Reseña de un libro sobre la principal obra hidráulica construida por la Mexican Light and Power a partir de 1903. La empresa fue fundada por Fred Stark Pearson para abastecer de energía eléctrica a Ciudad de México y al centro del país. El libro trata de valorar el patrimonio industrial del municipio en que se encuentra localizado, destacando su importancia para la identidad y el desarrollo, y colaborando con un proyecto colectivo de la comunidad local. Review of a book about the main hydraulic work built by the Mexican Light and Power since 1903. The company was founded by Fred Stark Pearson to supply electricity to Mexico City and the center of the country. The book tries to assess the industrial heritage of the municipality in which it is located, highlighting its importance for identity and development, and collaborating with a collective project of the local community
Barniol, Pablo, Campos, Esmeralda, and Zavala, Genaro
Enseñanza de las ciencias: revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas; Vol. 36, Núm. 2 (2018); p. 165-190 Enseñanza de las Ciencias: revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas; Vol. 36, Núm. 2 (2018); p. 165-190
Subjects
Electricity, Magnetism, Conceptual understanding, Multiple-choice instrument, Reliability analysis, Electricidad, Magnetismo, Entendimiento conceptual, Instrumento de opciones múltiples, and Análisis de confiabilidad
Abstract
The Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism (CSEM) has been widely used in the field of physics education. However, to date, no study presents a version of the test in Spanish. This article has three general objectives: 1) to present the CSEM in Spanish and analyze its reliability and discriminatory power, 2) to perform a detailed analysis of the most frequent difficulties of the students in the concepts evaluated in the test, and 3) to establish recommendations for research and instruction of these concepts. The test was implemented to 310 students who finished an Electricity and Magnetism course in a Mexican university. Researchers or physics professors from Spanish-speaking countries may use the test in Spanish that we present in the PhysPort project (physport. org); and the analysis and recommendations for instruction in this study. La prueba The Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism (CSEM) ha sido ampliamente utilizada en el área de la educación de la física. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no existe un estudio que presente el test en su versión en español. Este artículo tiene tres objetivos generales: 1) presentar el CSEM en su versión en español y analizar la confiabilidad y poder discriminatorio de este, 2) realizar un análisis detallado de las dificultades más frecuentes de los estudiantes en los conceptos evaluados en el test y 3) establecer recomendaciones para la investigación e instrucción de estos conceptos. El test fue implementado a 310 estudiantes que terminaban el curso Electricidad y Magnetismo de una universidad mexicana. El test en su versión en español, que presentamos en el proyecto Physport (physport. org), los análisis y las recomendaciones para la instrucción pueden ser utilizados por investigadores o por profesores de física de países hispanohablantes.
Bartolomé Rodríguez, Isabel and Girón Sierra, Álvaro
Revista de Historia Industrial; Vol. 27, Núm. 71 (2018); p. 55-85
Subjects
gas, electricidad, historia empresarial, Gas, Electricity, and Business history
Abstract
El artículo aborda la trayectoria de Gaz Franco-Belge. Robert Lesage et Cie. (Cie. Franco-Belge), fundada en Bélgica en 1880, en Sanlúcar de Barrameda. En 1883, se inauguró la iluminación pública de gas y en 1919 cesó su actividad. Esta iniciativa corresponde a una generación efímera de empresas gasistas de matriz extranjera de ámbito municipal. En apariencia, se inscribiría en una tanda de inversiones poco razonables en mercados urbanos insuficientemente desarrollados, que acabaron de liquidar la competencia con la electricidad y las restricciones a las industrias consumidoras de carbón durante la Gran Guerra. Aquí, se defiende que el "privilegio" exclusivo de iluminación pública fue en realidad una condena en tanto el Consistorio se convirtió en el usuario principal y, al mismo tiempo, en la única fuente de regulación del mercado gasista en la ciudad. Sin intención ni de aumentar los impuestos ni de pagar este servicio público, se anclaba a las empresas concesionarias a negocios poco rentables, en localidades con rentas medias bajas. This article focuses on the trajectory of Gaz Franco-Belge. Robert Lesage et Cie (Cie Franco- Belge), founded in Belgium in 1880, in Sanlúcar de Barrameda. Public gas lighting was inaugurated in 1883 and the company ceased its activity in 1919. This initiative may be included in an ephemeral generation of foreign companies in charge of municipal lighting. Apparently, these foreign direct investments were unreasonable where urban markets were underdeveloped. Competition with electricity and the restrictions on coal consumption during World War I finished with these firms. Actually, the exclusive “privilege” of public lighting was a sentence as long as the town Hall became both the main user and the only source of market regulation. Without any intention of either raising taxes or paying for this public service, the councils anchored concessionaires companies to unprofitable businesses, in localities with a very low income average.
Revista de Historia Industrial; Vol. 27, Núm. 71 (2018); p. 87-119
Subjects
Gas, electricidad, consumo, España, Electricity, Consumption, and Spain
Abstract
En este trabajo se aborda el estudio de dos energías básicas, gas y electricidad, desde la perspectiva de la demanda y bajo un enfoque comparativo. La fuente a utilizar será la Estadística del Impuesto sobre el consumo de luz de gas, electricidad y carburo de calcio, complementada/contrastada con otras (Estadística Minera, Datos estadísticos técnicos de las fábricas de gas españolas, monografías locales, etc.). Los principales aspectos que se tratarán serán su difusión geográfica, incardinándola en la modernización de las estructuras urbanas, y los niveles de gasto energético, insertado a su vez en los cambios generales de las pautas de consumo, ambos desde una doble perspectiva espacial y temporal. Todo ello se llevará a cabo en un marco cronológico clave, el primer tercio del siglo XX, lo que permitirá abrir nuevas perspectivas y debates acerca del modo concreto en que se llevó a cabo en España el proceso de transición energética del gas a la electricidad. This paper deals with the study of two basic energies, gas and electricity, from a demand perspective, and under a comparative approach. The source that will be used is the Estadística del impuesto sobre el consumo de luz de gas, electricidad y carburo de calcio, which is complemented/ contrasted with others (Estadística Minera, Datos estadísticos técnicos de las fábricas de gas españolas, local monographs, etc). The main issues will be their geographical diffusion, placing it in the context of the modernization of urban structures, as well as the levels of energy expenditure, which are linked to the global changes in consumption patterns, both from a spatial and temporal perspective. All this will be carried out in a chronological framework, over the first third of the twentieth century, which will open new perspectives and debates about the specific way in which the process of energy transition from gas to electricity was carried out in Spain.
Revista de Historia Industrial; Vol. 25, Núm. 62 (2016); p. 143-179
Subjects
Electricidad, sistemas de tarificación, precios, España, siglo xx, Electricity, Rate Systems, Tariffs, Spain, and 20th Century
Abstract
En 1934, 672 empresas eléctricas de toda España publicaron en los Boletines Oficiales provinciales y en el Butlletí Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya sus precios de venta de la energía destinada a fuerza. Estos datos nos permiten disponer de una información muy completa de los sistemas tarifarios utilizados por los productores y distribuidores de electricidad antes de la guerra civil así como también de los precios máximos y de los descuentos que ofrecían a sus clientes. En este artículo se analizan los precios y descuentos publicados desde una doble perspectiva, empresarial y territorial, con objeto de conocer el precio de la energía eléctrica para usos industriales en la España del momento. Las notables diferencias observadas en el precio de venta del kWh reflejan la existencia de un mercado eléctrico escasamente integrado y el importante papel que seguían desempeñando los pequeños y medianos productores y distribuidores de energía a la hora de suministrar fluido a miles de empresas de todo el país en vísperas de la Guerra Civil. In 1934, a total of 672 electricity companies from all over Spain made public in the Boletines Oficiales of the provinces and in the Butlletí Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya their rate systems and selling prices for power. These data provide comprehensive information about the diverse pricing system used by producers and distributors of electricity in Spain before the Civil War as well as the maximum prices and discounts offered from them to their clients. This paper analyses these prices and discounts from a business and territorial point of view. The remarkable differences in the selling price of kWh among firms and places reflect the existence of a poorly integrated electricity market and the important role small and medium producers and distributors of energy still played when supplying electricity to thousands of consumers around the country on the eve of the Civil War.
Oikonomics. Revista d'economia, empresa i societat; Núm. 3 (2015): Realitats i desafiaments de la Unió Europea; 28-34 Oikonomics. Revista de economía, empresa y sociedad; Núm. 3 (2015): Realidades y desafíos de la Unión Europea; 28-34 Oikonomics. Economics, Business and Society Journal; No 3 (2015): Realities and challenges of the European Union; 28-34
Subjects
telecomunicacions, electricitat, Unió Europea, economia política, telecommunications, electricity, European Union, political economy, telecomunicaciones, electricidad, Unión Europea, and economía política
Abstract
Les indústries de xarxa han experimentat canvis molt importants en les darreres tres dècades a tot el món, i previsiblement en seguiran experimentant, impulsades per canvis tecnològics i econòmics i també per les lluites de grups d'interès emmarcades per paràmetres institucionals i ideològics. A la Unió Europea els canvis han anat acompanyats per una creixent implicació del nivell comunitari, sense arribar a la creació de xarxes europees. Paradoxalment, pot ser beneficiós per a la resolució dels dilemes que es presenten en el sector elèctric que no estigui massa desenvolupat un demos europeu, aspecte que es presenta problemàtic des d'altres punts de vista. Un demos europeu consolidat implicaria l'existència d'una arena política europea consolidada, amb una opinió pública europea, uns partits polítics europeus, uns lobbys operant en l'àmbit europeu... La raó per la qual aquesta falta de desenvolupament del demos europeu pot ser favorable en sectors com l'elèctric o el de telecomunicacions és que això permetria despolititzar les intervencions públiques en aquest tipus de sectors . Tot i que la Unió Europea ha tingut ja un paper important augmentant la competència en aquests sectors, pot tenir-ne un altre de molt més important en el futur avançant cap a un autèntic mercat integrat on existeixin xarxes realment d'abast europeu. Las industrias de red han experimentado cambios muy importantes en las últimas tres décadas en todo el mundo, y previsiblemente seguirán experimentándolos, impulsadas por cambios tecnológicos y económicos y también por las luchas de grupos de interés enmarcadas por parámetros institucionales e ideológicos. En la Unión Europea los cambios han ido acompañados por una creciente implicación del nivel comunitario, sin llegar a la creación de redes europeas. Paradójicamente, puede ser beneficioso para la resolución de los dilemas que se presentan en el sector eléctrico que no esté demasiado desarrollado un demos europeo, aspecto que se presenta problemático desde otros puntos de vista. Un demos europeo consolidado implicaría la existencia de una arena política europea arraigada, con una opinión pública europea, unos partidos políticos europeos, unos lobbies operando a nivel europeo... La razón por la cual esta falta de desarrollo del demos europeo puede ser favorable en sectores como el eléctrico o el de las telecomunicaciones es que esto permitiría despolitizar las intervenciones públicas en este tipo de sectores. A pesar de que la Unión Europea ha desempeñado ya un papel importante aumentando la competencia en estos sectores, puede tener un papel mucho más importante en el futuro avanzando hacia un auténtico mercado integrado donde existan redes realmente de alcance europeo. In the last three decades, network industries have experienced major changes the world over. It can be presumed that they will continue to do so, driven by technological and economic changes and also by the campaigns of interest groups framed by institutional and ideological parameters. In the European Union these changes have seen a growing degree of involvement at the community level, without reaching the point of creating European networks. Paradoxically, this could be beneficial for the resolution of certain dilemmas that arise in an electricity sector where a European demos is not well established, a factor that is problematic in other aspects. A consolidated European demos would require a consolidated European political arena, European public with European political parties and lobbyists working at a European level, and so on. The reason this lack of development of a European demos may be favourable to sectors such as electricity or communications is that it can stop public interventions in these sectors from being made into political issues. Although the European Union has already played an important role in increasing competition in these sectors, it may play a much more important role in a future that advances towards a market that is truly integrated, in which networks of a real European scope exist.
Enseñanza de las ciencias: revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas; 2014: Vol.: 32 Núm.: 1; p. 285-286 Enseñanza de las Ciencias: revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas; 2014: Vol.: 32 Núm.: 1; p. 285-286
Subjects
llibres de text, electricitat, anàlisi del llenguatge, educació intercultural, textbooks, electricity, language analysis, intercultural education, libros de texto, electricidad, análisis del lenguaje, and educación intercultural
Abstract
Aquesta tesi se centra essencialment en l'estudi de dues variables: el llenguatge de dos llibres de text quant a si afavoreix o no la comprensió explicativa, i les respostes dels estudiants quan s'utilitzen altres fonts d'informació complementària. La mostra pertany a dos països: Canadà i Pakistan, i com a metodologia es va utilitzar l'anàlisi documental i un disseny quasiexperimental. Els resultats apunten a la necessitat de millorar els llibres de text i el seu ús. This thesis focuses primarily on the study of two variables: the language of two textbooks as to whether or not favors explanatory understanding, and the responses of the students when they use other sources for additional information. The sample belongs to two countries: Canada and Pakistan, and document analysis as a methodology and a quasi-experimental design was used. The results point to the need to improve textbooks and usage. La presente tesis se centra esencialmente en el estudio de dos variables: el lenguaje de dos libros de texto en cuanto a si favorece o no la comprensión explicativa, y las respuestas de los estudiantes cuando utilizan otras fuentes de información complementaria. La muestra pertenece a dos países: Canadá y Pakistán, y como metodología se utilizó el análisis documental y un diseño cuasiexperimental. Los resultados apuntan a la necesidad de mejorar los libros de texto y su uso.
Revista de Historia Industrial; 2011: Núm.: 47; p. 51-76
Subjects
Guerra Civil Española, Electricidad, Producción, Historia empresarial, Spanish Civil War, Electricity, Production, and Business History.
Abstract
La historia de la Compañía Eléctrica Mengemor durante la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939) es interesante, ya que era una de las grandes eléctricas del país, y su dirección e instalaciones quedaron divididas hasta el final de la contienda, y buena parte de las mismas en el frente de batalla. Para cada bando (el republicano y el nacional) analizaré: quiénes y cómo la dirigieron, el estado de las instalaciones, cómo se repararon y la electricidad producida. En general, ésta creció en ambas zonas, gracias a la gestión realizada y los escasos daños sufridos. The history of the electric company Mengemor during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) is interesting in that it was one of the main electric companies in Spain, and its management and installations were divided during the conflict, and a large part of these were on the front line. For each side in the conflict (the republicans and the nationalists) the following will be analyzed: how they were managed and by whom, the state of the installations, how they were repaired, and the electricity which was produced. In general, production grew in both zones. This can be explained by good management and the scarce damage inflicted on the installations.
Harvard Law Review. Jan2024, Vol. 137 Issue 3, p936-957. 22p.
Subjects
Renewable energy sources, Property rights, Electric power production, Accession (Law), and Electricity
Abstract
The article provides a theoretical background for how renewable energy credits (REC) act as property rights to assist policymakers to craft more effective policy. It discusses the use of REC in state renewable portfolio standards, which are programs that require electricity sellers to derive a set percentage of generation portfolio from renewable energy resources, and the purchase of REC by private, nonutility actors. It explains the application of the principle of accession related to REC.
Residential electricity markets in European countries are still characterized by low consumer engagement, especially where regulated and liberalized markets coexist. Using an original dataset on 2015--2018 prices for the Italian electricity market, augmented with the number of residential consumers, we study the presence and magnitude of switching costs--i.e., time-based and cognitive-based costs on consumers changing providers--in the liberalized market. We find that switching from the incumbent involves high costs--almost as high as the yearly energy expenditure--while switching from competitors is less expensive. We also carry out two counterfactual analyses. In the first, we show that consumers would have incurred lower average switching costs over the years had the market been less concentrated. In the second, we simulate how switching costs could evolve once regulated prices are phased out, and the market is fully liberalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Rose, Kenneth, Tarufelli, Brittany, and Upton Jr., Gregory B.
Energy Journal. 2024, Vol. 45 Issue 1, p55-103. 49p.
Subjects
Retail industry, Electricity markets, Natural gas prices, Consumers, Rate of return, and Electricity
Abstract
Prior to the 1990s, all U.S. states used a "cost of service (COS)" regulation regime in which investor-owned utilities were allowed to recover prudently incurred costs plus a rate of return on capital expenditures, and retail customers were unable to choose their electricity supplier. From 1996--2000, multiple states passed retail electricity market "restructuring." This empirical research examines the effect of retail restructuring on electricity prices to final consumers. We find that rates increased in restructured states relative to plausible counterfactuals in the years post-restructuring. But by twelve years after retail restructuring, we no longer observe any difference. We investigate plausible mechanisms, finding evidence that retail prices became more responsive to natural gas prices due to retail restructuring, the timing of which coincided with increases in natural gas prices nationally. We also test for whether restructuring had distributional effects across customer classes and find that in the short run residential customers benefited relative to industrial customers during transition periods, but that this difference does not persist into full implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Energy Journal. 2024, Vol. 45 Issue 2, p209-235. 28p.
Subjects
Consumers, Electricity pricing, Prices, Consumer preferences, Electric power consumption, and Electricity
Abstract
Based on a discrete choice experiment with 582 households in Switzerland, we find, that about 30% of the customers focus on price risks (cost focus) when they choose an electricity tariff, while 70% of the customers are more worried about volume risks (comfort focus). Customers with a cost focus, prefer contracts with low price risks and automatic load control, even when these contracts increased their volume risks and may lead to discomfort, while customers with a comfort focus are unlikely to choose a contract that exposes them to either price or volume risks. All customers prefer direct load control of individual appliances to capacity subscriptions or other demand response approaches which limit their total electricity demand. While customers with a cost focus likely accept direct load control even if this reduces their comfort, enrolling customers with a comfort focus will require further efforts and contracts avoiding comfort loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Zhang, Yunrong, Glock, Christoph H., and Chen, Zhixiang
International Journal of Production Research. Nov2022, Vol. 60 Issue 21, p6508-6528. 21p. 1 Diagram, 1 Chart, 6 Graphs.
Subjects
Operating costs, Inventory costs, Public utilities, Production planning, Electric power consumption, Demand forecasting, and Electricity
Abstract
Electricity demand-response programmes, such as the incentive-based and price-based programmes, have been used by utilities to induce customers to reduce their electricity consumption during peak periods. This study investigates the production decisions of a two-stage production system under these programmes in a situation where peak periods arrive randomly in the manufacturing cycle. Analytical results show that under demand-response programmes, the manufacturer, who aims at minimising the total operational cost, usually selects a lower production rate during peak periods and a higher one during non-peak periods. Notably, the uncertainty of the peak periods also has a significant influence on the manufacturer's production plans under these programmes. This paper further investigates the efficiency of different demand-response programmes in reducing the inventory holding cost and electricity cost. The results indicate that participating in the demand-response programmes does not always result in a higher inventory holding cost, which goes against the manufacturer's intuition about these programmes. In addition, this paper evaluates the manufacturers' preference for these demand-response programmes by comparing the operational cost savings generated from participating in the two programmes. It turns out that both the demand-response signals and the inventory holding cost substantially influence the manufacturer's willingness to participate in the programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Schittekatte, Tim, Mallapragada, Dharik, Joskow, Paul L., and Schmalensee, Richard
Energy Journal. 2024, Vol. 45 Issue 3, p25-56. 32p.
Subjects
Prices, Wholesale prices, Spot prices, Carbon dioxide mitigation, and Electricity
Abstract
Currently, the main component of most U.S. consumers' electricity bills is based on a constant price per kWh consumed. As intermittent renewable resources and flexible loads that can be shifted within days (such as electric vehicle charging) gain prominence in the electricity system, the efficiency gains to be realized from basing bills instead on wholesale spot prices increase. There is little political support for this change, however. We focus on second-best alternatives: time-of-use (TOU) rates and critical peak pricing (CPP). We introduce alternative assessment criteria that focus on intra-day load shifting. Using historical data, we find that TOU rates can reasonably replicate the intra-day load-shifting incentives provided under spot pricing. Thus, TOU rates, especially when complemented with CPP involving load control during infrequent scarcity price events, can be considerably more socially valuable than previously estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
This paper is concerned with the risk management practices of an electricity retailer motivated by the Dutch electricity market. We examine the effectiveness of the existing base- and peak-load futures contracts as a risk management tool for the electricity retailers. We analytically characterize the retailer's optimal hedging policy as a function of the serial correlation of the prices and the demand profiles of its customers. We find that the retailer typically over-hedges in the futures market, and the over-hedging amount increases when both base- and peak-load contracts are used. Our findings indicate that although the existing contracts in the futures market are quite efficient to replicate the exposure from profiled customers, when industrial consumers and renewable generation are included to the retailer's portfolio, the effectiveness of such contracts decreases substantially. In our motivating example, hedging the risk of the profiled customers with base-load contracts, the firm may reduce the variance of its cash flows by 85.9%. In addition to the base-load contracts, including peak-load contracts into the hedging portfolio of the retailer increases the efficiency of hedging to 89.3%. However, when we consider the aggregate portfolio of the retailer including profiled customers, industrial consumers and renewable contracts, the efficiency of hedging through the existing futures contracts goes down as low as 32.8% during certain periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Electric power distribution, Electric power distribution grids, Electricity markets, Monetary incentives, Vertical integration, Electricity, and Electric power consumption
Abstract
The physics of an electrical grid requires that the supply injected into the grid is always in balance with the quantity consumed. If that balance is not maintained, cascading outages are likely to disrupt supply to all consumers on the grid. In the past, vertically integrated monopoly utilities have ensured that supply is adequate to meet demand and maintain grid stability, but with deregulation of generation, assuring adequate supply has become much more complex. The unique characteristics of electricity distribution means that there are immense potential externalities among market participants from supply shortfalls. In this paper, we discuss the institutions that US electricity markets have developed to avoid such destabilizing supply shortfalls when there are multiple generators and retailers in the market. Though many of the markets rely on standardized requirements for supplier reserves, we conclude that recent technological progress may steer future evolution towards a system that relies to a greater extent on economic incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Tapang, Felix Nkellefack and Enongene, Gabriel Nnoko
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge. 2023, Vol. 11 Issue 2, p20-38. 19p.
Subjects
Small business, Public utilities, Electricity pricing, Weather, Electricity, and Sustainability
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the moderating effects of weather conditions on the relationship between electricity supply reliability and SME sustainability within the context of a developing country. The method used for analysis is a hierarchical regression with the use of SPSS AMOS 24 and slope analysis. SPSS 23 was used to test the assumptions for parametric analysis. Survey data was collected from a sample of 54 owners and managers of SMEs in the Fako Division of Cameroon. Findings revealed significant positive relationships between electricity supply reliability and SME sustainability and an insignificant positive relationship between weather conditions and SME sustainability. Furthermore, the results indicated that weather conditions moderate the relationship between electricity supply reliability and SME Sustainability in the Fako Division of Cameroon. The study found that the electricity utility company of Cameroon has the daunting task of ensuring a robust electricity supply network capable of withstanding harsh weather conditions to ensure regular electricity. The implications of the findings of the study are that prevailing weather has an influence on the reliability of electricity supply, which affects the operations of businesses. Furthermore, when the business operations of SMEs are affected, the economy of the country suffers significantly. The study recommends the involvement of the government and policymakers to institute measures to ensure the obligation of the electricity utility company to maintain minimal interruptions of electricity supply. This study’s contribution to the body of knowledge is embedded in developing a theoretical model that explains electricity supply reliability in Cameroon from a weather perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Basic income benefits cover recipients' actual heating expenses as long as they are not unusually high. In contrast, their electricity expenses are only covered via a lump sum at the standard rate. Thus, basic income recipients have weaker incentives for reducing their heating expenses than for reducing their electricity expenses. Using Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data, it can be seen that basic income households have higher electricity bills despite this incentive: On average, they spend five euros more on heating and nine euros more on electricity than comparable households not receiving basic income. These higher bills may be due to a lack of sufficient information about their expenses and ways to save energy, or they are unable to save due to non-energy efficient electrical appliances and longer attendance time at home. These interrelationships need to be taken into consideration when drawing up a climate policy that aims to provide savings incentives by increasing the CO2 price; such a policy can only be effective if households are able to react to price incentives. Thus, in addition to increasing the CO2 price, targeted subsidy programs for energy efficiency measures as well as information campaigns for households are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Supply chains, COVID-19 pandemic, Negotiation, Power resources, Electricity, Contract manufacturing, and Electric power consumption
Abstract
This paper explores the decentralized, centralized and bargaining models of a supply chain involving an electricity generator and a retailer. We found that the investment cost coefficient negatively impacts the supply chain profits but positively affects price decisions. In contrast, the probability of meeting the COVID-19 emergency positively impacts the supply chain profit and negatively affects price decisions. We contribute by designing a bargaining contract for energy supply chain firms to improve profits on low investment, thereby improving their financial health and competitive advantage. The results imply that financial managers can bridge the revenue gap in COVI9 19 period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]