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Skin -- Genetic aspects

Fibroblasts have long been recognized as important stromal cells, playing key roles in synthesizing and maintaining the extracellular matrix, but historically were treated as a relatively uniform cell type. Studies in recent years have revealed a surprising level of heterogeneity of fibroblasts across tissues, and even within organs such as the skin and heart. This heterogeneity may have functional consequences, including during stress and disease. While the field has moved forward quickly to begin to address the scientific import of this heterogeneity, the descriptive language used for these cells has not kept pace, particularly when considering the phenotype changes that occur as fibroblasts convert to myofibroblasts in response to injury. We discuss here the nature and sources of the heterogeneity of fibroblasts, and review how our understanding of the complexity of the fibroblast to myofibroblast phenotype conversion has changed with increasing scrutiny. We propose that the time is opportune to reevaluate how we name and describe these cells, particularly as they transition to myofibroblasts through discrete stages. A standardized nomenclature is essential to address the confusion that currently exists in the literature as to the usage of terms like myofibroblast and the description of fibroblast phenotype changes in disease. Key words: fibroblast, myofibroblast, phenotype conversion, heart, dermis, pressure overload, infarction, scar. Les fibroblastes sont depuis longtemps reconnus comme etant des cellules stromales importantes, qui jouent des roles cles dans la synthese et le maintien de la matrice extracellulaire, mais qui ont historiquement ete traitees comme constituant un type cellulaire relativement uniforme. Les etudes des dernieres annees ont revele la presence d'un degre etonnamment eleve d'heterogeneite entre les fibroblastes de differents tissus, et meme au sein d'un meme organe, comme la peau et le creur. Cette heterogeneite pourrait avoir des consequences fonctionnelles, notamment en situation de stress ou au cours de processus pathologiques. Alors que le domaine a progresse rapidement pour commencer a aborder l'importance scientifique de cette heterogeneite, le langage descriptif utilise dans le cas de ces cellules n'a pas maintenu le rythme, en particulier quant aux modifications du phenotype qui surviennent lors de la conversion des fibroblastes en myofibroblastes au cours de reactions lesionnelles. Nous discutons ici de la nature et des sources de l'heterogeneite des fibroblastes, et nous proposons une synthese de l'evolution de notre comprehension de la complexite de la conversion du phenotype de fibroblaste a myofibroblaste avec l'intensification de la surveillance de cette transition. Nous proposons que soit venu le temps de reevaluer notre maniere de nommer et de decrire ces cellules, particulierement lors de leur transition vers le myofibroblaste par l'intermediaire de stades distincts. L'adoption d'une nomenclature standardisee est essentielle en vue de mettre fin a la confusion qui prevaut actuellement dans la litterature quant a l'utilisation de termes comme celui de myofibroblaste, ainsi que pour aborder la description des modifications du phenotype des fibroblastes au cours des processus pathologiques. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: fibroblaste, myofibroblaste, conversion du phenotype, creur, derme, surcharge de pression, infarctus, cicatrice.

Fibrosis -- Physiological aspects, Fibrosis -- Care and treatment, Heart diseases -- Physiological aspects, Heart diseases -- Care and treatment, and Cardiac patients -- Physiological aspects

Cardiac fibrosis is a significant global health problem that is closely associated with multiple forms of cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and diabetes. Fibrosis increases myocardial wall stiffness due to excessive extracellular matrix deposition, causing impaired systolic and diastolic function, and facilitating arrhythmogenesis. As a result, patient morbidity and mortality are often dramatically elevated compared with those with cardiovascular disease but without overt fibrosis, demonstrating that fibrosis itself is both a pathologic response to existing disease and a significant risk factor for exacerbation of the underlying condition. The lack of any specific treatment for cardiac fibrosis in patients suffering from cardiovascular disease is a critical gap in our ability to care for these individuals. Here we provide an overview of the development of cardiac fibrosis, and discuss new research directions that have recently emerged and that may lead to the creation of novel treatments for patients with cardiovascular diseases. Such treatments would, ideally, complement existing therapy by specifically focusing on amelioration of fibrosis. Key words: cardiac fibrosis, extracellular matrix, fibrosis therapy, fibroblast, myofibroblast. A l'echelle mondiale, la fibrose cardiaque est un important probleme de sante etroitement lie a diverses formes de maladies cardiaques, y compris l'infarctus du myocarde, la cardiomyopathie dilatee et le diabete. La fibrose entraine une augmentation de la rigidite de la paroi myocardique en raison du depot d'un exces de matrice extracellulaire, ce qui affecte les fonctions systolique et diastolique et qui favorise l'arythmogenese. En consequence, les taux de morbidite et de mortalite des patients sont souvent considerablement plus eleves qu'en absence de fibrose manifeste, ce qui montre que la fibrose elle-meme est a la fois une reaction pathologique a une maladie existante et un important facteur de risque de l'exacerbation de l'affection sous-jacente. Le manque de tout traitement specifique de la fibrose cardiaque chez les patients atteints de maladie cardiovasculaire constitue une lacune cruciale dans notre capacite de soigner ces personnes. Nous presentons ici un apercu de la formation de fibrose cardiaque, et nous discutons de nouvelles avenues de recherche emergentes qui pourraient mener au developpement de nouveaux traitements pour les patients atteints de maladies cardiovasculaires. Idealement, de tels traitements pourraient apporter un complement aux traitements existants en se centrant specifiquement sur des ameliorations en matiere de fibrose. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: fibrose cardiaque, matrice extracellulaire, traitement de la fibrose, fibroblaste, myofibroblaste.

Homme, Human, Hombre, Interaction sociale, Social interaction, Interacción social, Adolescent, Adolescente, Communication médiatisée ordinateur, Computer mediated communication, Communicación mediatizada computador, Comportement rendez vous, Dating behavior, Conducta cita, Messagerie instantanée, Instant messaging, Mensajería instantánea, Trouble du comportement social, Social behavior disorder, Trastorno comportamiento social, Violence, Violencia, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Informatique, automatique theorique, systemes, Computer science, control theory, systems, Logiciel, Software, Systèmes informatiques et systèmes répartis. Interface utilisateur, Computer systems and distributed systems. User interface, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Psychopathologie. Psychiatrie, Psychopathology. Psychiatry, Etude clinique de l'adulte et de l'adolescent, Adult and adolescent clinical studies, Troubles du comportement social. Comportement criminel. Délinquance, Social behavior disorders. Criminal behavior. Delinquency, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE. PSYCHIATRIE, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, and Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie

Teen dating violence (TDV) is a serious form of youth violence that youth fairly commonly experience. Although youth extensively use computer-mediated communication (CMC), the epidemiology of CMC-based TDV is largely unknown. This study examined how perpetration of psychological TDV using CMC compares and relates to perpetration using longer-standing modes of communication (LSMC; e.g., face-to-face). Data from the national Growing up with Media study involving adolescents aged 14―19 collected from October 2010 to February 2011 and analyzed May 2012 are reported. Analyses focused on adolescents with a history of dating (n = 615). Forty-six percent of youth daters had perpetrated psychological TDV. Of those who perpetrated in the past 12 months, 58% used only LSMC, 17% used only CMC, and 24% used both. Use of both CMC and LSMC was more likely among perpetrators who used CMC than among perpetrators who used LSMC. In addition, communication mode and type of psychological TDV behavior were separately related to frequency of perpetration. Finally, history of sexual intercourse was the only characteristic that discriminated between youth who perpetrated using different communication modes. Results suggest that perpetration of psychological TDV using CMC is prevalent and is an extension of perpetration using LSMC. Prevention should focus on preventing perpetration of LSMC-based TDV as doing so would prevent LSMC as well as CMC-based TDV.

Activisme, Activism, Féminisme, Feminism, Internet, Mouvement, Movement, Notes de terrain, Fieldnotes, Prostitution, Réseau, Network, Trafic, Traffic, Tráfico, Feminist STS, Internet studies, Network studies, Sex trafficking, Ethnologie, Ethnology, Structure et relations sociales, Social structure and social relations, Relations sociales. Relation interculturelles et interethniques. Identité collective, Social relations. Intercultural and interethnic relations. Collective identity, Amérique, America, Cognition, Social anthropology and ethnology, and Anthropologie sociale et ethnologie

In this essay, we offer field notes from our ongoing ethnographic research on sex trafficking in the United States. Recent efforts to regulate websites such as Craigslist and Backpage have illuminated activist concerns regarding the role of networked technologies in the trafficking of persons and images for the purposes of sexual exploitation. We frame our understanding of trafficking and technology through a network studies approach, by describing anti-trafficking as a counter-network to the sex trafficking it seeks to address. Drawing from the work of Annelise Riles and other scholars of feminist science and technology studies, we read the anti-trafficking network through the production of expert knowledge and the crafting of anti-trafficking techniques. By exploring anti-trafficking activists' understandings of technology, we situate the activities of anti-trafficking experts and law enforcement as efforts toward network stabilization.

Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences et techniques communes, Sciences and techniques of general use, Sciences de l'information. Documentation, Information science. Documentation, Sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques. Etude d'ensemble, Library and information science. General aspects, Bibliométrie. Scientométrie. Evaluation, Bibliometrics. Scientometrics. Evaluation, Sciences de l'information et de la communication, Information and communication sciences, Bibliométrie. Scientométrie, Bibliometrics. Scientometrics, Cognition, Documentation, Computer science, and Informatique

When information practices are understood to be shaped by social context, privilege and marginalization alternately affect not only access to, but also use of information resources. In the context of information, privilege, and community, politics of marginalization drive stigmatized groups to develop collective norms for locating, sharing, and hiding information. In this paper, we investigate the information practices of a subcultural community whose activities are both stigmatized and of uncertain legal status: the extreme body modification community. We use the construct of information poverty to analyze the experiences of 18 people who had obtained, were interested in obtaining, or had performed extreme body modification procedures. With a holistic understanding of how members of this community use information, we complicate information poverty by working through concepts of stigma and community norms. Our research contributes to human information behavior scholarship on marginalized groups and to Internet studies research on how communities negotiate collective norms of information sharing online.

Technology in education, Company business management, Educational technology -- Management, and Creative ability -- Educational aspects

In this article, we explore creativity alongside educational technology, as fundamental constructs of 21st century education. Creativity has becoming increasingly important, as one of the most important and noted skills for success in the 21st century. We offer a definition of creativity; and draw upon a systems model of creativity, to suggest creativity emerges and exists within a system, rather than only at the level of individual processes. We suggest that effective infusion of creativity and technology in education must be considered in a three-fold systemic manner: at the levels of teacher education, assessment and educational policy. We provide research and practical implications with broad recommendations across these three areas, to build discourse around infusion of creative thinking and technology in 21st century educational systems. Keywords Creativity, Technology, Teacher Education, Teacher Professional Development, TPACK, Policy, Assessment

Homme, Human, Hombre, Adolescent, Adolescente, Harcèlement moral, Psychological harassment, Acoso moral, Internet, Intimidation, Bullying, intimidación, Méthode mesure, Measurement method, Método medida, Méthodologie, Methodology, Metodología, Technologie information communication, Information communication technology, Nueva tecnología información comunicación, Victimisation, Victimization, Victimización, Cyberbullying, Measurement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Psychopathologie. Psychiatrie, Psychopathology. Psychiatry, Techniques et méthodes, Techniques and methods, Méthodologie. Expérimentation, Methodology. Experimentation, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE. PSYCHIATRIE, Pediatrics, Pédiatrie, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, and Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie

Purpose: To inform the scientific debate about bullying, including cyberbullying, measurement. Methods: Two split-form surveys were conducted online among 6―17-year-olds (n = 1,200 each) to inform recommendations for cyberbullying measurement. Results: Measures that use the word bully result in prevalence rates similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included, whereas measures not using the word bully are similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included. A behavioral list of bullying experiences without either a definition or the word bully results in higher prevalence rates and likely measures experiences that are beyond the definition of bullying. Follow-up questions querying differential power, repetition, and bullying over time were used to examine misclassification. The measure using a definition but not the word bully appeared to have the highest rate of false positives and, therefore, the highest rate of misclassification. Across two studies, an average of 25% reported being bullied at least monthly in person compared with an average of 10% bullied online, 7% via telephone (cell or landline), and 8% via text messaging. Conclusions: Measures of bullying among English-speaking individuals in the United States should include the word bully when possible. The definition may be a useful tool for researchers, but results suggest that it does not necessarily yield a more rigorous measure of bullying victimization. Directly measuring aspects of bullying (i.e., differential power, repetition, over time) reduces misclassification. To prevent double counting across domains, we suggest the following distinctions: mode (e.g., online, in-person), type (e.g., verbal, relational), and environment (e.g., school, home). We conceptualize cyberbullying as bullying communicated through the online mode.

Teachers -- Practice, Teacher centers -- Methods, Teacher centers -- Analysis, Teachers -- Training, Teachers -- Methods, and Teachers -- Analysis

Recently, a great amount of attention --both scholarly and popular--has been focused on implementing design thinking in schools (Norton & Hathaway, 2015). A recent piece in The Atlantic, for example, [...]

Social networks -- Research and Big data -- Research

Author(s): Matthew Zook 1,*, Solon Barocas 2, danah boyd 2,3, Kate Crawford 2,4, Emily Keller 3, Seeta Pena Gangadharan 5, Alyssa Goodman 6, Rachelle Hollander 7, Barbara A. Koenig 8, [...]

Réseau social, Social network, Red social, Vie privée, Private life, Vida privada, Vie publique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences et techniques communes, Sciences and techniques of general use, Sciences de l'information. Documentation, Information science. Documentation, Technologie de la communication et de l'information, Information and communication technologies, Technologies de l'information: supports, équipements, Information technologies: storage media, equipment, Applications (par exemple: numérisation,...), Applications (e.g. Digitizing,...), Ressources internet (portails, blogs, wikis,...), Internet resources (portals, blogs, wikis,...), Sciences de l'information et de la communication, Information and communication sciences, Applications, Ressources internet (portails, blogs, wikis,…), Internet resources (portals, blogs, wikis,…), Sciences de l'information communication, and Documentation

[ point de vue ] Les nouveaux médias numériques ontsensiblementmodifiél'acceptiontraditionnelledes concepts de vie privée et de vie publique. Née du développement des réseaux sociaux, cette rupture a généré de nouvelles « sphères publiques médiatées » au sein desquelles se déploie désormais une part de notre vie quotidienne. Une évolution de l'espace public qui appelle un accompagnement des jeunes, particulièrement présents et investis dans ces réseaux numériques.

Books -- Book reviews and Portable Communities: The Social Dynamics of Online and Mobile Connectedness (Nonfiction work) -- Book reviews

Portable Communities: The Social Dynamics of Online and Mobile Connectedness By Mary Chayko SUNY Press. 2008. 318 pages. $74.50 cloth, $24.95 paper. There is [...]