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COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ENFERMEDADES VIROSICAS, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, POLITICA ENERGETICA, PROGRAMAS DE ACCION, CONDICIONES ECONOMICAS, CONSUMO DE ENERGIA, ELECTRICIDAD, HIDROCARBUROS, COOPERACION REGIONAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, VIRAL DISEASES, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, ENERGY RESOURCES, ENERGY POLICY, PROGRAMMES OF ACTION, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ELECTRICITY, HYDROCARBONS, REGIONAL COOPERATION, and SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha provocado fuertes efectos en la salud pública y ha tenido profundas implicaciones en los ámbitos económico y social. Las medidas de confinamiento, distanciamiento físico y suspensión de actividades no esenciales han sido efectivas para frenar la propagación de la pandemia, pero, a su vez, han provocado pérdidas de empleo, la reducción de ingresos de las familias y las empresas, una menor producción de bienes, una disminución de la provisión de servicios y una caída de los niveles de recaudación fiscal. Este documento fue preparado para el Consejo de Ministros de Energía del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA) con el objetivo de proponer medidas y acciones para mitigar los impactos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el sector energía y evitar que los efectos de esa pandemia pongan en riesgo la sostenibilidad de dicho sector. Constituye la propuesta del sector energía y formará parte del “Plan de Contingencia Regional orientado a complementar los esfuerzos nacionales para la prevención, contención y tratamiento de COVID-19 y otras enfermedades de rápida propagación”, iniciativa que es coordinada por la Secretaría General del SICA.

HURACANES, DESASTRES NATURALES, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, EVALUACION, VIVIENDA, EDUCACION, SALUD, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, TELECOMUNICACIONES, ELECTRICIDAD, AGUA, SERVICIOS DE SANEAMIENTO, TURISMO, PESQUERIAS, MACROECONOMIA, HURRICANES, NATURAL DISASTERS, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, SOCIAL ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, EVALUATION, HOUSING, EDUCATION, HEALTH, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, ELECTRICITY, WATER, SANITATION SERVICES, TOURISM, FISHERIES, and MACROECONOMICS

Hurricane Irma was the ninth named hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season. Being an Archipelago in the Caribbean, a great portion of The Bahamas infrastructure is in proximity to the coast, making it particularly vulnerable to tropical storms. Irma directly and primarily affected the southern islands of Inagua, Acklins, Ragged Island and Southern Andros, and affected Bimini and Grand Bahama to the north, while it also caused moderate effects across the country. The effects of hurricane Irma on the population of The Bahamas were moderate. According to the reports prepared by the government entities responsible for the emergency, no fatalities or serious injuries were reported. The greatest damage which directly affected the population of the islands under analysis occurred in the housing sector. The Government of The Bahamas requested from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) an assessment of the damage, losses, and additional costs caused by hurricane Irma. ECLAC also invited PAHO to be part of the assessment team. The assessment of the effects and impacts caused by Hurricane Irma follows the Disaster Assessment Methodology developed by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).

HURACANES, DESASTRES NATURALES, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, EVALUACION, POBLACION, SALUD, VIVIENDA, EDUCACION, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, AGUA, SERVICIOS DE SANEAMIENTO, ELECTRICIDAD, TURISMO, PESQUERIAS, HURRICANES, NATURAL DISASTERS, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, SOCIAL ASPECTS, EVALUATION, POPULATION, HEALTH, HOUSING, EDUCATION, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, WATER, SANITATION SERVICES, ELECTRICITY, TOURISM, and FISHERIES

The passage of Hurricane Matthew through The Bahamas in October 2016 marks the second time in just over a year that the country was affected by a Category 4 hurricane. However, unlike 2015’s Hurricane Joaquin, which affected islands having a relatively low population, Hurricane Matthew’s greatest impact was felt on the country’s population centres of New Providence and Grand Bahama, as well as in the district of North Andros. Damage in these areas was caused by high winds and storm surge associated with the hurricane, and was exacerbated by construction practices and the siting of communities and infrastructure in vulnerable locations. Soon after the hurricane passed, the government of The Bahamas asked the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) to assess the resulting damages, losses and additional costs. The IDB requested assistance from the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) for technical assistance with the assessment. This report presents results of the assessment. It also presents recommendations to guide a resilient reconstruction process that can reduce vulnerabilities and risks for the population and for every sector of the economy.

HURACANES, DESASTRES NATURALES, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, EVALUACION, VIVIENDA, CONSTRUCCIONES, SALUD, EDUCACION, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, TELECOMUNICACIONES, ELECTRICIDAD, AGUA, SERVICIOS DE SANEAMIENTO, TURISMO, PESQUERIAS, AGRICULTURA, COMERCIO INTERNO, MEDIO AMBIENTE, MACROECONOMIA, HURRICANES, NATURAL DISASTERS, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, SOCIAL ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, EVALUATION, HOUSING, BUILDINGS, HEALTH, EDUCATION, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, ELECTRICITY, WATER, SANITATION SERVICES, TOURISM, FISHERIES, AGRICULTURE, DOMESTIC TRADE, ENVIRONMENT, and MACROECONOMICS

In September 2019 , the world watched as the category 5 Hurricane Dorian rained havoc down on The Bahamas islands of Grand Bahama and Abaco and their communities, erasing any evidence of life in some neighborhoods and leaving behind a trail of heartbreak, sorrow and death. The catastrophic damage to livelihoods and billions of dollars of infrastructure on this archipelago present significant challenges to the preparedness of its tourism -dependent economy and its rescue and recovery capacity. The Interamerican Development Bank (IDB) committed itself to a restoration effort that would be far -reaching and strengthen the island chain against future natural disasters. Through a partnership with the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECLAC), the Bank deployed a research team of experts – both local and international – to the affected sites to collect pertinent data that could be integrated in a more sustainable framework for disaster risk management, policy preparedness and reconstruction methods after a natural disaster. Within this report is a comprehensive overview of the toll Hurricane Dorian had on the islands’ economies and an accounting of the losses, broken down throughout the sectors. It analyzes key vulnerabilities and threats and compiles findings from assessments with recommendations to build resilience in a way that honors the nation’s past while advancing the present and preserving its future. This report provides The Bahamas with data that supports meaningful policy reforms to promote strategic decision making regarding natural disasters.

Electricity, Electricity Network, Data Sending, Enel, Regulatory Vacuum, Energy Meter, and Critical Software

Today, legal metrology deals with methods and tools related to the technical and legal needs of the State and was born mainly to guarantee the public faith of citizens. It can be considered as a science of measures dealing with practical cases concerning the use of measuring instruments employed for legal purposes, in any field of science or its technical application. Computer technologies, which are massively used in electronic measurement instruments, are a key and relevant aspect for legal metrology, since the result of a measure is highly dependent on both the hardware and mainly, the software used to manage the physical quantities to be measured: from the determination of the physical quantity to be measured by the use of a transducer, to the display of the measurement result. The use of active or passive sensors/transducers used for measuring the size to be measured, inevitably involves different construction technologies for both the hardware and the related management software. The metrological verification of the hardware appears simple since they are physical components, and therefore easily controllable; instead, the software component of the measuring instruments appears critical in the legal metrological control of the same: in particular for those measuring instruments on which the remoting function of the measurement data is implemented, and for the problems related to the transmission of the measurement data to remote systems. The remote management of measuring instruments is extremely critical: it suffices to vary remotely a metrologically relevant size to invalidate the whole result of the measure. The total control of the relevant software by the State in order to guarantee the public faith, therefore, must be absolutely rigid and transparent also in order to give legal instruments to the bodies of verification and control of the measuring instrument. A fundamental aid to this problem is provided by the OIML and the supreme judges of the European High Court of Justice.

Poland, emission standards, waste incineration, exhaust aftertreatment process, heat, and electricity

The thermal waste treatment plant (TWTP) in Kraków (eco-incinerator) was created as a response to the energy and ecological needs of Kraków as part of the project "Municipal Waste Management Program in Krakow." The TWTP is able to process 220,000 tons of municipal waste during the year. Estimated values of the 65,000 MWh of electricity and 280,000 MWh of heat are produced as a result of the waste combustion. The energy obtained by way of the thermal transformation process is largely organic and renewable. The TWTP is equipped with a state-of-the-art exhaust purification system that meets strict emission standards for air. The emission standards will meet the requirements the Ordinance of the Minister of the Environment of November 4, 2014 on emission standards for certain types of installations, sources of fuel combustion and devices for incineration or co-incineration of waste (Journal of Laws of 2014, item 1546, including further amendments). The cleaning process takes place in the exhaust aftertreatment process and is based on the following steps: (i) denitrification of exhaust gases, (ii) flue gas cleaning by means of a semi-dry method and (iii) dust extraction. As the project's general contractor was POSCO E&C from South Korea.

wind, modeling, electricity, and MPPT

In the last century, research for the wind power industry started to gain importance in the field of renewable energies. This research is mainly on the side of big wind power. This wind form, are grouped and connected to the electricity grid. In the other form, the small wind power for production in isolated areas. This wind are applicated for example: telecommunication stations, sailboats and isolated areas. This power is from 100 W to a few tens of kilowatts. They are applied to power installations, for example, telecommunication stations, sailboats, and isolated areas. The use of small wind power in the region of Adrar--the southwest of Algeria--is an economical and durable solution. This chapter will focus on the modeling of the main components of a small wind turbine adapted to Saharan regions. The wind chain consists of a wing coupled directly to a synchronous generator that delivers on a continuous bus via a rectifier; it is the overall structure of the chain that we retain for modeling in this chapter. In order to control the system, the modeling of this study touches all the parts of the system: the turbine, the generator PMSG, and the converter with the load. At the end, simulation results are presented to show the good performance of the choice of control type that is applied to the wind system.

wind energy, market strategy, electricity, and energy cost

Global warming and increasing electricity consumption trends in many parts of the world pose a serious challenge to most countries from a climate change and energy security perspective. Wind power is the only one that offers a mature technique, as well as promising commercial prospects, and is now generally applied in large-scale electricity generation. Continued technological improvements will assist to boost the on-shore and off-shore wind farms' ability by improving micro turbine, enhancing reliability with predictive maintenance models. At the same time, as global and regional markets for wind power technologies grow, economies of scale are being reaped in manufacturing. With increased market scale, opportunities to improve the efficiency of supply chains arise. Technological improvements and cost reductions have led wind energy to become one of the most competitive options for new generation capacity. Wind energy still has significant potential for cost reduction. Indeed, by 2025, the global weighted average levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of onshore and offshore wind could see declines of 26 and 35%, respectively. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the world wind energy market, current and forecasting development globally of wind energy, and LCOE historical growth Ffor wind energy.

life cycle inventory analysis, methodology, attributional LCA, consequential LCA, allocation, marginal data, and electricity

An attributional life cycle assessment (ALCA) estimates what share of the global environmental burdens belongs to a product. A consequential LCA (CLCA) gives an estimate of how the global environmental burdens are affected by the production and use of the product. The distinction arose to resolve debates on what input data to use in an LCA and how to deal with allocation problems. An ALCA is based on average data, and allocation is performed by partitioning environmental burdens of a process between the life cycles served by this process. A CLCA ideally uses marginal data in many parts of the life cycle and avoids allocation through system expansion. This chapter aims to discuss and clarify the key concepts. It also discusses pros and cons of different methodological options, based on criteria derived from the starting point that environmental systems analysis should contribute to reducing the negative environmental impacts of humankind or at least reduce the impacts per functional unit: the method should be feasible and generate results that are accurate, comprehensible, inspiring, and robust. The CLCA is more accurate, but ALCA has other advantages. The decision to make an ALCA or a CLCA should ideally be taken by the LCA practitioner after discussions with the client and possibly with other stakeholders and colleagues.