Geography, Geographic Information Science, Political Science, Energy, Political Ecology, Development, Livelihoods, Electrification, Electricity, Energy, Kenya, Africa, GIS, PGIS, and Participatory

Geographic research at the intersection between development critiques and political ecology questions a potential disconnect between extra-local development initiatives and local livelihoods. Kenya, under its Vision 2030 for sustainable development, is expanding the national electric grid to many rural areas, potentially introducing electricity as a process and effect on local livelihoods. I assess the introduction of electricity to Mt. Kasigau, a rural area in southeast Kenya, focusing on how the development intervention is perceived and acted upon by local communities and individual residents. Working with community residents in three villages the research employed a mixed methods approach, including participatory GIS (PGIS) to map and analyze the electric grid, and semi-structured interviews to gain local perspectives on the processes of community and household-level electrification. The study mapped eight electrical transformers, 164 connected buildings and 11,607 meters of power lines, indicating about 18% serviced area and 38-71% service population among the three villages. Respondents highlight distinctions among availability, accessibility, and reliability for homes and in the community and distinctive contributions to diversification. Local perceptions on introduction of electricity are clearly positive at Mt. Kasigau and shows benefits to sustainable livelihoods.

JEL C33, L50, L94, Q42, Q48, Renewables, Investment, Transmission Network, and Electricity

During the past decade, renewable energy sources have become an indispensable pillar in European electricity generation. This paper aims at examining if the increasing importance of renewables stimulates investment in European power transmission networks. The question of interest is addressed by an error correction investment model that builds on Neoclassical theory and is further augmented by recent literary findings. Under the proposed threefold estimation strategy, the share of renewables is not found to significantly influence investment spending when the full set of transmission system operators are considered. However, a slight and justified sample restriction leads to the conclusion that a rising share of renewable energy sources substantially increases investment in power transmission networks.
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

electricity, forecasting, and machine learning

This dissertation explores how decisions about the forecasting process can affect the evaluation of forecasting performance, in general and in the domain of residential electricity demand estimation. Decisions of interest include those around data sourcing, sampling, clustering, temporal magnification, algorithm selection, testing approach, evaluation metrics, and others. Models of the forecasting process and analysis methods are formulated in terms of a three-tier decision taxonomy, by which decision effects are exposed through systematic enumeration of the techniques resulting from those decisions. A computation platform based on the models is implemented to compute and visualize the effects. The methods and computation platform are first demonstrated by applying them to 3,003 benchmark datasets to investigate various decisions, including those that could impact the relationship between data entropy and forecastability. Then, they are used to study over 10,624 week-ahead and day-ahead residential electricity demand forecasting techniques, utilizing fine-resolution electricity usage data collected over 18 months on groups of 782 and 223 households by real smart electric grids in Ireland and Australia, respectively. The main finding from this research is that forecasting performance is highly sensitive to the interaction effects of many decisions. Sampling is found to be an especially effective data strategy, clustering not so, temporal magnification mixed. Other relationships between certain decisions and performance are surfaced, too. While these findings are empirical and specific to one practically scoped investigation, they are potentially generalizable, with implications for residential electricity demand estimation, smart electric grid design, and electricity policy.

multiple regression, vícenásobná regrese, Jevons paradox, vývoj spotřeby elektřiny, energy development, elektrická energie, elektřina, electricity, úspory, energy, energetika, savings, Jevonsův paradox, faktory spotřeby elektrické energie, electricity consumption development, Statistical analysis, Statistická analýza, spotřeba elektrické energie, vývoj energetiky, electricity consumption factors, and electricity consumption

The aim of this thesis is to describe the course of consumption of electricity. One of the feasible ways of description is statistical analysis, which enables to calculate statistically significant factors and their combinations that contributed to the course of consumption of electricity. These factors may be used for modulation of future electricity consumption, and therefore also for long-time prediction. The second chapter discusses the expansion of electricity usage in the Czech Republic from the turn of the 19th century until nowadays. The chapter describes the development of transmission system, development of electricity consumption in the sectors of the national economy, possibilities of using electric energy, and overall balance of electricity and sources of energy. The third chapter presents an overview of usage and consumption of electrical energy in the neighboring European countries as well as in the most interesting countries of the World. The fourth chapter contains statistical analysis. The first part of the chapter details a list of the analyzed quantities of individual consumptions, of the investigated factors, and the analyzed countries. Further, the chapter explains the method of statistical analysis via using simple and multiple regression and its subsequent application and evaluation for the Czech Republic and the others European countries. According to the result, it is GDP that has the main impact on the trends in the course of consumption of electricity. However, it is necessary to consider other factors influencing the consumption of electricity, too, and not rely solely on GDP in terms of long-time prediction of electricity consumption. The fifth chapter discusses the reduction of electricity consumption and savings, which can be both political and macroeconomic result. Quantification of savings is not always unequivocal and any cost-saving actions can lead to an increase in electricity consumption, which can, in effect, be bigger than any possible savings.

Anaerobic digester, solar PV, polygeneration, cooking gas, gas engine, electricity, membrane distillation, arsenic safe water, Anaerobisk rötkammare, solceller, polygenerering, matlagningsgas, gasmotor, elektricitet, membrandestillering, arsenikfritt vatten, Energy Engineering, and Energiteknik

Despite the country's rural electrification programme, kerosene is the predominant source for lighting, and unsustainable and polluting woody biomass is virtually the only option available for cooking. The rural population also struggles with unsafe drinking water in terms of widespread arsenic contamination of well water. The present work has taken an integrated approach in an attempt to mitigate problems through small-scale polygeneration, a concept linking renewable energy sources to these energy needs via novel energy conversion systems. Anaerobic digesters (AD) for biogas production are promising in the rural setting, and field surveys have identified problems in the construction, maintenance and operation of existing AD, particularly in overall performance of household digesters. Based on these results, a number of operational and technological improvements are suggested for employing digesters in polygeneration units. This study also examines one approach for small-scale, low cost arsenic removal in groundwater through air gap membrane distillation, a thermally-driven water purification technology. Integration of biogas production with power generation and water purification is an innovative concept that lies at the core of feasibility analyses conducted in this work. One of the case studies presents a new concept for integrated biogas based polygeneration and analyzes the techno-economic performance of the scheme for meeting the demand of electricity, cooking energy and safe drinking water of 30 households in a rural village of Bangladesh. The specific technologies chosen for the key energy conversion steps are as follows: plug-flow digester; internal combustion engine; and membrane distillation. One major concern is local feedstock availability for the digester, since a single feedstock is impractical to serve both cooking, lighting and water purification systems. In this circumstance solar PV could be a potential option for integrated hybrid systems.
Bangladesh har varit föremål för en svår energikris (bristande el- och gasnät) de senaste tre decennierna. Landsbygden, som innefattar 75 % av befolkningen, har varit särskilt drabbad. Trots landets elektrifieringsprogram av landsbygden är fotogenlampor den företrädande ljuskällan, medan förorenande och ohållbar träbaserad biomassa är praktiskt taget det enda alternativet för matlagning. Landsbygden kämpar samtidigt mot osäkert dricksvatten, på grund av utbredd arsenikförgiftning av brunnsvatten, med negativa hälsoeffekter som följd. Tillgång till ren energi och säkert dricksvatten är verkliga behov bland de fattiga på landsbygden, för ökad välfärd. Detta arbete antar ett integrerat tillvägagångssätt för att försöka lösa dessa problem genom småskalig polygenerering. Detta koncept länkar samman förnyelsebara energikällor av biomassa och sol med energibehoven, genom nya energiomvandlingssystem. Anaerobiska rötkammare för biogasproduktion är lovande för landsbygdsmiljö, även om det för närvarande råder en betydande klyfta mellan den tekniska och kostandseffektiva potentialen och faktisk implementering på grund av bristande tekniskt kunnande och tillgång på råmaterial, höga installations- och driftkostnader, och begränsade användartillämpningar. Intervjuundersökningar visar på problem i konstruktion, underhåll och drift av befintliga anaerobiska rötkammare. Särskilt den generella prestandan hos hushållsrötkammare identifieras som bristfällig. Utifrån dessa resultat föreslås en rad drift- och teknikförbättringar för att utnyttja rötkammare i polygenereringssystem.   Denna studie undersöker även en metod för småskalig och kostnadseffektiv arsenikrening av grundvatten genom membrandestillation med luftspalt (Air Gap Membrane Distillation, AGMD), vilket är en termiskt driven vattenreningsteknik. Resultat från en experimentell undersökning visar att den undersökta AGMD-prototypen är kapabel att uppnå utmärkt separationseffektivitet med hänsyn till arsenikrening. Parametriska studier med fokus på varierande kylvattentemperatur illustrerar möjligheten att integrera AGMD-teknik i diverse termiska system. Integrering av biogasproduktion med kraftproduktion och vattenrening är ett innovativt koncept som utgör kärnan av förstudierna utförda i detta arbete. En av studierna visar ett nytt koncept för biogasbaserad polygenerering och analyserar den techno-ekonomiska prestandan av metoden för att möta efterfrågan av elektricitet, matlagningsvärme och säkert dricksvatten för 30 hushåll i en Bangladeshisk by på landsbygden. De specifika tekniker som valts för energiomvandlingsstegen är följande: plugg-flödesrötkammare, förbränningsmotor och en AGMD-enhet. Termodynamisk utvärdering inklusive mass- och energibalans av systemet undersöktes tillsammans med produktionskostnaden för elektricitet, matlagningsgas, och säkert dricksvatten. Även återbetalningsperiod och internräntan undersöktes. För att bemöta energi- och arsenikproblemen i Bangladesh, indikerar resultaten att detta polygenereringssystem är mycket mer konkurrenskraftigt och lovande (med avseende på produktionskostnaderna) jämfört med andra tillgängliga tekniker. Ett viktigt problem för rötkammaren är tillgången till lokalt råmaterial, eftersom en ensam källa till råmaterial är opraktiskt för att tillgodose efterfrågan från både matlagning, belysning och vattenrening. I detta fall kan solceller vara ett potentiellt alternativ för integrerade hybridsystem. Teknisk värdering och optimering har genomförts för elektricitet med verktyget HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources), för ett polygenereringssystem beläget i byn Panipara i Faridpur. Resultaten visar att systement kan tillgodoses det dagliga elektricitetsbehovet och samtidigt producera 0.4 m3 matlagningsbränsle och 2-3 L/person rent dricksvatten. Kostnadsuppskattningar visar att denna metod är högst gynnsam jämfört med andra förnyelsebara alternativ (t ex vind-, vatten-, biobränslebaserad- eller geotermisk energi).
QC 20170419
SIDA – the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Department for Research Cooperation, SAREC- project no. SWE-2011-135
STEM-Fjärrsyn project 2014

Distributed generation, energy, electricity, solar, RPS, emissions, Energy and Utilities Law, Energy Policy, Environmental Law, Environmental Policy, and Environmental Studies

I explore the environmental and economic value to be gained by using a greater proportion of renewable distributed generation, mainly solar, relative to centralized generation in the United States in this thesis. I explain the benefits of distributed solar, namely the reductions in environmental damage and the economic benefits for system owners. These benefits will are compared to the obstacles to renewable distributed generation adoption: the costs associated with installation, the political resistance from utilities and power producers, and the aspects of current energy infrastructure that limit wider adoption of distributed solar. I make recommendations for changes to utility strategy, as well as provide policy prescriptions at the local, state, and national level to incentivize distributed solar. These findings and suggested actions can help inform policymakers and utilities as they shape future U.S. energy infrastructure.

Fossil fuels, renewable energy, electricity, CO2eq emissions, environmental impact, power plants, energy costs, LCA, Energy Systems, and Energisystem

The human effort to continuously improve their standard of living in conjunction with the rapid growth of world‟s population, the reckless and the wasteful misuse of energy reserves threaten to lead mankind in an energy deadlock. In an effort to realize the size of the waste of our planet‟s available energy resources, we only need to point out that people have spent the last century stocks of raw materials and energy, which were saved and produced during the lifetime of our planet. The management of the energy systems in a proper and best way is considered to be essential worldwide. In this project the energy system of Greece is studied. The power production systems used in different sectors of life were analyzed. The study emphasized in the electricity production from different sources. Lignite electricity power plants were first introduced in the country followed by the gas power plants and Renewable Energy Sources (RES) installations. The deregulation of electricity market formed the new energy scenery of the country. Electricity grid reinforcements with smart metering and energy storage proved to be necessary in order the RES to be fully penetrated to the national grid, so as Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions to be reduced as much as possible. The further expansion of RES could help to cope with the barriers of the country‟s electrification due to singularity of hundred islands that are not yet interconnected to the mainland. Analytical theory methods and numerical skills used to derive the appropriate data and results. Installed capacity of the power sources was verified as well as costs and polluted emissions per unit and type of sources involved. Weaknesses and abnormalities of the electric system were pointed out. Proved gains from the RES use were verified for ensuring the sustainability of the country‟s energy system

Electricity, grid, economy, environment, history, Elektricitet, stamnät, ekonomi, miljö, and historia

Denna studie undersöker de ekonomiska och miljömässiga hänsyn som tagits vid utbyggnaden av de svenska elstamnätet under perioden 1980-2010. Dokument från både mindre och större utbyggnadsprojekt har använts för att identifiera och analysera dessa hänsynstaganden. Resultaten visar att nivån av hänsyn till ekonomiska och miljömässiga intressen överlag ökat markant under perioden, särskilt i och med lagändringar som avkrävt att hänsyn tas till särskilda intressen. Vissa intressen saknade dock välutvecklade hänsynstaganden även i senare delen av materialet, något som bör tas i beaktan vid framtida stamnätsutbyggnader.
This study has examined the economic and environmental considerations taken during the expansion of the Swedish power grid between 1980-2010. Documents from minor and major grid expansions have been used to locate and analyse these considerations. The results point towards a sharp increase in the level of considerations taken to economic and environmental interests during course of the period, especially in response to legal developments mandating certain interests to be brought into consideration. However, some of the interests studied lacked well-developed considerations even in the later parts of the period, something that should be taken into account when deliberating future grid expansions.

Electricity, New Orleans, and infrastructure

Abstract New Orleans in 1900 was an endangered city clinging to a narrow strip of relatively high ground along the lower Mississippi river. Frequent flooding occurred from the river in the spring and from the lake in the June to October hurricane season. No reliable source of drinking water and no systems for removal of sewerage and rain water existed. Disease mortality was very high especially from frequent outbreaks of yellow fever.The fortuitous appearance of new alternating current (AC) technologies, emerging engineering specialties, and a more progressive form of governance willing to support and finance large scale engineering projects gave New Orleans world class drainage, sewerage and potable water systems. With electric streetcars providing service to newly drained areas and greatly reduced disease mortality, New Orleans entered the twentieth century transformed into a safe and expanding city.Key Words: Electricity, New Orleans, Infrastructure

Physics, electricity, magnetism, cavity, perturbation, permittivity, and permeability

Abstract- There are a number of measuring techniques which allow for the determining of electrical properties, such as the complex permittivity and complex permeability. Of these techniques, one in particular- the conventional cavity perturbation method, was explored. Through the utilization of this method, and a combination of standard rectangular waveguides, a discrete spectrum from approximately 2-22 GHz was established for the analysis of various liquid samples. It was noticed that for a given waveguide, as mode number increased, there was a systematic increase in permittivity values, as well as a discontinuity in permittivity values going from one waveguide to the next. As a result, several corrections are introduced, with commentary on their results.

Energie, Transition énergétique, Électricité, Décentralisation, Autonomie, Territorialisation, Energy, Energy transition, Electricity, Decentralization, Autonomy, and Territorialization

La question de la transition énergétique se situe aujourd’hui en haut de l’agenda politique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de s’interroger sur l’émergence d’un nouveau modèle électrique, de déterminer quelles sont ses caractéristiques et s’il représente une alternative au modèle centralisé. En combinant trois perspectives d’analyse – institutionnelle, technologique et territoriale –, elle démontre que ce modèle centralisé a vécu. Un faisceau de changements a transformé en profondeur le système électrique dans sa matérialité et son organisation : libéralisation, production distribuée, décentralisation politique, etc. La nouvelle configuration qui s’élabore est hybride. Elle est le résultat de tensions entre d’un côté des innovations porteuses de changements sociotechniques importants et de l’autre des mécanismes de centralisation politico-administrative et de concentration technico-économique.L’État a perdu son hégémonie mais pas sa centralité, alors même que le secteur s’est diversifié (acteurs, technologies) et que l’électricité se diffuse dans toute la société (accession à la production, processus législatif, etc.). Ni la montée en compétence contrariée de l’UE, ni la libéralisation, ni l’émergence des collectivités n’ont totalement remis en cause sa capacité à se positionner au centre de la régulation du secteur. Son action est tout à la fois sélective (désengagement de l’opérationnel), intégratrice (EnR, collectivités), diffuse (financement, R&D, législation, etc.) et parfois interventionniste (actionnariat, tarification, réseaux de transport et de distribution, etc.). Dans un contexte libéral, l’État s’adapte par une réforme pragmatique de son action et par l’intégration contrôlée des alternatives. Ce « libéralisme apprivoisé » correspond à une territorialisation de la politique publique de l’énergie à l’intérieur de laquelle les collectivités s’imposent selon une logique à la fois ascendante et descendante.Celles-ci sont en train, d’une part, principalement autour des EPCI et des conseils régionaux, de s’imposer comme des partenaires obligés de l’État dans la mise en œuvre et la gestion d’une pluralité de processus et de dispositifs techniques infranationaux. D’autre part, elles souhaitent s’affirmer dans ce secteur et disposent pour cela de leviers opérationnels (concession, planification, soutien aux EnR, information, etc.). Cette appropriation reste encore aujourd’hui partielle et inégale mais représente une tendance forte qui fait du local le nouvel horizon du secteur, y compris pour l’État qui adapte son organisation administrative autour de l’échelle régionale. Un processus d’autonomisation des collectivités, de nature juridique, est donc à l’œuvre, organisé par l’État et relevant d’une libre administration énergétique qui ne peut être réduite au développement d’une capacité de production d’énergie. Les nouvelles délimitations issues de cette autonomisation aboutissent à un agencement de territoires institutionnels qui ne remettent pas fondamentalement en question l’échelle nationale et le rôle de l’État.Cette configuration hybride dépend des modalités de développement de la production soumis à des mécanismes de concentration technico-économiques propres à l’industrie de réseau électrique, à son contexte, ainsi qu’aux logiques spatiales et territoriales dépendants de paramètres infrastructurels. C’est ce que démontre le déploiement contre-intuitif de la production distribuée qui s’effectue sous une forme mixte centralisée/décentralisée, résultat de l’interaction entre des formes de contrôle et des conditions sociotechniques spécifiques (spatialisation, logiques d’échelle, concentration des acteurs, etc.).La configuration qui émerge combine des éléments de rupture/décentralisation et de continuité/centralisation. Compte tenu de l’importance des évolutions à venir – NTIC, stockage –, celle-ci ne représente cependant probablement qu’une étape d’un long cheminement vers un nouveau modèle énergétique
Energy transition finds itself high on the political agenda, with electricity occupying its own specific place. The aim of this thesis is to reflect on the emergence of a new electricity model, and to determine its features and whether it offers an alternative to the centralised model. Using three perspectives for analysis – institutional, technological and regional – this thesis demonstrate that this model has had its day. An accumulation of changes has transformed the electricity system, both materially and in relation to its organisation: liberalisation, rise of distributed generation, political decentralisation, and so on. The new configuration currently under production is the result of contradictory socio-technical pressures; these are creating a hybrid system between a general trend towards decentralisation on one side and mechanisms for political-administrative centralisation and technico-economic concentration on the other.The state has lost its monopoly but not its central position, even though the sector has diversified in terms of actors and technologies and become more open to society (access to production, legislative process, etc.). Neither the frustrated progression of EU operations, liberalisation, nor the greater presence of local authorities has thus far been able to entirely undermine the state's ability to position itself at the centre of operational control of the sector. It acts in different ways: withdrawal from operational matters, integration of renewables, finance, R&D, legislation, etc. On occasions it is also interventionist (shareholders, price structures, networks, etc.). In a liberal climate, the state is adapting by undertaking pragmatic reform of its activities and controlling the integration of socio-technical alternatives. This adaptation equates to a greater role for the regional authorities in public energy policy, as local areas continue to gain in importance. These regions and areas are currently defining themselves as indispensable partners of the state – largely on the basis of the bodies for intercommunal cooperation and the regional councils – for the management and implementation of a multitude of processes and technical measures at sub-national level. In parallel, they wish to assert their importance in the sector and can make use of their levers for operational control (planning, support for renewables, etc.) Today, they have still only appropriated the terrain partially and unevenly, but this strong trend means that local is the sector's new horizon, including for the state, which is adapting the organisation of its administration around the regions. And so a process, which is legal in nature and organised by the state is at work, whereby the administrations gain in autonomy to form an unhindered energy administration which cannot be reduced to a capacity to produce energy. The new boundary lines resulting from this growing autonomy are ultimately drawing up institutional territories which pose no challenge to the national scale or the role of the state.This hybrid character arises from technico-economic concentration mechanisms which are specific to the electricity network industry and its context and from rationales concerning space and territories which are connected to infrastructural factors. They result in particular from the counterintuitive deployment of distributed generation carried out in a mixed centralised/decentralised manner, highlighting the interaction between forms of control and socio-technical conditions (spatialisation conditions, concentration of actors, etc).With regard to regulation, the configuration currently emerging presents a balance between shortage/decentralisation and continuity/centralisation. Account taken of developments to come in the areas of storage and new information and communication technologies, it is nevertheless probable that this configuration will only be a long progression towards a new energy model

Electricité, Micro réseau, Optimisation, Vieillissement, Théorie des jeux, Mécanismes d'incitation, Electricity, Microgrid, Optimization, Aging, Game Theory, and Mechanism Design

Nous présentons notre contribution sur la régulation et l’optimisation de la production d’électricité.La première partie concerne l’optimisation de la gestion d’un micro réseau. Nous formulons le programme de gestion comme un problème de commande optimal en temps continu, puis nous résolvons ce problème par programmation dynamique à l’aide d’un solveur développé dans ce but : BocopHJB. Nous montrons que ce type de formulation peut s’étendre à une modélisation stochastique. Nous terminons cette partie par l’algorithme de poids adaptatifs, qui permet une gestion de la batterie du micro réseau intégrant le vieillissement de celle-ci. L’algorithme exploite la structure à deux échelles de temps du problème de commande.La seconde partie concerne des modèles de marchés en réseaux, et en particulier ceux de l’électricité. Nous introduisons un mécanisme d’incitation permettant de diminuer le pouvoir de marché des producteurs d’énergie, au profit du consommateur. Nous étudions quelques propriétés mathématiques des problèmes d’optimisation rencontrés par les agents du marché (producteurs et régulateur). Le dernier chapitre étudie l’existence et l’unicité des équilibres de Nash en stratégies pures d’une classe de jeux Bayésiens à laquelle certains modèles de marchés en réseaux se rattachent. Pour certains cas simples, un algorithme de calcul d’équilibre est proposé.Une annexe rassemble une documentation sur le solveur numérique BocopHJB.
We present our contribution on the optimization and regulation of electricity produc- tion.The first part deals with a microgrid Energy Management System (EMS). We formulate the EMS program as a continuous time optimal control problem and then solve this problem by dynamic programming using BocopHJB, a solver developed for this application. We show that an extension of this formulation to a stochastic setting is possible. The last section of this part introduces the adaptative weights dynamic programming algorithm, an algorithm for optimization problems with different time scales. We use the algorithm to integrate the battery aging in the EMS.The second part is dedicated to network markets, and in particular wholesale electricity markets. We introduce a mechanism to deal with the market power exercised by electricity producers, and thus increase the consumer welfare. Then we study some mathematical properties of the agents’ optimization problems (producers and system operator). In the last chapter, we present some pure Nash equilibrium existence and uniqueness results for a class of Bayesian games to which some networks markets belong. In addition we introduce an algorithm to compute the equilibrium for some specific cases.We provide some additional information on BocopHJB (the numerical solver developed and used in the first part of the thesis) in the appendix.

Ponts de comparaison d'impédances coaxiaux, Transformateurs étalons, Métrologie, Électricité, Instrumentation, Coaxial AC bridges for impedance comparison, Standard transformers, Metrology, Electricity, Instrumentation, and 621.31

Le sujet de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un nouveau projet de détermination de la constante de von Klitzing débuté depuis quelques années au LNE et dont l'aboutissement est prévu pour 2018. A ce jour, la mesure la plus exacte de cette constante traçable au Système International d’unités (SI) est obtenue via le raccordement de l'ohm produit par l'effet Hall quantique au farad, matérialisé à l'aide d'un condensateur calculable dit de Thompson-Lampard. Afin d'améliorer sa précédente détermination délivrée en 2000 avec une incertitude relative de 5.10-8,le LNE a décidé de construire un nouvel étalon calculable de Thompson-Lampard (déjà en cours de développement) et d'améliorer l'exactitude de l'ensemble des dispositifs de mesure associés avec pour objectif de réduire l’incertitude globale sur cette détermination à une valeur proche de 10-8. Le travail de thèse porte sur la réalisation, la caractérisation et/ou l’automatisation de la chaîne de mesure associée à cette détermination.
The comparison of electrical quantities expressed in units of the International System of Units (SI) and the same quantities generated from quantum effects is a direct way of determining physical constants. The determination of the von Klitzing constant (quantum of resistance) from a calculable capacitor is a part of this process. The last determination of this constant was conducted at LNE in 2000 with an uncertainty of 5.10-8. To achieve a target uncertainty of 1.10-8, the LNE decided to build a new standard capacitor and improve the associated measurement chain. The work presented here is implemented in the framework of the design/amelioration and the characterization of the measurement chain leading to the relative uncertainty of 1.10-8. Exploratory studies were also conducted about the possible partial or full automation of elements of the measurement chain.

Elektrizität, Modellierung, Intraday Markt, Erneuerbare Energien, kontinuierlicher Handel, electricity, modelling, intraday market, renewable energy sources, continuous trading, ddc:330, and rvk:QR 536

This thesis develops and applies methodological approaches for the analysis of intraday markets for electricity which are organised as continuous double auctions. The focus is to improve the understanding of how balancing forecast errors from weather-dependent renewable energy sources influences the outcomes of continuous intraday markets. This is important as it helps to assess how large amounts of renewable capacity can be utilised cost-efficiently and without stressing security of supply. In a first step, the thesis proposes a (non-mathematical) model of a continuous intraday market to show how the direction of the forecast error determines transactions between market participants, how these transactions relate to the formation of prices, and how the market integration of renewables can be improved. In a second step, the thesis provides a foundation for quantitative market analyses by modelling price-setting decisions for power generators and electricity demanders. This makes it possible to show that information on market participants' technical characteristics enables informed predictions of their market behaviour. In a third step, the thesis presents a computer simulation of a continuous intraday market. Implementing the simulation approach for the German power system allows calculation of the costs associated with the uncertain feed-in from renewables.