articles+ search results

electricidad, energía hidroeléctrica, patrimonio industrial, electricity, hydroelectric power, and industrial heritage

Reseña de un libro sobre la principal obra hidráulica construida por la Mexican Light and Power a partir de 1903. La empresa fue fundada por Fred Stark Pearson para abastecer de energía eléctrica a Ciudad de México y al centro del país. El libro trata de valorar el patrimonio industrial del municipio en que se encuentra localizado, destacando su importancia para la identidad y el desarrollo, y colaborando con un proyecto colectivo de la comunidad local.
Review of a book about the main hydraulic work built by the Mexican Light and Power since 1903. The company was founded by Fred Stark Pearson to supply electricity to Mexico City and the center of the country. The book tries to assess the industrial heritage of the municipality in which it is located, highlighting its importance for identity and development, and collaborating with a collective project of the local community

Electricity, Magnetism, Conceptual understanding, Multiple-choice instrument, Reliability analysis, Electricidad, Magnetismo, Entendimiento conceptual, Instrumento de opciones múltiples, and Análisis de confiabilidad

The Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism (CSEM) has been widely used in the field of physics education. However, to date, no study presents a version of the test in Spanish. This article has three general objectives: 1) to present the CSEM in Spanish and analyze its reliability and discriminatory power, 2) to perform a detailed analysis of the most frequent difficulties of the students in the concepts evaluated in the test, and 3) to establish recommendations for research and instruction of these concepts. The test was implemented to 310 students who finished an Electricity and Magnetism course in a Mexican university. Researchers or physics professors from Spanish-speaking countries may use the test in Spanish that we present in the PhysPort project (physport. org); and the analysis and recommendations for instruction in this study.
La prueba The Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism (CSEM) ha sido ampliamente utilizada en el área de la educación de la física. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no existe un estudio que presente el test en su versión en español. Este artículo tiene tres objetivos generales: 1) presentar el CSEM en su versión en español y analizar la confiabilidad y poder discriminatorio de este, 2) realizar un análisis detallado de las dificultades más frecuentes de los estudiantes en los conceptos evaluados en el test y 3) establecer recomendaciones para la investigación e instrucción de estos conceptos. El test fue implementado a 310 estudiantes que terminaban el curso Electricidad y Magnetismo de una universidad mexicana. El test en su versión en español, que presentamos en el proyecto Physport (physport. org), los análisis y las recomendaciones para la instrucción pueden ser utilizados por investigadores o por profesores de física de países hispanohablantes.

gas, electricidad, historia empresarial, Gas, Electricity, and Business history

El artículo aborda la trayectoria de Gaz Franco-Belge. Robert Lesage et Cie. (Cie. Franco-Belge), fundada en Bélgica en 1880, en Sanlúcar de Barrameda. En 1883, se inauguró la iluminación pública de gas y en 1919 cesó su actividad. Esta iniciativa corresponde a una generación efímera de empresas gasistas de matriz extranjera de ámbito municipal. En apariencia, se inscribiría en una tanda de inversiones poco razonables en mercados urbanos insuficientemente desarrollados, que acabaron de liquidar la competencia con la electricidad y las restricciones a las industrias consumidoras de carbón durante la Gran Guerra. Aquí, se defiende que el "privilegio" exclusivo de iluminación pública fue en realidad una condena en tanto el Consistorio se convirtió en el usuario principal y, al mismo tiempo, en la única fuente de regulación del mercado gasista en la ciudad. Sin intención ni de aumentar los impuestos ni de pagar este servicio público, se anclaba a las empresas concesionarias a negocios poco rentables, en localidades con rentas medias bajas.
This article focuses on the trajectory of Gaz Franco-Belge. Robert Lesage et Cie (Cie Franco- Belge), founded in Belgium in 1880, in Sanlúcar de Barrameda. Public gas lighting was inaugurated in 1883 and the company ceased its activity in 1919. This initiative may be included in an ephemeral generation of foreign companies in charge of municipal lighting. Apparently, these foreign direct investments were unreasonable where urban markets were underdeveloped. Competition with electricity and the restrictions on coal consumption during World War I finished with these firms. Actually, the exclusive “privilege” of public lighting was a sentence as long as the town Hall became both the main user and the only source of market regulation. Without any intention of either raising taxes or paying for this public service, the councils anchored concessionaires companies to unprofitable businesses, in localities with a very low income average.

Gas, electricidad, consumo, España, Electricity, Consumption, and Spain

En este trabajo se aborda el estudio de dos energías básicas, gas y electricidad, desde la perspectiva de la demanda y bajo un enfoque comparativo. La fuente a utilizar será la Estadística del Impuesto sobre el consumo de luz de gas, electricidad y carburo de calcio, complementada/contrastada con otras (Estadística Minera, Datos estadísticos técnicos de las fábricas de gas españolas, monografías locales, etc.). Los principales aspectos que se tratarán serán su difusión geográfica, incardinándola en la modernización de las estructuras urbanas, y los niveles de gasto energético, insertado a su vez en los cambios generales de las pautas de consumo, ambos desde una doble perspectiva espacial y temporal. Todo ello se llevará a cabo en un marco cronológico clave, el primer tercio del siglo XX, lo que permitirá abrir nuevas perspectivas y debates acerca del modo concreto en que se llevó a cabo en España el proceso de transición energética del gas a la electricidad.
This paper deals with the study of two basic energies, gas and electricity, from a demand perspective, and under a comparative approach. The source that will be used is the Estadística del impuesto sobre el consumo de luz de gas, electricidad y carburo de calcio, which is complemented/ contrasted with others (Estadística Minera, Datos estadísticos técnicos de las fábricas de gas españolas, local monographs, etc). The main issues will be their geographical diffusion, placing it in the context of the modernization of urban structures, as well as the levels of energy expenditure, which are linked to the global changes in consumption patterns, both from a spatial and temporal perspective. All this will be carried out in a chronological framework, over the first third of the twentieth century, which will open new perspectives and debates about the specific way in which the process of energy transition from gas to electricity was carried out in Spain.

Electricidad, sistemas de tarificación, precios, España, siglo xx, Electricity, Rate Systems, Tariffs, Spain, and 20th Century

En 1934, 672 empresas eléctricas de toda España publicaron en los Boletines Oficiales provinciales y en el Butlletí Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya sus precios de venta de la energía destinada a fuerza. Estos datos nos permiten disponer de una información muy completa de los sistemas tarifarios utilizados por los productores y distribuidores de electricidad antes de la guerra civil así como también de los precios máximos y de los descuentos que ofrecían a sus clientes. En este artículo se analizan los precios y descuentos publicados desde una doble perspectiva, empresarial y territorial, con objeto de conocer el precio de la energía eléctrica para usos industriales en la España del momento. Las notables diferencias observadas en el precio de venta del kWh reflejan la existencia de un mercado eléctrico escasamente integrado y el importante papel que seguían desempeñando los pequeños y medianos productores y distribuidores de energía a la hora de suministrar fluido a miles de empresas de todo el país en vísperas de la Guerra Civil.
In 1934, a total of 672 electricity companies from all over Spain made public in the Boletines Oficiales of the provinces and in the Butlletí Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya their rate systems and selling prices for power. These data provide comprehensive information about the diverse pricing system used by producers and distributors of electricity in Spain before the Civil War as well as the maximum prices and discounts offered from them to their clients. This paper analyses these prices and discounts from a business and territorial point of view. The remarkable differences in the selling price of kWh among firms and places reflect the existence of a poorly integrated electricity market and the important role small and medium producers and distributors of energy still played when supplying electricity to thousands of consumers around the country on the eve of the Civil War.

llibres de text, electricitat, anàlisi del llenguatge, educació intercultural, textbooks, electricity, language analysis, intercultural education, libros de texto, electricidad, análisis del lenguaje, and educación intercultural

Aquesta tesi se centra essencialment en l'estudi de dues variables: el llenguatge de dos llibres de text quant a si afavoreix o no la comprensió explicativa, i les respostes dels estudiants quan s'utilitzen altres fonts d'informació complementària. La mostra pertany a dos països: Canadà i Pakistan, i com a metodologia es va utilitzar l'anàlisi documental i un disseny quasiexperimental. Els resultats apunten a la necessitat de millorar els llibres de text i el seu ús.
This thesis focuses primarily on the study of two variables: the language of two textbooks as to whether or not favors explanatory understanding, and the responses of the students when they use other sources for additional information. The sample belongs to two countries: Canada and Pakistan, and document analysis as a methodology and a quasi-experimental design was used. The results point to the need to improve textbooks and usage.
La presente tesis se centra esencialmente en el estudio de dos variables: el lenguaje de dos libros de texto en cuanto a si favorece o no la comprensión explicativa, y las respuestas de los estudiantes cuando utilizan otras fuentes de información complementaria. La muestra pertenece a dos países: Canadá y Pakistán, y como metodología se utilizó el análisis documental y un diseño cuasiexperimental. Los resultados apuntan a la necesidad de mejorar los libros de texto y su uso.

Guerra Civil Española, Electricidad, Producción, Historia empresarial, Spanish Civil War, Electricity, Production, and Business History.

La historia de la Compañía Eléctrica Mengemor durante la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939) es interesante, ya que era una de las grandes eléctricas del país, y su dirección e instalaciones quedaron divididas hasta el final de la contienda, y buena parte de las mismas en el frente de batalla. Para cada bando (el republicano y el nacional) analizaré: quiénes y cómo la dirigieron, el estado de las instalaciones, cómo se repararon y la electricidad producida. En general, ésta creció en ambas zonas, gracias a la gestión realizada y los escasos daños sufridos.
The history of the electric company Mengemor during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) is interesting in that it was one of the main electric companies in Spain, and its management and installations were divided during the conflict, and a large part of these were on the front line. For each side in the conflict (the republicans and the nationalists) the following will be analyzed: how they were managed and by whom, the state of the installations, how they were repaired, and the electricity which was produced. In general, production grew in both zones. This can be explained by good management and the scarce damage inflicted on the installations.

Sustainable development, Développement durable, Energy, Énergie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie naturelle, Natural energy, Energie des eaux: énergie thermique, cinétique des mers, etc, Energy of waters: ocean thermal energy, wave and tidal energy, etc, Energie éolienne, Wind energy, Capacité production, Production capacity, Capacidad producción, Champ éoliennes, Windfarm, Campo generator aire, Choix site, Site selection, Elección sitio, Electricité, Electricity, Electricidad, Energie mer, Ocean energy, Energía marina, Energie éolienne, Wind energy, Energía eólica, Etude cas, Case study, Estudio caso, Production énergie électrique, Electric power production, Producción energía eléctrica, Ressource, Resource, Recurso, Simulation rétrospective, Hindcast, Simulación retrospectiva, Vitesse vent, Wind velocity, Velocidad viento, Fuerteventura, Houlogénérateur, Wave power generator, Canary Islands, Offshore wind, Wave energy, and Wave power

The island of Fuerteventura, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in the Atlantic Ocean, aims to develop renewable energy sources, in particular wave and offshore wind energy, to reduce its carbon footprint. In this context, the objectives of this work are: (i) to assess the wave and offshore wind resources around the island; and (ii) to determine the area or areas that are best suited for their exploitation, taking into account the resource assessment and other conditioning factors such as the bathymetry, distance to the coastline and ports, and offshore zoning prescribed by the authorities. To accomplish these objectives, hindcast wave and wind data obtained with numerical models are used alongside observations from meteorological stations. We identify two areas as having great potential for offshore wind farms; one of them is also very promising for a combined wave-wind farm (or a wave farm on its own). We characterise in detail the wind resource in both areas, and the wave resource in the latter: the wind resource, in terms of directions and velocities; and the wave resource, in terms of directions, significant wave heights and energy periods. In the case of the wind resource, most of the energy corresponds to NNE and NE winds with velocities between 8 and 14 m s-1, which should be taken into account when selecting the offshore wind turbines. As for the wave resource, we find that most of the annual wave energy is provided by N and NNW waves with significant wave heights between 1.5 m and 3.0 m and energy periods between 10.5 s and 13.5 s. It follows that the Wave Energy Converters deployed in the area should have maximum efficiency in those ranges. In sum, Fuerteventura has a substantial wave and offshore wind resource, which is assessed in this work; two areas for their exploitation are proposed, and the ranges of wave and wind conditions for which the wave energy converters and offshore wind turbines to be installed should have maximum efficiency are determined.

Energy, Énergie, Environment, Environnement, Management economics, Gestion, économie, management, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Etudes générales, économiques et professionnelles, General, economic and professional studies, Economie de l'énergie, Energy economics, Politique de l'énergie, Energy policy, Données économiques, Economic data, Energie électrique, Electric energy, Energie naturelle, Natural energy, Combustible fossile, Fossil fuel, Combustible fósil, Déplétion, Depletion, Depleción, Energie renouvelable, Renewable energy, Energía renovable, Obstacle, Obstáculo, Pays en développement, Developing countries, Países en desarrollo, Politique énergétique, Energy policy, Política energética, Production énergie électrique, Electric power production, Producción energía eléctrica, Pénétration marché, Market penetration, Penetración mercado, Répartition par source, Distribution by sources, Repartición por fuente, Mix énergétique, Energy mix, Transition énergétique, Energy transition, Island, SIDS, electricity, fossil fuels, peak oil, and renewable

Small island developing States (SIDS) have narrow resource bases and are usually extremely reliant on fossil fuel based energy for transport and electricity generation. These island economies are thus particularly vulnerable to the impacts of peak oil and also to climate change, impacts which are likely to not only hamper economic development but also adversely affect the quality of life of local inhabitants. In order to reduce the vulnerability of SIDS to peak oil, an urgent transition to renewable sources of energy is necessary. This paper propounds that the reform of power sector that took place in Caribbean and Pacific SIDS (particularly between 1970 and 2000) should have been viewed as an opportunity to re-orient power producers away from the proclivity to utilise conventional fossil fuel uses. Reasons why reform measures did not result in a substantive transition are put forward. Moreover, recommendations towards facilitating a transition to renewable energy in the power sector through future reforms are proposed.

Biomass, bioproducts, Biomasse, bioproduits, Energy, Énergie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Applications et implications industrielles. Aspects économiques, Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects, Energie, Energy, Production de biocombustibles, Biofuel production, Angiospermae, Gramineae, Monocotyledones, Spermatophyta, Biomasse, Biomass, Biomasa, Bioénergie, Bioenergy, Bioenergía, Chaleur, Heat, Calor, Electricité, Electricity, Electricidad, Energie renouvelable, Renewable energy, Energía renovable, Gaz effet serre, Greenhouse gas, Gas efecto invernadero, Plante énergétique, Energy crop, Planta energética, Production combinée, Cogeneration, Producción combinada, Taillis courte rotation, Short rotation coppice, Monte tallar corta rotación, Miscanthus, combined heat and power, electricity, greenhouse gas, heat, renewable energy, and short rotation coppice

The paper presents a model system, which consists of a partial equilibrium model and process-based terrestrial biogeochemistry models, to determine the optimal distributions of both Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) and short rotation coppice willow (SRC) (Salix. viminalis L. x S. viminalis var Joruun) in Great Britain (GB), as well as their potential contribution to meet heat and electricity demand in GB. Results show that the potential contribution of Miscanthus and SRC to heat and electricity demand is significant. Without considering farm-scale economic constraints, Miscanthus and SRC could generate, in an economically competitive way compared with other energy generation costs, 224 800 GWh yr-1 heat and 112 500 GWh yr-1 electricity, with 8 Mha of available land under Miscanthus and SRC, accounting for 66% of total heat demand and 62% of total electricity demand respectively. Given the pattern of heat and electricity demand, and the relative yields of Miscanthus and SRC in different parts of GB, Miscanthus is mainly favoured in the Midlands and areas in the South of GB, whereas SRC is favoured in Scotland, the Midlands and areas in the South of GB.

Biomass, bioproducts, Biomasse, bioproduits, Energy, Énergie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Applications et implications industrielles. Aspects économiques, Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects, Energie, Energy, Production de biocombustibles, Biofuel production, Biomasse, Biomass, Biomasa, Bioénergie, Bioenergy, Bioenergía, Cartographie, Cartography, Cartografía, Chaleur, Heat, Calor, Demande énergie, Energy demand, Demanda energía, Electricité, Electricity, Electricidad, NHE, UKERC, bioenergy, building energy demand, electricity, heat, mapping, and scenarios

Maps of energy demand from buildings in Great Britain have been created at 1 km square resolution. They reveal the spatial variation of demand for heat and electricity, of importance for energy distribution studies and particularly for bioenergy research given the significant distance-based restrictions on the viability of bioenergy crops. Maps representing the spatial variation of energy demand for the year 2009 were created using publicly available sub-national gas and electricity consumption data. A new statistical model based on census data was used to increase the spatial resolution. The energy demand was split into thermal energy (the heat energy required for space heating and hot water) and electricity used for purposes other than heating (nonheating electricity or NHE) and was determined separately for the domestic and nondomestic sectors. 'Scenario factors,' representing the fractional change at national level in the demand for heat and NHE, were derived from scenarios constructed by UKERC. These scenarios represent a range of pathways from the present day to 2050. The present work focused on the two cases of greatest relevance, the 'low carbon' and 'additional policies' scenarios, and factors for both were derived, for the demand types described, for every 5 years between 2000 and 2050. Approximately, future spatial energy demands can be obtained by applying the scenario factors to the base mapping data for 2009.

Civil engineering, Génie civil, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Batiment. Travaux publics, Buildings. Public works, Bâtiment, Buildings, Equipements techniques des bâtiments, Building technical equipments, Génie climatique, Environmental engineering, Gestion et conservation de l'énergie dans le bâtiment, Energy management and energy conservation in building, Types de bâtiment, Types of buildings, Bâtiment commercial, Commercial building, Activité, Activity, Actividad, Analyse donnée, Data analysis, Análisis datos, Analyse spatiale, Spatial analysis, Análisis espacial, Bâtiment bureau, Office building, Edificio oficina, Bâtiment, Buildings, Edificio, Consommation électricité, Electric power consumption, Consumo electricidad, Equipement commercial, Commercial facility, Equipamiento comercial, Equipement électroménager, Household electrical appliances, Equipo electrodoméstico, Modélisation, Modeling, Modelización, Patrimoine bâti, Building stock, Patrimonio construido, building stock, commercial premises, electricity, energy modelling, energy use, non-domestic, and space use

Understanding activities within premises can contribute to a fuller understanding of energy use within buildings and the building stock. Analysis of detailed surveys of over 300 non-domestic premises has produced empirical room-scale space-use profiles for 16 premises types. Electricity consumption and internal gains resulting from the operation of electrical appliances have been characterized for 295 combinations of internal space use and premises activity type. For each combination, the outputs include the energy-use intensity (kWh/m2/year) profiles for: overall appliance consumption; 14 end uses of appliances (e.g. lighting, catering, computing); and 18 groups of appliance activity descriptions (e.g. sales, office work, process). These profiles of characteristics were created for application in an urban-scale energy-use model, based upon premises floor space recorded in property taxation data, without the need for detailed energy surveys of premises. Appliance electricity consumption and internal gains are revealed at a finer spatial resolution than previous methods, indicating the diversity of energy-use characteristics in greater detail than for entire homogenized premises or premises types. This method may be used for evaluating the current electricity consumption and consequent carbon emissions from the non-domestic building stock (or parts thereof) and for estimating the effects of potential interventions.

Environment, Environnement, Multidisciplinary, Multidisciplinaire, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie appliquée, Applied ecology, Conservation, protection, gestion de l'environnement, de la flore et de la faune, Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife, Climatologie dynamique, Dynamical climatology, Climatología dinámica, Changement climatique, Climate change, Cambio climático, Electricité, Electricity, Electricidad, Energie hydraulique, Hydraulic power, Energía hidraúlica, Impact environnement, Environment impact, Impacto medio ambiente, Politique commerciale, Marketing policy, Política comercial, Politique environnement, Environmental policy, Política medio ambiente, Politique énergétique, Energy policy, Política energética, Electricity markets, and Hydropower

Hydropower is very important for electricity supply security in the European inter-connexion as well as for the economy of regions (primarily peripheral) that possess water resources. Its future may however be jeopardized by several factors: climate change, the development of new renewable energy, the creation of super and micro-grids, and progress in power storage technology. Energy and climate policy, as well as electricity market design and dynamics play a pivotal role. This article carries out a comprehensive analysis of all these factors and discusses the future of hydropower. This discussion follows an overview of the present situation and of future drivers. The technical, environmental, economic and political aspects of the problem are analyzed with an interdisciplinary approach. The stakes as well as the uncertainties are highlighted. The conclusion is that hydropower has a promising future, particularly in light of emerging sustainable energy policy, but that the risks should not be overlooked. Academics will find a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis of hydropower in this article, whereas public bodies, communities and hydropower companies can identify the strategic variables that should be taken into consideration in the decision making process. The end of water concessions or authorizations is also evoked.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Pollution, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie appliquée, Applied ecology, Conservation, protection, gestion de l'environnement, de la flore et de la faune, Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife, Généralités, General aspects, Facteur milieu, Environmental factor, Factor medio, En mer, Offshore, En mar, Energie renouvelable, Renewable energy, Energía renovable, Gestion environnement, Environmental management, Gestiòn medio ambiente, Vent, Wind, Viento, Electricity, Fossil Fuels, and Solar

Mexico has an abundant supply of unexploited renewable energy resources. As a significant percentage of the country's income is based on the extraction of petroleum and fossil fuels, the transition to cleaner energy has been impeded. Consequently, the investment in ― and application of ― green power is also minimal. The hurdles preventing the change from oil to renewable energy are summarized in this paper. A major impediment to the development of renewable energy is the statutory monopoly on power generation and distribution, deterring independent producers of electricity. To move Mexico forward, this and other barriers must be removed. One possible action is to improve the Mexican shoreline for tourism, and along this line, the proper use of offshore renewable energy is particularly appealing.

Sustainable development, Développement durable, Energy, Énergie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Etudes générales, économiques et professionnelles, General, economic and professional studies, Economie de l'énergie, Energy economics, Données économiques, Economic data, Energie électrique, Electric energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Pollution atmosphérique due à l'industrie des combustibles et à leur utilisation, Air pollution caused by fuel industries, Généralités. Réglementation. Normalisation. Economie, General. Regulations. Norms. Economy, Analyse énergétique, Energy analysis, Análisis energético, Coût énergie, Energy cost, Coste energía, Ecobilan, Ecobalance, Electricité, Electricity, Electricidad, Energie éolienne, Wind energy, Energía eólica, Etude comparative, Comparative study, Estudio comparativo, Etude technicoéconomique, Technicoeconomic study, Estudio técnicoeconómico, Groupe diesel, Diesel generator unit, Grupo diesel, Impact environnement, Environment impact, Impacto medio ambiente, Potentiel réchauffement global, Global warming potential, Potencial calefacción global, Production énergie électrique, Electric power production, Producción energía eléctrica, Réseau électrique, Electrical network, Red eléctrica, Temps retour investissement, Payback time, Plazo reembolso, Energie grise, Embodied energy, Life cycle assessment, Small wind turbines, and Thailand

The Thai government's renewable energy plan to help increase energy independence and reduce emissions includes a component from wind. Due to Thailand's wind regime, small wind turbines that can operate in low wind speeds are needed to meet this goal. This study assesses the environmental implications and economic feasibility of small wind turbines. Using a functional unit of producing 50 kWh per month for 20 years, a Life Cycle Assessment was conducted comparing the global warming potential (GWP100), embodied energy, energy payback period (EPP) and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of four small wind turbines (<20 kW), a diesel generator, and the Thai grid. The turbines had a lower overall GWP100 compared to the diesel generator and Thai grid in areas with reasonable wind resources; the same was true for embodied energy when compared to the diesel generator. Interestingly, in most available wind speed categories in Thailand the LCOE for wind turbines was lower than for the diesel generator. However, neither could compare to the selling price of the Thai grid, except in the areas with the highest average wind speeds (7.0-9.4 m/s). Because of the increased cost relative to the Thai grid, implementation of wind turbines in Thailand was not found to be economically feasible without government incentive.

Sustainable development, Développement durable, Multidisciplinary, Multidisciplinaire, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie appliquée, Applied ecology, Conservation, protection, gestion de l'environnement, de la flore et de la faune, Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife, Généralités, General aspects, Environnement et développement durable, Environment and sustainable development, Développement durable, Sustainable development, Desarrollo sostenible, Energie renouvelable, Renewable energy, Energía renovable, Gestion environnement, Environmental management, Gestiòn medio ambiente, Milieu rural, Rural environment, Medio rural, Milieu urbain, Urban environment, Medio urbano, Métabolisme énergétique, Energy metabolism, Metabolismo energético, Plan occupation sol, Land use plan, Plan ocupación suelo, Production énergie, Power production, Producción energía, Profil, Profile, Perfil, Spécialisation, Specialization, Especialización, Zone urbaine, Urban area, Zona urbana, Distributed energy generation, Electricity, Functional urban specialization, MuSIASEM, and Socio-metabolic profiles

Abandoning fossil fuels and increasingly relying on low-density, land-intensive renewable energy will increase demand for land, affecting current global and regional rural―urban relationships. Over the past two decades, rural―urban relationships all over the world have witnessed unprecedented changes that have rendered their boundaries blurred and have lead to the emergence of new ruralities. In this paper, we analyze the current profiles of electricity generation and consumption in relation to sociodemographic variables related to the use of time and land across the territory of Catalonia, Spain. Through a clustering procedure based on multivariate statistical analysis, we found that electricity consumption is related to functional specialization in the roles undertaken by different types of municipalities in the urban system. Municipality types have distinctive metabolic profiles in different sectors depending on their industrial, services or residential role. Villages' metabolism is influenced by urban sprawl and industrial specialization, reflecting current new ruralities. Segregation between work activity and residence increases both overall electricity consumption and its rate (per hour) and density (per hectare) of dissipation. A sustainable spatial organization of societal activities without the use of fossil fuels or nuclear energy would require huge structural and sociodemographic changes to reduce energy demand and adapt it to regionally available renewable energy.

Civil engineering, Génie civil, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Batiment. Travaux publics, Buildings. Public works, Généralités, General, Urbanisation, Urban development, Bâtiment, Buildings, Equipements techniques des bâtiments, Building technical equipments, Génie climatique, Environmental engineering, Gestion et conservation de l'énergie dans le bâtiment, Energy management and energy conservation in building, Types de bâtiment, Types of buildings, Divers, Miscellaneous, Analyse forme, Pattern analysis, Análisis forma, Analyse statistique, Statistical analysis, Análisis estadístico, Bâtiment, Buildings, Edificio, Consommation gaz, Gas consumption, Consumo gas, Demande énergie, Energy demand, Demanda energía, Electricité, Electricity, Electricidad, Géométrie, Geometry, Geometría, Modélisation, Modeling, Modelización, Méthode empirique, Empirical method, Método empírico, Patrimoine bâti, Building stock, Patrimonio construido, Utilisation, Use, Uso, Zone urbaine, Urban area, Zona urbana, building form, building geometry, building stock, electricity use, energy demand, exposed surface area, gas use, non-domestic, and plan depth

The geometrical forms of buildings have important effects on their use of energy. These relationships are explored at the scale of the entire non-domestic building stock of London. A three-dimensional digital model of the city is used to make a series of geometrical measures: building volume, exposed surface area (walls plus roof) and plan depth. These are compared with figures for the consumption of gas and electricity published by the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC). The comparisons are made at different levels of spatial aggregation, from boroughs to census districts. Strong correlations are demonstrated between exposed surface area and both gas and electricity use. The analysis also provides some evidence of a sharp increase in electricity use in districts with buildings whose depth in plan exceeds 14 m (in which air-conditioning and permanent artificial lighting are typically required). A multiple regression model is used to measure the contribution of these effects to total energy use, as compared with floor area, activities and number of employees.

Energy, Énergie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie naturelle, Natural energy, Biomasse, Biomass, Biogaz, Biogas, Biogás, Electricité, Electricity, Electricidad, Epuration eau usée, Waste water purification, Depuración aguas servidas, Gaz naturel, Natural gas, Gas natural, Substitut, Substitute, Substituto, Chile, Sludge, Substitute natural gas, and Wastewater treatment

In Chile, the energy that can potentially be obtained from the digestion of sludge generated from wastewater treatment processing (WwT) was calculated using a holistic approach. The different pathways of electricity generation via the direct combustion of biogas and upgraded biogas produced as bio-substitute natural gas (Bio-SNG) for injection into the gas grid were assessed and compared. Information such as the served population, WwT technology employed and geographical distribution of the sludge sources was gathered to estimate energy potential; additionally, technical and economic information was collected from the literature. Furthermore, economic modelling was employed for the purpose of comparing the two end-use alternatives. The results were presented by using supply-cost curves and then integrated into a geographical information system (GIS), the latter of which shows the distribution of energy potential nationwide. A comparison with a reference market price of the corresponding secondary energy type, electricity or natural gas, was conducted to elucidate the economic attractiveness of the two assessed options. From the assessment, it was concluded that the economic potential for the injection of Bio-SNG into the grid is 19 MM Nm3 y―1 at a representative generation cost of approximately 43 € MMBTU―1, whereas biogas for the electricity generation pathway has an economic potential of 75 GW he y―1 at a representative generation cost of 21.5 ct€ kWh―1e. In view of these results, it can be observed that the electricity generation pathway may offer more major economic and environmental benefits than the Bio-SNG pathway, despite both options being hardly competitive without subsidies. Additionally, it can be observed that the Bio-SNG route is not competitive in most cases, and it is economically attractive solely under restricted conditions, principally those established by plant capacity. Furthermore, steadily increasing electricity prices over time suggests that the biogas-to-electricity option will become progressively more competitive. These results can be considered as outcomes to elaborate a national macro-policy to tackle the sludge issue under a waste-to-energy approach.

Energy, Énergie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Combustibles, Fuels, Pétrole et gaz. Produits pétroliers, Crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products, Produits dérivés du pétrole et des schistes bitumineux. Produits finis, gaz, carburants, fuels, huiles et bitumes raffinés, Petroleum products, gas and fuels. Motor fuels, lubricants and asphalts, Energie naturelle, Natural energy, Energie solaire, Solar energy, Héliothermie, Solar thermal conversion, Equipements, installations et utilisations, Equipments, installations and applications, Centrales héliothermiques, Solar thermal power plants, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Centrales thermiques, Thermal power plants, Analyse coût, Cost analysis, Análisis costo, Centrale solaire tour, Solar tower, Central solar torre, Centrale thermique, Thermal power plant, Central térmica, Chambre combustion, Combustion chamber, Cámara combustión, Combustible, Fuel, Coût, Costs, Coste, Electricité, Electricity, Electricidad, Energie solaire, Solar energy, Energía solar, Evaluation, Evaluación, Production énergie électrique, Electric power production, Producción energía eléctrica, Production énergie, Power production, Producción energía, Récepteur solaire, Solar receiver, Receptor solar, Hybrid receiver combustor, Hybrid, Levelized cost of electricity (LCE, LCOE), and Solar-thermal power generation

The novel concept of a hybrid receiver―combustor, HRC, is presented, in which the functions of a solar-receiver and a combustor are combined into a single device. An economic assessment of this concept is then performed for a solar power tower electricity generating plant employing molten salt technology, to evaluate the conditions under which an economic benefit can be derived. The HRC is compared with an equivalent well-known concept of Solar Gas Hybrid, SGH, with otherwise of identical specifications, for both 1 h and 13 h of thermal storage capacity and also with an equivalent stand alone solar power tower, SPT, and a gas-only boiler. All hybrid configurations are designed to provide 100% of the electrical demand continuously, i.e. to operate in the fuel-saver mode. Costs of each configuration are compared for a constant size of power block and also for a constant size of heliostat field using a consistent and well established cost-estimating methodology. On the assumption that the HRC achieves the same combustion efficiency as the boiler for twice the capital cost of a solar receiver, the HRC is found to reduce both the overall capital cost and the levelized cost of generating electricity relative to the equivalent hybrid. The benefit is attributed to the increased sharing of infrastructure and to allowing a slightly smaller heliostat field size for the case of the same size of power block. The HRC has the additional benefit of reduced operation and maintenance due to reduced thermal cycling and of reduced thermal shock, although these are not included here owing to a lack of data with which to evaluate it reliably.