articles+ search results

Social and Information Networks (cs.SI), Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Social network, business.industry, business, Function (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Maximization, Welfare, Social welfare function, Computer science, Information access, Operations research, Minimax, Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, and Physics - Physics and Society

The study of influence maximization in social networks has largely ignored disparate effects these algorithms might have on the individuals contained in the social network. Individuals may place a high value on receiving information, e.g. job openings or advertisements for loans. While well-connected individuals at the center of the network are likely to receive the information that is being distributed through the network, poorly connected individuals are systematically less likely to receive the information, producing a gap in access to the information between individuals. In this work, we study how best to spread information in a social network while minimizing this access gap. We propose to use the maximin social welfare function as an objective function, where we maximize the minimum probability of receiving the information under an intervention. We prove that in this setting this welfare function constrains the access gap whereas maximizing the expected number of nodes reached does not. We also investigate the difficulties of using the maximin, and present hardness results and analysis for standard greedy strategies. Finally, we investigate practical ways of optimizing for the maximin, and give empirical evidence that a simple greedy-based strategy works well in practice.
Comment: Accepted at The Web Conference 2019

Sociology and Political Science, Anthropology, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Gender studies, Internet studies, Sex trafficking, Sociology, Field (Bourdieu), Public relations, business.industry, business, Ethnography, and Law enforcement

In this essay, we offer field notes from our ongoing ethnographic research on sex trafficking in the United States. Recent efforts to regulate websites such as Craigslist and Backpage have illuminated activist concerns regarding the role of networked technologies in the trafficking of persons and images for the purposes of sexual exploitation. We frame our understanding of trafficking and technology through a network studies approach, by describing anti-trafficking as a counter-network to the sex trafficking it seeks to address. Drawing from the work of Annelise Riles and other scholars of feminist science and technology studies, we read the anti-trafficking network through the production of expert knowledge and the crafting of anti-trafficking techniques. By exploring anti-trafficking activists’ understandings of technology, we situate the activities of anti-trafficking experts and law enforcement as efforts toward network stabilization.
Microsoft Research

Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Communication, Internet privacy, business.industry, business, Sociology, Convergence (relationship), Advertising, and Information privacy

Not all Facebook users appreciated the September 2006 launch of the `News Feeds' feature. Concerned about privacy implications, thousands of users vocalized their discontent through the site itself, forcing the company to implement privacy tools. This essay examines the privacy concerns voiced following these events. Because the data made easily visible were already accessible with effort, what disturbed people was primarily the sense of exposure and invasion. In essence, the `privacy trainwreck' that people experienced was the cost of social convergence.

Surgery, Basic science, MEDLINE, Bioinformatics, Genetic predisposition, Disease, Dupuytren disease, Systematic review, Molecular pathogenesis, Medline database, Medicine, business.industry, and business

Background Ever since the classification of Dupuytren disease into the proliferative, involutional, and residual stages, extensive research has been performed to uncover the molecular underpinnings of the disease and develop better treatment modalities for patients. The aim of this article is to systematically review the basic science literature pertaining to Dupuytren disease and suggest a new approach to treatment. Methods Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, a systematic review was conducted using the MEDLINE database to identify basic science literature on Dupuytren pathophysiology falling under 1 or more of the following categories: (1) Molecular alterations, (2) Structural alterations, and (3) Genetic predisposition. Results A total of 177 articles were reviewed of which 77 studies met inclusion criteria. Articles were categorized into respective sections outlined in the study methods. Conclusion The pathophysiological changes involved in Dupuytren's disease can be divided into a number of molecular and structural alterations with genetic predisposition playing a contributory role. Understanding these changes can allow for the development of biologics which may disrupt and halt the disease process.

Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Electronic engineering, Electrical engineering, business.industry, business, Power transmission, Voltage, Engineering, Transmission system, Flicker, Power system harmonics, Evaluation system, Voltage flicker, Field tests, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS, and ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION

This paper discusses an investigation of transmission system voltage flicker due to the effects of the operation of multiple AC and DC furnaces, harmonic filters, and static VAr systems. The electric utility transmission voltages are measured using a unique flicker measurement and evaluation system. The field tests are compared to an analysis of the expected flicker in the system. >

Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy, Quantum mechanics, Quantum entanglement, Consciousness, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Quantum dissipation, Quantum process, Open quantum system, Theoretical physics, Quantum dynamics, Quantum discord, and Quantum system

There have been suggestions that the unity of consciousness may be related to the kind of holism depicted only in quantum physics. This argument will be clarified and strengthened. It requires the brain to contain a quantum system with the right properties — a “Bose-Einstein condensate”. It probably does contain one such system, as both theory and experiment have indicated. In fact, we cannot pay full attention to a quantum whole and its parts simultaneously, though we may oscillate between the two. In a quantum theory of consciousness, emergent meanings arise as an inevitable consequence of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.

Marketing, Public Administration, Sociology and Political Science, Social vision, Chaos theory in organizational development, Government, Engineering ethics, Managing change, Management, CHAOS (operating system), and Quantum

Genetics, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Epithelial–mesenchymal transition, Scleraxis, TWIST1 gene, Cell biology, and Biology

Health Policy, Mental health, Medicine, business.industry, business, Parity (mathematics), Health organization, Health care, Managed care, Descriptive research, Sample (statistics), Insurability, and Nursing

Debate continues about the cost and use of mental health services under managed care, as legislators consider various “parity” bills. This descriptive research replicates, broadens, and expands previously published case studies of single employers' data on cost and treatment prevalence in a large, diverse, national sample whose varied point-of-service benefits were provided by thirty employers representing multiple industries. Of those covered, 59,005 received treatment over the seven years studied. Of particular note is the pattern of increased use, increased care within the managed behavioral health organization network, and long-term cost reductions.

Review, pharmaceutical market, drugs, drug discovery, solid-phase peptide synthesis, Science & Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Chemistry, Medicinal, Pharmacology & Pharmacy, CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR, SERUM PARATHYROID-HORMONE, AMG 416, SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, AGONIST, ETELCALCETIDE, DISCOVERY, PHARMACOKINETICS, HEMODIALYSIS, PLECANATIDE, 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:R, lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica, lcsh:RS1-441, general_medical_research, Pharmaceutical market, Business, Peptide, chemistry.chemical_classification, chemistry, Drug discovery, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science, Molecular Medicine, Medicine, business.industry, Mode of action, and Plecanatide

2017 was an excellent year in terms of new drugs (chemical entities and biologics) approved by the FDA, with a total of forty-six. In turn, one of the highlights was the number of peptides (six) included in this list. Here, the six peptides are analysed in terms of chemical structure, synthetic strategy used for their production, source, biological target, and mode of action.

General Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical psychology, Ethical standards, Professional psychology, Quality care, Respondent, License, Psychology, Therapist Selection, behavioral disciplines and activities, education, and human activities

Do psychotherapists' unethical practices influence how they are perceived? The 202 Israeli lay and professional psychology participants rated systematically varied descriptions of effective therapists and potential clients under conditions of no difficulties (standard), practice without a license, and a previous sexual boundary violation on indexes of evaluation and willingness to refer. Participants completed a measure of important variables in therapist selection. Effective standard therapists were rated most favorably, unlicensed therapists were rated favorably, and therapists who violated sexual boundaries in the past were rated least favorably. When results were analyzed by respondent characteristics, laypersons rated unlicensed professionals (p < .01) and sexual boundary violators (p < .0001) more positively than did clinical psychologists. Men rated the violators more favorably than did women (p < .05). Factor analysis of therapist selection measures identified professional and personal factors, but only the former were associated with ratings of "problem" therapists. The results underscore the gap between ethical standards and applied decisions made by professionals and laypersons. Further investigation is needed to ensure quality care in both professional and consumer approaches to psychotherapy.

Health Policy, Leadership and Management, Psychology, Work life, Quality of work life, Shared governance, Nursing, Patient satisfaction, and food and beverages

Background: Adopting shared governance in nursing is considered a strategic tool that can enhance both nurse and patient satisfaction and will, in turn, improve nurses' work life. Aim: To compare the differences in nurses' perceptions of the quality of the work environment between hospitals that had adopted to use shared governance and those that had not. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive and comparative design was used. Two hospitals were selected, one of them had adopted a shared governance approach at both the unit and departmental level and the other was a hospital that had not adopted shared governance. Results: From November 2017 to January 2018, 470 questionnaires were completed by nurses across the two hospitals, 330 of them were working in a hospital that had adopted shared governance. There is a statistically significant difference in how nurses percieve their work-life balance between the two hospitals (t=9.62; P=>0.001). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was recognised between the Perception of Quality of Work Life score and all subdomains of nurses' perceptions. Conclusion: The adoption of a shared governance model in the nursing department has a significant impact on improving the quality of the working life of a nurse.

Inductor, Engineering, business.industry, business, Power system simulation, Distortion, Total harmonic distortion, Electric arc furnace, Static VAR compensator, Electronic circuit, Automotive engineering, Control engineering, System integrity, and ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS

Several issues concerning the application of supplementary series reactors to an existing arc furnace system are discussed in this paper. The impact on the melt shop bus voltage distortion, static VAr compensator (SVC) capacity limitations, harmonic filter duties, voltage flicker, and overall system integrity is discussed. On-site field measurement data are presented throughout the paper to show the actual plant operation. Development of circuit models for system analysis studies is also discussed. The plant production goals and operating experiences with the installation of the supplementary series reactors are also discussed.

Human–computer interaction, World Wide Web, Computer science, Interpersonal communication, Social network, business.industry, business, and InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS

We present a novel application for interactively visualizing the interpersonal networks that emerge during email interactions. While people have complex email interrelationships, no previous tools allow examining one's overall network.

Identity (social science), Sociology, Social theory, Ethnography, Media studies, World Wide Web, and Social community

This paper presents ethnographic fieldwork on Friendster, an online dating site utilizing social networks to encourage friend-of-friend connections. I discuss how Friendster applies social theory, how users react to the site, and the tensions that emerge between creator and users when the latter fails to conform to the expectations of the former. By offering this ethnographic piece as an example, I suggest how the HCI community should consider the co-evolution of the social community and the underlying technology.

The Internet, business.industry, business, Informal communication, Computer science, Variety (cybernetics), Instant messaging, Multimedia, computer.software_genre, computer, Human multitasking, Collaborative software, World Wide Web, Wireless, and Computer-mediated communication

There are a variety of digital tools for enabling people who are separated by time and space to communicate and collaborate on shared interests and tasks. The widespread use of some of these tools, such as instant messaging and group chat, coupled with the increasingly widespread availability of wireless access to the Internet (WiFi), have created new opportunities for using these collaboration tools by people sharing physical spaces in real time. The use of these tools to augment face-to-face meetings has created benefits for some participants and distractions-and detractions-for others. Our panelists will discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of these emerging uses of collaborative tools.

Materials Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, Schiff base, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Ethylene, Methylaluminoxane, Aniline, Polymer chemistry, Ketone, chemistry.chemical_classification, Pyridine, Chromium, chemistry.chemical_element, Catalysis, and inorganic chemicals

A family of chromium complexes bearing tridentate pyridine-based ligands are disclosed as highly active precatalysts for the oligomerization of ethylene. The ligands are comprised of two distinct types: Type 1, in which both ketone groups of 2,6-diacetylpyridine are converted to imines to produce pyridine bisimine NNN ligands; and Type 2, in which only one ketone group of 2,6-diacetylpyridine is condensed with an aniline derivative to give monoimine NNO coordination sets. Ligands of either type are coordinated to chromium(II) or chromium(III) chlorides, and activation of the resultant complexes with methylaluminoxane (MAO) produces highly active ethylene oligomerization and polymerization catalysts. Catalysts of Type 1 (NNN set) generally produce 1-butene when only two ortho alkyl substituents are present but switch to making waxes or polyethylene when the size and/or number of ortho substituents are increased. Catalysts of Type 2 (NNO set) produce waxes and polyethylene under all of the substitution pat...

Ophthalmology, Diabetic retinopathy, medicine.disease, medicine, business.industry, business, Hyperviscosity syndrome, Fundus (eye), Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Constitutional symptoms, Leukemia, Context (language use), Myeloid leukemia, Visual Disturbance, genetic structures, eye diseases, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Colour vision, Systemic disease, Hematologic malignancy, lcsh:Ophthalmology, lcsh:RE1-994, and Case Report

Purpose To report a case of subjective intermittent loss of bilateral colour vision and episodic white-out vision in a patient with undiagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Observations A patient initially diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy presented with a chief complaint of subjective intermittent loss of colour vision in both eyes, as well as intermittent bilateral white-out vision. These symptoms previously went uninvestigated until a thorough history revealed concurrent constitutional symptoms including recent night sweats and fevers. Closer fundus examination revealed that the lesions previously thought to be diabetic retinal hemorrhages were Roth spots. Conclusions: and Importance An unusual chief complaint of colour vision loss and multiple Roth spots in the context of chronic night sweats and fevers prompted further workup. A CBC with differential revealed a markedly increased WBC count and the patient was diagnosed with CML. Cytoreduction therapy led to complete resolution of the patient's visual symptoms and a return to normal WBC count at the most recent follow up appointment. We report, to our knowledge, the only case of colour vision loss as the initial presenting symptom of CML in the current literature, and reiterate the importance of a thorough history, neuro-ophthalmic examination and relevant investigations in patients with unusual visual symptoms, including intermittent loss of colour vision. In this case, we speculate that hyperviscosity syndrome secondary to CML was the cause of this patient's peculiar visual disturbance.

Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Computer Networks and Communications, Computer science, Social network, business.industry, business, Identity (social science), World Wide Web, Connection (vector bundle), Public displays, Everyday life, and Computer communication networks

Participants in social network sites create self-descriptive profiles that include their links to other members, creating a visible network of connections — the ostensible purpose of these sites is to use this network to make friends, dates, and business connections. In this paper we explore the social implications of the public display of one's social network. Why do people display their social connections in everyday life, and why do they do so in these networking sites? What do people learn about another's identity through the signal of network display? How does this display facilitate connections, and how does it change the costs and benefits of making and brokering such connections compared to traditional means? The paper includes several design recommendations for future networking sites.

Computer Science Applications, Health Policy, Public Administration, Health (social science), Harm, Politics, Moral panic, Ideology, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Race (biology), Social media, Population, education.field_of_study, education, Psychology, Ethnic group, and Social psychology

The widespread adoption of social media and other networked technologies by youth has prompted concerns about the safety issues they face when they go online, including the potential of being hurt by a stranger, being exposed to pornographic or violent content, and bullying or being bullied. These concerns often manifest as fears and anxieties in parents and can lead to pervasive moral panics. Eager to shield children from potential risks, parents—and lawmakers—often respond to online safety concerns by enacting restrictions with little consideration for the discrepancy between parental concern and actual harm. As this article shows, parental fears are not uniform across different population groups. Our findings demonstrate that, while concern may be correlated with experiencing online safety risks, parental concerns with respect to online safety issues also vary significantly by background—notably race and ethnicity, income, metropolitan status, and political ideology. As policies develop to empower parents, more consideration must be given to how differences in parental fears shape attitudes, practices, and norms.

Psychology

Sociology and Political Science and Communication

Instant messaging, World Wide Web, Variety (cybernetics), Computer science, Collaborative software, business.industry, business, Social computing, Focus (computing), Computer-mediated communication, and Space (commercial competition)

There are a variety of digital tools for enabling people who are physically separated by time and space to communicate and collaborate. Widespread use of some of these tools, such as instant messaging and group chat, coupled with the increasingly availability of wireless Internet access, have created new opportunities for using these collaboration tools by people sharing physical spaces in real time. Such 'digital backchannels' affect interactions and experiences in a variety of ways, depending on the spaces, the participants, and the relationships among them. We focus on the space of an academic conference, a physical space designed for voluntary participation by people with shared interests, seeking to share knowledge and connect with others. We present and analyze system logs and interview data from a recent conference, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages experienced both by those who used the tools and by those who did not, and discuss implications and considerations for future use and research.

municipality, Crowsnest Pass, bisecting, Rocky Mountains, Southwestern Alberta, British Columbia, and Highway 3

The municipality of Crowsnest Pass is situated in a rare east-west corridor bisecting the Rocky Mountains in Southwestern Alberta and Southeastern British Columbia. Highway 3, which runs the length of the Pass, is a major transportation route supporting over 13,000 vehicles per day. Wildlife mortality, due to collisions with vehicles, has been identified as a major human-safety and wildlife-conservation issue on this stretch of highway with approximately 109 large mammal deaths per year. Another immediate threat to wildlife populations in the region is the proposed expansion and realignment of Highway 3. The expanded highway footprint and increased traffic will likely affect wildlife use in the area. It is therefore important that decision makers acquire information on where wildlife are most likely to cross the road to ensure effective mitigation measures. Currently, information pertaining to wildlife movement in the Pass is limited. Road Watch in the Pass is an innovative, community-based research project that engages local citizenry in reporting wildlife observations along Highway 3 through the Crowsnest Pass in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Through the use of a Web-based GIS, interested citizens can participate in data collection that will be instrumental to decision makers in reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions and for developing mitigation measures for highway expansion. Road Watch was designed to test and profile the use of local knowledge and volunteer data collection in the Crowsnest Pass by providing land managers and the community with valuable baseline information related to wildlife highway crossings. The goals of the project are to collect, analyze, and communicate information highlighting crossing locations of wildlife along the highway based on local knowledge and observations, as well as to engage the citizenry of the pass in local issues relating to wildlife movement and safety. The project was launched in November 2004 after considerable communication with decision makers in the Pass and the hiring of a local project coordinator. There are currently 51 active participants using the website and interactive mapping tool. The 51 participants have recorded over 581 large mammal sightings. These results are provided to the community on a regular basis through the local media, project website, and email messages. Although the project is still new in inception, preliminary results indicate that the community is successfully engaged with an average of five new volunteers joining Road Watch each month. Each volunteer has contributed an average of 12 observations, with 59 percent of the participants submitting observations on more than one occasion. The number of individual observations ranges from one to 167. Participants have recorded the full compliment of large mammals that occur in the pass, including: 243 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 106 big horn sheep (Ovis canadensis), 66 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 64 unidentified deer species (Odocoileus spp.), 35 elk (Cervus elaphus), 30 moose (Alces alces), 11 coyotes (Canis latrans), seven black bears (Ursus americanus), three wolves (Canis lupus), three mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), three grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and two cougars (Puma concolor), with the exception of wolverine (Gulo gulo) and lynx (Lynx canadensis). Road Watch observations provide a valuable supplement to mortality data and have the potential to greatly enhance the existing information base. For example, the percentages of species observations from Road Watch correlate to the recorded levels of wildlife mortality, with mule deer as the highest recorded species from both data sources. From preliminary comparisons of these two data sources, we have identified zones with high Road Watch observations corresponding with low mortality records. This may indicate that there are areas where wildlife are successfully crossing, which has important implications for highway mitigation. Road Watch is an innovative initiative that will generate a unique dataset resulting from a comparative anlysis of knowledge sources. Preliminary results demonstrate that this approach increases the knowledge base by providing new emerging knowledge that would not have been explicit from a single source. This initiative also provides the opportunity for the Crowsnest Pass community to actively engage in an important wildlife-conservation issue. This information will be important to citizens in the community and local decisionmakers in relation to human safety and wildlife conservation around Highway 3.

Original Article, Otorhinolaryngology, Surgery, Nasal cannula, medicine.disease_cause, medicine, Tracheotomy, medicine.medical_treatment, Co2 laser, Fistula, medicine.disease, Laryngeal cleft, medicine.symptom, Case series, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, business, and Intubation

Laryngeal cleft is a rare congenital malformation of the respiratory tract leading to a high level of morbidity and mortality, recently being diagnosed with increased frequency. Management throughout the years included medical and surgical. The open surgical technique is more commonly used although it has higher risk and need longer post-operative care. Recently surgical endoscopic repair was introduced using different techniques. To evaluate the clinical features of infants and children presenting with laryngeal clefts, and review endoscopic management modality especially the technique and results of repair using double-layer (2 layers) technique. Outlining our experience with the surgical technique, complications arising from surgery as well as surgical outcome by evaluating the decannulation rate and cessation of the assisted feeding by the end of treatment. Retrospective case series study. Review of infant and children seen in our clinic with the diagnosis of laryngeal cleft from January 2012 till June 2014., and treated by CO2 laser assisted double-layer endoscopic closure. The presenting symptoms, patient demographics, diagnostic procedure, cleft type, surgical outcome and complications all were evaluated. We revised the case notes of 34 patients with a workable diagnosis of Laryngeal cleft. A total of 11 patients met our criteria and were included in the study. Clefts typing was according to modified Benjamin-Ingles classification, type 1 (n = 9) and type 2 (n = 2). All clefts were closed endoscopically by CO2 laser incision of the mucosa and two-layer endoscopic closure of the cleft without postoperative intubation or tracheotomy. They accepted oral feeding within 5 postoperative days (range 3-11 days). 5 out of 6 patients (83.3%) successfully stopped nasogastric feeding and 1 out of 2 patients successfully weaned from nasal cannula. One patient deceased few months after surgery due to other medical problems. Two patients needed redo after burst of the upper cleft stitches immediately after repair by iatrogenic cause during suctioning. The repair was stable in all patients during the second look 6 weeks after surgery with no recurrence or fistula formed. There were no clinically significant observed complications with this technique. After a mean follow up of 24 months, all children have a good voice, have no sign of residual aspiration, and less hospital admissions. Laryngeal cleft should be suspected in children presenting with recurrent pneumonia and difficulties during feeding. Endoscopic repair is a successful and safe technique for treating laryngeal clefts, and has short post-operative recovery without postoperative intubation or tracheotomy. Using the double-layer technique appeared to be promising but needs more comparative studies in the future.

Ecology, Wildlife, Web application, business.industry, business, Wildlife conservation, Citizen science, Environmental planning, Geography, Kappa index, Environmental protection, Road ecology, Mortality data, Human safety, roads, transportation, GIS, wildlife, Social Organization, New Commons, citizen science, Crowsnest Pass, highways, road ecology, web-based GIS, wildlife-vehicle collisions, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, and QH540-549.5

Road Watch in the Pass is a citizen-science project that engages local citizens in reporting wildlife observations along a 44-km stretch of Highway 3 through Crowsnest Pass in southwestern Alberta, Canada. The numbers of wildlife vehicle collisions and a recent proposal to expand the highway have raised concerns from both human safety and wildlife conservation perspectives. Through the use of a web-based GIS, interested citizens can contribute information that will be instrumental in making final decisions concerning measures to mitigate the effects of highway expansion. Currently, 58 people have contributed over 713 observations to Road Watch. We performed a preliminary comparison of 11 months of Road Watch observations and wildlife mortality data for the same time period to demonstrate that the use of citizen science not only augments more conventional approaches, but also results in the emergence of new knowledge and insights. A Kappa index of agreement of 14% indicates poor agreement between the data sets, highlighting that wildlife successfully cross the highway in areas not identified by the wildlife mortality data. This has important implications for design and mitigation efforts for Highway 3 and other roadways.

Context (language use), Folksonomy, Social software, computer.software_genre, computer, World Wide Web, Taxonomy (general), Tag system, Controlled vocabulary, Reputation, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Web page, and Computer science

In recent years, tagging systems have become increasingly popular. These systems enable users to add keywords (i.e., "tags") to Internet resources (e.g., web pages, images, videos) without relying on a controlled vocabulary. Tagging systems have the potential to improve search, spam detection, reputation systems, and personal organization while introducing new modalities of social communication and opportunities for data mining. This potential is largely due to the social structure that underlies many of the current systems.Despite the rapid expansion of applications that support tagging of resources, tagging systems are still not well studied or understood. In this paper, we provide a short description of the academic related work to date. We offer a model of tagging systems, specifically in the context of web-based systems, to help us illustrate the possible benefits of these tools. Since many such systems already exist, we provide a taxonomy of tagging systems to help inform their analysis and design, and thus enable researchers to frame and compare evidence for the sustainability of such systems. We also provide a simple taxonomy of incentives and contribution models to inform potential evaluative frameworks. While this work does not present comprehensive empirical results, we present a preliminary study of the photo-sharing and tagging system Flickr to demonstrate our model and explore some of the issues in one sample system. This analysis helps us outline and motivate possible future directions of research in tagging systems.

World Wide Web, Online participation, Data visualization, business.industry, business, Visualization, Friendship, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Visual search, Ethnography, Computer science, Usability, Data science, and Popularity

Recent years have witnessed the dramatic popularity of online social networking services, in which millions of members publicly articulate mutual "friendship" relations. Guided by ethnographic research of these online communities, we have designed and implemented a visualization system for playful end-user exploration and navigation of large scale online social networks. Our design builds upon familiar node link network layouts to contribute customized techniques for exploring connectivity in large graph structures, supporting visual search and analysis, and automatically identifying and visualizing community structures. Both public installation and controlled studies of the system provide evidence of the system's usability, capacity for facilitating discovery, and potential for fun and engaged social activity

Early adopter, Social software, computer.software_genre, computer, Cash flow, Venture capital, Marketing, Social life, and Psychology

Computer Networks and Communications, Human-Computer Interaction, Social psychology, Social network, business.industry, business, Social processes, Architecture, Friendship, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Frame (artificial intelligence), Affordance, and Sociology

“Are you my friend? Yes or no?” This question, while fundamentally odd, is a key component of social network sites. Participants must select who on the system they deem to be ‘Friends.’ Their choice is publicly displayed for all to see and becomes the backbone for networked participation. By examining what different participants groups do on social network sites, this paper investigates what Friendship means and how Friendship affects the culture of the sites. I will argue that Friendship helps people write community into being in social network sites. Through these imagined egocentric communities, participants are able to express who they are and locate themselves culturally. In turn, this provides individuals with a contextual frame through which they can properly socialize with other participants. Friending is deeply affected by both social processes and technological affordances. I will argue that the established Friending norms evolved out of a need to resolve the social tensions that emerged due to technological limitations. At the same time, I will argue that Friending supports pre-existing social norms yet because the architecture of social network sites is fundamentally different than the architecture of unmediated social spaces, these sites introduce an environment that is quite unlike that with which we are accustomed.

Computer Networks and Communications, Computer Science Applications, Semiotics of social networking, Social science, Scholarship, Social network, business.industry, business, Enterprise social software, Computer-mediated communication, Cyberpsychology, Engineering ethics, Social media optimization, Poison control, Psychology, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Strategy and Management, Management of Technology and Innovation, Special section, Affordance, Public relations, Section (typography), Sociology, Perspective (graphical), and Theme (narrative)

Social network sites (SNSs) are increasingly attracting the attention of academic and industry researchers intrigued by their affordances and reach. This special theme section of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication brings together scholarship on these emergent phenomena. In this introductory article, we describe features of SNSs and propose a comprehensive definition. We then present one perspective on the history of such sites, discussing key changes and developments. After briefly summarizing existing scholarship concerning SNSs, we discuss the articles in this special section and conclude with considerations for future research.

Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Earth science, Environmental science, Apportionment, and Atmospheric chemistry

Communication, Cultural Studies, Political science, Political action, Social network, business.industry, business, Public relations, and Social psychology

Library and Information Sciences, Information Systems, Ethnography, Social network, business.industry, business, Identity (social science), Social web, Social identity theory, Social computing, Information architecture, World Wide Web, Social media optimization, and Sociology

Overview Social network websites have played a key factor in the evolution of the “social web.” Hundreds of millions of individuals from all age-ranges have flocked to sites such as MySpace (http://myspace.com), Facebook (http://facebook.com) and Orkut (http://orkut.com) to create an online representation of identity, to manage their social lives, and to establish deep social relationships with other users of the sites. To this extent, the promise of Web 2.0 is embodied in social network websites. Social networks both implicitly and explicitly connect individuals, enabling the representation of a rich social identity embodied in a virtual presence. In this panel, an exciting young group of researchers will present results of their ongoing work in the analysis of social network websites. This panel will present a number of different research methods, as well as international perspectives on the analysis of social networks. danah boyd will present some of the key challenges she has faced in her multi-year, ongoing ethnographic analysis of social network websites. Raquel Recuero will share results of her mixed-methods international work on Fotolog, a popular photo-based social network site. Scott Golder and Fred Stutzman will present large-network analysis of social behavior in Facebook, the leading college-based social network. Finally, Alla Zollers will present a quantitative and content-analysis of activism in social network sites, analyzing the information architecture of the sites and the role it plays in activism. The research and the varying methods presented in this panel will present viewers with an exciting look at the many ways social network websites can be analyzed. These sites stand at the forefront of the social web, presenting myriad opportunities to future researchers.

Sociology

Data,Algorithms,Big Data, İletişim, Communication, ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, and GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS

As members of the US Department of Commerce’s Data Advisory Council, we are all deeply committed to seeing government use data strategically and productively to improve our country. We have spent the last year examining ways to open up government data and push for more engagement with government data. My talk today is intended to challenge and provoke us to think more deeply about the mission that we’re committed to. I want to challenge some of the basic assumptions that we all hold dear and highlight how some of our values are in conflict. We all assume that our commitment to using data well is a commitment to using data for social good. But what if our passion project will increase inequality and hurt the people we’re trying to help? What if our efforts will do harm?...*D.S. Department of Commerce, Data Advisory Council: October 28, 2016 / This talk was written for a meeting of the Data Advisory Council. It is a crib; the actual talk probably came out slightly differently.*This study has been published with the approval of its writer.

Endodontie, NaOCl, RinsEndo and FOS: Medical and Health Sciences

Neurology (clinical), Neurology, General Medicine, Ictal, Epilepsy, medicine.disease, medicine, Trunk, Abdomen, medicine.anatomical_structure, Audiology, medicine.medical_specialty, Homunculus, Postcentral gyrus, Sensory system, Parietal lobe, business.industry, business, nervous system diseases, and nervous system

Unilateral abdominal clonic seizures represent a peculiar and rare manifestation of focal onset epilepsy. We present the case of a 26-year-old man with right-sided abdominal clonic movements associated with seizures arising from the left parietal area. We show the ictal EEG correlates of these events, including source localization of early ictal spikes; findings that have not been demonstrated in previously reported cases. The electro-clinical features in this patient suggested that clinical onset occurred after anterior propagation of ictal activity from a region posterior to the neck and trunk area of the sensory homunculus of the postcentral gyrus. [Published with video sequence on www.epilepticdisorders.com].

Digital literacy, Engineering, business.industry, business, Creativity, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, and Mathematics education

Human-Computer Interaction, Internet privacy, business.industry, business, World Wide Web, Transformative learning, Sociology, and Cyberpsychology

Many of us have had our lives transformed by technology. And many of us are also enamored of the transformative potential of technology, which has led us to develop technology and become advocates of technological practices. As we become more and more enveloped in and by technology, it’s easy to feel excited about what’s going on. Yet we must also be cautious.

Communication, Cultural Studies, Sociology, Internet privacy, business.industry, business, Visibility (geometry), The Internet, and Social psychology

The complexities of the Internet continue to be a source of consternation for parents, educators, and policy makers. Some embrace the Internet, evangelizing about its tremendous potential. Others f...

Internet privacy, business.industry, business, World Wide Web, Conversation, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Social media, Attribution, Microblogging, Computer science, Variety (linguistics), and Convention

Twitter - a microblogging service that enables users to post messages ("tweets") of up to 140 characters - supports a variety of communicative practices; participants use Twitter to converse with individuals, groups, and the public at large, so when conversations emerge, they are often experienced by broader audiences than just the interlocutors. This paper examines the practice of retweeting as a way by which participants can be "in a conversation." While retweeting has become a convention inside Twitter, participants retweet using different styles and for diverse reasons. We highlight how authorship, attribution, and communicative fidelity are negotiated in diverse ways. Using a series of case studies and empirical data, this paper maps out retweeting as a conversational practice.

Sociology and Political Science, Art, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Crystal, and Humanities

Sociology and Political Science