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2. ELECTRICAL RATES: THE LOAD FACTOR AND THE DENSITY FACTOR.
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Watkins, G. P.
Quarterly Journal of Economics . May16, Vol. 30 Issue 3, p519-545. 27p.
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Electric rates, Electric utilities, Power resources, User charges, Discount prices, Cost, Electric power consumption, Electricity, and Electric power
- Abstract
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The article examines the two factors affecting electrical rates. The present paper deals mainly with two fundamental questions: (1) the bearing of the time of consumption upon the rate, and (2) the proper influence of quantity taken upon the rate. While the importance of the load factor constitutes the great peculiarity of the electrical rate situation, quantity discounts constitute the most troublesome practical problem. Quantity taken is perhaps more important than load characteristics as the reason for class rates, even where the latter are ostensibly based on load-factor grounds.
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3. COMMUNICATION.
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Mitchell Jr., H. Chester
American Economic Review . Sep35, Vol. 25 Issue 3, p487-487. 1p.
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Public utilities, Electric utilities, Municipal franchises, Commercial products, and Electricity
- Abstract
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Comments on an article written by the economist Wilcox, which calls attention to the tendency of U.S. public utility companies to appropriate the word services as a description of all their products. Emphasis on Wilcox's conception of a commodity; Acceptance of the popular statement that an electric utility sells electricity while in fact it sells electric current; Discussion of electricity as a commodity.
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4. FIFTY YEARS OF WATER LAW.
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Wiel, Samuel C.
Harvard Law Review . Dec1936, Vol. 50 Issue 2, p252-304. 53p.
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Business expansion, Water laws, American law, Surveys, and Electricity
- Abstract
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The article discusses water law of the United States. A survey of water law over the last fifty years has its date of beginning fixed at 1887. At that time, water development saw steam-giving place to electricity, western mining frontier giving place to irrigation and settlement, and not long afterward village water tanks giving way to huge municipal watershed reservoirs. This work of expansion gave an enthusiastic welcome to the developer of water resources during the ensuing half century. In terms of law, the moderating principles of correlative rights and reasonable use seem to be outstripping exclusive rights by priority of appropriation in general esteem. This is the impression, which, it is believed, an observer gets from the fifty years of water law here reviewed. Briefly, the latter and expanded system looks for common right in natural supplies of running water, and believes that it is secured by placing in the owners of land bounding upon the flow equal rights to the use of their respective lands so situated.
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5. FORECAST OF POWER DEVELOPMENT.
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Cooke, Morris L.
American Economic Review . Mar37 Supplement, Vol. 27, p236. 7p.
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Electric power distribution, Public opinion, Public utilities, Electric power, Electricity, Political planning, and Rural population
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A decisive factor in the future of power development in the U.S. is the place which electricity has come to occupy not only as a driving force in industry and as a domestic convenience, but also as a cultural asset universally felt to be indispensable to a civilized way of life. This special cultural characteristic of electricity, with its effect upon public opinion and public policy, must be given primary consideration in any attempt to forecast the future of power development in the U. S. There were in the U.S. in 1935 approximately 6,800,000 farms of which less than 800,000 were being supplied with electricity by utilities, privately and publicly owned. In France, 90 per cent of all rural communities are served with electricity and the French government has adopted a program which will raise this to virtually 100 per cent by 1940. Such facts and their implication in terms of both simple economic and cultural values and disadvantages are sinking deep into the consciousness of U.S. agricultural population.
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6. CLASS PRICES FOR GAS AND ELECTRICITY.
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Toxel, C. Emery
American Economic Review . Jun38, Vol. 28 Issue 2, p275-289. 15p.
- Subjects
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Prices, Consumers, Public utilities, Pricing, Cost, Coal gas, Electricity, and Judgment (Psychology)
- Abstract
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Classification of gas and electric customers and application of different rate schedules to these customer classes have been frequent sources of controversy between public-utility producer and consumer interests. Application of monopoly-pricing analysis, where there are probable differences of demand elasticity among such consumer groups, reveals a basis for discriminatory pricing to maximize profits when regulation is assumed to be non-existent or when regulation is ineffective. Though a similar variation in costs of service sometimes provides a defense for such pricing, precise determination of these costs in a joint-cost situation is impossible; and sometimes it seems that other factors than costs of service explain the differences in these class prices. Even though utility regulation were more effective than it now is, elimination of all returns in excess of the allowable "fair" return may be a questionable regulatory policy. Exercise of regulator's judgment seems necessary in division among customer classes of an ordered reduction of a company's revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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7. Notes.
Harvard Law Review . Sep1945, Vol. 58 Issue 7, p1072-1093. 22p.
- Subjects
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Actions & defenses (Law), Energy industries, Gas industry, Electricity, and Appellate courts
- Abstract
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Lists several Supreme Court cases involving interstate or local commerce in the gas and electricity industry in the U.S. "Connecticut Light & Power Commission Co. v. Federal Power Commission"; "Hope Natural Gas Co. v. Hall"; Utah Power & Light Co. v. Pjost."
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8. TECHNOLOGY AND SIZE.
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Blair, Joan M.
American Economic Review . May48, Vol. 38 Issue 2, p121-152. 32p.
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Technology, Industrial efficiency, Business size, Raw materials, Electricity, Mines & mineral resources, Decentralization in government, Coal, and Pulleys
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While steam has a centripetal effect by drawing industrial plants around the source of power, electricity has a centrifugal effect by diffusing power out to the plants, thereby making possible their location in terms of other economic factors such as markets, sources of raw materials, etc. Inasmuch as these other economic factors are much more numerous and widely scattered than the important sources of coal, it follows that the use of electricity would logically result in the establishment of a larger number of decentralized and presumably smaller plants. The decentralizing effects of electricity extend to the individual machine which can now be located wherever it can be most advantageously operated. This mobility of equipment is in striking contrast to the inflexible and centralizing effects of steam, which tended to crowd together as many machines as possible along great line shafts hung from the ceilings and carrying pulleys to which the individual machines were belted. With its new-found freedom, the individual machine can now work at its own rate of speed instead of being governed by the speed of the line shaft; it can start and stop in accordance with its own needs; it can be located wherever its efficiency is greatest; in short, the machine hits tended to become independent of the size and character of the plant in which it happens to be located.
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9. DISCUSSION.
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Schwartzman, David
American Economic Review . May53, Vol. 43 Issue 2, p199. 4p.
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Economics, Industrial capacity, Industrialization, Location analysis, Input-output analysis, Manufacturing industries, Discussion, Fuel, Electricity, and Canadian provinces
- Abstract
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The article presents discussions by economists on various papers that are published in the May 1, 1953 issue of the journal "American Economic Review." The author states that economist John H. Dales paper is an application of location theory to the problem of the industrial potential of a region. It highlights certain requirements, which must be fulfilled before a region can become industrialized and which might be neglected without a location approach. The author states that Dales has constructed a macroscopic theory in which industrial structures or regions are units and not individual plants. He has, however, refrained from attempting to define the region. Much of the discussion relates to this weakness in the argument deriving from the lack of a precise unit. The author first accepts Dales premise that Central Canada can be distinguished as an economic region and comments on certain conclusions made by Dales. The author makes it clear that the low fuel-electricity consumption ratio in Quebec is attributable to the absence of heavy fuel-using industries and to the presence of industries, which consume large quantities of power. High inputs of either power or fuel are characteristic of plants in early stages of manufacturing and not in consumer goods plants. Thus, the low fuel-electricity ratio is not the result of the attractive force which cheap power has for light manufacturing plants in relation to that of cheap fuel.
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10. THE HUMAN SIDE OF THE DEFLATED DOLLAR BIAS.
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Whitney, William H.
Accounting Review . Jul57, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p419. 9p.
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Accounting, Price deflation, Price inflation, Value (Economics), Statisticians, Food industry, Electricity, Students, and Debate
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The article presents the author's view on accounting in general and price inflation in particular in the U.S. Every semester when he reviews with a class of students the impact of price inflation on accounting, and every time he reads a published article on this subject in an accounting or business publication, he becomes more aghast at the complete and universal uncritical acceptance of statisticians' superficial findings on this subject. Students particularly seem to be unhappy about the privations which they attribute to high prices. In his opinion, such sadness is fallacious. It is based on views which are biased because those who hold those views have not considered circumstances that are ignored by the statisticians. Great ability is needed to contest unanimous fallacies. The task probably is beyond his abilities, nevertheless he does not remain silent in the presence of neglected truth and unwarranted sadness. He hopes to bring some joys to saddened hearts through this article where he discusses the topics mentioned above.
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11. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MARGINAL COST PRICING IN THE PUBLIC UTILITY FIELD.
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Nelson, James R.
American Economic Review . May63, Vol. 53 Issue 2, p474-481. 8p.
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Economic policy, Marginal pricing, Corporations, Electric rates, Energy consumption, Investment policy, and Electricity
- Abstract
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The article presents some practical applications of marginal cost pricing in the public utility field. According to the author, the only public utility enterprise in the world to proceed from the theory of marginal cost pricing to both a schedule of rates and a series of rules for investment policy is Electricité de France (E.D.F.), a public corporation which is the dominant factor in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in France. His discussion of this singular price policy will be in three parts. The first will sketch in certain special features of the French electricity industry and its physical and economic environment, the second will present an outline of marginal cost pricing as applied by E.D.F. and the third will offer a brief critique of the French approach. French electricity production is about 50 percent hydro. This hydro production is concentrated in the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the Massif Central or just about as far as possible from Paris and most other important consuming centers, which cluster in the north. Finally, the cheapest and most abundant hydro production comes from the Alps, is derived from melting snow and ice, and therefore reaches its peak in summer. However, consumption of electricity remains concentrated in winter.
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12. The Development of Documentation, especially in the Field of Electrical Engineering.
American Documentation . Jul1964, Vol. 15 Issue 3, p235-235. 1/18p.
- Subjects
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Documentation, Information services, Engineering, Information science, Electrical engineering, and Electricity
- Abstract
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The article informs about the publication of the paper "The Development of Documentation, Especially in the Field of Electrical Engineering."
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13. A Study of the Elasticity of Demand for Electricity by Residential Consumers: Sample Markets in Nebraska.
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Nelson, David C.
Land Economics . Feb65, Vol. 41 Issue 1, p92. 5p.
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Elasticity (Economics), Income, Prices, Cost, Energy consumption, Supply & demand, Electric power consumption, Energy demand management, Households, and Electricity
- Abstract
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Price elasticity of demand—a technical term used to describe the degree of responsiveness of demand for a good to a change in its price—is an essential ingredient of rational production and distribution decision-making. The primary problem of this study was to determine whether the residential demand for electricity is elastic or inelastic in response to price changes. The analysis demonstrated that consumption reacted in a manner expected from the economic definition of elasticity. Since this conclusion seemed antithetic to preconceived notions concerning consumer attitude toward electricity consumption, the problem then was to determine the impact on consumption of variables other than price. The immediate reaction, of course, is that income determines consumption since change in this variable determines the ability of households to realize changes in accumulation of electricity—using capacity. Since there did appear to be an elastic response to price, the effect of both income and increased capacity in conjunction with price was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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14. COMPETITION IN THE ENERGY MARKET BETWEEN GAS AND ELECTRICITY.
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Felton, John Richard
Nebraska Journal of Economics & Business . Autumn65, Vol. 4 Issue 2, p3. 10p. 1 Chart, 3 Graphs.
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Energy industries, Gas industry, Competition, and Electricity
- Abstract
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Focuses on the competition in the energy market in the U.S. between gas and electricity. Perception on electric utilities; Definition of cross-elasticity of demand; Reason for the predicted short-run cross-elasticity of demand between gas and electricity; Complication in the measurement of the long-run effect of a decrease in the price of gas upon the sales of electricity.
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15. ELECTRICITY COSTS AND PRICES.
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De Brulle, Daniel
Annals of Public & Co-operative Economy . Oct-Dec1965, Vol. 36 Issue 4, p538. 5p.
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Electric utilities, Prices, Cost, and Electricity
- Abstract
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Presents an analysis of several books on costs in private electricity generating undertakings in the U.S.. Analysis of differences in unit costs; Theory of costs and tariffs; Opinion on the conclusions in the books.
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16. Fundamental Current Components in a Two-carrier Conductor.
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Green, Milton
International Journal of Electronics . Jan1966, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p75. 21p. 25 Diagrams.
- Subjects
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Electricity, Semiconductor junctions, and Electroluminescence
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A theory of ambipolar conduction of electricity is presented and applied specifically to non-degenerate semiconductors. Generalized flux-force relations are set up, and the flux (current density) for each of the two polarities of charge carrier is resolved into two fundamental components, one that contributes to the net current and another that is cancelled by a component of the carrier of opposite polarity. In conjunction with appropriate recombination and generation laws, the application of the continuity equations to each of the fluxes, expressed as the sum of their fundamental components, supplies the necessary equations in the treatment of : ambipolar diffusion in uniform material, and in material with a discontinuity in the characteristic current ; ambipolar diffusion through a p-n junction with both an open and a closed Circuit; the Peltier effect, electroluminescence, and rectification ; and Seebeck and photovoltaic effects. The significance of the potential associated with the concentration product np is indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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17. STABILISATION POLICY AND INVESTMENT 1950-60, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ELECTRICAL SUPPLY.
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Bates, R. W.
Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic & Social Research . May66, Vol. 18 Issue 1, p3-19. 17p.
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Electric utilities, Electric industries, Energy industries, Public utilities, Macroeconomics, Economic policy, Capital investments, and Electricity
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The article considers the contemporary economic events which formed decisions affecting the electricity supply industry over the period 1950-1960 in Great Britain. It outlines the broad policy pursued by successive governments since the war. Investment in electricity supply was constrained both by the need for steel and engineering exports, and limited manufacturing and construction capacity in the investment goods sector. The government attempted some variation in electricity's investment program according to macroeconomic policy. In 1953, the government aimed to maintain growth in production, although still governed by balance of payments considerations. The changes in the industry in 1956-57 investment program serve as a good example of the difficulty in trying to restrict capital expenditure at short notice. Experience during 1959 led the way to moderate but carefully regulated expansion during the coming year in order to protect the external position and maintain domestic price stability.
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18. Low Purchased Energy Costs to the Rural Electric Cooperatives.
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Shechter, Nathaniel E.
Land Economics . Aug66, Vol. 42 Issue 3, p304. 11p. 7 Diagrams.
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Consumer cooperatives, Electric industries, Electric utilities, Electric power distribution, Prices, Cooperative societies, Federal government, and Electricity
- Abstract
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AS A BUSINESS ENTERPRISE whose function is the sale of electricity at retail the rural electric distribution cooperatives are more concerned with the wholesale cost of energy than are industrial enterprises. Cost of energy has always been the largest single component in the operating costs of the cooperative. The cost of wholesale energy to the cooperatives has declined steadily since the inception of Rural Electrification Administration (hereinafter referred to as REA) in 1935. This decline can be attributed not only to the general trend in the electric industry, where efficiency rose higher than in any other industry, but also to the federal government's preference clause allowing the cooperatives to buy energy from federal projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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19. The Economics of Electricity Pricing in N.S.W.
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Kolsen, H.M.
Economic Record . Dec66, Vol. 42 Issue 100, p555. 17p. 7 Charts.
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Electricity and Government pricing policy
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Focuses on the economics of electricity pricing in New South Wales. Background on the evaluation of price and output policies; Deficiencies of the pricing method; Dejection on the use of gas, oil and solid fuels.
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20. Some Aspects of the Cost of Supplying Electricity in Victoria.
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Peirson, C.G.
Economic Record . Dec66, Vol. 42 Issue 100, p606. 4p. 3 Charts.
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Power resources, Direct costing, Cost, and Electricity
- Abstract
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Examines the cost of electricity supply on the community in Victoria. Variations on the cost of supplying thermo-generated electricity to consumers; Factors influencing the cost variations; Definition of incremental cost.
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