L; Neuzil P; Reddy V; Tondo C; Natale A; Bednarek J; Bartus K; Sanders WE, Jr Heart Center Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Background: A percutaneously placed, implantable intravascular defibrillator has been developed (PICD). This is the first defibrillator for which removal techniques were developed in conjunction with a femoral vein implantation method. Objective: This study evaluated the initial implant techniques and tools as well as the acute removal procedure in a canine model. Methods: Ten hounds were anesthetized and a custom sheath was introduced into the femoral vein. Two guidewires were placed in the jugular vein and the PICD advanced via the femoral vein over a wire into the vasculature. Utilizing a delivery catheter the device was positioned such that the titanium electrodes (cathodes) were located in the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava (IVC). A self‐expanding Nitinol anchor was advanced to the jugular via the second wire and deployed to secure the PICD in the vasculature. With a lead placement catheter the RV coil electrode (anode) was positioned in the RV apex. The catheters and wires were removed with an average implant time of under 18 minutes. For removal, the IVC segment of the PICD was snared utilizing a custom catheter. The RV lead was separated from the body of the PICD by cutting the lead inside a protective sheath. A novel catheter with a surgical cutting wire was then advanced over the device. The PICD was used as a rail to advance the cutting wire to the anchoring region. The silicone segment of the PICD was detached from the Nitinol anchor by the cutting catheter and the entire device was removed via the femoral vein. The RV lead was then snared. A cutting wire was positioned at a specific detachment region at the tip and the lead was cut and removed through the femoral vein. Results: Each procedure, both implant and removal, required less than 20 minutes. All implants and removals were successful with no complications. Conclusions: The PICD can be rapidly and safely implanted and removed in canines. P123 LONG‐TERM RESULTS OF ICD IMPLANTATION Revishvili A; Lomidze N; Neminushiy N Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia Purpose of Study: Is to analyze the efficacy of ICD during long‐term follow‐up, estimate survival of patients with ICD, evaluate complication rate in the immediate and late postoperative periods. Material: 426 ICDs were implanted in our clinic in 1990–2010. Primary implantation was performed in 301 patients, in 125 cases the ICD were replaced because of battery depletion. Second and fourth generation of ICDs with epicardial leads were implanted in 11 patients with help of open chest surgery, for 2 patients from them (IV generation ICD) this methodic was used because of impossibility of transvenous implantation. Results: We evaluated long‐term results of 292 patients (237 male, age 12–82 years, average 50,5 ± 15,3 years, follow‐up period 1–178 months, average 39,9 ± 34,5). During this period 168 pts (57,5%) received ICD therapy, the interval between the implantation and the first therapy was 0,2 – 70 month, average follow‐up time in this group was 24,1 ± 19,3 month, in group of patients who did not get an ICD therapy – 15,5 ± 12,2 month (p = 0,04). Most of episodes of VT were terminated by electrical shocks (156) that were determined by tachycardia behavior and hemodynamic condition of patients. ATP was successful in 68 patients. Multifactorial analysis revealed that the only variable which influenced rate of ICD therapy was left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) which in group of patients who got ICD therapy was in the average 41,3 ± 16,8%, and in group of patients who did not get ICD therapy– 57,4 ± 15,7% (P < 0,03). Most important factor effecting survival was LVEF. Generally LVEF was 46,8 ± 15,7%, in deceased – 30,3 ± 16,9% (p = 0,001). Total cumulative proportional survival (Kaplan‐Meier) was 73% during 150 month. Conclusions: In our opinion LVEF is the most significant factor influencing: survival, occurrence of VT, VT number and accordingly occurrence of ICD therapy. P124 SPRINT FIDELIS DEFIBRILLATION LEAD: A NINE‐CENTRE EXPERIENCE IN SPAIN Domínguez‐Pérez L; Arias MA; Jiménez‐López J; Toquero J; Jiménez‐Candil J; Díaz‐Infante E; Tercedor L; Olagüe J; García Fernández J; Rodríguez‐Padial L Department of Cardiology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud Introduction and Objectives: Sprint Fidelis defibrillation leads are prone to early failure. Most of the series reported come from a single institution. This paper describes the clinical experience in nine Spanish hospitals. Methods: Clinical, implant, and follow‐up visits data of all patients with Sprint Fidelis lead were analyzed. All cases of lead failure were identified, medium‐term lead survival was calculated and possible predictors for lead failure were determined. Results: A total of 378 leads in 376 patients were studied. The mean age (male 85.7%) was 64.9 ± 13.6 years. The majority of patients (59.8%) had ischemic heart disease. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 0.334 ± 0.1445%. Left subclavian vein puncture was used in 74.8%. During a mean follow‐up of 30.9 ± 14.0 months, 16 lead failures have occurred with a lead survival of 96.1% at 36 months after implantation. Eleven of 16 lead failures were caused by failure of pace/sense conductors, 3 failures were caused by defects in the high‐voltage conductor, and 2 cases were caused by defects in both types of conductors. A less depressed LVEF was associated with an increased probability of lead failure (0.424 ± 16% vs. 0.330 ± 0.143%, p = 0.011). Three hospitals presented a rate of lead failure higher than 10%, being less than 5% in the remaining 6 hospitals. Conclusions: In this multicenter series of 378 leads, the three‐year estimated survival was higher than that reported in prior series. Clinical presentation of lead failures was similar to that reported previously. LVEF and hospital of implantation were variables associated to lead failure. P125 IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR THERAPY REDUCES ARRHYTHMIC MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN HIGH RISK PATIENTS WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION Tsiachris D; Gatzoulis KA; Dilaveris P; Arsenos P; Archontakis S; Sideris S; Kartsagoulis E; Vouliotis A; Kallikazaros I; Stefanadis C First Cardiology Clinic, University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece Background: Current guidelines for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death have used a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35% as a critical point to justify implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation in post myocardial infarction patients and in those with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. We compared mortality and ICD activation rates among different ICD group recipients using a cut‐off value for LVEF ≤ 35%. Methods: We followed up for a mean period of 41.1 months 495 ICD recipients (442 males, 65.6 years old, 68.9% post myocardial infarction patients, 422 with LVEF ≤ 35%). Prevention was considered primary in patients who fulfilled guidelines criteria or had inducible ventricular arrhythmia during programmed ventricular stimulation for patients with LVEF > 35%. Results: Over the course of the trial, 84 of 495 patients died; 69 experienced cardiac death (6 sudden) and 15 non cardiac death. ICD recipients with LVEF ≤ 35% compared to those with preserved LVEF (mean LVEF = 43%) had a greater incidence of total mortality (18% vs. 11%, log rank p = 0.028) and cardiac death (15.4% vs. 5.5%, log rank p = 0.005). There was no difference in the cumulative incidence for appropriate therapy between patients with LVEF ≤ 35% and those with LVEF > 35% (56.9% vs. 65.8%, log rank p = 0.93). Similarly, no difference was observed between the two groups in the incidence of ICD shocks or antitachycardia pacing (34.6% vs. 45.2%, log rank p = 0.35 and 50.2% vs. 57.5%, log rank p = 0.98, respectively). In the multivariate analysis the presence of advanced New York Heart Association stage predicted both total mortality (HR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.771–4.086) and cardiac death (HR = 3.437, 95% CI 2.163–5.463). Conclusions: ICD therapy may protect heart failure patients at early stages from arrhythmic morbidity and mortality, based on an electrophysiology‐guided risk stratification approach. P126 PREDICTORS OF INAPPROPRIATE THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER‐DEFIBRILLATORS AND CHAGAS' CARDIOMYOPATHY Rodriguez C; Miranda R; Femenia F; Lopez‐Diez JC; Serra JL; Muratore C; Valentino M; Retyk E; Galizio N; Baranchuk A; on behalf of the FECHA Study Investigators IECTAS Maracaibo, Venezuela Introduction: Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) proven to be an effective therapy to prevent sudden death in patients with Chagas' Cardiomyopathy (CChC). Identification of predictors of inappropriate therapy delivered by the ICD would allow implementing medical or ICD programming interventions. Methods: Retrospective study involving patients with CChC and ICD from 14 centers in Latin America, follow up of 33 ± 20 months. Demographics, surface ECG and clinical and ICD follow up were collected. ICD therapies were reviewed by 2 independent investigators. Chi‐square and logistic regression were performed. Results: A total of 94 patients were analyzed. Mean age 55 ± 10 years old (26/75), 62 male (63.8%). Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 39.6 ± 11.8%. Secondary prophylaxis was the reason for implanting an ICD in 71.3% of the cases. During a follow up of 33 ± 20 months, 19 patients (20%), presented inappropriate therapies. Univariate analysis can be seen in Figure 1. Multivariate analysis adjusted by age and LVEF showed that paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) (OR 2.4, 1.2–3.6; p = 0.01), QRS>150 ms (OR 1.6, 1.1–2.3; p = 0.04) and B‐Blocker therapy (OR 0.93, 0.84–0.97; p = 0.04) remained statistically significant. Conclusion: In patients with CChC and ICD, paroxysmal AF and QRS>150 ms increased the risk of inappropriate therapies. The use of B‐blockers therapy was protective. P127 VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA WENT UNDETECTED BY ICD? A CASE REPORT Tan VH 1; Lee LL 1; Goh YS 1; Tong KL 1; Chow J 1; Tan BY 21 Changi General Hospital, Singapore; 2National Heart Centre, Singapore Introduction: ICD shock occurred in about 10–20% of patients who received ICD therapies. However, there is paucity of data on ventricular arrhythmia undetected by ICD. We attempt to describe a case of VT which was undetected by ICD and subsequent management. Case Description: 53 years old man, a sudden cardiac arrest survival (developed VT at rate of 168 bpm or 357 ms cycle length). He was later diagnosed to have arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) and underwent ICD implantation (Medtronic Maximo VR 7232) in November 2010. Initial ICD setting include VT zone (430 ms, 140 bpm), FVT via VF (250 ms, 240 bpm), VF zone (320 ms, 188 bpm), wavelet threshold, onset, stability and SVT discrimination were on. He was on oral sotalol 40 mgbd. He started to feel lethargy 1 day prior to admission in June 2011. He went to seek general practitioner advice and ECG was done which showed VT and was immediately referred to hospital. On arrival at emergency department, ECG showed VT (176 bpm, 341 ms). He was given intravenous amiodarone for an hour but unsuccessfully cardioverted. He subsequently underwent synchronised cardioversion and returned to sinus rhythm. ICD interrogation revealed VT occurring at rate of 390–430 ms. It was recognized by the device as gradual onset tachycardia and therefore no shock was given. R wave sensitivity was 0.3 mv. Defibrillation threshold check was normal. Blood investigations showed no evidenced of sepsis or electrolytes abnormality. Adjustment was made in which the onset and stability was off. He did not experienced further ventricular arrhythmia during hospitalization and was subsequently discharged from hospital with sotalol 80 mgbd. He was follow up 2 weeks later at outpatient and ICD check showed 1 episode of VT with appropriate shock. Conclusion: ARVD patient who received ICD for secondary prevention and receiving high dose sotalol may required minimum detection enhancement to avoid undetected VT episode. P128 SELECTION OF ICD RECIPIENTS – GENDER DISCRIMINATION SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE OF FOUR YEARS (2007 – 2011) Singhal R; Jaswal A; Saxena A Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India Introduction: In clinical trials of primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death, mainly male patients (pts.)have been selected to be implanted with a cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), which can be explained only in part by a lower prevalence of coronary disease in women, in younger age groups. Objective: To evaluate the gender distribution of ICD implantation from a single center in Indian population with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Population/Methods: We studied 252 pts with moderate to severe LV systolic dysfunction that were implanted ICD in our department (from 2007–2011) in New Delhi. We analyzed the distribution by gender, age and etiology. Results: Out of 252 pts (90.8% were males and 9.2% were females); the mean age of pts was 63 ± 15 yrs however there was no significant difference regarding mean age (56.5 + 9.8 years for males vs. 55.4 + 9.6 years for females). 66.4% had ischemic etiology, 29.5% had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, 3.1% had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1.0% had arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Indication for primary prevention was in 32.5%, while 67.5% of pts. had the ICDs implanted for secondary prevention as a whole group, out of which 91% of females had the ICDs implanted for secondary prevention. The mean ejection fraction (EF) was 26%± 9% as a whole group, while the mean EF for females was 24%± 5%. 15% of patients were in NYHA functional class I, 49% in class II and 36% were in class III as a group, while in the female population, 40% were in class II and 60% were in class III. Conclusion: The rate of implantation of ICDs in females in Indian population is lower than theoretically expected. Also, the female population was older with higher NYHA class. The guidelines must be implemented carefully to avoid gender selection biases. P129 CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN IMPLANTED CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR POPULATION: SINGLE CHAMBER VS DUAL CHAMBER Forleo GB; Vecchio F; Papavasileiou L; Mahfouz K; Topa A; Ticchi C; Schirripa V; Magliano G; Santini L; Romeo F Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Introduction: Implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has been demonstrated to offer life‐saving therapies in patients with high risk of sudden cardiac death. The type of ICDs implanted could influence the occuence of inappropriate discharges due to supraventricular tachycardia misclassification. The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients implanted with dual‐chamber (DC) versus single chamber (SC) devices. Methods: We analyzed 285 consecutive patients underwent ICDs implantation at our Institution between September 2003 and November 2010. We subdivided patients into "single chamber device" (n = 164, 147 males, age 64.4 ± 12.2 years) and "dual chamber device" (n = 121, 102 males, age 66.8 ± 11,1 years) groups based on the type of device implanted. Results: After a mean follow‐up of 24.1 ± 18.4 months, no significant differences were found in the incidence of appropriate discharges (40 vs 25 patients, p = ns) and in the occurrence of inappropriate therapy (11 vs 7 patients, p = ns). The type of ICD does not influence the incidence of TVNS (50 vs 28 patients, p = ns). Surprising our analysis shows a significant lower mortality in single chamber device group (13 vs 26 patients, p = 0.004). Further analysis would be necessary to explain such a data which should be confirmed in a wider population study. Conclusions: In our experience type of device does not influence the occurrence of ICD therapies and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. P130 IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATORS AN D QUALITY OF LIFE Forleo GB; Cioè R; Magliano G; Panattoni G; Papavasileiou LP; Minni V; Topa A; Mahfouz K; Santini L; Romeo F Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy Purpose: Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) reduce mortality in patients at high risk for sudden cardiac death. Quality of life (QoL) of these patients is often reduced, however, due to clinical, social problems, behavioral factors and psychological distress. The aim of the study is to evaluate the quality of life of patients with ICDs. Materials and Methods: We investigated 65 consecutive patients (56 males, age 65.68 ± 6.6 years) who received ICDs between December 2005 and August 2010 at our institution. All subjects were interviewed after a mean follow up of 14.59 ± 13.93 months, using the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36). The SF36 includes eight independent scales. For each variable item scores are coded, summed, and transformed on to a scale from 0 (worst possible health state measured by the questionnaire) to 100 (best possible health state). Results: The SF36 shown a score of 51.44 ± 28.98 for physical functioning, a score of 35.98 ± 40.46 for role limitations due to physical problems, a score of 33.33 ± 45.86 for role limitations due to emotional problems, a score of 50.00 ± 22.77 for energy/fatigue, a score of 59.70 ± 21.16 for emotional well being, a score of 67.05 ± 26.13 for social functioning, a score of 70.80 ± 26.55 for pain and a score of 49.24 ± 16.48 for general perception of health. Conclusion: The study show that from a patient's perspective, QoL of subjects with ICDs is compromised, both psychologically and physically. They have difficulty performing the work or other activities, as a result of their clinical and psychological status. Often their psychosocial involvement is caused by fear of shocks and fear of death. The results suggest the importance of dialogue between the physician and the patients, which should be reassured and helped to overcome their limitations. P131 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN PATIENTS AFTER CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATOR IMPLANTATION Raspopovic S; Kircanski B; Nikcevic G; Jovanovic V; Pavlovic S; Zivkovic M; Milasinovic G Pacemaker Center, Clinical Center of Serbia Introduction: The aim was to establish different prognostic factors of patients after implantation of an ICD, including all cause mortality and occurrence of appropriate ICD therapy and new hospitalization rate. Method: All patients with ischemic and non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy(CMP), low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 35%) and only ICD implanted during 2006 and 2007 in our center, and at least one follow up (FU) examination were included in the study. Patients baseline characteristics were over‐viewed, including etiology of CMP, QRS duration, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, presence of hypertension, atrial fibrillation (AF), diabetes, hyperlipidemia, previous myocardial infarction (MI), QRS duration. Follow up charts were examined, regarding the last FU date, occurrence of arrhythmia, appropriate ICD therapy, death and new hospitalization due to heart failure(HF), arrhythmia episodes or upgrade of the system. Results: A total of 77 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria, 88,3% male, average age 62,4 years and 65% with ischemic CMP. Hypertension was found in 66%, AF in 36%, previous MI 58,4. There were 19,5% with diabetes and 42.9% with hyperlipidemia. NYHA class≥II had 91% and QRS≥120 ms was present in 44%. Mean FU was 34 months. Overall mortality rate was 25%(SCD 11%, nonSCD 68%, non cardiac death 21%). Arrhythmia episodes (VT/VF) showed in 52%, ICD therapy experienced 53% of patients, appropriate in 95% of cases. Hospitalization rate after ICD implantation was 21%. There were no significance between subgroups regarding mortality in patients with ischemic/non ischemic CMP (p>0,05, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation. There were significance between subgroups regarding mortality in patients with hypertension and wide QRS. Conclusion: Identifying different prognostic factors is very important for outcome in a specific population like ICD patients. P132 PROBLEMS OF ICD THERAPY IN CHILDREN RELATED TO LEAD IMPLANTATION TECHNIQUE Ivanitskiy EA; Kropotkin EB; Tsaregorodtsev AP; Kasimtseva TA The Federal Centre of Cardiovascular Surgery The aim of this study was to analyze the problems of ICD therapy in children according to our own experience. Methods: Four patients were enrolled in the study, age 5 – 13 years. Two ICDs were implanted for primary prevention and two ICDs – for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. One patient had corrected triad of Fallot, one patient had long QT syndrome and sick node syndrome, one patient had Brugada syndrome and one patient had dilated cardiomyopathy before the ICD implantation. Two ICDs were implanted by using transvenous approach with endocardial leads. One ICD was implanted via sternotomy by using two epicardial pacing leads and one epicardial shock patch. One ICD was implanted via left thoracotomy by using epicardial pacing leads. The shock lead in the last patient was positioned subcutaneously in the fifth intercostal space. Results: There were problems related to sensing disorders, ineffective shocks and inappropriate shocks in one patient who had endocardial leads. In this patient all endocardial leads were then removed by using laser extractor. New endocardial leads were successfully implanted via transvenous approach in this case. Conclusion: Epicardial approach for ICD implantation in children seems to be attractive because of less problems with leads and ICD therapy. Sometimes it is very effective to use both epicardial and subcutaneous approach for ICD leads implantation. In elder age in this category of patients we still have a possibility to use transvenous approach when lead and/or device replacement is needed. P133 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS, COMORBIDITIES AND DEVICE THERAPIES IN OCTOGENARIAN IMPLANTABLE DEFIBRILLATOR RECIPIENTS IN INDIAN POPULATION ‐FOUR YEARS EXPERIENCE (2007–2011) Singhal R; Jaswal A; Saxena A Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India Introduction: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is significant cause of mortality. Large, multicenter, randomized trials have shown efficacy of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) for primary and secondary prevention of SCD. The incidence of SCD increases with age. Many elderly patients (pts.) qualify for ICD, pts aged ≥80 years (octogenarians) are underrepresented in clinical trials of ICD as comorbidities in old age may negate the beneficial effects of ICD.Many pts who meet standard criteria for an ICD are older than those included in clinical trials of ICD, its use in these patients requires further definition. Objective: To assess baseline ECG findings, arrhythmia episodes, and severe nonarrhythmic illness or death in patients aged ≥80 years at ICD implantation, and to compare them with younger pts. Population/Methods: We studied 86 pts, ≥70 years old who underwent ICD implantation with respect to comorbidities, ECG findings and device therapies. Pts were divided in 3 groups based on age: age 70–74 (group 1; 38 pts), age 75–79 (group 2; 26 pts), and age ≥80 (group 3; 22 pts). Results: ECGs: Octogenarians were more likely to have sinus bradycardia (SB) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) compared to younger pts. There was no difference among groups in the proportion of pts with atrial fibrillation or any degree of AV block. Therapies: There was no difference in any appropriate or inappropriate therapy per patient‐year. Nonarrhythmic Death/Morbidity: There was no difference in time to death or serious illness. Conclusion: This was the study to evaluate the therapies received by octogenarians after ICD in Indian population at our centre. The higher incidence of SB and LBBB might influence the number of pacing sites in octogenarian patients. These pts have similar rates of arrhythmic episodes and development of severe comorbidities as septuagenarians, and they should not be denied ICD implantation based solely on age. P134 INTRAOPERATIVE DEFIBRILLATION THRE‐
SHOLD TESTING AND POSTOPERATIVE LONG‐TERM EFFICACY OF IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER‐DEFIBRILLATOR IMPLANTATION Tianyi G; Yu Z; Baopeng T; Jinxin L; Xianhui Z; Guojun X; Yanyi Z; Yaodong L; Jianghua Z Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China Introduction: To determine the defibrillation threshold of implantable cardioverter‐defibrilla‐
tors and outcomes of treatment. Methods: Sixty‐four patients received implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators implantation. During implantation, defibrillation threshold was determined by defibrillation safety margin. All patients were followed‐up for 12–48 months after the implantation. Results: The overall defibrillation threshold was 14.27 ± 2.56 J and defibrillation safety margin was 18.40 ± 1.89 J. Malignant ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 42 patients after implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators implantation including 500 episodes of non‐sustained ventricular tachycardia and 289 episodes of persistent ventricular tachycardia. Following antitachycardia pacing treatment, 265 episodes were treated successfully by one antitachycardia pacing treatment (91.69%), 12 episodes were treated successfully by two antitachycardia pacing treatment (4.15%). 12 episodes were converted by low energy electrical cardioversion (4.15%). A total of 175 ventricular fibrillation episodes were identified. of which 18 episodes automatically terminated before treatment.146 episodes were converted by one cardioversion with defibrillation energy of 13.21 ± 2.58 J and 11 episodes were converted by two cardioversions with defibrillation energy of 16.19 ± 2.48 J. Conclusions: It is safe and feasible to determine defibrillation threshold by defibrillation safety margin measurement during implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators implantation. Keywords: Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator, defibrillation threshold, ventricular arrhythmia PACING P135 ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION AND SYNCHRONY IN PATIENTS WITH RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT AND APICAL PACING‐ AN INTERMEDIATE TERM FOLLOW UP STUDY Sharma G; Varghese MJ; Salahuddin S; Seth S; Juneja R; Bahl VK All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India Introduction: Pacing from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) may preserve left ventricular function and dyssynchrony compared with right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing. We evaluated permanently paced patients from the two sites at 6 months post implantation. Methods: 30 consecutive patients with baseline normal LV function were evaluated. Detailed echocardiographic (VIVID 7, GE Medical Systems) assessment was done to assess left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and ventricular dyssynchrony, during forced ventricular pacing. Dyssynchrony parameters assessed were interventricular mechanical delay (IVMD), septal‐posterior wall mechanical delay (SPWMD) and tissue Doppler parameters including dyssynchrony index and maximum time delay in peak tissue velocities in twelve left ventricular segments (MaxTPV). Results: 20 patients had pacemaker leads in the RVOT position. Mean age of the population was 57 ± 12 years (22 males). The mean time to echocardiographic assessment at follow‐up, from the time of pacemaker insertion was 246 ± 77 days. At follow‐up, there was no significant difference in LVEF between the two groups (61.7 ± 5.8% vs 61.8 ± 8.6%; RVOT vs RVA groups respectively, P‐0.97). The RVOT group showed a trend towards improvement in interventricular synchrony with IVMD of 28.7 ± 16.4 msec as compared to 39.1 ± 10.5 msec in the RVA group (p‐0.08). Similarly, the SPWMD showed a trend towards benefit in the RVOT group (22.9 ± 1.4msec vs 29.6 ± 4.30msec, p‐0.07). Tissue Doppler parameters of LV synchrony were also significantly better in the RVOT group (Dyssynchrony index: 3.9 ± 2.2 vs 6.2 ± 3.4, p‐0.03; Max TPV: 19.65 ± 4.9msec vs 36.5 ± 16.1msec, p‐0.0002; for RVOT vs RVA groups respectively). Conclusion: At an intermediate term follow up, patients with RVA pacing have significant ventricular dyssynchrony as compared to RVOT pacing. The left ventricular systolic function in the relatively short follow up is preserved in both sites of pacing. P136 AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION TEST AT 90 BPM IDENTIFIES THE PATIENTS WITH A LOW RIGHT VENTRICULAR PACING PERCENTAGE Stazi F; Mampieri M; Verde M; Cardinale M Dipartimento Apparato Cardiocircolatorio, A. O. San Giovanni Addolorata. Roma. °CLI Foundation Introduction: High percentages of right ventricular pacing (RVP) are associated with increased mortality and heart failure. The use of the algorithms of RVP reduction such as AAISafeR® (Sorin Group) and MVP® (Medtronic) allows to obtain very low percentage of RVP in patients with preserved atrioventricular conduction. Picking out the patients that can take advantage of these algorithms it would be therefore very useful. Aim of the study was to assess if an atrioventricular conduction test at 90 beats per minute (bpm) enables to identify the patients who can have a low RVP percentage using the algorithms of RVP reduction. Methods: One hundred thirtythree patients (82 M, 51 F, age 75 ± 11 years, AAISafeR®= 121, MVP®= 12) underwent an atrioventricular (AV) conduction test at 90 bpm during atrial pacing at the time of the pacemaker (PM) (n = 113, 52 for sinus node disease, SND, and 61 for atrioventricular block of any degree, AVB) or defibrillator (ICD) (n = 20) placement, both provided of an algorithm of RVP reduction. Results: One hundred patients (65 M and 35 F, age 75 ± 12) who underwent PM (n = 80, 51 for SND and 29 for AVB) or ICD (n = 20) placement had 1:1 AV conduction (group 1) while thirtythree subjects (17 M and 16 F, age 78 ± 9) all with PM placement (32 for AVB and 1 for SND) had AV conduction defects (group 2). 73 ± 209 days after the procedure the mean RVP percentage was 6 ± 17% in group 1 and 76 ± 35% in group 2 (P < 0,0001). Conclusions: An 1:1 AV conduction during atrial pacing at 90 bpm identifies the subset of patients who will have a low RVP percentage with the RVP reduction algorithms. P137 PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVE VERSUS PASSIVE FIXATION LEADS IN PACEMAKER RECIPIENTS – ACUTE AND CHRONIC PARAMETERS; OUR CENTER EXPERIENCE OF TEN YEARS (2001–2011) Singhal R; Jaswal A; Saxena A Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India Introduction: Innovation in pacemaker technology has lead to development of steroid eluting fixation leads‐ active(screw‐in) & passive(tined) leads leading to significant reduction in acute & chronic pacing thresholds, lead impedance & decrease in rate of lead dislodgement. For unknown reasons, screw‐in leads are used more often, despite that tined leads have lower chronic thresholds. This may have significance in pacemaker battery longevity and avoiding early replacements. We compared basic parameters of two leads at our center over ten years of follow up. Objective: To examine time course of atrial(A), ventricular(V), or A+V pacing threshold, P & R amplitude and impedance in patients (pts) who underwent single or dual chamber pacemaker implant respectively (rly) between 2001–2011. Population/Methods: We studied 3568 pts. A & V acute & chronic pacing thresholds at 0.4 ms, P & R amplitude & impedance were measured at implantation & 6 months. Results: At implantation, mean acute A & V threshold for tined & screw‐in lead‐ 0.53 ± 0.23V, 0.68 ± 0.4 V; 0.83 ± 0.25V, 0.88 ± 0.33V rly. P & R amplitude 3.8 ± 1.6mV, 11.1 ± 4.2mV; 2.9 ± 1.8mV, 10.7 ± 3.9mV rly & impedance 578 ± 93Ω, 693 ± 98Ω 602 ± 103Ω, 703 ± 98Ω rly. Mean chronic A & V threshold for tined & screw‐in lead‐ 0.33 ± 0.18V, 0.49 ± 0.1V; 0.76 ± 0.2V, 0.79 ± 0.28V rly. P & R amplitude 4.2 ± 1.6mV, 13.8 ± 4.0mV; 3.2 ± 1.5 mV, 11.9 ± 2.9mV rly & impedance 498 ± 76Ω, 608 ± 85Ω 546 ± 96Ω, 612 ± 88Ω rly. Conclusion: We concluded that acute & chronic atrial and ventricular pacing threshold with screw‐in lead was significantly higher than with tined lead. There was significant increase in chronic P and R‐wave amplitude with tined vs screw‐in lead, also decrease in chronic impedance was noticed in tined vs screw‐in lead but not statistically significant. Henceforth, one should give good thought in selection of leads as this may have great impact on pacemaker longevity and on economic aspect of health care. P138 LONG TERM OUTCOME OF VDD AND DDD PATIENTS: A SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE Campana A; Manzo M; Brigante MR; Melchiorre G; Matrone A; Avallone B Heart Department A.O.U. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona. Salerno, Italy Background and Objective: VDD/VDDR pacing is used less frequently than recommended by guidelines. Aim of the present study was to demonstrate that VDD pacing is effective and safe, if performed in indicated patients, and to compare long‐term follow‐up results of VDD versus DDD pacemaker patients in terms of: reliability, rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) onset and device replacements during observation period. Methods and Results: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 364 patients who underwent their first implantation of DDD/DDDR or VDD/VDDR pacemaker in our center between January 1995 and December 2000. Main indication for pacemaker implantation was sinus node disease and/or advanced A‐V conduction dysfunction in 177 patients with DDD/DDDR pacemaker (Group D) and advanced atrioventricular block in 187 patients with VDD/VDDR pacemaker (Group V). The median follow‐up was 8 years (25th‐75th percentile: 4–10). Twenty‐six patients (15%) in Group D and 20 (11%) in Group V developed persistent or permanent AF. The incidence of AF was 2.2 per 100 patient‐years in Group D and 1.5 in Group V (p = 0.176). Pacemakers were replaced during follow‐up in 96 patients (54%) in Group D and in 43 patients (23%) in Group V (P < 0.001). In total, 163 patients died during follow‐up: 92 in Group D (52%) and 71 in Group V (39%). The risk of death proved to be significantly higher in Group D than in Group V (V vs D: HR = 1.48, 95%CI 1.08–2.01, p = 0.014). Conclusions: In our cohort, VDD pacing proved just as reliable as DDD pacing, more long‐lasting and no more arrhythmogenic. P139 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SUSTAINED ATRIAL OVERPACING IN SICK SINUS NODE PATIENTS WITH PAROXYMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Menezes A Jr; Rassi S; Moura MC Catholic University Of Goias Background: The atrial Dynamic overpacing for atrial tachyarrhythmias prevention is an attempt to pace the atrium with a higher rate than the coupling episodes of atrial premature beats of the patients, inhibiting their focus and avoiding the occurrence of short‐long cycle. Instead, some authors have been demonstrating that the increase in atrial and ventricular stimulation may determine the development of persistent atrial fibrillation. (GILLS, A. HRS, 2009). Objective: Observe the evolution of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with DDD device and the overpacing algorithm on, initially to persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation (characterized as adverse effect of pacing mode). Methods: An observational, prospective, evaluating 35 patients with SSS and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, pacemaker DDD, followed for 48 months. Rating telemetry, 24 hours Holter and transesophageal echo every 6 months. Results: The mean age was 67 ± 8 years, 65% male, 77% patients with Chagas' heart disease. Clinical evaluation showed a significant increase in complaints of palpitations, AF burden and MS (Mode Switch) with a significant increase after 36 months with P value < 0.003. Transesophageal echocardiography with a significant increase of Left Atrim (volume, dimension) (p <0.05). Seven patients were submitted to AV node ablation (for better control of symptoms). Conclusions: Dynamic atrial overpacing when continuously accomplished, instead of prevent atrial tachyarrhythmias might develop a worsening of atrial fibrillation in SSS pacemaker patients. P140 ABNORMAL SINUS NODE RESPONSE TO ADENOSINE PREDICTS THE OCCURRENCE OF SYNCOPE OR PRESYNCOPE IN PATIENTS WITH SICK SINUS SYNDROME Fragakis N; Antoniadis A; Koskinas K; Pagourelias E; Kyriakou P; Skeberis V; Geleris P Cardiology Unit, 2nd Propedeutic Department, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece Background: Intravenous adenosine administration is a noninvasive diagnostic test for sick sinus syndrome (SSS). However, whether its effect on sinus node is associated with the clinical presentation of SSS remains elusive. We hypothesized that the sinus nodal inhibition by adenosine is more pronounced in SSS patients with previous syncope or presyncope as compared to SSS patients without syncopal or presyncopal attacks. Patients and Methods: We studied 44 patients with SSS, 33 with a history of syncope or presyncope and 11 without such history. Controls were 29 subjects undergoing electrophysiological studies for supraventricular tachycardia or unexplained syncope, none of whom had sinus nodal dysfunction. We calculated the corrected sinus node recovery time after 0.15 mg/kg intravenous adenosine (ADSNRT) and after overdrive atrial pacing (CSNRT). CSNRT values >525 msec were considered abnormal. Results: SSS patients with a history of syncope or presyncope had notably prolonged ADSNRT as compared to SSS patients without such history (median: 4900, IQR: 920 – 8560 msec vs. median: 160 IQR 0–563 msec; P < 0.001). Also, SSS patients with a history of syncope or presyncope had significantly longer ADSNRT than CSNRT (median: 4900, IQR: 920–8560 msec vs. median: 680 IQR: 359–1650 msec, P < 0.01). On the other hand, SSS patients without a history of syncope or presyncope showed no difference between ADSNRT and CSNRT values (median: 160 IQR: 0 – 563 msec vs. median 380, IQR: 200–455 msec, p = 0.72). The sensitivity of CSNRT in the diagnosis of SSS was 57% and the specificity 100%. A cut‐off of 1029 msec for ADSNRT yields the same sensitivity with a specificity of 96.4%. Conclusions: Patients with SSS and a history of syncope or presyncope exhibit an exaggerated sinus nodal suppression by adenosine. Prolonged ADSNRT is suggestive of a more severe underlying sinus node dysfunction, and this may be useful in the risk‐stratification and effective management of patients. P141 CARDIAC PACING TRENDS IN SOUTH KOREA FOR THE LAST 10 YEARS: CHANGES FROM SINGLE CHAMBER PACING TO DUAL CHAMBER PACING Jang SW; Rho TH; Choi MS; Shin WS; Kim JH; Oh YS; Lee MY; Cho EJ; Kim DB; Kim JH Devision of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea A nationwide cardiac pacing survey has been undertaken annually in South Korea. We compared the 2010 survey with the 2000 one. Data were collected from the cardiac implantable electronic device manufacturers and distributors. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator was not included in this survey. In 2010, the number of total implants, new implants, and replacements were 2932, 2153, and 779, respectively. Those numbers are 162%, 133%, and 295% increases, respectively, as compared with the 2000 data. A number of new implants per million population was increased from 19 to 43. However, according to the 2009 world survey, it was still lower than other Asian Pacific countries including Japan (272), Taiwan (172), Hong Kong (124), and Singapore (94). As for the pacing mode, VVI(R) was decreased from 38% to 26%, and DDD(R) was increased from 44% to 60%. The major indications for new implants were a sinus node dysfunction (41%) and an advanced atrioventricular block (54%), and female patients constituted 59% of total implants, which were similar to the 2000 survey. Possible reasons for a small number of cardiac pacing implantation in South Korea, as compared with other Asian countries with similar economic background, could be differences in population profiles, physician's attitudes, cultural backgrounds, reimbursement problems, and a low incidence of conduction system disorders. In summary, the cardiac pacing implantation has markedly increased for the last 10 years. The dual chamber pacing has been replacing the single chamber pacing. Why the implants in South Korea are small is still questioning. P142 ADVERSE EVENTS RELATED TO TINED VERSUS SCREW‐IN LEADS IN PATIENTS RECEIVING DEVICE IMPLANTS – GENDER DIFFERENCES Singhal R; Jaswal A; Saxena A Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India Introduction: Devices‐Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) & pacemakers (PMs) have reduced morbidity & mortality. However, gender differences may exist in adverse events attenuating benefits. Females unlike males are at high risk for procedural complications like high rates of bleeding, stroke & in‐hospital mortality after invasive procedures.Less is known about differences in complications in device recipients. Choice of lead (tined/screw‐in) may have major role. We addressed the issue in our patients (pts). Objective: To examine gender specific, adverse events related to type of lead in pts with device implants (2001–2011). Population/Methods: We studied 4398 pts & followed them for adverse events for three years after implantation. Results: PMs: 3568; 71.3% males, 28.7% females; mean age 62 ± 15yrs‐no significant gender difference (59.7 yrs males vs 60.1 yrs females). Females significantly got more tined vs screw‐in leads; males got nearly same. ICDs: 830; 91%males, 9%females; mean age 63 ± 14 yrs‐ significant gender difference (54.7 yrs males vs 60.1 yrs females). Females & males got more screw‐in vs tined leads. Females have more heart failure (78% vs 72%), worse NYHA class III (60% vs 51%), differences mainly found in females receiving ICDs. Females have more any adverse event (3.9% vs 3.0%) & major adverse events (1.4% vs 1.0%). The% of adverse events‐higher with screw‐in vs tined leads; females receiving tined leads in PMs or ICDs showed lesser major adverse events. Conclusion: In our center device related adverse events in females were multifactorial: Older age, higher% of comorbidities & risk factors, after adjusting these variables‐ smaller body size & anatomy such as thinner right ventricular wall, smaller blood vessel diameter; thus clear that screw‐in lead caused more adverse events in females vs males. Hence, choice of leads is a strong & independent factor associated with adverse events & one should exercise great efforts in choosing the leads especially in females. P143 ANTICOAGULATION PROTOCOLS FOR PERMANENT PACING IMPLANTATION: LESSONS TO LEARN? Sandhu K; Raju P; Ugni S; McIntosh R; Furniss S; Sulke AN; Lloyd GW; Patel NR Eastbourne District Hospital; East Sussex; England Please may we submit the following work to present as a poster at your conference?Introduction: High risk of complication in patients with anticoagulation is well recognised in patients undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation (PPM). We sought to investigate current practice in London and the South East. We focused on two different types of patient sub groups, those patient with atrial fibrillation and patient with metallic mitral valves. We looked at the number of days prior to device implantation warfarin was stopped, the INR that devices were implantations, what alternative anticoagulants were used prior to implantation after stopping warfarin and how soon after implantation warfarin was restarted. Method: A telephone survey of device implanting hospitals was undertaken in November 2009, detailing current practice with respect to anticoagulant use before and after implantation in two different sub groups. Results: 34 hospitals (London 22, South East 12), 27 NHS Trusts (London 19, South East 8) were sampled. Data was collected from registrars (19) and nurses (15) we have comprehensive images to reflect protocols in different hospitals that are within the same geographic region within the UK. Conclusion: Anticoagulant prescription protocol around PPM implantation varies widely in different NHS hospitals. The most common anticoagulant used before PPM was Enoxaparin in AF group and Unfractionated Heparin Infusion in MVR group. However no alternative anticoagulants were used in significant proportion in AF group before PPM but surprisingly an equal proportion had low molecular weight heparin in MVR group. In significant proportion of hospitals, anticoagulation was restarted after 24 hours in post PPM patients, which could increase the length of stay. It would be valuable to correlate complication rates with anticoagulation practice and produce guidance for a nationally agreed approach to anticoagulation in high risk groups. P144 SELECTIVE SITE PACING. IS IT BETTER TO STIMULATE THE LEFT THAN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE IN PATIENTS WITH CONVENTIONAL PACEMAKERS? Sapelnikov OV; Latypov RS; Grishin IR; Saidova MA; Akchurin RS Cardiology Research Center, Moscow Introduction: There are a lot of contradictory works dedicated to selective site pacing. Furthermore, BELIEVE and recent Bi‐LEFT trials showed no advantages of biventricular pacing in comparison with isolated LV‐pacing in patients with CRT‐indications. Materials: 4 groups of patients were included in this study. The 1st included 25 consecutive ventricular pacing lead implants in the interventricular septum (IVS), the 2nd – 14 patients with RVOT pacing, the 3d – 34 patients with right ventricle apex pacing and the 4th 8 patients with LV‐pacing. Patients in the last group were initially with LBBB. All the measurements were made after the procedure and in 6,12,24 months after the operation.In the period of study we observed the mean percent of ventricular pacing of 82 ± 5%. LV dyssynchrony was measured by means of Doppler investigation and tissue myocardial imaging (TMI). Results: Mean QRS duration in group 1 was 116 ± 11 ms before and 124 ± 14 ms two years after the procedure. In 2 group of patients these figures were 104 ± 10 ms and 120 ± 11 ms, and in 3 group of patients these figures were 106 ± 12 ms and 171 ± 15ms. In 4 group QRS‐duration was significantly wider (159 ± 15 ms before and 165 ± 14 ms after procedure), but the ECG pattern transformed from LBBB to RBBB. Immediately after implantation the values of electromechanical delay between IVS and left ventricle lateral wall (basal segments) were significantly higher during apical pacing (35 ± 5 ms in group 1, 30 ± 5 in group 2, 29 ± 5 group 4 and 54 ± 6 ms in group 3). In two years after implantation the difference between groups still was observed (38 ± 6 ms, 34 ± 5 ms, 27 ± 5 ms vs 68 ± 5 ms). Conclusions: The IVS and RVOT pacing allow an improvement in functional and hemodynamic parameters in acute study and shows stable effect in two years period of follow‐up. Despite of wider QRS‐duration, LV‐pacing demonstrates slightly lower parameters of interventricular dyssynchrony, especially in patients with initial LBBB. P145 POSSIBILITY TO SHORTEN PROGRAMMABLE AV DELAY BY CLOSER POSITIONING THE ATRIAL AND VENTRICULAR LEADS IN THE SEPTAL REGIONS Volkov D; Karpenko Y Institute of General and Urgent Surgery, AMS of Ukraine, Kharkov Objective: Fact of potentially negative effects of right ventricle's (RV) apical pacing on the pumping function is widely recognized in pacemakers (PM) practice. Strategies for overcoming this situation are using of alternative areas of implantation and special pacing algorithms. Nonetheless programming shortest possible AV delay (AVD) is preferring. The purpose of this study was checking the hypothesis that shortest paced and sensed AV‐conduction times recognized by PM are committed to a minimum distance between the electrodes in the right atrium (RA) and RV. Methods: The study included patients with Class I and II indications for DDD(R) pacing with intact 1:1 AV‐conduction during evaluation (n = 55, F‐21, age 65 ± 21). Patients with AV block II‐III degrees were excluded. Electrodes were implanted in four variants: RA appendage (RAA) – RV apex (RVA), n = 18; RAA – RV outflow tract (RVOT), n = 21; RA low septum (LAS) – RVA, n = 7; LAS – RVOT, n = 12. AV‐conduction defined as distance between PM channels' markers during RA sensing and pacing with programmed long AVD and three‐fold sensitivity threshold to RA and RV signals. Results: The electrodes were successfully implanted in all patients. AV conduction during RA sensing, ms: RAA – RVA 192 ± 40; RAA – RVOT 185 ± 32; LAS – RVA 156 ± 38; LAS – RVOT147 ± 35. AV conduction during RA pacing, ms: RAA – RVA 251 ± 37; RAA – RVOT 239 ± 44; LAS – RVA 215 ± 45; LAS – RVOT – 206 ± 39. Implantation of electrodes in the septal RA and RV areas led to a shortening of the AV conduction recognized by PM (LAS and RVOT positions). That was more dependent on the position of RA than RV leads. Conclusion: The position of the electrodes in the heart's chambers can influence the PM detection and thus AVD programming. Minimal distance between the electrodes at their location in the septal areas gave a combination of delayed detection in RA and stimulation the area close to the AV node and early detection in the RV. P146 IMPLANTABLE DEVICES‐RELATED INFECTI‐
ONS‐ANYTIME A POSSIBLE COMPLICATION? LONG TERM FOLLOW‐UP IN A SINGLE LARGE IMPLANTING CENTER Ciudin R; Mihaila M; Capraru C; Petre M; Bostan I; Ginghina C "C. Davila" University of Medecine, "C. C. Iliescu" Inst. of Cardiovascular Diseases Bucharest, Romania Infections involving implantable antiarrhythmic devices are often challenging to treat. Methods: From September 1997 to April 2010 we have implanted 4900 implantable devices and we identify from our records 36 patients (pts) presenting with late (>30 days following the implant) device‐related complications. Initial diagnosis of infection ranges from 30 days to 4.8 years following the primary implant, with a mean of 577 days. There were 18 male and the age group was 65,47 ± 17 years, ranging from 15 to 85 years old. Results: Device‐related late complications were diagnosed on 29 VVI, 3 DDD, 1 AAI pacemakers and 3 ICD (1 pt up‐graded to CRT‐D. In 5 pts there was a lead repositioning and in 3 pts a generator replacement. All the others were a primary implant.In 25 pts there was only a pocket related infection and in 9 pts we diagnosed as having an infective endocarditis (IE) as well. 2 pts had only IE. Staphylococcus Aureus (SA) was a probably cause for infection in 50% of the pts, in 21.3% methylino‐resistant SA was identify, Gram negative bacteria in 21.3% and Staphylococus epidermitis in 7.4%. Our treatment had included antibiotics for a mean of 10 days, device explantation for 16 pts and reimplantation on the other side in 11 pts, subpectoral in 4 pts and same site 1 pt. In 9 pts were extracted the leads as well. 4 pts with IE received a tricuspid prosthesis and the others epicardial leads. There were 2 postsurgery deaths. Late device‐related infections rate in our group was 0.73%. Implanted Cardioverter Defibrillators Devices‐related infections can complicate anytime a pacemaker/ICD implant. Incidence in our study was 0.73%. Treatment of device infections is often difficult to achieve and needs individualised hybrid antibiotics, intervention or surgical approach. P147 SUBCLAVIAN VEIN OBSTRUCTION IN PATIENTS WITH PERMANENT PACEMAKER Murat Y; Serdar B; Erdinç A; Selim E; Erdal G; Sefa S; Nursen P İzmir Atatürk Teaching Hospital Introduction: The number of patients with permanent pacemaker has increased exponentially recently. Complications associated with the implantation procedure are uncommon, but also include venous thrombosis. Device‐associated venous thrombosis generally presents as unilateral arm edema. Treatment includes extremity elevation and anticoagulation. Venous thrombosis at the access site may be silent and may be detected during re‐implantation of a new lead due to lead failure or infection. This study investigated the incidence of silent venous thrombosis in patients who underwent pacemaker re‐implantation for various reasons. We also investigated risk factors for venous thrombosis in this patient population. Method: Fifty‐three patients who underwent pacemaker pulse generator and/or lead reimplantation in our institution were enrolled between 2007–2010. Prior to exchange procedure, patients underwent subclavian venography through the ipsilateral cubital vein. Results: Complete obstruction of the ipsilateral subclavian vein was detected in 5 patients. Of these 5, only 2 patients required implantation of a new pacemaker lead. Ipsilateral venous puncture was thought impossible in these patients. In these patients, pacemaker system was removed and reimplantation was performed through the contralateral subclavian vein. Comparison of basal characteristics of patients with or without subclavian vein obstruction (SVO) revealed nonsignificant difference. There was not significant difference between patients with or without SVO according to age, gender, number of previous replacements, number of leads, systolic function, Concomitant antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications were found comparable in both groups. Significantly increased history of pacemaker pocket erosion incidence was found in patient group with SVO (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this preliminary study demonstrates that prior pacemaker pocket erosion creates a predisposition for ipsilateral SVO. P148 THE PREDICTOR FOR ATRIAL PACING DEPENDENCY AND NEED FOR RATE RESPONSE FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH HEART BLOCK Suga C; Hirahara T; Sugawara Y; Nakajima J; Wakaba H; Ako J; Momomura S Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan Background: Even patients with heart block (HB) sometimes develop to atrial pacing dependency suitable for rate response function. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was any predictor for atrial pacing dependency in HB patients. Methods: This study included 145patients (64males, mean age 71.7 ± 9.1 years) undergoing a dual chamber pacemaker (PM) implantation for sinus node dysfunction (SND) or HB from 2008 to July, 2010. Atrial pacing dependency at 6 months after PM implantation was compared between SND and HB. We compared patient characteristics, atrial rate, blood pressure (BP), echocardiographic measurements before PM implantation, lead location, and lower pacing rate according to atrial pacing dependency ≥20% or <20% in HB patients. Results: Though the number of HB patients with atrial pacing dependency ≥20% (39.8%) was fewer than SND patients (87.1%, P < 0.0001), 10.8% of HB patients had ≥50%, and 3.6% had ≥80% atrial pacing dependency. There were no significant differences between HB patients with atrial pacing dependency ≥20% and <20% in patient characteristics, BP, LV dimension, LVEF, and ventricular lead location. HB patients with atrial pacing dependency ≥20% had greater LAD (46.4 ± 5.5 vs 42.0 ± 6.9[mm], p = 0.0038), faster atrial rate (82.9 ± 13.7 vs 73.9 ± 14.3[bpm], p = 0.0055), more frequent RA appendage lead placement (72.7 vs 46%, p = 0.016), and greater lower pacing rate (60.6 ± 2.4 vs 58.8 ± 3.3[bpm], p = 0.0082). Multivariate analysis showed that LAD (OR: 0.907, 95%CI: 0.827–0.995, p = 0.0391), atrial rate (OR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.002–1.1, p = 0.0408), and atrial lead location (OR: 0.253, 95% CI: 0.074–0.861, p = 0.0278) were independent predictors for atrial pacing dependency. Conclusions: A considerable number of HB patients developed atrial pacing dependency. HB patients who had enlarged LA and relatively slower atrial rate prior to PM implantation may develop to atrial pacing dependency and may benefit from rate response function. P149 A TECHNIQUE FOR IMPLANTING A RIGHT VENTRICULAR ELECTRODE IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM LEFT SUPERIOR VENA CAVA PERSISTENCE USING A CONVENTIONAL J GUIDE Mora G Universidad Nacional de Colombia Background: Locating pacemaker electrodes can become complicated by congenital abnormalities including alterations of the systemic upper veins, such as left superior vena cava (LSVC) persistence. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out from June 2001 to June 2009 involving all patients who were admitted to the Hospital Universitario Mayor, Instituto de Corazon de Bogota and Hospital Universitario Clinica San Rafael (Bogota‐Colombia) to have a pacemaker or cardiac defibrillator implanted. LSVC was diagnosed by fluoroscopic observation (anterior‐posterior view) of the course of the guide. The following technique was used for gaining access to the right ventricle. The electrode was initially introduced with a straight guide as far as the right atrium, this was then changed for a J guide and the electrode was pushed towards the lateral or anterolateral wall of the RA. The electrode tip was thus lying against the tricuspid valve. Once in this position, the guide was withdrawn 3–5 cm and the tip passed spontaneously into the right ventricle. If it were wished to leave it in the apex, then an anticlockwise rotation would have been needed before withdrawing the guide; on the contrary, if it were wished to place it in the septum or in the outflow tract, then it would have had to be rotation clockwise. Results: A total of 1,048 patients were admitted for pacemaker or cardiac defibrillator implant during the 8‐year study period, 974 received a left subclavian venous approach. There were 508 males and 466 females. LSVC persistence was found in four patients (0.46%) Fluoroscopy time for implanting the ventricular electrode ranged from 1 to 4 minutes, 40 to 92 minutes being taken to complete the whole procedure. Conclusions: We present a simple and rapid technique for electrode placement in patients with LSVC using usual J guide and active fixation electrodes with good success. P150 PACING IN TRICUSPID PROSTHESIS PACIENTS – WHAT ARE THE IMPLANTING OPTIONS? A 9 PATIENTS SERIES EXPERIENCE FOLLOW UP Ciudin R; Bolog M; Capraru C; Mihaila M "C Davila" Univ of Medecine, "C C Iliescu" Instit of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bucharest, Romania Tricuspid prosthesis (TP) patients (pts) having bradyarrhythmias pacing indication represent a difficult option for implanting technique. We present a such 9 pts series in whom we had to choose the implanting technique according with the underlying heart disease. Methods: There were 4 male and 5 women, mean age of 43.4 yars old (range from 24 to 61 years) in whom a TP was implanted for valvulopathy (mitral and TP 3 pts; aortic, mitral and TP 1 pt; TP only in 2 pts) and 3 pts receiving TP following infective endocarditis. Results: 5 pts had metallic TP and 4 pts tricuspid bioprosthesis (TbP). In all pts with TbP we implanted a trans TbP active fixation lead into the right ventricle. 2 Pts with TP have received a coronary sinus (CS) lead for left ventricle pacing and one pt a CS lead following a surgical implanted epicardial lead high threshold. 2 pts had only a surgical epicardial right ventricle lead. During our series follow‐up 1 pt had a high threshold in an active fixation trans TbP right ventricle lead and had to be replaced and 1 pt with CS lead had an intermittent high threshold. Conclusions: Choosing the implanting technique in tricuspid prosthesis pts is not an easy option and it depends of TP type and underlying cardiac diseases. Technical pacing problems could complicate evolution of pts with TP. P151 PATIENT PROFILE AND IMPLANTATION TRENDS IN RECIPIENTS OF PACEMAKERS AND IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBR‐
ILLATORS IN INDIA AT OUR INSTITUTE: 2006–2011 Singhal R; Jaswal A; Saxena A Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India Introduction: Early clinical success and advances in technology in implantable cardiac rhythm management devices(pacemakers [PM] and implantable cardioverter defibrillators [ICDs])have resulted in expansion of indications with dramatic increase in access and utilization. The indications for pacemaker have also expanded beyond treatment of bradyarrhythmias to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients (pts) with heart failure and electromechanical dyssynchrony. Objective: We evaluated trends in cardiac rhythm management device implantation. Trends in primary device implantation and burden of device replacement, defined as ratio of replacement procedures to total number of primary and replacement procedures for all pts from 2006–2011 were analysed. Methods: All pts receiving PM and ICD over a period of five years were studied. Results: Total 1900 pts and 604 pts received PMs and ICDs respectively; 1680 received primary PMs and 530 ICDs; there were 220 PMs and 54 ICDs replacement. Women comprised 29% of PM and 9% of ICD pts. The mean ICD replacement burden was 8.9% (range 4–12%)and that of PMs was 11.5%, (range 8.2–15.6%). ICD pts had more comorbidities than PM pts. Conclusions: Firstly, rate of implantation of ICDs in females in our population is lower than expected. Also, females were older with higher NYHA class. Secondly, there has been marked increase in rate of ICD implants.The ICD pts were older, with greater comorbidities, while age of PMs pts has remained stable, with slower rate of increase in comorbidities. Analysis also revealed that replacement burden for PMs has remained constant, while that for ICDs has decreased, which may be ascribed to relative stability of the patient receiving PMs and on the other hand expanding indications for ICD implantation,resulting in increased number of primary ICD implants.These data suggest that monitoring is required, given the changing populations, their disparate clinical outcomes, and implications to the health care system. P152 EPICARDIAL DUAL CHAMBER PACEMAKER (DDD) IMPLANTATION WITHOUT STERNO‐
TOMY IN INFANCY Mitropoulos F; Tsoutsinos A; Kiaffa M; Rammos S Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Congenital complete heart block (CHB) is a rare conduction anomaly occurring in 1/11.000 to 1/20.000 live births. The most common association is with maternal systemic lupus erythematosus. Usually the surgical strategy for epicardial dual chamber pacemaker implantation include sternotomy or partial lower sternotomy. We report the implantation of epicardial pacemaker in an 18 months old female infant, with CHB, without sternotomy, or cardiopulmonary bypass. Materials and Methods: The infant was born with complete heart block, (minimum heart rate 45 beats per minute) and normal cardiac anatomy. Gradually she developed symptomatic bradycardia (heart rate 25–45) with ventricular dysfunction. Through a 5cm curvilinear skin incision the pericardium was opened and the heart was visualized. The sternum was elevated with a retractor and the diaphragmatic surface or the right ventricle was exposed. An epicardial steroid eluding unipolar ventricular electrode was sewn through diaphragmatic surface of the right ventricle with 5–0 prolene. Then the right atrium was retracted in a caudal direction and a unipolar electrode was sawn to the right atrial appendage with 5–0 prolene.Through the same incision a pocket was created in the left upper quadrant below the left rectus abdominis muscle and a St. Jude generator was implanted. The infant tolerated the procedure without any hemodynamic compromise. The infant remained one day in the CTICU and she was discharged on postoperative day 5. At the first pacemaker check after implantation the parameters measurements were good. Conclusion: Non sternotomy, dual chamber epicardial pacemaker implantation can be achieved. Although technically more challenging it is feasible and safe and the aesthetic result is very gratifying. P153 PERMANENT PACING IN PATIENTS WITH PROLONGED ASYSTOLE AT THE HEAD UP TILT TEST Santini L; Capria A; Papavasileiou LP; Scarfò IS; Smurra F; Viele A; Schirripa V; Magliano G; Forleo GB; Romeo F Cardiology Department, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy Introduction: Dual chamber pacemakers with rate drop response pacing algorithm (DDDR‐RDR) may be a therapeutic option for neutrally mediated cardioinhibitory syncope assessed trough a positive Head‐up tilt test (HUTT) in patients older than 40 years with a history of syncope. Aim of our study was to evaluate the outcome of such a therapeutic strategy. Methods: We selected 22 patients who underwent HUTT, aged 42–70 years. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A: 11 pts with cardioinhibitory syncope (asystole >4 seconds or atrio‐ventricular dissociation with heart rate lower than 30 bpm) addressed to PMK implantation; Group B: 11 pts with a milder cardioinhibitory response, in this group conservative treatment was preferred. A clinical follow‐up was performed after three years. Results: 9 pts in the group A accepted PMK implantation, 2 pts preferred conservative treatment. In patients with PMK cumulative atrial pacing was found to be greater than ventricular pacing (AP 40.28 vs 3.5% VP, P < 0.05). In addition, 254 episodes of rate drop response were adequately recognized and treated. Follow‐up was concluded in 67% of PMK pts. None of them presented new episodes of syncope. Regarding patients left with conservative treatment, follow‐up was concluded in 11 pts: syncope occurred in 3 pts; 2 patients were lost in the follow‐up. Conclusions: The higher percentage of cumulative atrial pacing shows in the more severe patients group a basal vagal hypertonic pattern which modulates sinus node function but not affecting the basal AV conduction. DDDR‐RDR pacing is a valid and effective option in selected patients with history of neurally mediated syncope and a severe tilt test‐induced cardioinhibitory syncope. Patients with a milder cardioinhibitory response at the HUTT seem to have a good response to conservative treatment. P154 AN UNUSUAL CAUSE OF CHRONIC INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS FOLLOWING A PACEMEKER IMPLANT‐AN ACHILE'S TENDON PROSTHESIS ABSCESS Ciudin R; Avram AM; Arama V "C Davila" Univ of Medecine, "C C Iliescu" Instit of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bucharest, Romania Device‐Related infection are often challenging as primary cause and there treatment is not always easy. We present a 67 years old male patient with 18 months history of fever and antibiotic treatment for infective endocarditis following his DDD pacemaker implant. He had undergone 4 previous pocket interventions with no obvious results. During his admission in our center the patient was stil having positive blood cultures with Gram negative germs including Pyocianic, recurrent septicemia, dermatitis and urinary infection. Pacemaker was removed and the 2 leads were extracted mechanically. We implanted a new system on the other side after antibiotic therapy but after a relatively afebrile period of 45 days he came back with recurrent fever. During his second admission we identified a local Achille's tendon abscess where the pt had a plastic orthopedic prosthesis many years before the implant. The abscess was opened, clean and debridment of inflammatory tissue was done. He had a very good recovery following his new antibiotic treatment. Conclusion: Unusual metastatic infection sites or abscesses could be the cause of recurrent infection or endocarditis resistant to antibiotic therapy in pts with device‐ related infections complications. P155 ROLE OF AF PREVENTIVE PACING ALGORITHMS IN LONG TERM MAINTENANCE OF LOW AF BURDEN AS PART OF HYBRID THERAPY IN SICK SINUS SYNDROME Simeonidou E; Papandreou A; Spyroulias G; Varounis C; Dagres N; Anastasiou‐Nana M; Manolis AS 2nd University Cardiology Dept, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Among the non‐pharmacologic therapeutic modalities for management of atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial pacing for AF prevention presented an attractive strategy. Because of limited data regarding its long‐term impact, it still remains as controversial pacing indication. Aim of the study was to determine the long‐term efficacy of preventive pacing algorithms (AFPPA)on AF burden (AFB) in patients (pts) with sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and drug refractory paroxysmal AF. Methods: Study population: 51 pts (10 w, 41 m), mean age 61 ± 9 yrs with SSS, who apart from conventional indications of pacing suffered frequent episodes of AF, refractory to at least 2 antiarrhythmics (AAMs) and they received a PPM with incorporated AFPPA plus AAMs, group A. Another 51 pts (41m) with SSS and frequent AF, who received a conventional DDDR plus AAMs served as controls, group B. Mean LA:43 ± 8 mm. Atrial pacing LR was programmed at 70 bpm. There was an effort to promote native AV conduction by relevant pacing settings. Different AFPPAs were activated in each pt according to the AF onset mechanism. All pts underwent fu in regular basis and interrogation of the stored diagnostic AF data every 6 mos. AFB overtime was compared annually in the same group and between the 2 groups. Two‐way ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to assess the effects of AFPPA on AFB in the 2 groups. Logarithms were used for non‐normally distributed AFB. Results:Average time of fu: 50 ± 8 mos. Five pts in A 10%) and 10 pts (22%) in B group were progressed to permanent AF. Median AFB in A and B groups at baseline, 1 yr and 4 yrs were 3.0, 1.0, 1.2 h/day and 3.8, 3.2, 6.8 h/day respectively and differed between both groups over time (F = 15.88, P < 0.001. AFB improved significantly in the 1st yr only in group A and after 4 yrs deteriorated significantly only in group B. Conclusions: Although AFPPAs efficacy is slightly reduced over time they are useful in AF management of selected SSS pts, as part of hybrid therapy. PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES P156 TRANSESOPHAGEAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY AND PACING – STILL THE OPTION FOR EMERGING COUNTRIES? Volkov D Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of Ams of Ukraine Background: Endocardial EP study and catheter ablation of supraventricular arrhythmias are the golden standards of medical care nowadays. Transesophageal electrophysiological study (TEEPS) and pacing (TEP) couldn't be an alternative, but useful supplement, especially in centers where EP service is absent or not fully available. Atrial flutter (AFl) is second common arrhythmia after atrial fibrillation (AFib), catheter ablation is the first line therapy for typical AFl, but there're a lot of local restrictions in Ukraine to apply this method widely. TEP can be used to interrupt AFl. Methods: We've been using CardioLab+ system (XAI Medica, Ukraine) for TEEPS and TEP by programmed and rapid pacing successfully in 293 tachycardia patients (pts) over last 5 years. Among them TEP for AFl were done in 95 pts (typical AFl – 76 pts). Diagnosis were established based on regular and transesophageal ECGs, AV conduction gaps, RP intervals during tachycardia and patterns of initiations and cessations by pacing and drugs. Results: AFls were converted to sinus rhythm in 86% of pts. 1) cardioversion to sinus rhythm during procedure – 61 pts; 2) induction of AFib with restoration of sinus rhythm up to 2 days – 21 pts; 3) induction and persistence of AFib – 6 pts; 4) recovery of AFl – 7 pts. Most unsuccessful results occurred in atypical AFl's pts. In remaining 198 pts different types of existed tachycardia were evaluated depending on listed above criteria of differentiation: AVRT – 91, AVNRT – 96, ectopic atrial tachycardia – 3, AFl and Afib – 8. No complications were observed. Near a half of pts had catheter ablations afterward. Conclusion: TEEPS is very cheap and useful tool for initiation and investigation of supraventricular arrhythmias in pts with non‐documented palpitations to establish indication for catheter ablation and to control its efficacy if needed. TEP is safe and effective instrument of sinus rhythm restoration in pts with AFls. P157 INTERACTION OF PORTABLE METAL DETECTOR USED IN AIRPORT CONTROLS WITH IMPLANTABLE PACEMAKERS AND CARDIO‐
VERTER DEFIBRILLATORS Tzeis S; Andrikopoulos G; Jilek C; Rassias I; Kolb C; Theodorakis G Cardiology Department, Henry Dunant Hospital, Athens, Greece Aim: Proper function of pacemakers (PMs) or implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) may be impaired due to interaction with electrical devices. Portable metal detectors generate an electromagnetic field that may interfere with PMs or ICDs. In the present study we sought to investigate whether a commercially available portable metal detector routinely used in airport controls interacts with PMs and ICDs. Methods: A total of 75 patients (28 ICD and 47 PM recipients) were tested with and without telemetry communication for electromagnetic interference when exposed to the electromagnetic field generated by a portable metal detector (PD140V – magnetic field Br.m.s. 2.71 μT, electric field Er.m.s. 2.2 V/m) placed over the implanted system under continuous ECG recording. Results: No interference with proper device function (sensing and pacing) was observed in any of the 75 patients tested. Telemetry interference was observed in 83% of patients with 12% of patients presenting a "pseudo‐oversensing" type of telemetry interference (noise recording on online print‐outs without impairment of proper pacing function documented with continuous ECG recording), 59% presenting loss of detection and 12% presenting both types of telemetry interference. Conclusion: Routinely used hand‐held metal detectors may frequently cause telemetry interference with ICDs and PMs without though interfering with proper device function. These findings support the safety of using portable metal detectors for control of PM and ICD recipients. SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH P158 MULTIRESOLUTION WAVELET ANALYSIS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY RISK STRATIFIES HEART FAILURE PATIENTS FOR BOTH SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH AND TOTAL MORTALITY Arsenos P; Gatzoulis K; Manis G; Dilaveris P; Gialernios T; Archontakis S; Tsiachris D; Kartsagoulis E; Aggelis A; Stefanadis C; APRET First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Purpose: To evaluate the performance of non‐invasive predictors in arrhythmia risk stratification of heart failure patients (pts). Methods: We prospectively screened 230 patients (age: 64.5 ± 13.4 years, male: 83%, NYHA class: 2.3 ± 0.5, LVEF:32.6 ± 10.1, CAD: 82%,DCMP: 18%) with ECG, SAECG, ECHO and 24‐hour HOLTER. After 17 ± 16.1 months of follow up, pts were classified into the High risk (52 pts, mean Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF): 29 ± 10.2%) and the Low risk (174 pts, mean LVEF:33.7 ± 9.9%, p = 0.003) groups according to three SCD surrogates: 1. clinical VT/VF (17 pts) 2.ICD's appropriate activation (22 pts) 3.confirmed SCD (13 pts).Total mortality (TM) was also considered as an end point and 37 deaths were recorded (arrhythmic = 13, pump failure = 17, non cardiac = 7). LVEF, filtered QRS (SAECG), NSVT > 1/24 hours, VPBs > 240/24 hours, Decelaration Capacity (DC) of heart rate, mean Heart Rate (HR), SDNN/HRV, QTc and the scale dependent wavelet‐ coefficient standard deviation [σwav (m)] of multiresolution wavelet analysis (MWA – Haar 8) of HRV were calculated and statistically analyzed for the two groups. Results:σwav (m) was a statistically significant predictor of SCD (Long rank test p = 0.0006). After Cox regression analysis adjusted for LVEF, gender, fQRS, NSVT episodes >1/24hours, VPBs > 240/24 hours, DC, HR, and SDNN, the σwav (m) remained an important and independent SCD predictor with HR:0.991 (P < 0.001) 95% CI: 0.986–0.995. Considering TM as end point σwav (m) was again a statistically significant predictor of TM (Long rank test = 0.0001) and after a new analysis of the same multivariable Cox model for TM, σwav(m) remained an important and independent TM predictor with HR: 0.990 (p = 0.003) 95% CI:0.983–0.996. Conclusions: In this heart failure pts cohort with a short term follow up, σwav (m) was an important and independent predictor both for SCD and TM. P159 PROGRAMMED VENTRICULAR STIMULATI‐
ON AS COMPARED TO THE NON INVASIVE RISK STRATIFIERS FOR SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH PREDICTION AMONG SEVERE HEART FAILURE PATIENTS Gatzoulis K; Arsenos P; Dilaveris P; Gialernios T; Kartsagoulis E; Sideris S; Archontakis S; Tsiachris D; Aggelis A; Stefanadis C; APRET First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Purpose: To examine the prediction ability of VT/VF inducibility on Programmed Ventricular Stimulation (PVS) for Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) among Heart failure (HF) patients (pts). Methods: We screened 114 HF pts (age: 67 ± 11 years, male: 83%, LVEF: 29 ± 9.5, NYHA: 2.4 ± 0.5, CAD: 72%, DCMP: 28%) under optimum treatment with ECG, SAECG, ECHO and 24 hour HOLTER. All pts underwent also a PVS. After 14.1 ± 12.6 months of follow up the sample divided to the HIGH risk (24 pts) and the LOW risk (90 pts) groups according to three SCD events/surrogates: 1. clinical VT/VF 2. ICD's appropriate activation 3. confirmed SCD. Data calculated and statistically analyzed for the two groups. Results:HIGH RISKLOW RISKp(n = 24)(n = 90)valueLVEF (%)27.9 ± 9.5 30.3 ± 10.00.2QRS (ms)120 ± 33125 ± 320.6FQRS (ms)146 ± 29146 ± 300.9QTc (ms)471 ± 51469 ± 570.9Heart Rate69.7 ± 9 69.9 ± 9 0.9NSVT (episodes nb) 4.2 ± 7.7  22.2 ± 107.30.4VPBs (nb) 1483 ± 3355 2437 ± 41390.3VT/VF on PVS (nb/%)18 (75%)46 (51%) 0.03 After multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for male, age, LVEF, and VT/VF on PVS the only independent and important SCD predictor was VT/VF inducibility on PVS with OR: 3.101 (p = 0.03, 95%CI: 1.101–8.731). Conclusions: In this small and preliminary HF sample the non invasive risk factors from electrocardiography and echocardiography failed to predict SCD on medium term follow up. On the contrary the induction of VT/VF on PVS was the only significant SCD predictor with sensitivity 75% and specificity 48%. P160 NORMOBARIC INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA TRAINING AS A METHOD OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH PRIMARY PREVENTION IN THE PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC CARDIO‐
MYOPATHY Dubovik TA; Rachok LV; Shket AP; Khudnitskaya VS Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Cardiology The purpose of this research was to study the efficiency of using a course of normobaric intermittent hypoxia training (NIHT) before coronary bypass surgery (CABG) in the patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP) and chronic heart failure (CHF) and its influence on the character of reperfusion complications and life‐ threatening arrhythmias development. Materials and Methods: Cohort of 60 patients with ICMP (n = 30 in the main and control groups) were included into the research. All patients had depressed left ventricle systolic function (LVEF) less than 35%. The main group patients underwent a NIHT before CABG. The indications for CABG were the presence of myocardium more than 50% with accumulation radiopharmaceutical over 50% during SPECT with 99 mTc‐MIBI. Functional state of LV was assessed by means of echocardiography and daily monitoring of the electrocardiogram. Results: The initial CHF severity of the patients in both groups was determined by depressed LVEF against the prevalence of sympathetic activity nervous system (NS). After a course of NIHT a shift in autonomic balance towards the prevalence of parasympathetic NS was marked (RMSSD increased from 28,6 ± 4,5 ms to 58,22 ± 6,1, p <0,05) as well as a reduction in the number of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) against the microcirculatory processes improvement. The main group were characterized with a more favorable recovery during the perioperative period after CABG. We revealed less frequent of ventricular fibrillation during cardiac resuscitation after artificial circulation, reduction of VA and high grade VA in the perioperative period in the main group. Conclusion: For the patients with ICMP and CHF with adequate mass of a viable myocardium, CABG is effective in SCD primary prevention. The use of NIHT in the preoperative period can increase the volume of the viable myocardium and thus helps to protect from reperfusion injury during CABG and provides a more favorable recovery during the perioperative period. P161 RISK STRATIFICATION OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN PATIENTS WITH DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY Vaikhanskaya TG; Melnikova OP; Gul LM; Frolov AV Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Cardiology, Minsk, Belarus Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is associated with risk of sudden death due to malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Objective: assessment of Holter monitoring predictors of life‐threatening ventricular arrhythmias (LTVA}: microvolt T‐wave alternans (mTWA) and heart rhythm turbulence(HRT) in patients (pts.) with nonischemic DCM. Materials and Methods: 67 pts. with DCM were examined (10,4% females, aged 44,3 ± 11,7 years) by Holter 24‐h (Oxford) and 7‐minute ECG recording (Intecard‐7, including 3 min of exercise test (25 Wt/m). Microvolt TWA detected by the software Intecard‐7 on a method modified moving average in 3 lead of ECG‐12 at exercise test. Results: Heart rhythm ventricular dysfunctions were revealed at 29 (43,3%) pts. with DCM: nonsustained ventricular tachycardia(VT)‐28 pts., sustained VT(1 pts.). On the basis of the received data the step‐by‐step discriminant analysis by which results following independent indicators have been included in mathematical model has been carried out: mTWA ≥ 56 mcV, pathological HRTS < 2,5 ms/RR, presence syncope and extQTc. For definition of risk LTVA for patient with DCM already at the first inspection it is possible to use classification equations. Definition of high risk LTVA for the individual patient is spent by substitution of the received indicators to each of two equations. The patient gets to that group for which classification function has the greatest value. Thus, the classification equations for risk revealing of LTVA in patients DCM look like: HI = 0,9 × mTWA+7,9 × HRTS + 7,3 × Syncope + 6,3 × QTc–31. Hit of the patient in 1 group testifies to high risk LTVA and more adverse forecast. Such category of patients is potential candidates for ICD/CRT‐D. Hit of the patient in 2 group testifies to more favorable forecast and low risk LTVA: LII = 0,6 × mTWA + 3,6 × HRTS + 9,2 × Syncope + 5,6 × QTc–42. In conclusion, sudden death risk stratification is of utmost importance for DCM as it is the main cause of death related to this disease. P162 REDUCED RMSSD FROM HEART RATE VARIABILITY ANALYSIS RISK STRATIFIES HEART FAILURE PATIENTS FOR SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH Arsenos P; Gatzoulis K; Manis G; Dilaveris P; Gialernios T; Archontakis S; Tsiachris D; Kartsagoulis E; Sideris S; Stefanadis C; APRET First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Purpose: To estimate the performance of non invasive arrhythmia predictors in the risk stratification for sudden cardiac death (SCD) of heart failure (HF) patients (pts). Methods: We prospectively screened 230 pts (age: 64.5 ± 13.4 years, male: 83%, LVEF: 32.6 ± 10.1, NYHA class: 2.3 ± 0.5, CAD: 82%, DCMP: 18%) with ECG, SAECG, ECHO and 24 hours HOLTER. After 17 ± 16 months of follow up, pts were classified into the High risk [52pts, mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): 29 ± 10.2%] and the Low risk group (174 pts, mean LVEF: 33.7 ± 9.9%, p = 0.003) according to three SCD events/surrogates: 1. clinical VT/VF (17 pts) 2. ICD's appropriate activation (22 pts) 3. confirmed SCD (13 pts). LVEF, the filtered QRS (SAECG), NSVT episodes > 1 /24hours, VPBs > 240/24 hours, mean heart rate (HR), RMSSD and SDNN from heart rate variability (HRV) [24 hour HOLTER], were calculated and statistically analyzed for the two groups. Results: RMSSD was a statistically significant predictor of SCD (Long rank test p = 0.01). Furthermore after Cox regression analysis adjusted for LVEF, fQRS, NSVT>1/24 hours, VPBs > 240/24 hours, mean HR and SDNN, the RMSSD remained an important and independent SCD predictor with HR 0.974 (p = 0.01) 95% CI: 0.955–0.993. A cut off point of RMSSD < 46 (75th percentile) presented HR 2.491 for predicting SCD (p = 0.05) 95% CI: 0.969–6.405. Conclusions: In the present HF pts cohort with a short term follow up, RMSSD performed better (logrank p = 0.01) than the most commonly used SDNN (longrank p = 0.05) and it was an important and independent predictor of SCD. Further evaluation of the reduced RMSSD is guaranteed. P163 PREVALENCE OF RISK FACTORS OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN TRYPANOSOME CRUZI SEROPOSITIVE PATIENTS Mora G Universidad Nacional de Colombia Chagasic patients with heart disease are at risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and sometimes it may be the first manifestation of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of some risk factors for MCS among carriers of antibodies to T. Cruzi with and without heart disease. Methods: 8 patients without heart disease taking (normal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram) were compared with 26 patients with heart disease. Echocardiogram was evaluated, number of premature ventricular contractions, heart rate variability determined by the SDNN, presence of ventricular extrasystoles and polymorphic duplet. Results: No significant differences were found in the different variables evaluated except for the number of extrasystoles in 24 hours (66 vs 369 p = 0.0084), being more common in patients with heart disease. Conclusions: factors commonly described as predictors of SCD are very common in patients with antibodies to T. Cruzi with or without heart disease. The only variable with a significant difference was the number of extrasystoles in 24 hours. P164 RISK STRATIFICATION USING MICROVOLT T‐WAVE ALTERNANS IS NOT FEASIBLE IN A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF POTENTIAL ICD RECIPIENTS Kraaier K; Wilde AAM; Scholten MF Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands Purpose: Previous studies have demonstrated that microvolt T‐wave alternans (MTWA) screening in patients with ischemic and non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy is effective in identifying patients at high or low risk for sudden cardiac death. In this study we evaluated the feasibility of MTWA testing using an exercise protocol in the risk stratification of potential ICD recipients with ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods: Medical charts of 180 primary prevention ICD recipients were reviewed to decide if patients were able to perform a MTWA exercise test or not. Contra‐indications for testing were: atrial fibrillation or flutter, pacemaker‐dependency, recent (cardiovascular) surgery (<1 month) and inability to exercise. Results: Fifty‐eight (35%) of the potential ICD recipients were not suitable for testing. Among which; 35 patients were excluded due to atrial fibrillation, 13 patients due to recent surgery, 6 patients due to co‐morbidity (NYHA class IV, paralysis or absence of lower extremities, balance problems, AVblock), and 3 patients due to pacemaker dependency. Conclusion: In several studies MTWA testing is a promising risk stratifier for predicting sudden cardiac death, however, 35% of the potential ICD candidates is not suitable for MTWA testing using an exercise protocol. Therefore alternative methods to estimate MTWA and their clinical value must be studied. P165 HOLTER DERIVED QTC INTERVAL RISK STRATIFIES HEART FAILURE PATIENTS FOR SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH Arsenos P; Gatzoulis K; Manis G; Dilaveris P; Gialernios T; Archontakis S; Tsiachris D; Kartsagoulis E; Sideris S; Stefanadis C; APRET First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Purpose: To estimate the performance of current non invasive arrhythmia risk stratifiers in the prediction of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in heart failure (HF) patients (pts). Methods: We prospectively screened 230 pts (age: 64.5 ± 13.4 years, male: 83%, LVEF: 32.6 ± 10.1, NYHA class: 2.3 ± 0.5, CAD: 82%,DCMP: 18%) with ECG, SAECG, ECHO and 24‐hour HOLTER. After 17 ± 16 months of follow up, pts were classified into the High risk [52pts, mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): 29 ± 10.2%) and the Low risk (174 pts, mean LVEF:33.7 ± 9.9%, p = 0.003) groups according to three SCD events/surrogates: 1. clinical VT/VF (17 pts) 2. ICD's appropriate activation (22 pts) 3. Confirmed SCD (13 pts). LVEF, the filtered QRS (SAECG), the presence of NSVTepisodes> 1/24 hours, VPBs > 240/24 hours, mean Heart Rate (HR), SDNN from HRV and mean 24 hour QTc interval (24 hour HOLTER), were calculated and statistically analyzed for the two groups. Results: The Holter‐QTc was a statistically significant predictor of SCD (Long rank test p = 0.01). After Cox regression analysis adjusted for gender, LVEF, fQRS, NSVTepisodes > 1/24 hour, VPBs > 240/24 hour, mean Heart Rate and SDNN, Holter‐QTc remained an important and independent SCD predictor with HR 1.009 (p = 0.02) 95% CI: 1.001–1.017. A cut off point of QTc> 470ms (75th percentile) presented HR 1.825 for predicting SCD (p = 0.05) 95% CI: 0.993–3.335. Conclusions: In the present HF pts cohort with a short term follow up, Holter‐QTc was an important and independent predictor of SCD. Further evaluation of the Holter‐QTc in the prediction of SCD is guaranteed. P166 ARRHYTHMIAS IN NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES: A Moroccan EXPERIENCE AND A LITERATURE REVIEW Bouhouch R*; Fellat I*; Zarzur J*; Oukerraj L*; Bennani R*; Birouk N**; Oudghiri FZ***; Cherti M* *Service de Cardiologie B, CHU Ibn Sina Rabat, MAROC Introduction: Neuromuscular Diseases are a heterogeneous molecular, clinical and prognosis group. Progress has been achieved in the understanding and classification of these diseases. Cardiac involvement in neuromuscular diseases, namely conduction disorders, ventricular arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy with its impact on prognosis, is often dissociated from the peripheral myopathy. Therefore, close surveillance is mandatory in the affected patients. In this context, preventive therapy (beta‐blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) has been recently recommended in the most common Neuromuscular Diseases, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Myotonic Dystrophy. Methods: We report a series of patients with neuromuscular diseases in whom we assessed cardiac involvement and initiated a therapy. From January 2007 to June 2011, 105 patients were referred to cardiology visit by a neurologist or pediatrician. Results: There were 49 female and 56 male with a mean age of 28 years old. Limb‐Girdle muscular dystrophies, Myotonic Dystrophy (MD), and Duchenne / Becker Muscular Dystrophy (DMD, BMD) are the major neuromuscular diseases in our series. Cardiac symptoms were found in 54 patients, ECG was often abnormal (96 patients): 41 patients had a conduction disorder, 42 patients had atrial or ventricular premature beats; Transthoracic Echocardiography found a left ventricular dysfunction in 10 patients. Therapy with beta‐blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors was initiated in 37 patients and 5 patients required a Pace‐Maker or an Implantable Cardiovertor Defibrillator. Conclusion: A close collaboration between Cardiologists and referral physicians is mandatory for a better management of Cardiac involvement especially arrhythmias in patients with neuromuscular diseases. P167 MEAN HEART RATE FROM 24 HOUR HOLTER RECORDINGS PREDICTS TOTAL MORTALITY IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS Arsenos P; Gatzoulis K; Dilaveris P; Gialernios T; Archontakis S; Tsiachris D; Kartsagoulis E; Sideris S; Aggelis A; Stefanadis C; Apret First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Purpose: To estimate Electrophysiological indices derived from non invasive Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic screening as Total Mortality (TM) predictors for Heart Failure (HF) patients (pts). Methods: We screened 279 HF pts (age: 67 ± 13.0, male: 83%, NYHA: 2.4 ± 0.5, LVEF: 31.4 ± 10.1, CAD: 80%, DCMP: 20%) under optimum treatment and with ECG, SAECG, ECHO and 24 hour HOLTER (HM). After 14.8 ± 13.3 months of follow up 48 deaths occurred (Sudden Cardiac Deaths: 16, Pump Failure Deaths: 26, Non Cardiac Deaths: 6). Differences of non invasive markers between survivors and non‐survivors analyzed with Log rank test. The correlation of the non invasive markers with mortality was searched through survival analysis method utilizing Kaplan Meier – survival curves adjusted for possible confounders under building of appropriate Cox statistical models. Results: After Cox regression model analysis adjusted for gender, age, LVEF, VPBs/24 hour, NSVT episodes/24 hour, mean Heart Rate and QTc interval the only important and independent predictor of TM was mean Heart Rate(24 hour) presented HR: 1.044 (p = 0.007, 95% CI: 1.011–1.077). Conclusions: Mean Heart Rate predicted TM in HF patients importantly and independently of gender, age, LVEF, VPBs, NSVT and QTc. A cut off point of Heart Rate > 70.5 bpm (50th percentile) presented sensitivity 58% and specificity 51% for predicting TM. SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIAS P168 CASE OF A LATVIAN FAMILY'S ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRY TACHYCARDIA Kupics K; Jubele K; Kalinins A; Sipacovs P Paul Stradin's Clinical University Hospital We would like to describe a case of potentially hereditary AVNRT within one family. Only a very limited number of reports are available in the literature describing inherited cases of AVNRT. In Latvia such cases have not been reported yet. In this family a mother and her two sons suffered from arrhythmia episodes. All of these diagnoses of typical AVNRT were established using intracardiac electrophysiological study. The mother's father also had had an unspecified kind of arrhythmia. In both the son's father and his family members had never occurred any episodes of arrhythmia. The mother and both her sons had had no other comorbidities diagnosed. Only the mother had been on medication – metoprolol 50mg bid, but that therapy had not reduced the number of arrhythmia episodes. The first patient to be treated at out clinic was the younger son, aged 18 (patient no 1). In his case arrhythmias had been occurring for 2 – 3 years at that time. After the younger son's successful treatment, the mother also approached us. She was 51 years old (patient no 2) and has had arrhythmias for over 20 years. The symptoms had worsened after childbirths. The last patient from this family to be treated was the older son, aged 22 (patient no 3). He has had arrhythmias for approximately 2 months. The mother and both son's were treated using radiofrequency catheter ablation of the "slow pathway" of the atrioventricular junction. After one year of regular observation no arrhythmias have reoccurred. This case hints at the possibility that in some cases the reason for changes in the atrioventricular junction that are responsible for AVNRT could be inherited, possibly in the form of an autosomal dominant type. P169 3D NONINVASIVE MAPPING AND RESULTS OF CATHETER ABLATION OF TACHYARRHY‐
THMIAS Revishvili A; Sopov O; Dzhordzhikiya T; Simonyan G; Lyadzhina O; Fetisova E; Kalinin V Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia Introduction: We evaluated facilities of the novel 3D surface ECG based mapping technology in patients with different atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Methods: Before procedure noninvasive mapping using 240‐lead ECG combined with CT scan based anatomy (Amycard, RUS) was performed in 102 patients. Among them 48 patients (mean age 36,3 ± 14,6 years) were with ectopic non‐ischemic ventricular arrhythmias (VT/PVC), 35 patients (mean age 32,8 ± 10,3 years) with WPW syndrome, 19 patients (mean age 39,4 ± 16,6 years) with ectopic atrial tachycardias. The findings were compared with invasive 3D mapping and successful radiofrequency ablation. Results: In 48 patients with ventricular arrhythmias (95,9%) a location of ectopic focus was similar to the invasive data and arrhythmia was successfully eliminated by single radiofrequency (RF) application. Two focal VT (4,1%) located in interventricular septum could not be accurately identified by noninvasive mapping. Clinical target coincided in 54 (100%) patients with WPW syndrome and atrial tachycardis and successfully terminated by RF ablation. Mean distance between noninvasive target and effective point of ablation was 3,8 ± 2,5 mm. Time of fluoroscopy in group of patients that underwent noninvasive mapping was significantly lower 4,1 ± 2,5 min in comparison with average 10,3 ± 4,9 min (P < 0,05). Conclusion: Initial experience with a novel noninvasive 3D mapping system shows its clinical utility in various arrhythmias, feasibility of accurately locating the target and significant reduction of fluoroscopy and procedure time. P170 DIFFERENCES IN ANATOMICAL LOCATION AND CONDUCTION PROPERTIES OF ACCESSORY PATHWAYS IN SYMPTOMATIC WPW PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT CLINICAL DOCUMENTED TACHYCARDIAS Pastor A; Leguizamón J; Zorita B; Panizo J; Jiménez S Hospital Universitario de Getafe (Madrid), Spain Radiofrequency ablation is the preferred treatment for symptomatic WPW syndrome. Clinicians have to face symptomatic WPW patients (P) but with non‐documented ECG clinical tachycardia (CTa), in whom some therapeutic doubts arise, especially in case of presumed high risk ECG appearance (midseptal/perihisian location). Purpose: Analyse the anatomical location and conduction capabilities of accessory pathways (AccP) in P with symptomatic WPW with and without documented ECG CTa before ablation. Methods: 100 consecutive symptomatic WPW P considered for ablation. Group A consisted of 56 P with documented ECG CTa and Group B, 44 P with symptoms of palpitations, dizziness or syncope, but without documented ECG CTa. Results: Left‐sided AccP was more frequent in group A compared to group B (60% vs 34%, P < 0.01). Septal location, was found more frequently in group B compared to group A (50% vs (28%, P < 0.05), being located close to AV conduction system (midseptal o perihisian) in 6 (14%) and 6 (11%) respectively. Only anterograde conductive AccP was found more frequently in group B than in group A (36% vs 5%, P < 0.02). Orthodromic tachycardia inducibility rate was similar in group A and in group B P with bidirectional conduction of AccP(92% vs 86%). Conclusion: 1. An important subset of symptomatic WPW P (44%) considered for ablation have not documented ECG CTa before the procedure, being septal location in half of these P. 2. Exclusive anterogradely conductive AccP were found more frequent in non‐documented ECG CTa group compared to documented ECG CTa group. 3. In non‐documented ECG CTa, bidirectional conductive AccP were present in 64% and had similar rate of inducible orthodromic tachycardia compared to documented ECG CTa group, maintaining indication for ablation in the majority of these P, although careful consideration if "high risk" WPW ECG profile (septal location near AV system) or anatomical difficulties are anticipated. P171 RESULTS OF ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TESTING IN CHILDREN WITH ASYMPTOMATIC WPW SYNDROME Ivanitskiy EA; Kropotkin EB; Tsaregorodtsev AP; Kasimtseva TA The Federal Centre of Cardiovascular Surgery The aim of this study was to find out the strategy of management of children with asymptomatic WPW syndrome. Methods: 20 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study, age 3 – 15 years. There were all typical features of preexitation on the surface ECG, and no registered paroxysms of tachycardia on surface ECG or symptoms of palpitation in past. 18 patients underwent catheter ablation of accessory pathway (AP) after previous electrophysiological study. All procedures were performed under the general anesthesia. Results: Anterograde conduction via accessory pathway more than 220 beats per minute (bpm) and effective refractory period (ERP) less than 250 ms were revealed in 15 patients. Anterograde conduction via AP less than 180 bpm and ERP more than 300 ms were seen in three patients. But retrograde conduction via AP in these three patients was more than 220 bpm, ERP was less than 250 ms. Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia was induced in 14 patients. Atrial flutter was induced in one patient with 1:1 conduction via AP. All these patients underwent catheter ablation of AP. No major complications were seen after catheter ablations. Conclusion: Indications for AP ablation were revealed in 90% of patients after previous electrophysiological study. Electophysiological study is a crucial moment for taking a decision to perform ablation of AP in children with asymptomatic WPW syndrome. P172 CARDIOMYOPATHY INDUCED BY PAROXYSMAL TACHYCARDIA – AN UNDERDIAGNOSED CLINICAL ENTITY Bogossian H; Ninios I; Karosiene Z; Pechlivanidou E; Mijic D; Kloppe A; Zarse M; Lemke B Klinikum Luedenscheid, Germany Introduction: Cardiomyopathy due to a sustained tachycardia is a common clinical entity. The detrimental effects of self‐terminating tachycardias, however, have been less thoroughly investigated. We examined the effects of interventional ablative therapy on the systolic left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) of otherwise healthy patients (P) with paroxysmal tachycardias. Methods: 241 consecutive P without structural heart disease(no coronary heart disease, no valve disease, no ICD or pacemaker) presenting for ablation therapy due to paroxysmal tachycardias were examined. EF was determined by echocardiography before and 1–3 months after ablation. Incidence of tachycardia was determined by repetitive Holter ECG and according to described symptoms. Results: 241 P with the following tachycardias were included: AVNRT (n = 99), atrial flutter (n = 57), paroxysmal AF (n = 51), EAT (n = 6), AVRT (n = 14), idiopathic VT (n = 14). 24% of P demonstrated with a slightly decreased EF (48 ± 6%): 22% of AVNRT‐P(EF 51 ± 5%), 28% of atrial flutter‐P (EF 47 ± 8%), 25% of paroxysmal AF‐P (EF 48 ± 9%), 17% of EAT‐P (EF 54 ± 4%), 21% of AVRT‐P (EF 46 ± 8%), 21% of VT‐P (EF 43 ± 7%). Ventricular tachycardias proved to be more detrimental to EF than supraventricular tachycardias. After successful ablation left ventricular function normalized in all patients (EF: 61 ± 5%). Conclusions: Not only sustained but also paroxysmal tachycardias may cause EF deteriorations which are fully reversible after ablation therapy. Supraventricular tachycardias worsen EF independent of its diagnosis but clearly correlated to its incidence. In P with undetermined cause of reduced EF a sinus rhythm ECG does not exclude the possibility of a tachycardiomyopathy. Therefore also paroxysmal tachycardias have to be excluded. In patients with frequent episodes of paroxysmal tachycardias ablation therapy should be planned on a short term basis to prevent tachycardiomyopathy. P173 TACHYCARDIOMYOPATHY INDUCED BY FOCAL ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA: THE INCIDENCE, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PREDICTORS AND THE LONG TERM OUTCOME Ju W; Chen M; Yang B; Chen H; Zhang F; Yu J; Cao K Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 2100 Objectives: To report the incidence, clinical and electrophysiological characteristics, and the long term outcomes of the patients with focal ATs induced cardiomyopathy. Methods: Totally 186 cases of patients with focal atrial tachycardias but without pre‐exiting structural heart disease underwent catheter ablation from Jan 2005 to Apr 2011 in our institution were enrolled in the study. The data were retrospectively analyzed to characterize the clinical and electrophysiological profiles of patients with tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, which was defined as the left ventricle ejection fraction ≤50%. Results: Twelve patients (9 males, the mean age 23.4 ± 16.0 years) were identified to have tachycardiomyopathy, giving an incidence of 6.5%. The patients with tachycardiomyopathy were younger (23.4 ± 15.9 vs 45.7 ± 17.1, P < 0.05) and more frequently males (9/12 vs 64/174, P < 0.05). The tachycardias in the cardiomyopathy group were more frequently incessant (10/12 vs 32/174, P < 0.05).The prevalence of symptoms, including the palpitations, shortness, and syncope or pre‐syncope was not different between the two groups, as well as the tachycardia cycle length and heart rate. The appendage was the most preferential site for the tachycardia to develop cardiomyopathy (8/12). In a 36.3 ± 20.1 months follow up, all of the patients with cardiomyopathy had their left ventricle ejection fraction improved by either catheter ablation or rate control using drug therapy (43.9 ± 5.8 vs 61.1 ± 3.5, P < 0.05). However, one patient suffered sudden death due to unauthorized withdrawal, which leading to uncontrollable heart failure. Conclusions: About 6.5% patients with focal atrial tachycardia developed to tachycardiomyopathy. The incessant nature was associated with the development of the myopathy. The appendage was the most preferential site. Most patients had benign long term outcome using either catheter ablation or rate control by drug therapy. P174 NONINVASIVE BEAT‐TO‐BEAT CARDIAC MAPPING FOR TOPICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ATRIAL AND VENTRICULAR TACHYARRHY‐
THMIAS Shlyakhto E; Lebedev D; Treshkour T; Chmelevsky M; Zubarev S Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia Topical diagnosis of atrial and ventricular ectopy is a relevant issue in electrocardiology. Non‐invasive beat‐to‐beat epi‐ and endocardial cardiac mapping (NCM) is a fundamentally new method of solving this problem. NCM is based of solving the so‐called inverse electrocardiographic (ECG) problem: digital reconstruction of electrograms on the epicardium and endocardium based on the multichannel ECGs recorded on the torso surface. Accurate individual heart and thorax anatomical images derived from tomography studies are used for the calculations. Objective: To determine localization of focal atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVTA and VTA) and to explore nature of spread of excitation, using NCM. Materials and Methods: 35 patients were examined, 5 with SVTA and 30 with VTA, average age 43 ± 12 years. Men/women – 21/14. VTA were presented by monomorphic ventricular ectopic complexes (VEC) in 19 cases and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 11 cases. Among patients with SVTA: 3 were with atrial premature beats, 2 – with atrial tachycardia. All patients were identified with indications for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). For topical preoperative diagnosis NCM with AMYCARD 01 C SYSTEM for Noninvasive EP studies was performed. 15 patients underwent RFCA tachyarrhythmias: 12 patients with VTA and 3 patients with pulmonary veins (PV) ectopia. In 9 cases electroanatomic mapping CARTO was applied and in 3 cases – with software module CARTO Merge. Results: The areas of early activation were defined by construction of potential and isochrone maps on epi‐ and endocardium. The first results showed a complete coincidences of early activation areas obtained using intraoperative mapping and NCM. Conclusions: NCM can improve accuracy of preoperative topical VTA and SVTA diagnosis, reduce time of intraoperative mapping and duration of the cateter ablation procedures. P175 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC FUNCTION AND ABNORMAL REPOLARIZATION AFTER RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION IN PATIENTS WITH WOLFF‐PARKINSON‐WHITE SYNDROME Weng K‐P; Lin C‐C; Hsieh K‐S Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan Purpose: To assess the serial changes in LV function after RF ablation of a manifest accessory pathway and the relationship between T‐wave changes and LV diastolic function. Methods: The subjects consisted of three groups with tachyarrhythmias. Group A (n = 20): manifest WPW syndrome. Group B (n = 20): concealed WPW syndrome. Group C (n = 20): AVNRT. All patients underwent a series of EKG and echocardiographic examination before and after the catheter ablation procedure. With regard to LV diastolic function parameters, E/A ratio, DT, IVRT, Tei index and tissue Doppler parameters were assessed. Results: In group A (12 ± 3 years), 13 patients had T‐wave changes after ablation. In group B (13 ± 2 years) and C (11 ± 5 years), none had T‐wave changes after ablation. In three groups, there were no significant changes in LVDD, LVSD, and EF before and after the ablation procedure. The cE/A ratio decreased after the ablation and began to improve after 1 month. The cDT increased after the ablation and decreased after 1 month. Left ventricular cIVRT improved in the late period. No statistically significant change was observed in the E/Em ratio. The Em/Am ratio, Tei index, and tissue Doppler parameters obtained from the lateral side of the mitral annulus using tissue Doppler was statistically different before and after the ablation procedure. There was no correlation between the presence of T‐wave changes and postablation echocardiographic findings. Conclusions: T‐wave change after RF ablation of manifest accessory pathway may result from abrupt alteration of the sequence of ventricular repolarization and are not a direct result of RF ablation. This conclusion is supported by no correlation between the presence of T‐wave changes and postablation echocardiographic findings. Key words: Radiofrequency ablation, T‐wave, diastolic function P176 SLEEP APNEA DOES NOT PREDICT ATRIAL FLUTTER RECURRENCE AFTER ATRIAL FLUTTER ABLATION van Oosten EM; Furqan MA; Redfearn DP; Simpson CS; Michael KA; Fitzpatrick M; Hopman WM; Baranchuk A Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Background: Sleep apnea (SA) has been associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) and has been found as a predictor of AF recurrence after successful pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). However, no investigations have been carried out to determine the prevalence of SA in patients with atrial flutter (AFL) and the impact of SA on AFL recurrence after AFL ablation. Aim: To determine if SA is a predictor of recurrence of AFL and/or atrial arrhythmias in patients who have undergone AFL ablation. Methods: Retrospective electronic chart review analysis of consecutive right sided isthmus dependent AFL referred for ablation over a two year period. Recurrent atrial arrhythmias were classified as AFL, AF, or other atrial arrhythmias. SA prevalence was determined. Results: We included 122 consecutive patients undergoing AFL ablation between Jan. 2008 – Dec. 2009. Mean follow‐up was 28.3 ± 6.4 months. 20 patients were excluded due to atypical flutter, procedure abandonment, misdiagnosis, or PVI being the primary procedure. Male 75.4%, mean age 68.3 ± 10.4 years, hypertension 65%, and structural heart disease 42%. Prevalence of SA was 27% (33 patients). Recurrence of AFL was observed in 9.8%, recurrence of AF was observed in 22%, and other arrhythmias in 5%. SA was not a predictor of AFL recurrence (6.1% vs. 11.2%, p = NS). SA was neither a predictor of AF nor of other arrhythmia recurrences. Variables associated with AFL recurrence were: no history of pre‐ablation antiarrhythmic drugs (18.8% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.04) and lower BMI (27.07 kg/m2 vs. 30.87 kg/m2, p = 0.04). Variables associated with AF recurrence included: paroxysmal atrial flutter (vs. persistent) (26.7% vs. 9.4%, p = 0.04), higher BMI (32.6 kg/m2 vs. 29.7 kg/m2, p = 0.039), and lower right atrial volume index (23.9 mL/m2 vs. 32.2 mL/m2, p = 0.002). Conclusions: In this cohort prevalence of SA in patients with AFL was increased (27%). SA was not found to be a predictor of AFL recurrence after successful AFL ablation. P177 INTRACARDIAC ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED ABLATION OF CAVOTRICUSPID ISTHMUS Bencsik G; Pap R; Makai A; Klausz G; Chadaide S; Traykov V; Sághy L 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Center, University of Szeged, Hungary Aims: Our aim was to compare intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) guided ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) with conventional fluoroscopy‐guided ablation (FGA) focusing on procedure and fluoroscopy times, radiation exposure and delivered radiofrequency energy (RFE). Patients and Methods: In our single center, prospective, randomized study we included 72 patients (mean age 64.6 ± 11.06, 13 women) scheduled for CTI ablation with documented typical flutter. We randomized patients (1:1 fashion) in two groups: one with conventional FGA (36 patients with 3 femoral punctures for 2 multipolar and 1 ablation catheter) and a second ICE‐guided group (36 patients) with 4 femoral punctures (additional puncture for ICE catheter placed in right atrium). Procedure time was counted from starting the punctures until withdrawal of the last sheath. Fluoroscopy times and radiation data (cumulated radiation and dose‐area product (DAP)) were registered by radiology system and RFE data (sum of delivered RFE) by EP system. The endpoint for ablation was bidirectional block on the CTI after a waiting period of 30 minutes. Results: We found a significantly shorter procedure time (105.0 ± 30.3 min vs. 67.2 ± 16.0 min, p = 0.005) and a significantly lower fluoroscopy‐time (19.1 ± 10.7 min vs. 5.6 ± 4.3 min, p = 0.001) in the ICE‐guided group. DAP was found to be significantly higher in the FGA group (1493.6 ± 1263.3 cGycm2 vs. 433.3 ± 435.8 cGycm2, p = 0.001) and the sum of delivered RFE was significantly higher in the FGA group (14481.4 ± 11035.0 Ws vs.10339.5 ± 6917.7 Ws, p = 0.011). Four vascular complications (groin haematoma) and steam pops (3 in each group) were equally distributed. Conclusion: ICE‐guided ablation of CTI significantly shortens the procedure and fluoroscopy time and markedly decreases radiation exposure in comparison with FGA without a risk of increasing a complication rate. Using ICE‐guidance the sum of delivered RFE was found to be significantly lower. P178 ECHOCARDIAGRAPHIC DYNAMIC IN PATIENTS WITH PAROXYSMAL ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRY TACHYCARDIA BEFORE AND AFTER RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION Ardashev AV; Rybachenko MS; Konev AV; Zhelyakov EG; Belenkov YuN* 83 Clinical Hospital of FMBA, * Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia Purpose: To assess hemodynamic parameters in pts with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) before and after slow pathway radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA). Methods and Material: Study included of 81 pts who were divided into 2 groups. Study group consistent of 61 AVNRT pts (17 female, mean age 45.3 ± 15.1 years) who underwent RFA of AV node slow pathway. Control group comprised of 20 healthy volunteers (5 female, mean age 41.9 ± 5.3 years) without structural heart pathology. Hemodynamic parameters were accessed by means of transthoracic echocardiography before and 2, 6, 12 months after intervention. We used M‐mode, 2D‐mode to determine end diastolic dimension of the left ventricle (LV), end systolic dimension of LV, end diastolic volume of LV, end systolic volume of LV, ejection fraction of LV. Results: There were no significant differences of hemodynamic parameters in studied and control groups before and 2, 6, 12 months after RFA. In AVNRT pts parameters of hemodynamics did not undergo substantial changes during 12 months of follow up after RFA comparing with initial values. Minor anomalies of development of cardiac connective tissue were diagnosed in 28 (45%) AVNRT pts (mitral valve prolapse – 21 pts, left ventricle accessory chords – 7 cases) vs 2 cases (mitral valve prolapse in both cases) of control group (10%) (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Hemodynamic parameters of AVNRT pts characterized by normal values and don't differ from healthy population before and after RFA of AV node slow pathway. AVNRT might be associated with minor anomalies of development of cardiac connective tissue. P179 ELECTROANATOMICAL MAPPING OF AV NODE AND CRYOABLATION OF PARAHISIAN ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA Katsouras GE; Grimaldi M; Petruzzellis A; Sgueglia M; Langialonga T Cardiology Clinic, "F.Miulli" General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy Introduction: Focal atrial tachycardia originating from the parahisian region is relatively rare. Ablation of this form of tachycardia may carry a potential risk of atrioventricular (AV) block with consequent pacemaker implantation. Methods: N/A. Results: A 37 y female, without previous diseases of note, presented with nausea, asthenia, and sense of imminent death! ECG showed frequent and repetitive atrial extrasystoles. An electrophysiologic study was performed, demonstrating numerous repetitive parahisian extrasystoles. Beta‐blockers, flecainide or sotalol were not efficient and the patient after 6 months gave informed consent to proceed with ablation of the focus. We introduced a decapolar catheter into the coronary sinus as a reference catheter and used a Navistar catheter to map the arrhythmia (CARTO system). We first constructed the right atrium and AV ring anatomy while performing a detailed mapping of the AV node, creating a cluster of points of 2 mm diameter. Each point corresponded to a His signal on the catheter. We circumscribed such points with a yellow line (Fig.) and proceeded with activation mapping of the extrasystoles. The tachycardia was arising from the midseptal region between the AV node and the AV ring. We introduced a 7 F 4 mm tip Medtronic CryoCath quadripolar catheter which was also shown on our map after regulating the CARTO system. However, we performed cryoablation excluding the CryoCath catheter from the CARTO system for incompatibility reasons. After ablation, we noted junctional beats different from the original tachycardia which had disappeared by the first month control. At one‐year follow up, the patient presented only 1 atrial extrasystole during 24 h Holter. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of AV node mapping with the technique described above, as well as the first report of combined use of cryoablation with the CARTO system. P180 THE OCCURRENCE OF AV BLOCK AFTER SLOW PATHWAY ABLATION AND 12 MONTHS FOLLOW UP: TWO‐CATHETER APPROACH Kocijancic A; Mrdja S; Mujovic N; Marinkovic M; Potpara T; Polovina M; Simic D; Ostojic MC Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia Background: Radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway has been recommended as first‐line therapy for the treatment of AVNRT. The purpose of this study is to show that incidence of AV block follow the slow pathway ablation is not higher with two‐catheter approach than with multi‐catheter approach, as referred in the literature. Methods: A total of 92 consecutive patients (aged 19–76, mean 51.9 ± 13.3 years) underwent RFA of the slow pathway, 59 (64.1%) were female. Electrophysiologic method with only two electrode catheters, one diagnostic, (placed in the high right atrium) and one ablation cathether ("two‐catheter approach") was used. The patients were followed at the outpatient clinic for 1, 6 and 12 months during the first year after the procedure. Results: RF ablation was acutely successful in 91 patients (98.9%); slow pathway ablation was achieved in 38 patients (41.3%) and slow pathway modification in 54 (58.7%). Transient AV block occurred in 4 patients (4.3%) during the procedure. After 12 months follow‐up complete AV block occurred in 1 patient (1,1%) required pacemaker implantation. Conclusions: The use of a "two‐catheter approach" (one diagnostic and one ablation) was as effective and safe as a multi‐catheter approach. The incidence of acute and late AV block showed results similar to those of previous studies. P181 RIGHT ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA DESPITE SILENT RIGHT ATRIUM Bogossian H; Ninios I; Karosiene Z; Pechlivanidou E; Guenesdogan B; Kloppe A; Mijic D; Zarse M; Lemke B Klinikum Luedenscheid, Germany We saw a 62 year old male patient suffering from severe palpitations during his atrial driven tachycardia with a heart rate of 105 bpm with 1:1 ventricular pacemaker (PM) stimulation (Cycle length 575 ms) for 8 weeks. A DDDR PM has been implanted due to intermittent AV‐Block III°. CHD has been ruled out via coronary angiography. Echocardiographic examination showed only slightly reduced systolic left ventricular function (EF 48%) without any major valvular dysfunction. Cardiac risk factors were hypertonus, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Additionally the patient suffered from obstructive sleep apnea. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation has been described. Before EP‐study, PM modus was changed from DDDR to VVI 30/min which caused a decrease in heart rate down to 53 bpm due to 2:1 block in ventricular answer. During EP study we saw a totally silent right atrium (RA) which showed neither electrical activity nor response to stimulation even with high output. Exclusively in the coronary sinus (CS) and directly adjacent areas, a rapid centrifugal activity was demonstrated. 3‐D electroanatomical mapping was employed after pacing‐manoevers including entrainment and post‐pacing intervals were measured to closer define the area of interest. At the defined hot spot RF‐energy was applied. However, only after adding a line up to an electrically isolated anchor‐point at the tricuspid‐valve circumference tachy was terminated, followed by an atrial electrical standstill which required DDDR‐Pacing. Long AV‐interval allowed for intrinsic AV‐conduction which immediately decreased clinical symptoms. Atrial electrical standstill in one atrial chamber with the other one demonstrating rather normal electrical activity is quite unusual. In our case the underlying pathophysiological mechanism might be connected to increase right atrial pressure due to obstructive sleep apnea. This effect might be aggravated by the underlying hypertension and paroxysms of atrial fibrillation. P182 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ATRIOVENTRI‐
CULAR NODAL CONDUCTION PROPERTIES IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA (AVNRT) Singhal R; Jaswal A; Saxena A Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India Introduction: Atrial fibrillation and WPW syndrome have higher incidence in men while Atrial tachycardia and Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) occurs frequently in women. The electrophysiological (EP) characteristics of gender differences in AVNRT is still not clear. This study investigated gender‐related EP differences in patients (pts) undergoing radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Objective: The aim of study was to investigate gender‐related EP differences in pts undergoing RF ablation of AVNRT. Methods & Results: 580 AVNRT pts (men/women 210/370; 1.8:1); mean age‐45.6 ± 18.6 years old, who underwent RF ablation were enrolled in study over three years (2007‐2010). We evaluated gender differences in EP characteristics. Women had younger age of onset, higher incidence of multiple jumps, shorter AH interval, atrial effective refractory period (ERP), anterograde (AG) fast pathway ERP, AG slow pathway ERP, retrograde (RG) slow pathway ERP, and longer ventricular ERP than men. Incidence of baseline VA dissociation was lower in women than men. No gender differences in tachycardia cycle length of AVNRT was noted. Women needed less isoproterenol/atropine to induce AVNRT. No gender differences in radiation exposure time, complication rate, acute success rate or second procedure rate were noted. Typical AVNRT was more predominant in women and atypical AVNRT was more in men. In patients with atypical AVNRT, there was no significant gender difference in incidence of baseline VA dissociation; however, the RG slow pathway ERP was significantly shortin women than in men. Women of premenopausal age ≤50 years old had higher incidence of AG multiple jumps and RG jump phenomenon, and short AG slow pathway ERP and RG slow pathway ERP than those of women ≥50 years old. Conclusion: Gender differences in AG and RG AV nodal EP were noted in pts with AVNRT, which may be related to cyclical changes in hormonal milieu in premenopausal women vs men and postmenopausal women. P183 OUTCOME ON ATRIAL FLUTTER PATIENT WITH POOR EJECTION FRACTION WHO UNDERWENT SUCCESSFUL RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION AT ONE YEAR Tan VH (1,2); Imran SS (1,3); Liew R (1); Tan BY (1); Chong D (1); Teo WS (1); Ching CK (1) 1. National Heart Centre of Singapore, 2. Changi General Hospital, 3. Khoo Teck Puat Hospital Introduction: There were limited studies on the outcome of patients with atrial flutter and poor left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) who underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). We report the 12 month outcome of patients with atrial flutter and depressed LVEF who underwent successful RFCA. Methods: Patients with atrial flutter and depressed LVEF ≤ 40% were included over a 15 months period. Clinical demographics, recurrence of atrial flutter at 12 months and change in NYHA status and LVEF were collected and analyzed. Results: There were 15 patients with atrial flutter and LVEF ≤ 40% during the period. Majority were male (86.7%) and mean age was 66.7 ± 8.5 years. 80% of patients had ischemic heart disease and 20% had prior stroke. Distribution of NYHA status at baseline was as follow: class I: 6.7%, class II: 53.3%, class III: 33.3% and class IV: 6.7%. All underwent successful RFCA. One patient developed pseudoaneurysm at puncture site post procedure. Mean EF before ablation was 24 ± 6.3%. Post ablation mean LVEF increased significantly to 37.6 ± 17.6% (P < 0.01). Improved ejection fraction (>40%) after ablation was noted in 46.7% of patient. Mean duration of repeat EF post ablation was 9.1 ± 7.2 months. The recurrence rate was 14% at 12 months. Comparing those who had improved LVEF (>40%) with poor LVEF (≤40%), there was no significant different in baseline characteristic and recurrence rate at one year. However, there was significant difference in NYHA class post ablation in which 4 (57%) patients were at NYHA class 1 in EF>40% group as compare to none at NYHA class 1 in EF≤40% group, p = 0.03. Conclusions: Atrial flutter ablation in patients with LVEF ≤ 40% was safe with a recurrence rate of 14% at 12 months follow‐up. LVEF was significantly improved post ablation. Of note those who attained LVEF >40% had significantly improved NYHA status. P184 ONE YEAR OUTCOME ON ISCHEMIC VERSUS NON‐ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY WITH POOR EJECTION FRACTION IN ATRIAL FLUTTER PATIENT WHO UNDERWENT SUCCESSFUL RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION Tan VH (1,2); Imran SS (1,3); Liew R (1); Tan BY (1); Chong D (1); Teo WS (1); Ching CK (1) 1. National Heart Centre of Singapore, 2. Changi General Hospital, 3. Khoo Teck Puat Hospital Introduction: Studies have shown that patients with atrial flutter and poor left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) who underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) have significant improvement in LVEF and NYHA class. We sought to determine if there were differences in LVEF improvement and changes in NYHA status between patients with ischemic (ICMP) and non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICMP) ≤ 40% LVEF who underwent successful RFCA for atrial flutter. Methods: Patients with atrial flutter and depressed LVEF ≤ 40% were included over a 15 months period. Clinical demographics, recurrence of atrial flutter at 12 months and change in NYHA status and LVEF were collected and analyzed. Results: 15 patients with atrial flutter and LVEF ≤ 40% during the period were recruited. 80% (12 patients) have ICMP versus 20% (3 patients) with NICMP. Clinical demographics between the two groups were similar. Distribution of NYHA status (ICMP vs. NICMP) at baseline was as follow: class 1: 0% vs. 33.3%, class 2: 66.7% vs. 0%, class 3: 25.0% vs. 66.7% and class 4: 8.3% vs. 0%. One patient in NICMP group developed pseudoaneurysm at puncture site post procedure. There was significant improved in mean LVEF post ablation within both groups (ICMP: 22.6% vs. 32.3%, p = 0.03; NICMP: 29.7% vs. 58.7%, p = 0.04). NICMP group had a significant increase in magnitude of LVEF post ablation compared to ICMP (+29.0% vs. +9.7%, p = 0.04). There was improvement in NYHA class post ablation in both groups (ICMP vs. NICMP) and as follow: class 16.7% vs. 66.7%, class 2: 58.3% vs. 33.3%, class 3: 25.0% vs. 0% and class 4: 0% vs. 0%. The recurrence rate was 25% at 12 months in the ICMP group whereas there was no recurrence in the NICMP group (p = 0.5). Conclusions: LVEF and NYHA status improved significantly in patients who underwent successful RFCA of atrial flutter. Of note, patients with NICMP seemed to have greater improvement in LVEF compared to those with ICMP. SYNCOPE P185 HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN CHILDREN IN DEPEND ON THE TYPE OF RESPONSE TO HEAD‐UP TILT‐TEST Pogodina AV; Dolgikh VV; Valyavskaya OV Scientific centre of family health and human reproduction problems of Siberian brunsh of RAMS Aim: To study the heart rate variability (HRV) during the daily life, before and following the passive 60° head‐up tilt test (HUT) in patients with different types of positive response to head‐up tilt. Methods: We evaluated 28 patients (8–17 y.o), 12 boys, with an inducible vasovagal response to the HUT. We analyzed HRV during the 5‐minute period just before tilt, during the 5‐minute period immediately after tilt in the 60° head‐up position and within 5 minutes preceding syncope while all subjects were asymptomatic. HRV also was calculated over a 24‐hour period. Results: Sixteen children had mixed response to HUT, 4 vasodepressor (VD) and 8 cardioinhibitory (CI). Over the 24‐hour period significant differences were obtained only for rMSSD, which in children with VD syncope was significantly lower than that in children with CI syncope (p = 0,03), and tended to a significant reduction compared with children with mixed syncope (p = 0,07). Values of all indices during the day had no significant differences between groups of children with different types of syncope. Values pNN50, rMSSD and SDNNi during a night's sleep had significantly lower in children with VD syncope, compared with a group of children with CI syncope (p = 0.03, p = 0.02, p = 0.03, respectively), as pNN50 in children with VD syncope was significantly lower than in children with a mixed type of syncope (p = 0.03). In the HUT all HRV parameters did not differ between groups in the supine positions. In the first 5 min of tilt there were significant differences between groups: the pNN50 in children with VD syncope became significantly lower than in children with CI (p = 0,038) and mixed (p = 0,037) types of syncope. Within 5 minutes preceding syncope significant differences between groups was again not shown for any of the indices of HRV. Conclusion: Children with VD syncope are characterized by lower vagal influences in the regulation of cardiac rhythm compared with patients having other types of syncope. P186 RISK STRATIFICATION OF SYNCOPE. MALIGNANT PRESENTATION OF SYNCOPE: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EPISODES IN THE SAME PATIENT Ruiz GA; Chirife R; Aversa E; Tentori MC; Grancelli H; Nogues M; Perfetto JC Hospital Juan A Fernandez. Instituto Fleni In the diagnosis of syncope, the anamnesis provides important information related to risk stratification. The malignity of syncope is related to two different aspects: a) malignant presentation (MP), associated to risk of injury, b) malignant etiology (ME) related to mortality risk. However, we have observed in a previous study that when two or more episodes are reported, the patient's description is frequently different. Objective: To evaluate the degree of concordance of malignant presentation of syncope between different episodes in the same patient. Methods: An extensive questionnaire describing the last (up to) 4 episodes (ep.) was performed in 147 pts (49.2 ± 21 years, 65% women) with two or more syncopal episodes during the last 2 years. Definitions: MP: absence of prodroms, presence of injury, prolonged duration (> 5 minutes), and fecal/urine incontinence. ME: syncope during exercise, syncope during sleep, absence of prodroms or cardiological prodroms and cyanosis. A value of 1 was given to the presence of each variable, with a scale from 0 to 4. Last benign syncope (LBS)was defined as MP score = 0 in the last episode, last malignant syncope (LMS) was defined as MP score>0. The prevalence of each point score and the concordance of MP, ME scores, LBS and LMS between episodes were evaluated. Results: 440 episodes were evaluated in 147 pts. Of them, 252 (57%) had a MP score≥1 and 133 (30%) had an ME Score≥1. The prevalence of MP and ME scores (2 episodes) were respectively: 0 = 42% and 69%, 1 = 34% and 29%, 2 = 19% and 3%, 3 = 5% and 0%, 4 = 0% for both. The concordance between the last 2 ep. for MP, ME, LBS and LMS was 54%, 73%, 55% and 65%, respectively. Conclusion: The malignant quality of syncope is quite variable between episodes in the same patient. Almost half of patients whose last episode was benign had at least one criteria of malignity in previous episodes. These finding are important when considering the description of the episode for risk stratification. P187 ASYSTOLE DURING TILT TABLE TEST: WHO IS AT RISK? Zimerman A; Magalhães APA; Pimentel M; Zimerman LI Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Introduction: The tilt table test is a useful diagnostic method in the evaluation of syncope. Asystole is an important response which may occur during the test. Objectives: To evaluate the characteristics of patients with asystole during the tilt table test. Methods: A total of 640 tilt table tests were analyzed and patients who had a positive response were compared with the ones among them who had asystolic response. The protocol had a passive phase (20 minutes; 70 degrees inclination) and an active phase (1.25mg sublingual nitrate and inclination during 10 minutes). Asystole was defined as the presence of pause ≥3 seconds. Results: Patients were mostly females (63.8%) and mean age was 49.1 ± 22.2 years old. The tilt table test was considered positive in 334 patients (51.9%), from which 40 (12%) presented asystole, with an average duration of 9.1 ± 6.8 seconds. The patients with asystole had a lower age, 37.3 ± 18 vs. 48.7 ± 22 (p = 0.01). Asystole occurred in 9.3% of men and 9.9% of women (p = 0.86). It was present in 10.7% of the positive tests in the passive phase and in 12.8% after sensibilization (p = 0.7). The asystole duration during passive phase was 5.9 ± 3.6 vs. 10.6 ± 7.4 seconds after sensibilization (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Asystole during the tilt table test occurs more frequently in younger patients. The asystole duration was longer when the event took place after the pharmacological sensibilization with nitrate. P188 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN HEAD‐UP TILT TESTING (HUTT): 8 YEAR EXPERIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS HOSPITAL Yao RC; Reyes DRC; Ramirez MFL University of Santo Tomas Hospital Objectives: To determine if there is difference in response patterns to HUTT between males and females. Methods: Records of patients who underwent HUTT for the evaluation of syncope were reviewed. Results: 328 out of 332 records were included in the study. 58.5% were females with mean age of 43 years for females and 48 for males. 48.2% of the female population tested positive compared to 30.4% among the male population. 23 patients developed a positive response without nitroglycerin (NTG) provocation. 78% were females. 111 patients developed a positive response with NTG provocation. 70% were females. Female patients who tested positive were significantly younger than males (38 vs 52 P = 0.0001). Mean baseline SBP and DBP were significantly lower in females who had positive result. Responses to HUTT among males in decreasing frequency are Type 1, followed by Type 3, POTS, Type 2a, Type 2b, and dysautonomic responses while in females, Type 1, followed by POTS, Type 3, 2b, 2a and dysautonomic response. Mixed type of response is more common in females than in males (74% VS 26%). POTS, Type 2b and dysautonomic responses were also more common in females. Frequency of type 2a and Type 3 responses were not significantly different between genders. When divided into 0–30, 31–60, and >60 years age group, significantly more females had a positive response in the 0–30 (59% vs 18% P = 0.0001) and 30–60 age group (49.5% vs 28.1% P = 0.006). In the >60 years age group, more males had positive response to HUTT, however this was not statistically significant. (44.7% vs 27.5% P = 0.09). Conclusion: In our institution, more females than males had positive response to HUTT both with and without provocation. Female patients with a positive response were significantly younger, had lower baseline SBP and DBP. Type 1 response is the most common type of response in both genders. In the >60 years age group, more males tested positive but this was not statistically significant. TELEMONITORING FOR CARDIAC RHYTHM MANAGEMENT DEVICES P189 PERSONALIZED REMOTE MONITORING OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENTS WITH ELECTRONIC IMPLANT DEVICES Trucco E; Arbelo E; Laleci GB; Yang M; Kabak Y; Chronaki C; Hinterbuchner L; Guillén A; Dogac A; Brugada J; iCARDEA Hospital Clinic, Thorax Institute, Cardiology Department, Barcelona, Spain Introduction: Care management systems are used to support and manage the care of patients (pt) with chronic diseases. Although adopting evidence‐based clinical guidelines provide numerous benefits, till now they are underutilized in clinical practice due to interoperability problems of different healthcare data sources. The iCARDEA architecture is an intelligent platform for personalized remote monitoring of pts with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED). The aim is to introduce the iCARDEA care management system for Atrial Fibrillation (AF) in CIED pts, with emphasis on prevention of cardioembolic events and rate and rhythm management. Methods: The care plan engine executes the clinical guideline for management of patients with AF by accessing the Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems, the patient maintained personal health records (PHR) and the CIED data through standard interfaces. Results: The AF care plan is initiated whenever an AF event is detected and the physician is notified automatically by the iCARDEA system. Information about care plan execution steps are provided, and a link is given to a graphical monitoring tool which shows the care plan workflow graphically, allowing seeing the results of each decision step, such as the retrieved EHRs. For every decision, the care plan engine accesses the EHR and PHR. After a recommendation is presented to the physician, different options are provided, such as guidance on possible doses and major side effects, updating the hospital information system for storing this prescription, or continuing with the rest of the care plan. Conclusion: Through iCARDEA, early detection of AF events will be facilitated. This will facilitate the timely introduction of protective interventions against thromboembolic events, and will enable the anticipation of adverse hemodynamic effects. After completing all the system components including the security and privacy measures, a clinical trial is planned. P190 DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION ENROLLED IN "CLINICAL EVALUATION OF REMOTE MONITORING WITH DIRECT ALERTS TO REDUCE TIME FROM EVENT TO CLINICAL DECISION (REACT)" STUDY McComb J; Fernandez‐Lozano I; Kacet S; Jung W; Landolina M; Mortensen P; Raatikainen P; Mullens W; Speca GC; Gazzola C; REACT Freeman Hospital, Newcastle (UK) The number of patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICD) or Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Defibrillators (CRT‐D) is increasing significantly. They need regular follow up (FU); guidelines require FU 2–4 times per year and additional FUs if necessary. The latest generation of devices allows remote interrogation, monitoring and automatic detection and alerting of potentially silent but dangerous events. The REACT study was designed to investigate if the detection of clinically relevant events with daily alerts notification by St Jude Medical (SJM) Merlin.net remote care leads to faster clinical decision and action. Methods: The REACT study is a prospective, randomized parallel open trial. 220 patients (219 analyzable) were enrolled between March 2010 and February 2011 by 28 centres in 11 European countries. Eligible patients must meet guidelines for ICD or CRT‐D implant and have a SJM device compatible with the Merlin.net Remote Care system. Results: The characteristics of Control Group (C) (n = 107, alerts off) and Treatment Group (T) (n = 112, alerts on) are as below: ControlTreatmentTotalGender (Male):86%86%86%Age (years):  62 ± 11  64 ± 12  63 ± 12Height (cm):173 ± 7173 ± 7173 ± 7Ischemic heart disease:62%62%62% Ejection Fraction was significantly lower in the control group: 30 ± 13 vs 32 ± 12, p = 0.04 (overall 31 ± 13). Hypertension (n = 104, 47%), Hypercholesterolemia (n = 87, 39%) and Diabetes (n = 54, 34%) are the commonest co‐morbidities. The indication for device implantation is primary prevention in 140 (64%) and secondary in 79 p (36%), 134 (61%) patients received an ICD (single or dual chamber) and 85 (38%) a CRT‐D device. Conclusion: The population enrolled in the REACT study is similar to the real‐world ICD and CRT‐D population. P191 REMOTE MONITORING SERVICE FOR CARDIAC DEVICE (ICD'S) PATIENTS. INITIAL EXPERIENCE FROM A GREEK HOSPITAL Rassias I; Tzeis S; Andrikopoulos G; Theodorakis G Henry Dunant Hospital Introduction: The application of remote monitoring (ICD's patients), consists of regular follow up of various parameters, concerning the normal operation of an ICD device, the recording of arrhythmic events and the number of delivered therapies. (appropriate or not). In this particular study we are describing the initial experience of our center, using the remote monitoring system Care Link by Medtronic. Method: 19 ICD patients were included in this study (7 with ischemic‐12 with non ischemic cardiomyopathy), consisting of remote monitoring follow up. 10 patients have BV ICD, 8 patients have DDD ICD and 1 patient has VVI ICD. On a regular weekly basis, we are checking the usual parameters, concerning the normal function of an ICD such as impedance, sense and threshold, as well as the arrhythmic events (ventricular tachycardia‐fibrillation episodes, atrial fibrillation episodes), the parameters concerning heart failure deterioration (optivol), the percentage of pacing (atrial, ventricular, biventricular) and the delivered therapies (appropriate, inappropriate therapies). Results: The mean follow up time, of our study is two months. We have recorded two episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia, terminated appropriately with antitachycardia pacing and delivered shock correspondingly. In one patient we recorded an unusual increase of the impedance of the ventricular electrode. (> 3000 Ω). We also have recorded 7 episodes of atrial fibrillation and 11 episodes of ventricular tachycardia. Conclusion: The remote monitoring system of ICD patients offers many advantages concerning the safety and the quality of life, especially of those who live in rural areas. P192 INTEGRATION OF LATITUDE REMOTELY TRANSMITTED DATA INTO AN EMR SYSTEM USING FILEMAKER PRO SOFTWARE: PROCEDURE AND ALGORHYTMS Pupita G; Molini S; Matassini MV; Mazzanti I; Brambatti M; Capucci A Clinica di Cardiologia, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona The LATITUDE® Patient Management system allows to remotely follow Boston Scientific ICD and CRT‐D devices, accessing a website where the device info (transmitted using Bluetooth technology) is displayed. Boston Scientific has developed a software to download available transmissions into a local directory: it creates HL7 files structured according to the HL7 2.3.1 Observation Result Unsolicited message type, sending the information in the form of a lab report document. Each file contains a Message Header, a Patient Identification segment, and four Observation Reports sections (last interrogation, implant, lead test, lead information), each one having several Observation Results segments containing the parameters, that include lead status, device set up, arrhythmic events and stimulation statistics details. We developed a procedure to retrieve data from the HL7 files to put them into an EMR system; both are built in FileMaker Pro. The integration procedure is fully automated: it imports each files' segments in an ad hoc table, reconstructs the original message and grabs each parameter by parsing the reconstructed text, using specifically built custom functions developed in Filemaker Pro; finally the parameters are stored into the EMR system. We've tested the above mentioned procedure with our Center's data, processing a total of 163 transmissions belonging to 52 patients. We've encountered some minor issues: data import must be set to Unicode, date fields calculations need to be adjusted for the presence of the datum, the threshold measure units are always passed even if no measurement has been recorded; several numeric parameters can contain text instead of numbers; decimal separator must be adjusted to local standards. LATITUDE® remotely transmitted data can be integrated into an EMR system effortlessly, thus allowing full availability of patients' data and providing a way to closely monitor several clinically relevant parameters. P193 ICARDEA: PERSONALIZED REMOTE MONITORING OF PATIENTS WITH ELECTRONIC IMPLANTED DEVICES Arbelo E; Trucco E; Dogac A; Luepkes C; Chronaki C; Hinterbuchner L; Ploessnig M; Yang M; Guillen A; Brugada J; iCARDEA European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) – Grant Agreement n.o.: ICT‐248240 Introduction: Cardiac implanted electronic devices (CIEDs) have become part of the standard therapy in patients (p) who are at risk of life‐threatening arrhythmias. CIEDs require regular scheduled hospital visits to monitor the device parametres and any adverse event. Additionally, many p require extra visits due to arrhythmic events or system‐related complications. This calls for new methods of long‐term surveillance to optimize patient safety, alleviating the burden of caregivers, and lowering costs through IT support. The iCARDEA project aims at developing an intelligent platform to semi‐automate the follow‐up of CIED p using adaptable computer interpretable clinical guideline models. Methods: Data from hospitals' electronic health records (EHR), from p‐maintained personal health records (PHR) and the CIED device readouts, provided by the remote monitoring services, are collected and correlated. This abstract describes the system architecture of iCARDEA. Results: In order to provide the Adaptive Care Planner, the CIED data is converted into a vendor independent standard format, and EHR and PHR data are converted to HL7 Clinical Document Architecture format, in order to be connected to the iCARDEA system. The data presented is enriched by automatically generated specific warnings and suggestions based on statistically valid patterns extracted using data analysis techniques applied to reference case knowledge bases. An adaptive care planner employing clinical guidelines automates risk assessment generating alarms as appropriate. Patients are empowered with integrated PHRs that enable informed and responsible participation in their health care and education. Conclusion: Leveraging the remote management capabilities of CIEDs heightens awareness of device status and disease progression, allowing more timely and effective treatment, while reducing the burden of in‐office visits. iCARDEA monitoring will reduce the time from an event to a clinical decision. VENTRICULAR TACHYARRHYTHMIAS P194 VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS: LOOKING FOR THE REASON Tatarski RB; Lebedev DS; Gureev SV; Michailov GV Federal centre of heart, blood and endocrinology Everybody knows for today about a large number of patients with ventricular arrhythmias (VA). But high technology methods as a 3D electroanatomical mapping usage cannot show the myocardial and endocardial structural changes, and, as a result, modification of it's electrophysiology, that is a cause of VA presence. Goals: To identify the presence of heart structural changes using endocardial biopsy (EB) in patients with idiopathic VAs. Materials and Methods: 77 patients (27 male, age 42 ± 18 years) with idiopathic VAs were treated by radiofrequency ablation and they passed EB during operation. It' proved, that EB doesn't increase risk of intervention, it's duration and radiation obligation for patient and personnel. Different types of biopsy instruments were used during EB. 4 –7 bits extraction from each patient was considered as sufficient. Results: EB showed chronic myocarditis in 16 (22%), cardiosclerosis –10 (13%), acute myocarditis –9 (12), arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia –18 (23%), lypoma –5 (6%), toxic myocardiopathy –3 (4%), amyloidosis –5 (6%), hypertrophy and protein dystrophy –11 (14%) patients respectively. In no case any of such disease was suspected. Total effectiveness of RF ablation in these patients during 10‐year observation period assembled 85%. No fatal event, associated with EB, was presented. Conclusion: The endocardial biopsy usage opens new horizons in diagnostics, pathogenetic foundations of VA and prognosis evaluation in patients with VA; it makes RF ablation more predictable. But it needs in large number of investigations for full data evaluation and determination of treatment strategy in these patients. P195 ABLATION OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS ORIGINATING FROM VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT USING REMOTE MAGNETIC FIELD NAVIGATION: FEASIBILITY AND SAFETY STUDY Pajitnev D; Zaltsberg S; Greiss H; Lehinant S; Neumann T; Kuniss M Kerckhoff Heart Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany Background: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is an effective and generally accepted treatment of symptomatic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originating from ventricular outflow tract (VOT). Catheter navigation using an external magnetic field may allow accurate mapping and ablation with reduced fluoroscopy time. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of VOT PVCs ablation using remote magnetic navigation. Methods: 12 consecutive patients (pts) with symptomatic outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias and no underlying structural heart disease were included (2 female, age 59 ± 8 years). For mapping and ablation a 3.5 mm cooled tip magnetic catheter (Celsius RMT Thermocool® Biosense Webster) were used. Remote magnetic navigation was performed with Niobe System (Stereotaxis Inc.). After positioning of the catheter in the VOT activation‐ and pace‐mapping was performed by using the automated bull's eye mapping function of the Niobe system. Ablation was performed at the site of earliest activation (at least −30 ms) and/or best pace‐mapping. Cessation of spontaneous PVC activity was considered as ablation endpoint. Results: Successful ablation site was localized in the septal RVOT in 4 pts (33%), in the posterior RVOT in 6 pts (50%) and in 2 pts in the left and non‐coronary aortic cusp respectively. Mean procedural time was 74 ± 27 minutes with fluoroscopy time of 2.8 ± 1.5 minutes. Successful ablation was achieved in all patients utilizing 8.5 ± 7 RF‐applications at 40 Watts. No complications were observed. Conclusion: Arrhythmias originating from the right and left ventricular outflow tracts can be treated safely and successfully using remote magnetic navigation. The use of automated navigation function of the system allows precise mapping with reduced fluoroscopy times for both, the patient and the investigator. P196 IS CATHETER ABLATION OF VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA WORTHWHILE IN PATIENTS WITH ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY? Segetova M; Peichl P; Cihak R; Lefflerova K; Bytesník J; Kautzner J Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic Objectives: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) is often considered of limited value in management of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The aim of this study was to review long term results of substrate‐based RFA in ARVC. Methods: The study population comprised 14 patients (age 49.3 ± 18.4 years, 5 female) who underwent 1 or more RFA procedures for VT. Ten of them had implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Eleven primary procedures were followed by recurrence of VT during follow up that necessitated re‐do procedure or heart transplant in one patient with recurrent electrical storm. Only 3 patients had no recurrence after the first RFA. A total of 35 RFA procedures were performed using 3‐dimensional substrate mapping (n = 34) or conventional entrainment (n = 1) mapping (2,5 ± 1.5 procedures per patient). Epicardial approach was needed 4 times in 3 subjects (all younger than 30 years). During 31 ± 18.1 months after the last ablation procedure, patients had no recurrences of VT. Conclusions: Despite a high rate of earlier recurrences after first RFA, repeated procedures can abolish VTs in ARVC in long‐term horizon. Epicardial ablation seems to be necessary in all younger subjects (below 30 years of age). P197 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MARKERS AND INDUCIBILITY OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN ISCHAE‐
MIC CARDIOMYOPATHY PATIENTS Kanoupakis EM; Koutalas EP; Kallergis EM; Mavrakis HE; Saloustros IG; Solidakis G; Psathakis E; Goudis CA; Vardas PE Cardiology Dpt, University Hospital of Heraklion Crete Introduction: Research on prognostic factors of ventricular arrhythmias inducibility in patients with severe reduced LV systolic function being ICD candidates for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death has given limited results so far. Aim of our study was to examine the relationship of specific echocardiographic markers, beyond LV ejection fraction, particularly left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter, with ventricular arrhythmias inducibility during electrophysiological study in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods and Results: Data were acquired from patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and severe reduced LV systolic function who underwent electrophysiological in the context of primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Electrophysiological study protocol included programmed electrical stimulation from right ventricular apex. Of 119 patients included, ventricular arrhythmias were induced in 76 (63.9%). Prior echocardiographic study revealed 26 (21%) patients with ventricular hypertrophy (defined as interventricular septum and posterior wall diastolic thickness >11 mm) and 90 patients (76.3%) with dilated left ventricle (defined as LV end‐diastolic diameter >55 mm). 80% of patients with left ventricular hypertrophy had ventricular arrhythmias induced compared to 59% of patients without ventricular hypertrophy (P < 0.05). However, as regards LV end‐diastolic diameter, difference between groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.92). Conclusion: In populations at high risk for sudden cardiac death, such as ischemic cardiomyopathy patients, ventricular hypertrophy is correlated to ventricular arrhythmias inducibility and possibly is a risk factor for spontaneous malignant arrhythmias. P198 SPATIAL QRS‐T ANGLE IS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN ASYMPTOMATIC SARCOID PATIENTS WITH VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS Giallafos I; Kouranos V; Stampola S; Kalianos A; Peros I; Rapti A; Tryposkiadis F; Giallafos J Department of Cardiology of University of Athens & University of Larissa Although arrhythmia is a common in patients with sarcoidosis (Sar), it is often underdiagnosed. Electrocardiographic (ECG) derived spatial QRS‐T angle (QRS‐T‐a) is a novel marker of ventricular repolarization which have predictive value for sudden cardiac death in general and in diseased populations. The present study was carried out to evaluate the QRS‐T‐a in asymptomatic patients with Sar and to investigate the relationship between QRS‐T‐a and the occurrence of potentially serious ventricular arrhythmias. ECG derived QRS‐T angle of 112 Sar patients was calculated from the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) while MRI and 24 hour ambulatory ECG (Holter) was performed. Risk for arrhythmias was estimated for each patient by using Lown classification criteria for ventricular arrhythmias based on Holter results. Four subgroups were formed according to the combination of the arrhythmic risk (Lown >3 was high and Lown ≤3 was low) and the possible cardiac involvement (yes–no). The angle of the patients was compared with that of 65 healthy subjects. Results: 36 patients (32%) fulfilled the criteria of cardiac involvement while 12 patients were classified as Lown 4A (Couplets of Premature Ventricular Beats) with 3 as 4B (Non sustained Ventricular Tachycardia). The spatial QRS‐T angle of the Sar patient's were increased compared to the control's one, while the subgroup analysis showed that the cardiac positive & Lown >3 group had significantly elevated angle compared to the other disease groups. Bivariate correlation showed that spatial QRS‐T angle is positively associated with the age (p = 0.031, r = 0.204) and the Lown classification (p = 0.011, r = 0.240). Spatial QRS‐T angle seems to be increased in Sar patients compared to healthy subjects especially those with increased arrhythmic risk and with cardiac involvement. Determination of this angle can be useful in the risk assessment of however needs further studies for evaluation of this finding. OTHER P199 EVALUATION OF P WAVE DISPERSION AND QRS DURATION BEFORE AND AFTER THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY Rafla S; Elbadawy T; Helmy T; Ahmad E Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Egypt The effect of thrombolytic therapy on P wave dispersion (PWD) and QRS duration were studied in 30 patients (pts) with acute STEMI. PWD is defined as the difference between the longest and shortest P wave duration recorded from surface ECG. Pts received thrombolytic therapy (Streptokinase) in addition to standard medical therapy. Pts were divided into 2 groups; group A: Pts with successful thrombolytic therapy (23) and group B: Pts with failed thrombolytic therapy (7). P wave duration and dispersion were measured. The normal PWD is 28 ms ± 10. QRS duration was measured and pts were divided into 3 groups; Duration <90 ms, duration 90–110, and duration >110 ms. The incidence of arrhythmia was recorded. Results: PWD was higher in pts with STEMI than normal range. PWD on admission was positively related to age, ST deviation score, CK‐MB, Troponin, left atrial size, ejection fraction, and inversely related to beta blocker use before admission and not related to heart rate. After thrombolytic therapy; PWD and P max were higher in group B than group A: (Gr A 34 ± 6 vs Gr B 47 ± 10 ms, P < 0.006). Arrhythmias during the duration of stay in the ICU were atrial fibrillation in one, ventricular fibrillation in one and V tachycardia in three. Three pts died. As regards QRS duration; there was a significant change in QRS duration (shortening) in pts with successful thrombolysis. There was a significant negative correlation between the QRS duration and EF, and there was a significant positive correlation between QRS duration and the end diastolic and end systolic diameters. The incidence of complications (arrhythmias, heart failure, shock, pulmonary edema, mortality) increased with the increase in QRS duration. Conclusions: PWD is correlated with success of thrombolytic therapy and with other parameters as LA size and EF, In pts with STEMI the QRS duration is a useful indicator of LV systolic function, dimensions and is a predictor of outcome. P200 SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES Kallergis E; Chrysostomakis S; Goudis C; Bouloukaki I; Mermigkis C; Schiza S; Simantirakis E; Siafakas N; Vardas P Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Heraklion, Crete, Greece Aims: Although the prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS) is high in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), there is little knowledge about the persistence of OSAHS in ACS patients after the acute event. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and time course of OSAHS in patients with ACS, during and after the stabilization of the acute cardiac event. Methods and Results: Fifty two patients with first ever ACS and with preserved left ventricular function, who were not on sedation or inotropes, underwent attended overnight polysomnography (PSG) in our sleep center, away from the CCU environment, on the third day after the acute event. In patients with an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) >10/h, we performed a follow up PSG one and six months later. Twenty eight patients (54%) had an AHI >10/h. There was a significant decrease in AHI 1 month after the acute event (13.9 ± 5.9 vs. 19.7 ± 6.7, p = 0.001), confirming the diagnosis of OSAHS in 22 of 28 patients (79%). At 6‐month follow up the AHI had decreased further (7.5 ± 4.6 vs. 19.7 ± 6.7, P < 0.05), and at that time only 6 of the 28 patients (21%) were diagnosed as having OSAHS. Conclusion: We have demonstrated a high prevalence of sleep apnea in the acute myocardial ischemia setting, which did not persist 6 months later, indicating that, to some degree, SDB abnormalities may be transient and related with the acute phase of the underlying disease. P201 COMPARISON OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND NORMAL DIASTOLIC FUNCTION IN TERMS OF HEART RATE RECOVERY AS A PREDICTOR OF MORTALITY Aksoy MN; Kilic H; Sari M; Ertem AG; Yeter E; Balci MM S.B. Health Ministry, Ankara Diskapi YB Training and Research Hospital Dept. Of Cardiology Heart rate recovery which is measured in recovery period of the exercise ECG test is a function of vagal tonus. It can be used as a predictor of mortality independent from other cardiovascular risk factors. In this study we compared asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction patients with healthy controls in terms of HRR which was already documented to be abnormal in patients with diastolic heart failure. We enrolled 71 patients in total which was divided into 3 groups consisted of Grade 1 DDF, Grade 2 DDF and Normal DF groups. Diastolic function assessments were made by TTE and all the patients achieved age predicted submaximal heart rate during exercise stress test. Heart rate recovery measured at 1st (HRR1) and 2nd (HRR2) minutes after cessation of exercise without a cool down period. HRR1 values in the Grade 1 DDF group were significantly lower than control group. Although mean HRR1 of Grade 2 DDF showed a trend towards lower than controls, it did not reach any statistical significance comparing with Grade 1 DDF and control group. (Normal, Grade 1 and Grade 2 HRR1 values were 36,6 ± 9,7 25,1 ± 11,1 and 29,0 ± 10,2 p:0,003). There were no significant difference in HRR2 between groups. In regression analysis, the difference of HRR1 values between Grade 1 DDF and Normal DF seemed to be independent from other variables (age, sex, DM, HT, smoking). These findings suggest that autonomic functions begins to deteriorate much before the onset of symptoms in diastolic dysfunction patients and this deterioration could be a sign of an increase in overall mortality risk in this subgroup of patients. Keywords: Heart rate recovery, Diastolic dysfunction, Echocardiography P202 RESULTS OF HOLTER MONITORING AND DAILY MONITORING OF BLOOD PRESSURE AT YOUNG ATHLETES Skuratova NA; Belyaeva LM; Gomel Regional Children hospital, Gomel, Belarus Belarusian Medical Academy of Post‐Graduate Education, Minsk, Belarus There are literary data about revealing of an arterial hypotension at young athletes which is frequently treated as physiological and testifies to the raised tone of parasympathetic nervous system. Aim: To estimate results of the Holter monitoring and daily monitoring of blood pressure (DMBP) at young athletes. Materials and methods: At 80 young sportsmen of 8–18 years (middle age 13, 0 ± 2, 2 years) it has been spent Holter monitoring and DMBP. Results: The group of young athletes with arterial hypotension (5 to 50 percentile) has been presented by 38 children (47, 5%). Normal values DMBP (from 50 to 90 percentile) had 22 (27, 5%) young athletes, normal values DMBP (from 50 to 90 percentile) had 22 (27, 5%) young athletes, "high normal" blood pressure or arterial hypertension had 16 (20%) children. Among surveyed children 4 (5%) the person had an arterial hypotension less than 5 percentile. At the analysis of occurrence various arrhythmias at athletes it is revealed, that at young sportsmen with an arterial hypotension less than 50 percentiles during DMBP considerable ECG‐changes (Sa‐block, sinus tachycardia, bradycardia and others) were registered authentically often (p = 0,01, × 2). Conclusions: 1The majority of young sportsmen have an arterial hypotension less than 50 percentile during DMBP that can be a sign of physiological sports heart, however demands additional inspection.2Young athletes with an arterial hypotension less than 50 percentile during DMBP have considerable ECG‐changes at Holter monitoring more often, that dictates necessity of differential diagnostics between physiological and pathological athletes heart. P203 A1 EXPONENT FROM DETRENDED FLUCTUATION ANALYSIS (DFA) OF HEARTBEAT TIME SERIES PREDICTS TOTAL MORTALITY IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS Arsenos P; Gatzoulis K; Manis G; Dilaveris P; Tsiachris D; Archontakis S; Aggelis A; Pietri G; Kartsagoulis E; Stefanadis C; APRET First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Purpose: To estimate the DFA method analysis of heartbeat time series as compared to other conventional non invasive electrophysiological indices for their ability to predict total mortality (TM) in Heart Failure (HF) patients (pts). Methods: We screened 191 HF pts (age: 64.7 ± 13.5 years, male: 84%, NYHA class: 2.3 ± 0.5, LVEF: 32.5 ± 10.4, CAD: 80%, DCMP: 20%) under optimum treatment with ECG, SAECG, ECHO and 24 hours HOLTER. After 18 ± 16.8 months of follow up 34 deaths occurred (Sudden Cardiac: 13, Pump Failure: 17, Non Cardiac: 4). Differences between survivors and non‐survivors for electrophysiological TM predictors were analyzed with Log rank test. The correlation of the electrophysiological predictors with TM was evaluated through survival analysis method utilizing Kaplan Meier curves adjusted for possible confounders under building of appropriate Cox statistical models. Results: In univariate analysis, DFA a1 was a statistically significant predictor of TM. (Logrank p = 0.002). This finding was verified after Cox regression analysis adjusted for gender, left ventricular ejection fraction (ECHO), fQRS (SAECG), Ventricular Premature Beats >10/hour, Non Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia≥1 episode, mean Heart Rate, SDNN/HRV and 24 hour mean QTc (HOLTER). The most important and independent predictor of TM was DFA a1 with hazard ratio (HR): 0.144, (p = 0.008, 95%CI:0.346–0.606). A cut off point of a1< 0.697 (25th percentile) presented HR 3.299 (p = 0.006) 95% C.I. 1.401–7.767. Conclusions: DFA a1 exponent was an important and independent predictor of TM in HF patients. P204 STRUCTURE AND CHOICE OF TREATMENT METHODS OF TACHYARRHYTHMIAS STARTING IN ANTENATAL PERIOD Svintsova L; Kovalev I; Child's Heart Center Institute of Cardiology Materials: We observed 17 children whose tachycardia was firstly disclosed in the perinatal period and was confirmed by fetal echocardiography (Echo). All patients were performed reschedule abdominal delivery at 33–38 weeks of gestation. They were admitted to our clinic with arrhythmogenic cardiopathy and HF by 1 month of life. Tachyarrhythmias were idiopathic in all children with anatomically normal heart. Results: Permanent form of atrial flutter (AF) was in 8 patients with fetal tachycardia in anamnesis, in 5 children – persistent paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, in 4 child – also persistent paroxysmal tachycardia involving accessory pathways. Patients with permanent form of AF (n = 8) were successfully performed electric cardioversion. Here tachycardia relapses were not arisen. Most of patients with persistent paroxysmal tachycardia were refractive to AAT. Seven of them were performed radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of tachycardia. RFA of tachycardia was performed to two children weighing 3800 g and 4200 g during their first two months of life. RFA ablation was performed to them in the second half‐year period of their life. The postoperative period was without complications in all patients. Follow‐up was from one month to five years. Tachycardia relapses were not observed. AAT appeared effective in two children having concealed WPW syndrome. In both cases tachycardia was stopped by amiodarone. Treatment course in both cases was 4 months. Recurrent tachycardia was not revealed after drug withdrawal. Follow‐up was 3 and 6 months respectively. Conclusion: Cardioversion is effective for treatment of permanent atrial flatter in infants and newborns. Persistent paroxysmal tachycardias have progressive course, are accompanied by HF rising and are refractory to AAT. RFA is the most effective method of treatment in such patients. P205 WHAT IS BEHIND "IDIOPATHIC ARRHYTHMIA": ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY AS A CLUE TO THE PRECISE DIAGNOSIS Blagova OV; Nedostup AV; Kogan EA; Sulimov VA; Abugov SA; Kupryanova AG; Zaidenov VA; Donnikov AE I.M.Sechenov I Moscow State Medical University Objective: To estimate the role of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) of right ventricle in precise nosology diagnosis ascertainment and therapy specification in patients with «idiopathic» arrhythmias. Methods: We observed seventeen patients (8 females, 42.6 11.9 y.o.) with «idiopathic» arrhythmias resistant to therapy (atrial fibrillation (AF) in 88%). Investigation concluded EMB with following histological examination; PCR detection of virus infections; detection of anti‐heart antibodies (AB). Results: Perfusion defects were found in 56% of patients, moderate enlargement of the left atrium in 41%; AB against endothelium in 65%, conduction system in 76%, cardiomyocytes in 53%, and specific antinuclear AB in 65%. Virus genomes in EMB samples were detected by PCR in 4 patients: parvovirus B19 – in 2 EMB samples, herpes virus 6 type – in 1 EMB sample and in blood only – EBV in 1 patient; 11 patients had myocarditis, one of parvovirus B19 carriers had endomyocarditis; productive vasculitis was in 2 patients prevailed. Four 3 virus‐negative samples had signs of immune cytolysi, and one with mytosis. Primary cardiomyopathy, ARVD, and Fabry disease were also found. The follow up is 32.7 7.3 months. Therapy of antiarrhythmic drugs, corticosteroids (n = 12, 28.8 ± 10.9 mg/day), azatioprine 150 mg/day (n = 2), hydroxychloroquine 200 mg/day (n = 10), meloxicam 15 mg/day (n = 7), gancyclovir/acyclovir (n = 4), iv immunoglobulin (n = 2) was prescribed for 14 patients. Reduction of AF episode frequency (from several times per week up to several times per month) was noted in 69,2% of patients. None of those receiving immunosuppressive therapy had a transformation AF to the chronic form. Aggravations of arrhythmia due to an infection or a cancelling of therapy are noted at 47%; two patients required RFA. Conclusions: By means of EMB at 88,2% of patients it is revealed the immune‐inflammatory nature of «idiopathic» arrhythmias (AF), the effect from specific therapy is received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MEIOSIS, EUKARYOTIC cells, RECOMBINASES, DNA, PLANT chromosomes, GENETIC recombination, CHROMATIDS, and PLANTS

Summary The eukaryotic recombinases RAD51 and DMC1 are essential for DNA strand-exchange between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. RAD51 is also expressed during mitosis, and mediates homologous recombination (HR) between sister chromatids. It has been suggested that DMC1 might be involved in the switch from intersister chromatid recombination in somatic cells to interhomolog meiotic recombination. At meiosis, the Arabidopsis Atrad51 null mutant fails to synapse and has extensive chromosome fragmentation. The Atdmc1 null mutant is also asynaptic, but in this case chromosome fragmentation is absent. Thus in plants, AtDMC1 appears to be indispensable for interhomolog homologous recombination, whereas AtRAD51 seems to be more involved in intersister recombination. In this work, we have studied a new AtRAD51 knock-down mutant, Atrad51-2, which expresses only a small quantity of RAD51 protein. Atrad51-2 mutant plants are sterile and hypersensitive to DNA double-strand break induction, but their vegetative development is apparently normal. The meiotic phenotype of the mutant consists of partial synapsis, an elevated frequency of univalents, a low incidence of chromosome fragmentation and multivalent chromosome associations. Surprisingly, non-homologous chromosomes are involved in 51% of bivalents. The depletion of AtDMC1 in the Atrad51-2 background results in the loss of bivalents and in an increase of chromosome fragmentation. Our results suggest that a critical level of AtRAD51 is required to ensure the fidelity of HR during interchromosomal exchanges. Assuming the existence of asymmetrical DNA strand invasion during the initial steps of recombination, we have developed a working model in which the initial step of strand invasion is mediated by AtDMC1, with AtRAD51 required to check the fidelity of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DENTAL arch, BRACKETS, CORRECTIVE orthodontics, PAIN perception, and ORAL surgery

The use of self-ligating brackets, in different brands, has significantly grown over the last decade. Are they really better than conventional brackets? The answer tends to be "yes", regarding the efficiency of initial alignment, the changes in arch-form, the global reduction of treatment time, less clinical appointments and less pain perception by the patient. The explanation to this is to be found in the development of light forces by these brackets, which make the tooth movements smoother due to lower friction. The cases shown have been treated with GAC's In-ovation R, C and L brackets. Some of the cases have had an accessory treatment with RPE (rapid palatal expander) or the use of mini-screws. Others are preparations to oral maxillary surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NILE tilapia, MARICULTURE, FISH feeds, FISH growth, and WATER quality

The experiment was accomplished at the Laboratory of Mariculture of the Federal University of Maranhão. With the objective of evaluating the effect of the alimentary restriction in the productive acting of juvenile of tilapia of Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivated in system of recirculation of water. It was used 300 juvenile of tilápia, distributed in 6 tanks of fiber-cement of 1000 L. The treatments were: (A) food supplied daily; (B) food supplied day yes and day no and (C) food supplied once every 2 days, being four repetitions for each treatment. They were appraised physiochemical parameters of the water and of productive acting. The results were submitted the variance analysis, and the averages were compared by the test Tukey, to 5% of probability. The quality of the water and the alimentary conversion were not influenced by the alimentary strategy. The productive acting presents differentiates significant (P <0,05) among the treatments, being the best for the fish fed daily without alimentary restriction, the worst for the fish fed once every 2 days. The alimentary restriction in fish reduces the growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HEMATOPOIETIC stem cell transplantation, HOMOGRAFTS, MYELODYSPLASTIC syndromes, ACUTE myeloid leukemia, BLOOD donors, AZACITIDINE, COMPARATIVE studies, and DISEASE risk factors

Standard first-line therapy for older patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) includes hypomethylating agents, such as azacitidine (AZA). However, the only approach with curative potential remains allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). To date, no direct comparison of both strategies has been reported. The outcomes of 2 well-balanced cohorts of patients with high-risk MDS defined by age (60-70 years), performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score ≤2), and donor availability (yes/no) were compared, including 103 patients undergoing HCT and 75 patients without this option who received AZA. The estimated 2-year overall survival after the start of treatment was 39% (95% confidence interval, 30%-50%) for the patients undergoing HCT and 23% (95% confidence interval, 14%-40%) for the patients receiving AZA therapy. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis of all patients (n = 178), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score (0 versus 1 versus 2; hazard ratio [HR], 2.9/3.9; P <  .001), cytogenetics (good versus intermediate versus poor; HR, 1.2/1.7; P = .026), and treatment (HCT versus AZA; HR, 0.3; P = .007) were associated with overall survival. This retrospective cohort analysis suggests a survival advantage for allogeneic HCT compared with AZA therapy in medically fit patients with high-risk MDS age 60-70 years. Prospective controlled studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CROP genetics, SOYBEAN, SWEETPOTATO whitefly, DISEASE resistance of plants, BIOLOGICAL control of plant parasites, ANTIBIOSIS, OVIPARITY, GREENHOUSE plants, and TRICHOMES

Since it was first reported in Brazil in the 1990s, the B biotype of silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci [Genn.], Hemiptera Aleyrodidae) has been recognized as an important pest in soybeans (Glycine max L.), reducing the productivity of this legume species in some areas of the country. As an alternative to chemical control, the use of resistant genotypes represents an important tool for integrated pest management (IPM). This study evaluated the performance of 10 soybean genotypes prior to whitefly infestation, by testing attractiveness and preference for oviposition in the greenhouse and antibiosis in the laboratory. In a multiple-choice test, 'IAC-17' was the least attractive to insects. In a no-choice test, 'IAC-17' was the least attractive for egg deposition, indicating the occurrence of non-preference for oviposition on this genotype. Trichome density was positively correlated with the oviposition site and may be associated with the resistance of 'IAC-17' to infestation. The genotypes 'IAC-PLI', 'IAC-19', 'Conquista', 'IAC-24' and 'IAC-17' extended the insect's life cycle, indicating occurrence of a small degree of antibiosis and/or non-preference for feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PREOPERATIVE risk factors, CATARACT surgery, REGRESSION analysis, ANESTHESIOLOGISTS, SYSTOLIC blood pressure, and MATHEMATICAL models

Purpose: To determine risk factors for anesthesiologist intervention during routine cataract surgery performed with topical and intracameral anesthesia and establish a regression model to identify high-risk patients. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Design: Prospective case series. Methods: After cataract surgery at an ambulatory surgical center, anesthesia personnel completed a questionnaire to determine adverse medical events and risk factors related to anesthesiologist intervention. A Poisson regression model was used to calculate the interventional risks. Bootstrapping was performed for internal model validation. Results: Of the 1010 cases, 50 (4.95%) required anesthesiologist intervention. Univariate analysis identified an association between anesthesiologist intervention and hypertension (P<.001), psychiatric history (P=.002), initial systolic blood pressure (P<.001), surgical duration (P=.001), and diabetes (P=.018). Scores were obtained using the following proposed regression model equation: (−8.68 + 0.33 × sex [men, 0; women, 1] + −0.02 × age [years] + 0.68 × hypertensive history [no, 0; yes, 1] + 1.18 × psychiatric background [no, 0; yes, 1] + 0.04 × initial systolic blood pressure [mm Hg]). The area under the receiver-operating curve was 0.803 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.721-0.886). The area under the curve found in the validation method was 0.813 (95% CI, 0.727-0.887). Conclusion: Hypertension was the main risk factor for anesthesiologist intervention. The regression model discriminated between patients at lower and higher risk for intraoperative intervention for monitored anesthesia care. The probability of anesthesiologist intervention was 11.7 times higher when the model obtained a high score. Financial Disclosure: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STEM cells, CELL proliferation, WNT proteins, REGENERATION (Biology), GENE expression, and COLON cancer

A remarkable feature of regenerative processes is their ability to halt proliferation once an organ's structure has been restored. The Wnt signalling pathway is the major driving force for homeostatic self-renewal and regeneration in the mammalian intestine. However, the mechanisms that counterbalance Wnt-driven proliferation are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate in mice and humans that yes-associated protein 1 (YAP; also known as YAP1)-a protein known for its powerful growth-inducing and oncogenic properties-has an unexpected growth-suppressive function, restricting Wnt signals during intestinal regeneration. Transgenic expression of YAP reduces Wnt target gene expression and results in the rapid loss of intestinal crypts. In addition, loss of YAP results in Wnt hypersensitivity during regeneration, leading to hyperplasia, expansion of intestinal stem cells and niche cells, and formation of ectopic crypts and microadenomas. We find that cytoplasmic YAP restricts elevated Wnt signalling independently of the AXIN-APC-GSK-3? complex partly by limiting the activity of dishevelled (DVL). DVL signals in the nucleus of intestinal stem cells, and its forced expression leads to enhanced Wnt signalling in crypts. YAP dampens Wnt signals by restricting DVL nuclear translocation during regenerative growth. Finally, we provide evidence that YAP is silenced in a subset of highly aggressive and undifferentiated human colorectal carcinomas, and that its expression can restrict the growth of colorectal carcinoma xenografts. Collectively, our work describes a novel mechanistic paradigm for how proliferative signals are counterbalanced in regenerating tissues. Additionally, our findings have important implications for the targeting of YAP in human malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FIRE, COOKING, HUMAN evolution, ARCHAEOLOGY, PRIMATOLOGY, and EVOLUTIONARY psychology

Issues of early fire use have become topical in human evolution, after a long period in which fire scarcely featured in general texts. Interest has been stimulated by new archaeological finds in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and also by major inputs from other disciplines, including primatology and evolutionary psychology. Evidence for fire is, however, often disputed, especially with regard to the early cases in Africa. Interpretations often struggle to take into account the implications of a huge bias in archaeological preservation, which means that our surviving evidence does not accurately map the past. Additionally, there is often a ‘yes-no’ presence/absence approach to fire, which does not recognise that earliest hominin fire use may have occurred in interaction with natural fire, and may not even have included deliberate hearth use in its first stages. Here we examine the need to integrate different approaches to the issues of early fire-use, considering especially the earliest archaeological evidence and the ‘cooking hypothesis’, while also tackling the issues of apparent differences in early African and European fire records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ULCER treatment, COMBINATORIAL optimization, SURGICAL emergencies, ORAL diseases, HOSPITAL care, and PHYSICIAN practice patterns

Résumé: La prise en charge chirurgicale de l’escarre en France demeure très coûteuse même si les mesures de prévention et l’amélioration du parcours de soins ont permis de limiter les dépenses dans ce domaine ces dernières années. Depuis 2004, le mode de financement des établissements de santé français par la tarification à l’acte (TAA) et la maîtrise médicalisée des dépenses de soins hospitaliers nous obligent forcément à nous intéresser à ces considérations purement économiques et parfois à nuancer nos besoins en durée d’hospitalisation ou en soins spécialisés pour optimiser le groupe homogène de séjour (GHS) d’un patient. Cela ne risque-t-il pas à l’avenir d’obliger le chirurgien à biaiser les réels besoins du patient au profit de l’établissement hospitalier ? Au travers d’une analyse médico-économique de nos pratiques, réalisée dans le service de chirurgie plastique du CHU de Toulouse, nous avons tenté d’identifier comment optimiser la prise en charge chirurgicale de l’escarre en termes de valorisation de séjour. L’objectif étant néanmoins de rester critique sur les dérives que cela pourrait instaurer à l’avenir pour notre activité clinique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FRONTAL lobe, VISUAL perception, BETA rhythm, ARRHYTHMIA, NONINVASIVE diagnostic tests, NEURAL stimulation, and BRAIN waves

Introduction: Despite growing evidence of the fundamental role played by cerebral oscillations in neural signaling and processing, the region-and hemisphere-specific contributions of frontal brain oscillatory activity to human visual cognition remains to be causally explored. Objectives: In the current study, we aimed to explore the effects of 30Hz oscillation patterns induced by rhythmic rTMS on the right and left Frontal Eye Fields, a region involved in attentional spatial orienting, and analyzed the impact of such intervention on visual discrimination and detection performance. Material and methods: In two separate populations of subjects, we applied 4 pulse real or sham TMS bursts either to the left or the right Frontal Eye Fields (FEF) to manipulate local oscillatory activity and study the impact of such on the visual detection and categorization of low-contrast near-threshold targets. During the task subjects were requested to fixate on a central cross and following the appearance of a Gabor in a peripheral location (right/left) and perform two consecutive tasks in this order: First a force-choice visual discrimination to indicate the orientation of the gratings within the stimulus (right/left); Second, a visual detection task to report if they had seen the target and in case they did, where it did appear (yes/no and right/left). In separate experimental blocks, in order to control for the effects of frequency, we compared the impact of frequency specific rTMS patterns (rhythmic) at high-beta (30Hz) frequency to non-frequency-specific (a-rhythmic) rTMS patterns, matched in duration and number of pulses on correlates of visual performance: reaction timeand accuracy for discrimination and visual sensitivity (d’) for the detection task. Results: Our interventions revealed hemisphere-specific modulations of frontal oscillatory activity on the visual detection task. More specifically, on the right FEF frequency-specific high-beta TMS bursts enhanced perceptual sensitivity (d’) as compared to sham bursts, whereas no visual performance effects derived from the use of non-frequency-specific patterns. On the left FEF, however, only the non-frequency-specific TMS pattern yielded significant perceptual sensitivity (d’) improvements, whereas no visual performance effects emerged from the use of frequency-specific high-beta bursts. No significant modulations were observed for the discrimination task with any of the TMS patterns employed in the experiment. Conclusions: Our results provide causal evidence in favor of hemisphere-specific frontal contributions to the modulation of visual performance and suggests different but complementary oscillation based mechanisms for the right and the left FEF in such phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIAL influence, STOCHASTIC models, ECONOMIC convergence, QUANTIFIERS (Linguistics), ARITHMETIC mean, and SOCIAL change

Abstract: We study a stochastic model of influence where agents have “yes” or “no” inclinations on some issue, and opinions may change due to mutual influence among the agents. Each agent independently aggregates the opinions of the other agents and possibly herself. We study influence processes modeled by ordered weighted averaging operators, which are anonymous: they only depend on how many agents share an opinion. For instance, this allows to study situations where the influence process is based on majorities, which are not covered by the classical approach of weighted averaging aggregation. We find a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence to consensus and characterize outcomes where the society ends up polarized. Our results can also be used to understand more general situations, where ordered weighted averages are only used to some extent. Furthermore, we apply our results to fuzzy linguistic quantifiers, i.e., expressions like “most” or “at least a few”. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

MILK yield, BEEF cattle feeding & feeds, GRAZING, GRASSLANDS, BODY weight, CALVES, and ANIMAL weaning

Ninety-six Hereford cow-calf pairs grazing Campo grasslands were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design that evaluated stocking rate (high [H] vs low [L]) and creep feeding (CF; yes or no). Creep-fed calves grazing L had a greater average daily gain (1.07 ± 0.03 kg/d) than CF calves grazing H (0.96 ± 0.03 kg/d;P< 0.05), but L − CF (0.78 ± 0.03 kg/d) and H − CF calves (0.73 ± 0.03 kg/d) had similar average daily gains (P> 0.05). Similarly, L + CF calves were heavier at weaning (172 ± 3 kg) than H + CF calves (160 ± 3 kg), but weaning weights between L − CF (144 ± 3 kg) and H − CF (138 ± 3 kg;P> 0.05) did not differ. Creep-fed calves grazed less (39 ± 10%) than non-supplemented calves (58 ± 15%;P< 0.05). Creep feeding had no effect on milk production, body condition and live weight of the dams, so it had no impact on their reproductive performance. We conclude that CF promotes greater live weight gains and weaning weights of Hereford calves grazing Campo grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PARKINSON'S disease, MILD cognitive impairment, MOVEMENT disorders, DEMENTIA, LOGISTIC regression analysis, NEUROLOGY, and DIAGNOSIS

Abstract: The detection of cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease (PD), at the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) stage, has prognostic and treatment implications. The Movement Disorders Society (MDS) has recently published criteria and guidelines for the diagnosis of possible and probable PD-MCI. In the present study we assessed the ability of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's disease-Cognition (SCOPA-Cog) to discriminate possible PD-MCI cases from patients with PD-dementia (PDD) and from cognitively intact PD subjects. Hundred-and-thirteen consecutive PD patients underwent the MMSE, the Dementia Rating Scale and an interview on independence in daily living, and were classified as cognitively intact (n = 49), or as possible PD-MCI (n = 33) or PDD (n = 31), according to MDS criteria. Logistic regression analysis was carried out with PD-MCI diagnosis (yes/no) as an outcome variable, and age, education and the SCOPA-Cog total score as covariates. Classification of cases according to the regression model was used for constructing Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Area Under the Curve (AUC) was 0.92 [95% CI 0.86–0.98], for the differential diagnosis between PD-MCI and cognitively normal patients, and 0.97 [95% CI 0.80–1.00], for the differential diagnosis between PD-MCI and PDD. Sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 73% for the PD-MCI versus no cognitive impairment differentiation, at the cutpoint ≥24, and 93% and 97% for the PD-MCI versus PDD discrimination, at the cutpoint ≥17. The SCOPA-Cog is a quick and psychometrically sound PD-specific scale. Our findings support its use for the screening of possible PD-MCI. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Daycare attendance is an established risk factor for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and acute otitis media (AOM). Whether this results in higher use of healthcare resources during childhood remains unknown. We aim to assess the effect of first year daycare attendance on the timing and use of healthcare resources for URTI and AOM episodes during early childhood.Methods: In the Wheezing-Illnesses-STudy-LEidsche-Rijn birth cohort, 2,217 children were prospectively followed up to age six years. Children were categorized according to first-year daycare attendance (yes versus no) and age at entry when applicable (age 0 to 2 months, 3 to 5 months and 6 to 12 months). Information on general practitioner (GP) diagnosed URTI and AOM, GP consultations, antibiotic prescriptions and specialist referral was collected from medical records. Daycare attendance was recorded by monthly questionnaires during the first year of life.Results: First-year daycare attendees and non-attendees had similar total six-year rates of GP-diagnosed URTI and AOM episodes (59/100 child-years, 95% confidence interval 57 to 61 versus 56/100 child-years, 53 to 59). Daycare attendees had more GP-diagnosed URTI and AOM episodes before the age of one year and fewer beyond the age of four years than non-attendees (Pinteraction <0.001). Daycare attendees had higher total six-year rates for GP consultation (adjusted rate ratio 1.15, 1.00 to 1.31) and higher risk for specialist referrals (hazard ratio: 1.43, 1.01 to 2.03). The number of antibiotic prescriptions in the first six years of life was only significantly increased among children who entered daycare between six to twelve months of age (rate ratio 1.32, 1.04 to 1.67). This subgroup of child-care attendees also had the highest overall URTI and AOM incidence rates, GP consultation rates and risk for specialist referral.Conclusions: Children who enter daycare in the first year of life, have URTI and AOM at an earlier age, leading to higher use of healthcare resources compared to non-attendees, especially when entering daycare between six to twelve months. These findings emphasize the need for improved prevention strategies in daycare facilities to lower infection rates at the early ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waltz of Afrikaans "a" with "l" The present study is a follow-up of previous ones on the rounding of the long low /a/ vowel in Afrikaans, a relatively new sound variation. Against the background of existing descriptions I report a similar tendency of rounding of short /a/ vowel, specifically when followed by the lateral consonant /l/. I suggest an explanation of such rounding as being the result of a process of coarticulation, specifically under the influence of a distinct dark, retroflex quality of this lateral. A post hoc investigation with an ultrasound scanner and lip video camera confirmed this to be the case. The vowel productions of a single speaker, known to be a clear rounding of long /a/ was explored in an extensively designed case study. The phenomenon of /a/-rounding implies a qualitative change of the /a/ to [ɒ] as in [jɒ] (ja; "yes") and in [snɒks (snaaks; "funny"). Apart from superficial references to its existence in linguistic handbooks, such as De Villiers and Ponelis (1987:100), the first systematic study was done by Wissing (2006), followed-up by more recent other studies (Wissing 2010; 2013). Rounding is currently seemingly limited to the speech of young adult female speakers of Afrikaans, but it appears as if it has lately been spreading to the broader Afrikaans speaking community at a rather noticeable pace. It is provoking extremely negative reactions in especially the case of older, or more conservative Afrikaans speaking persons. On the other hand, younger users of Afrikaans do not even seem to notice the existence of this phenomenon, especially in their own language use. Such a vowel change is apparently part of a larger vowel shift which has recently been taking place, viz. the lowering of the front-mid vowel /ε/ to almost the position of the short low /a/, or the shifting of /u/ from a back to a more centralised position (cf. Wissing 2010). Broadly defined, language change is a topic that integrates the social as well as the cognitive aspects of what it means to be human. A central feature of a language in the process of change is variation. During a period of change, there is variation in the language between forms that represent the current/previous stage and forms that represent the innovative/new stage of the language. Consequently, the rounding of /a/ could be of linguistic significance when considered against this general linguistic backdrop. The present investigation aims in particular at both broadening, developing and understanding of /a/-rounding to [ɒ] in modern Afrikaans. In order to achieve this, firstly the existing knowledge concerning this phenomenon was summarised, whereafter a variety of carefully constructed stimuli were used in an in-depth case study of the pronunciation of a young female radio presenter at Radio Sonder Grense, the leading Afrikaans public broadcaster (hence referred to as C). The testing material was created with a view to obtaining a fuller understanding of /a/- rounding to [ɒ] in Afrikaans in two respects. Firstly, the stimulus series concerning the degree to which long /a/ vowels are subjected to such rounding was expanded considerably. Secondly, stimuli were included with the aim of examining the possible co-articulatory influence of the rounding of /a/ followed by the lateral consonant /l/ (characterised as a dark l in the case of English pronunciation) on especially the short /ɑ/-vowel, as in wals ("waltz"). Dark /l/ has received much attention in literature. Moreover, word frequency also has been shown (Lin, Beddor & Coetzee 2013) to influence the magnitude of the tongue tip gesture in laterals, especially with regard to /l/ vocalization. It might be applicable on the case of /l/-velarisation as well. Degree of darkness, differences in articulatory closure, dorsopalatal contact size, closure duration, relative timing of events and formant frequency (cf. Recasens & Espinosa 2005) are some of the important factors to take into account when studying this consonant and its co-articulatory effects on phonetic environment. Up until now none of these have been mentioned in Afrikaans phonetic literature. In the present article I superficially touch on some of them. Obviously these facets deserve fundamental attention. I utilised three different types of recording tasks, namely firstly the reading of carrier phrases containing a focus form with the structure /sVs/ (eg. among others, saas and sas); secondly, the naming of the letters of the alphabet (with an interest in a, h, k; all pronounced with a long [a]), and thirdly, the reading of a variety of isolated words and phrases, mostly containing words relevant to this study. In some cases C was prompted to orally complete a task, for example, a noun like val was to be read, but its diminutive (valletjie) and plural forms (valle) were to be completed without visual stimulus. Syllable structure was controlled systematically. In the case of val, /a/ appears in a closed syllable, but in valletjie and valle the syllables are open. These tasks had to be carried out twice. Recordings were done with high quality equipment, in use by RSG. Processing and acoustic analyses of the recordings were performed by means of standard procedures. As is conventional in studies of this nature, acoustic characteristics of the production of long /a/ and short /Q/ were investigated via vowel formant frequencies, F1 as well as F2. F1, the first formant, corresponds to vowel openness (vowel height). An open vowel, such as /a/, has high F1 frequencies, while close vowels, like /i/, have low F1 frequencies. The second formant, F2, corresponds to the front positions of a vowel. Back vowels, which are normally at the same time also rounded, have low F2 frequencies, in contrast to front vowels, which have high F2 frequencies. Generally the results clearly confirm the audible perception that C is a strong rounder of the long /a/. There is a very positive correlation between C's acoustic measurements and that previously found for another young female individual (Wissing 2006) as well as that of twenty others of about the same age (Wissing 2013). This finding strongly suggests a restriction on the number of participants as well as the range of required stimuli in instances of experiments of this kind, especially in the case of pilot studies. The role of syllable structure was found to be of limited importance. The short /a / was rounded to a significant degree when followed by /l/ in open as well as closed syllables, but to a small degree as in the case of open syllables. Of special importance is the finding that F1 also plays a significant role in the expression of degree of roundedness of the /a/ vowel, albeit not quite to the same extent as is the case with F2, generally considered to be the sole carrier of roundedness. The fact that the rounded [594;] is frequently misinterpreted (as the rounded vowel [ɔ] (in kom "come")), from a perceptual angle supports the current results of the analysis of the rounded [594;] in Afrikaans. Of course, [ɔ] is characterised inter alia by a higher F1 than that of the unrounded [a]. In many languages the existence of dark /l/ ([ɫ]) is well-known (cf. Hamann 2003; also Lin, Beddor & Coetzee 2014 and references cited by them). With regard to Afrikaans, a co-articulatory effect of this lateral was found to be clearly manifested in the present study on the rounding to [...] of the short /a/, but also of the long /a/. In a broader linguistic perspective the present findings should be of distinctive importance to those interested in language change in general, and more specifically in sound variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

QUESTION (Logic), RESEARCH teams, ROCK-forming minerals, SILICATE minerals, and CONFIGURATION space

Highlights: [•] CATA and forced-choice Yes/No questions were compared across 7 consumer studies. [•] CATA and forced-choice questions produced similar sensory spaces. [•] Frequencies of term use were higher for forced-choice Yes/No than for CATA questions. [•] Stability of sample and term configurations was similar for CATA and forced-choice questions. [•] Evidence of superiority of forced-choice questions relative to CATA was not obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TOPOLOGICAL insulators, ELECTRIC insulators & insulation, ANTIFERROMAGNETIC resonance, ANTIFERROMAGNETISM, and MAGNETIC properties of Heusler alloys

A topological insulator is a state of matter which does not break any symmetry and is characterized by topological invariants, the integer expectation values of nonlocal operators. Antiferromagnetism, on the other hand, is a broken symmetry state in which the translation symmetry is reduced and time reversal symmetry is broken. Can these two phenomena coexist in the same material? A proposal by Mong et al. [Phys. Rev. B 81, 245209 (2010)] asserts that the answer is yes. Moreover, it is theoretically possible that the onset of antiferromagnetism enables the nontrivial topology since it may create spin-orbit coupling effects which are absent in the nonmagnetic phase. The current work examines a real system, half-Heusler GdBiPt, as a candidate for topological antiferromagnetism. We find that the magnetic moments of the gadolinium atoms form ferromagnetic sheets which are stacked antiferromagnetically along the body diagonal. This magnetic structure may induce spin-orbit coupling on band electrons as they hop perpendicular to the ferromagnetic sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

REPRODUCIBLE research, ULTRASONIC imaging, UTERUS abnormalities, COHORT analysis, LONGITUDINAL method, and COHEN'S kappa coefficient (Statistics)

Objective Purpose of this study is to determine the interobserver and intraobserver variability of 3D GIS in the assessment of intrauterine abnormalities. Study design Forty five 3D volumes were randomly selected from a larger prospective cohort study that studied the diagnostic accuracy of 3D GIS in addition to 2D GIS. To study interobserver agreement volumes were reviewed by two independent examiners. One examiner reviewed these samples twice with an interval of 1 month in a random order. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement were tested with Cohen's kappa coefficient and shown in Bland and Altman plots. Quality of the 3D volumes was evaluated. Results Cohen's kappa for interobserver variability for type of abnormalities (none, polyp, fibroid, other) was 0.64 and for presence of a fibroid (fibroid yes/no) 0.77. Agreement on type of fibroid was 0.59. Intraobserver agreement was almost perfect for type of abnormality (Cohen's kappa of 1.0) and good for fibroid diameter. Quality of the 3D volumes was poor in 11 out of 45 cases. Reproducibility increased when poor quality images were excluded. Conclusion Substantial interobserver and intraobserver agreement for 3D GIS in the diagnoses of intrauterine abnormalities was found. 3D GIS interobserver and intraobserver agreement are good for fibroid diameter and moderate for volume and protrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the Danish questionnaire entitled The Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale(CNFDS) is a tool for self-assessment of cervical complaints,originally developed in English, of which there is, so far, no translation into Brazilian Portuguese. The process involvedin this researchproved to be relevant for the exploration of the questionnaire and the realization of adjustments necessary for it to be functiona l and applicable in Portuguese Language and Brazilian Culture settings. Thus, once this has been carried out, many health professionals will benefit from this version in their clinical practice. Objective: To perform the translation and cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Escala funcional de incapacidade do pescoço de Copenhagen (The Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale -- CNFDS). Methods: The questionnaire was translated into Brazilian Portuguese by two bilingual, Brazilian physiotherapists who were aware of the objective of this research. The back-translation was performed by a third person, a Brazilian, bilingual English teacher, who had not participated in the previous step. After comparing the resulting translations, a single translated version was produced named the Escala Funcional de Incapacidade do Pescoço de Copenhagen (EFIPC) and in each question the option "not applicable" was added to the answer key. During the translation and cultural adaptation process there were no changes and/or eliminations of any questions. Result: The composition of the Escala Funcional de Incapacidade do Pescoço de Copenhagen reflects the original English version, with a total of 15 questions, with the questions numbered 1 to 5 presenting a positive direction response (a "yes" answer indicates good cervical condition), and questions numbered 6 to 15 presenting a negative direction response (a "yes" answer indicates poor cervical condition). Conclusion: The process involved in this research allowed the achievement of thedesired goal, and thus it was possible totranslate and culturally adapt to Brazilian Portuguese the content of the CNFDS questionnaire, giving riseto the Escala funcional de incapacidade do pescoço de Copenhagen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AMNESIA, ANALYSIS of variance, EMOTIONS, FACE, RESEARCH funding, UNDERGRADUATES, and DATA analysis software

The current study used the item-method directed forgetting paradigm to determine whether there are limits on the ability to intentionally forget angry faces. During the study phase, faces were presented, 1 at a time, each followed by an instruction to remember or forget. Following the presentation of all faces, participants performed a yes-no recognition test. In 2 experiments that varied only the presentation duration of the face (500 ms vs. 1,000 ms), we observed an overall directed forgetting effect, with greater recognition of faces studied with remember rather than forget instructions; the magnitude of this effect did not vary with emotional expression. We interpret these results in light of the proposal that priority processing of angry faces benefits the speed of forming an enduring long-term memory trace rather than increasing the strength of that trace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COLOSTOMY, MEDICAL personnel, COLON surgery, SEXUAL intercourse, and CONTROL groups

Aim This study was carried out to determine how the partners of patients with a permanent colostomy perceive everyday life, particularly its sexual aspects. Method Data were collected prospectively from October 2011 to May 2012 using a three-part questionnaire to obtain demographic, social and sexual information. Both multiple-choice and yes/no questions were used. Results One hundred and eight questionnaires were given to 36 partners of patients with a permanent colostomy (the ostomy group) and to 72 partners of normal individuals matched for age, sex and social class. The sexual performance of the spouse was significantly better in the control group (P = 0.004), sexual performance of the partner was also better in the control group (P = 0.023) and reduced frequency of sexual activity was higher in the ostomy group (P = 0.042). There was, however, no significant difference in sexual interest between the two groups (P = 0.507). Conclusion The study demonstrated that about half of the partners of patients with a permanent colostomy experienced dissatisfaction with their spouse's performance, with a reduction in sexual interest and frequency of intercourse compared with the control group. Healthcare professionals should pay more attention to the partner of patients having a permanent colostomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SULFUR in water, BISPHENOL A & the environment, WASTEWATER treatment, CHEMICAL decomposition, ESTROGEN, DETOXIFICATION (Substance abuse treatment), and TOXICOLOGICAL chemistry

The performance of S 2 O 8 2− /UV-C and H 2 O 2 /UV-C treatments was investigated for the degradation and detoxification of Bisphenol A (BPA). The acute toxicity of BPA and its degradation products was examined with the Vibrio fischeri bioassay, whereas changes in estrogenic activity were followed with the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) assay. LC and LC–MS/MS analyses were conducted to determine degradation products evolving during photochemical treatment. In addition, BPA-spiked real freshwater samples were also subjected to S 2 O 8 2− /UV-C and H 2 O 2 /UV-C treatment to study the effect of a real water matrix on BPA removal and detoxification rates. BPA removal in pure water was very fast (⩽7 min) and complete via both H 2 O 2 /UV-C and S 2 O 8 2− /UV-C treatment, accompanied with rapid and significant mineralization rates ranging between 70% and 85%. V . fischeri bioassay results indicated that degradation products being more toxic than BPA were formed at the initial stages of H 2 O 2 /UV-C whereas a rapid and steady reduction in toxicity was observed during S 2 O 8 2− /UV-C treatment in pure water. UV-C treatment products exhibited a higher estrogenic activity than the original BPA solution while the estrogenicity of BPA was completely removed during H 2 O 2 /UV-C and S 2 O 8 2− /UV-C treatments parallel to its degradation. 3-methylbenzoic and 4-sulfobenzoic acids, as well as the ring opening products fumaric, succinic and oxalic acids could be identified as degradation products. BPA degradation required extended treatment periods (>20 min) and TOC removals were considerably retarded (by 40%) in the raw freshwater matrix most probably due to its natural organic matter content (TOC = 5.1 mg L −1 ). H 2 O 2 /UV-C and S 2 O 8 2− /UV-C treatment in raw freshwater did not result in toxic degradation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HYPERCHOLESTEREMIA treatment, PROPROTEIN convertases, THERAPEUTIC use of monoclonal antibodies, LOW density lipoproteins, and DRUG efficacy

Background Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia is characterised by low cellular uptake of LDL cholesterol, increased plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations, and premature cardiovascular disease. Despite intensive statin therapy, with or without ezetimibe, many patients are unable to achieve recommended target levels of LDL cholesterol. We investigated the effect of PCSK9 inhibition with evolocumab (AMG 145) on LDL cholesterol in patients with this disorder. Methods This multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken at 39 sites (most of which were specialised lipid clinics, mainly attached to academic institutions) in Australia, Asia, Europe, New Zealand, North America, and South Africa between Feb 7 and Dec 19, 2013. 331 eligible patients (18–80 years of age), who met clinical criteria for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and were on stable lipid-lowering therapy for at least 4 weeks, with a fasting LDL cholesterol concentration of 2·6 mmol/L or higher, were randomly allocated in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive subcutaneous evolocumab 140 mg every 2 weeks, evolocumab 420 mg monthly, or subcutaneous placebo every 2 weeks or monthly for 12 weeks. Randomisation was computer generated by the study sponsor, implemented by a computerised voice interactive system, and stratified by LDL cholesterol concentration at screening (higher or lower than 4·1 mmol/L) and by baseline ezetimibe use (yes/no). Patients, study personnel, investigators, and Amgen study staff were masked to treatment assignments within dosing frequency groups. The coprimary endpoints were percentage change from baseline in LDL cholesterol at week 12 and at the mean of weeks 10 and 12, analysed by intention-to-treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01763918. Findings Of 415 screened patients, 331 were eligible and were randomly assigned to the four treatment groups: evolocumab 140 mg every 2 weeks (n=111), evolocumab 420 mg monthly (n=110), placebo every 2 weeks (n=55), or placebo monthly (n=55). 329 patients received at least one dose of study drug. Compared with placebo, evolocumab at both dosing schedules led to a significant reduction in mean LDL cholesterol at week 12 (every-2-weeks dose: 59·2% reduction [95% CI 53·4–65·1], monthly dose: 61·3% reduction [53·6–69·0]; both p<0·0001) and at the mean of weeks 10 and 12 (60·2% reduction [95% CI 54·5–65·8] and 65·6% reduction [59·8–71·3]; both p<0·0001). Evolocumab was well tolerated, with rates of adverse events similar to placebo. The most common adverse events occurring more frequently in the evolocumab-treated patients than in the placebo groups were nasopharyngitis (in 19 patients [9%] vs five [5%] in the placebo group) and muscle-related adverse events (ten patients [5%] vs 1 [1%]). Interpretation In patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, evolocumab administered either 140 mg every 2 weeks or 420 mg monthly was well tolerated and yielded similar and rapid 60% reductions in LDL cholesterol compared with placebo. INSET: Panel: Research in context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NILPOTENT groups, LOGICAL prediction, LIE algebras, POLYNOMIALS, and MATHEMATICAL bounds

If ℤ+d -graded nilpotent finite-dimensional Lie algebra over a field of characteristic zero, a well-known result of Deninger and Singhof states that H*(n) ≥ L(p) where p is the polynomial associated to the grading and L(p) is the sum of the absolute values of the coefficients of p. From this result they derived the Toral Rank Conjecture (TRC) for 2-step nilpotent Lie algebras. An algebraic version of the TRC states that H*(n) ≥ 2(ℨ) for any finite-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebra n with center ℨ. The TRC is more than 25 years old and remains open even for -graded 3-step nilpotent Lie algebras. Investigating to what extent the bound given by Deninger and Singhof could help to prove the TRC in this case, we considered the following two questions regarding a nilpotent Lie algebra n with center ℨ: (A) If n admits a -grading , such that its associated polynomial p′ satisfies L(p) > 2adminℨ, does admit a ℤ+d-grading such that its associated polynomial p′ satisfies L(p′) > 2adminℨ? (B) If n is r-step nilpotent admitting a grading n = n′1⊕n′2⊕⋯⊕ n′k such that its associated polynomial p satisfies L(p) > 2adminℨ, does n admit a grading such that its associated polynomial p′ satisfies L(p′) > 2ℨadminℨ? In this paper we show that the answer to (A) is yes, but the answer to (B) is no. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NONIONIC surfactants, ETHOXYLATES, BIODEGRADATION of surface active agents, BIOMINERALIZATION, SULFATES, ULTRAVIOLET radiation, TOXICITY testing, and BIOLOGICAL assay

The degradation and mineralization of the nonionic surfactant octylphenol ethoxylate (OPEO), commercially known as Triton™ X-45, by the peroxymonosulfate (PMS)/UV-C process were investigated. Three different toxicity tests (Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) as well as the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) bioassay were undertaken to evaluate the potential toxic and estrogenic effects of OPEO and its oxidation products. OPEO removal was very fast and complete after 7 min via PMS/UV-C treatment under the investigated reaction conditions (OPEO = 20 mg L−1 (47 μM); TOC = 12 mg L−1; PMS = 2.5 mM; initial reaction pH = 6.5; applied UV-C dose = 21 Wh L−1). TOC removal also proceeded rapidly; a gradual decrease was observed resulting in an overall TOC removal of 84%. The toxic responses of PMS/UV-C treated OPEO solutions varied according to the test organism used in the bioassay. Daphnia magna was found to be most sensitive to aqueous OPEO, whereas Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata appeared to be the least sensitive one. Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri tests revealed that the inhibitory effect of OPEO decreased significantly during the course of treatment. On the other hand, PMS/UV-C oxidation products exhibited a high toxic effect towards Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (around 60%). YES test results underlined the need for improving the PMS/UV-C treatment performance to remove the estrogenic activity of OPEO and its oxidation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES, PHYSICIAN-patient relations, DISEASE duration, RECEIVER operating characteristic curves, HLA histocompatibility antigens, and PATIENTS

There is no definition of flare in spondyloarthritis (SpA). The aim of this study was to evaluate thresholds of disease activity variations using validated composite indexes. Methods SpA patients (ASAS criteria) prospectively followed with at least two visits, were evaluated. Patients and physician answered at each visit the question: “do you consider your SpA/patient in a state of flare?”. Variations of BASDAI and ASDAS between visits were assessed and associated to the change of perception of a flare (yes/no). ROC curves were built to assess thresholds of variation in BASDAI and ASDAS associated with the change flare between visits. Results The patients were issued from a prospective series of 250 SpA. Ninety-nine cases with at least 2 visits were analysed. They were: 67% men, mean age 45 ± 12 years; disease duration: 16 ± 10 years; 84% HLA-B27 positive; purely axial SpA: 81%; PASS at baseline: 56%; mean CRP: 8.6 ± 13.5 mg/l. Mean BASDAI and ASDAS-CRP at baseline were 4.3 ± 2.2 and 2.5 ± 1.1, respectively. The kappa coefficient of agreement between patient and physician for considering a flare was 0.68. The main results of the ROC curves are: a variation ≥ 2.1 units in BASDAI (sensitivity 59%, specificity 83%), 0.8 units in ASDAS-ESR (sen 56%, spe 91%) or 1.3 units in ASDAS-CRP (sen 47%, spe 100%) is associated to a flare. Conclusion We propose thresholds of variations of BASDAI, ASDAS-ESR, and ASDAS-CRP associated to (and that may define) a flare, as considered by the patient and the physician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PATIENT satisfaction, MEDICAL quality control, BREAST cancer, MEDICAL communication, and AGE factors in disease

Objectives: The Medical University of South Carolina implemented a patient-centered multidisciplinary breast clinic program (MDBC) in August 2012. In this study, patient satisfaction with the MDBC care delivery model and communication with healthcare providers was examined to inform the refinement of the MDBC program. Methods: During the first 10 months of the MDBC, patients were asked to complete a 14-question postconsultation telephone survey. A statistical analysis was performed to explore potential associations between age, race, and stage with overall patient satisfaction scores. Results: Overall, patients (N = 52, 56% white, 42% African American, 2% Hispanic; mean age 61 years) rated the quality of care highly (mean 4.7, range [1 = poor to 5 = excellent]) and felt comfortable with their plan of care (mean 1.63, range [1 = extremely comfortable to 5 = not at all comfortable]). No statistically significant differences in overall satisfaction were found by age, race, or stage; however, patient responses were commonly not optimal (ie, either "no" or "yes, but not as much as I would like") when asked if the care team addressed the impact of their diagnosis on personal relationships (40.4%) or emotional health (28.9%). Conclusions: Patients were highly satisfied with the care they received in the MDBC program. Findings suggest that this model is well suited to a diverse patient population and have highlighted quality improvement targets such as increased emphasis on providers' communication about psychosocial issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ARCHAEOLOGISTS, ARCHAEOLOGY, ANTIQUITIES, ARCHAEOLOGICAL research, ECONOMICS, and SOCIAL aspects

Archaeologists, particularly those engaged in contract archaeology, generate enormous volumes of information from their study of the archaeological record, much of which is created using substantial public and private funding resulting in weighty tomes and truckloads of artifacts sitting on library and museum shelves. Then what? Why, the next project of course! Can we say that we effectively disseminate our findings to the public? Occasionally yes. Generally no. This is a shame, as the audience for our findings is vast. People are fascinated by the past. As archaeologists it is our responsibility to more effectively communicate our knowledge to the public, not only to enlighten, but also to provide value for dollars spent and build better appreciation of archaeology's value to all segments of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SLEEP spindles, ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY, POLYSOMNOGRAPHY, POPULATION, and STATISTICAL correlation

Objectives To measure the inter-expert and intra-expert agreement in sleep spindle scoring, and to quantify how many experts are needed to build a reliable dataset of sleep spindle scorings. Methods The EEG dataset was comprised of 400 randomly selected 115 s segments of stage 2 sleep from 110 sleeping subjects in the general population (57 ± 8, range: 42–72 years). To assess expert agreement, a total of 24 Registered Polysomnographic Technologists (RPSGTs) scored spindles in a subset of the EEG dataset at a single electrode location (C3-M2). Intra-expert and inter-expert agreements were calculated as F 1 -scores, Cohen’s kappa ( κ ), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results We found an average intra-expert F 1 -score agreement of 72 ± 7% ( κ : 0.66 ± 0.07). The average inter-expert agreement was 61 ± 6% ( κ : 0.52 ± 0.07). Amplitude and frequency of discrete spindles were calculated with higher reliability than the estimation of spindle duration. Reliability of sleep spindle scoring can be improved by using qualitative confidence scores, rather than a dichotomous yes/no scoring system. Conclusions We estimate that 2–3 experts are needed to build a spindle scoring dataset with ‘substantial’ reliability ( κ : 0.61–0.8), and 4 or more experts are needed to build a dataset with ‘almost perfect’ reliability ( κ : 0.81–1). Significance Spindle scoring is a critical part of sleep staging, and spindles are believed to play an important role in development, aging, and diseases of the nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CONSCIOUS sedation, NONINVASIVE ventilation, ANALGESICS, SEDATIVES, and THERAPEUTICS

The authors assert that sedation is definitely safe and beneficial in patients receiving noninvasive ventilation (NIV). They say that the ideal indication for sedation during NIV is unknown but could be when mask intolerance or lack of cooperation may lead the patient to refuse ongoing NIV. They add that it is wise to suggest the separate use of analgesic or sedative agents to treat NIV intolerance because of discomfort.

MENTAL arithmetic, ERRORS, BISECTORS (Geometry), MATHEMATICAL analysis, METACOGNITION, COMPARATIVE studies, MATHEMATICS, RESEARCH methodology, MEDICAL cooperation, PROBLEM solving, RESEARCH, EVALUATION research, and EXECUTIVE function

The feeling of error (FOE) is the subjective experience that something went wrong during a reasoning or calculation task. The main goal of the present study was to assess the accuracy of the FOE in the context of mental mathematical calculation. We used the number bisection task (NBT) to evoke this metacognitive feeling and assessed it by asking participants if they felt they have committed an error after solving the task. In the NBT participants have to determine whether the number presented in the middle οf a triplet corresponds to the arithmetic mean of the two outer numbers (e.g., 07_16_25) with a Yes/No answer. Our results show that FOE reports were strongly correlated with arithmetic errors and numerical properties of the NBT, suggesting that the FOE accurately represents the error. This finding indicates that even very fast metacognitive feelings are reliable when it comes to evaluating one's own mental performance. Moreover, our results suggest that the occurrence of FOEs is determined by the fluency with which each triplet was solved and the post-decision evaluation processes that occurred after the NBT was solved. Additionally, we asked participants to report their confidence in the given answer for the cases where they did not report FOEs. Participants reported less confidence for the (objectively) incorrect answers than for the (objectively) correct ones, suggesting that in cases where they did not have a conscious FOE they still were able to implicitly detect their errors. Remarkably, confidence was also determined by the fluency of the NBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHINESE language, SENTENCE particles (Grammar), CONJUNCTIONS (Grammar), INTERROGATIVE (Grammar), and DISCOURSE

In a recent paper, Biberauer et al. (2014b) claim that the Chinese sentence-final particles (SFPs) ne and ma only “double” the information encoded elsewhere in the sentence and are to be analyzed as “acategorial” conjunctions. This contrasts with the current analysis of, e.g. ma as an interrogative force head. The present article provides evidence in favour of the SFPs ma and ne as C-elements and challenges some of the preconceived ideas commonly encountered in the literature. Within the head-final split CP proposed for Chinese ‘Low C < Force < Attitude’, ma instantiates a Force head, whereas ne realizes the discourse-related AttitudeP, not a wh -question typing particle ( pace Lisa L.-S. Cheng's, 1991 ). Furthermore, evidence is provided to show that the surface sentence-final position of SFPs in Chinese must be taken at face value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring, ENVIRONMENTAL quality, SEDIMENTS, MIXTURES, EXTRACTION (Chemistry), and ATMOSPHERIC chemistry

Aquatic environments are often contaminated with complex mixtures of chemicals that may pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. This contamination cannot be addressed with target analysis alone but tools are required to reduce this complexity and identify those chemicals that might cause adverse effects. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is designed to meet this challenge and faces increasing interest in water and sediment quality monitoring. Thus, the present paper summarizes current experience with the EDA approach and the tools required, and provides practical advice on their application. The paper highlights the need for proper problem formulation and gives general advice for study design. As the EDA approach is directed by toxicity, basic principles for the selection of bioassays are given as well as a comprehensive compilation of appropriate assays, including their strengths and weaknesses. A specific focus is given to strategies for sampling, extraction and bioassay dosing since they strongly impact prioritization of toxicants in EDA. Reduction of sample complexity mainly relies on fractionation procedures, which are discussed in this paper, including quality assurance and quality control. Automated combinations of fractionation, biotesting and chemical analysis using so-called hyphenated tools can enhance the throughput and might reduce the risk of artifacts in laboratory work. The key to determining the chemical structures causing effects is analytical toxicant identification. The latest approaches, tools, software and databases for target-, suspect and non-target screening as well as unknown identification are discussed together with analytical and toxicological confirmation approaches. A better understanding of optimal use and combination of EDA tools will help to design efficient and successful toxicant identification studies in the context of quality monitoring in multiply stressed environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]