articles+ search results

printing, additive manufacturing (AM), ceramics, rectangular waveguides, rapid prototyping, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, and QD1-999

Ceramic materials are chemical- and temperature-resistant and, therefore, enable novel application fields ranging from automotive to aerospace. With this in mind, this contribution focuses on developing an additive manufacturing approach for 3D-printed waveguides made of ceramic materials. In particular, a special design approach for ceramic waveguides, which introduces non-radiating slots into the waveguides sidewalls, and a customized metallization process, are presented. The developed process allows for using conventional stereolithographic desktop-grade 3D-printers. The proposed approach has, therefore, benefits such as low-cost fabrication, moderate handling effort and independence of the concrete waveguide geometry. The performance of a manufactured ceramic WR12 waveguide is compared to a commercial waveguide and a conventionally printed counterpart. For that reason, relevant properties, such as surface roughness and waveguide geometry, are characterized. Parsing the electrical measurements, the ceramic waveguide specimen features an attenuation coefficient of 30–60 dB/m within the E-Band. The measured attenuation coefficient is 200% and 300% higher compared to the epoxy resin and the commercial waveguide and is attributed to the increased surface roughness of the ceramic substrate.

overconstrained mechanisms, kinematical analysis, automotive application, virtual prototyping, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, and QD1-999

The paper presents some possible applications started from a six revolute joints (6R) overconstrained mechanism. The spatial devices obtained are based on the 6R Wohlhart symmetric mechanism in a special spatial position, with three non-adjacent joints constrained to remain in a fixed plane. This special spatial disposition allows us to obtain some reconfigurable/foldable devices, with an estimated application in the automotive industry field.

integrated intelligent CAD system, springs, parametric 3D modelling, FEM analysis, prototyping, C#, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, and QD1-999

This paper presents the development and implementation of integrated intelligent CAD (computer aided design) system for design, analysis and prototyping of the compression and torsion springs. The article shows a structure of the developed system named Springs IICAD (integrated intelligent computer aided design). The system bounds synthesis and analysis design phases by means of the utilization of parametric 3D (three-dimensional) modeling, FEM (finite element method) analysis and prototyping. The development of the module for spring calculation and system integration was performed in the C# (C Sharp) programming language. Three-dimensional geometric modeling and structural analysis were performed in the CATIA (computer aided three-dimensional interactive application) software, while prototyping is performed with the Ultimaker 3.0 3D printer with support of Cura software. The developed Springs IICAD system interlinks computation module with the basic parametric models in such a way that spring calculation, shaping, FEM analysis and prototype preparation are performed instantly.

design method, joint design, segmentation, additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping, fused deposition modeling (FDM), Technology, Engineering design, and TA174

Rapid prototyping has become increasingly popular over the past years. However, its application is heavily confined to a part size that fits the small build volume of additive machines. This paper presents a universal design method to overcome this limitation while preserving the economic advantages of rapid prototyping over conventional processes. It segments large, thin-walled parts and joins the segments. The method aims to produce an assembly with minimal loss to the performance and characteristics of a solid part. Based on a set of requirements, a universal segmentation approach and a novel hybrid joint design combining adhesive bonding and press fitting are developed. This design allows for the force transmission, positioning, and assembly of the segments adaptive to their individual geometry. The method is tailored to fused deposition modeling (FDM) by minimizing the need for support structures and actively compensating for manufacturing tolerances. While a universal application cannot be guaranteed, the adaptive design was proven for a variety of complex geometries. Using automotive trim parts as an example, the usability, benefits, and novelty of the design method is presented. The method itself shows a high potential to overcome the build volume limitation for thin-walled parts in an economic manner.

sculpture, arduino, marble, design, carving tool, prototyping, Electronics, and TK7800-8360

The art of sculpting is related to the processing of brittle materials, such as granite, marble, and stone, and is implemented using percussive hand tools or rotational roughing tools. The outcome of percussion carving is still directly related to the technique, experience, and capacity of the sculptor. Any attempt to automate the art of sculpturing is exhausted in the subtraction method of brittle materials using a rotating tool. In the process of percussion carving, there is no equivalent expertise. In this work, we present the design, manufacturing (3D printing and CNC machining), and use of a smart, percussion carving tool, either manually by the hand of a sculptor, adjusted in a percussive pneumatic hammer, or guided by a digitally driven machine. The scope is to measure and record the technological variables and sizes that describe and document the carving process through the sensors and electronic devices that the smart tool incorporates, the development and programming of which was implemented for the purposes of this work. The smart carving tool was meticulously tested in various carving stones and stressing scenarios to test the functionality and efficacy of the tool. All the tests were successfully implemented according to the specifications set.

neural network, variable step size, maximum power point tracking, incremental conductance method, Electronics, and TK7800-8360

In conventional adaptive variable step size (VSS) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, a scaling factor is utilized to determine the required perturbation step. However, the performance of the adaptive VSS MPPT algorithm is essentially decided by the choice of scaling factor. In this paper, a neural network assisted variable step size (VSS) incremental conductance (IncCond) MPPT method is proposed. The proposed method utilizes a neural network to obtain an optimal scaling factor that should be used in current irradiance level for the VSS IncCond MPPT method. Only two operating points on the characteristic curve are needed to acquire the optimal scaling factor. Hence, expensive irradiance and temperature sensors are not required. By adopting a proper scaling factor, the performance of the conventional VSS IncCond method can be improved, especially under rapid varying irradiance conditions. To validate the studied algorithm, a 400 W prototyping circuit is built and experiments are carried out accordingly. Comparing with perturb and observe (P&O), α-P&O, golden section and conventional VSS IncCond MPPT methods, the proposed method can improve the tracking loss by 95.58%, 42.51%, 93.66%, and 66.14% under EN50530 testing condition, respectively.

polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS properties, PDMS applications, microfluidics, biomedical engineering, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Medicine (General), and R5-920

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an elastomer with excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties, which makes it well-suited for several engineering applications. Due to its biocompatibility, PDMS is widely used for biomedical purposes. This widespread use has also led to the massification of the soft-lithography technique, introduced for facilitating the rapid prototyping of micro and nanostructures using elastomeric materials, most notably PDMS. This technique has allowed advances in microfluidic, electronic and biomedical fields. In this review, an overview of the properties of PDMS and some of its commonly used treatments, aiming at the suitability to those fields’ needs, are presented. Applications such as microchips in the biomedical field, replication of cardiovascular flow and medical implants are also reviewed.

additive manufacturing, 3D printing, tag, traceability, provenance, anti-counterfeiting, Technology, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Microscopy, QH201-278.5, Descriptive and experimental mechanics, and QC120-168.85

Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly evolving from “rapid prototyping” to “industrial production”. AM enables the fabrication of bespoke components with complicated geometries in the high-performance areas of aerospace, defence and biomedicine. Providing AM parts with a tagging feature that allows them to be identified like a fingerprint can be crucial for logistics, certification and anti-counterfeiting purposes. Whereas the implementation of an overarching strategy for the complete traceability of AM components downstream from designer to end user is, by nature, a cross-disciplinary task that involves legal, digital and technological issues, materials engineers are on the front line of research to understand what kind of tag is preferred for each kind of object and how existing materials and 3D printing hardware should be synergistically modified to create such tag. This review provides a critical analysis of the main requirements and properties of tagging features for authentication and identification of AM parts, of the strategies that have been put in place so far, and of the future challenges that are emerging to make these systems efficient and suitable for digitalisation. It is envisaged that this literature survey will help scientists and developers answer the challenging question: “How can we embed a tagging feature in an AM part?”.

additive manufacturing, electronic skin, Low-Force Stereolithography, room-temperature-vulcanizing, RTV, single-walled carbon nanotubes, Technology, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Microscopy, QH201-278.5, Descriptive and experimental mechanics, and QC120-168.85

The strategy of embedding conductive materials on polymeric matrices has produced functional and wearable artificial electronic skin prototypes capable of transduction signals, such as pressure, force, humidity, or temperature. However, these prototypes are expensive and cover small areas. This study proposes a more affordable manufacturing strategy for manufacturing conductive layers with 6 × 6 matrix micropatterns of RTV-2 silicone rubber and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT). A novel mold with two cavities and two different micropatterns was designed and tested as a proof-of-concept using Low-Force Stereolithography-based additive manufacturing (AM). The effect SWCNT concentrations (3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, and 5 wt.%) on the mechanical properties were characterized by quasi-static axial deformation tests, which allowed them to stretch up to ~160%. The elastomeric soft material’s hysteresis energy (Mullin’s effect) was fitted using the Ogden–Roxburgh model and the Nelder–Mead algorithm. The assessment showed that the resulting multilayer material exhibits high flexibility and high conductivity (surface resistivity ~7.97 × 104 Ω/sq) and that robust soft tooling can be used for other devices.

micromachining strategies, micro/mesoscale milling, 3D microfluidic structure, PMMA, PDMS, surface quality, Mechanical engineering and machinery, and TJ1-1570

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in exploring the potential of micro-and mesoscale milling technologies for developing cost-effective microfluidic systems with high design flexibility and a rapid microfabrication process that does not require a cleanroom. Nevertheless, the number of current studies aiming to fully understand and establish the benefits of this technique in developing high-quality microsystems with simple integrability is still limited. In the first part of this study, we define a systematic and adaptable strategy for developing high-quality poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based micromilled structures. A case study of the average surface roughness (Ra) minimization of a cuboid column is presented to better illustrate some of the developed strategies. In this example, the Ra of a cuboid column was reduced from 1.68 μm to 0.223 μm by implementing milling optimization and postprocessing steps. In the second part of this paper, new strategies for developing a 3D microsystem were introduced by using a specifically designed negative PMMA master mold for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) double-casting prototyping. The reported results in this study demonstrate the robustness of the proposed approach for developing microfluidic structures with high surface quality and structural integrability in a reasonable amount of time.

SU-8, photoresist, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), maskless photolithography, grayscale photolithography, backside exposure, Mechanical engineering and machinery, and TJ1-1570

Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) and microfluidic devices are conventionally produced using microfabrication procedures that require cleanrooms, silicon wafers, and photomasks. The prototyping stage often requires multiple iterations of design steps. A simplified prototyping process could therefore offer major advantages. Here, we describe a rapid and cleanroom-free microfabrication method using maskless photolithography. The approach utilizes a commercial digital micromirror device (DMD)-based setup using 375 nm UV light for backside exposure of an epoxy-based negative photoresist (SU-8) on glass coverslips. We show that microstructures of various geometries and dimensions, microgrooves, and microchannels of different heights can be fabricated. New SU-8 molds and soft lithography-based polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips can thus be produced within hours. We further show that backside UV exposure and grayscale photolithography allow structures of different heights or structures with height gradients to be developed using a single-step fabrication process. Using this approach: (1) digital photomasks can be designed, projected, and quickly adjusted if needed; and (2) SU-8 molds can be fabricated without cleanroom availability, which in turn (3) reduces microfabrication time and costs and (4) expedites prototyping of new OoC devices.

FDM, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, shear test, adhesion, Organic chemistry, and QD241-441

Additive Manufacturing (AM) became a popular engineering solution not only for Rapid Prototyping (RP) as a part of product development but as an effective solution for producing complex geometries as fully functional components. Even the modern engineering tools, such as the different simulation software, have a shape optimization solution especially for parts created by AM. To extend the application of these methods in this work, the failure properties of the 3D-printed parts have been investigated via shear test measurements. The layer adhesion can be calculated based on the results, which can be used later for further numerical modeling. In conclusion, it can be stated that the layer formation and the structure of the infill have a great influence on the mechanical properties. The layers formed following the conventional zig-zag infill style show a random failure, and the layers created via extruded concentric circles show more predictable load resistance.

Industry 4.0, Digital Twin, simulation modelling, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Chemistry, and QD1-999

This article presents the most valuable and applicable open-source tools and communication technologies that may be employed to create models of production processes by applying the concept of Digital Twins. In recent years, many open-source technologies, including tools and protocols, have been developed to create virtual models of production systems. The authors present the evolution and role of the Digital Twin concept as one of the key technologies for implementing the Industry 4.0 paradigm in automation and control. Based on the presented structured review of valuable open-source software dedicated to various phases and tasks that should be realised while creating the whole Digital Twin system, it was demonstrated that the available solutions cover all aspects. However, the dispersion, specialisation, and lack of integration cause this software to usually not be the first choice to implement DT. Therefore, to successfully create full-fledged models of Digital Twins by proceeding with proposed open-source solutions, it is necessary to make additional efforts due to integration requirements.

additive manufacturing, 3d printing, china, Economics as a science, and HB71-74

Additive manufacturing - or three-dimensional (3D) printing - refers to a group of technologies characterised by an accelerating maturation trend, which allow the creation of three-dimensional objects based on digital models, by sequentially applying and integrating layers of various traditional and innovative materials, from metals, polymers and ceramics, to graphene and other nanomaterials and composites. The technologies have applications in a variety of industries, from consumer goods production, automotive and aircraft parts, architecture and construction, to medical services and devices, or research and defence. Globally, the additive manufacturing market, which includes equipment, materials and 3D printing as a service, as well as their applications for prototyping and rapid manufacturing, has been valued at USD 15.4billion in 2020, with existing projections reflecting a four-fold increase to USD 61.1 billion in 2027. By the same date, China – the current 'factory of the world' – is projected to have a significant but less than one-quarter share of the global market – USD14.5 billion – against the backdrop of existing gaps difficult to narrow down.

aphasia, assistive technology, storytelling, user-centered design, graphical user interface, usability tests, Chemical technology, and TP1-1185

Aphasia is a partial or total loss of the ability to articulate ideas or comprehend spoken language, resulting from brain damage, in a person whose language skills were previously normal. Our goal was to find out how a storytelling app can help people with aphasia to communicate and share daily experiences. For this purpose, the Aphasia Create app was created for tablets, along with Aphastory for the Google Glass device. These applications facilitate social participation and enhance quality of life by using visual storytelling forms composed of photos, drawings, icons, etc., that can be saved and shared. We performed usability tests (supervised by a neuropsychologist) on six participants with aphasia who were able to communicate. Our work contributes (1) evidence that the functions implemented in the Aphasia Create tablet app suit the needs of target users, but older people are often not familiar with tactile devices, (2) reports that the Google Glass device may be problematic for persons with right-hand paresis, and (3) a characterization of the design guidelines for apps for aphasics. Both applications can be used to work with people with aphasia, and can be further developed. Aphasic centers, in which the apps were presented, expressed interest in using them to work with patients. The Aphasia Create app won the Enactus Poland National Competition in 2015.

port community system, terminal operating system, navigation safety, logistics, e-freight, IoT-based monitoring, Chemical technology, and TP1-1185

Seaports are genuine, intermodal hubs connecting seaways to inland transport links, such as roads and railways. Seaports are located at the focal point of institutional, industrial, and control activities in a jungle of interconnected information systems. System integration is setting considerable challenges when a group of independent providers are asked to implement complementary software functionalities. For this reason, seaports are the ideal playground where software is highly composite and tailored to a large variety of final users (from the so-called port communities). Although the target would be that of shaping the Port Authorities to be providers of (digital) innovation services, the state-of-the-art is still that of considering them as final users, or proxies of them. For this reason, we show how a canonical cloud, virtualizing a distributed architecture, can be structured to host different, possibly overlapped, tenants, slicing the information system at the infrastructure, platform, and software layers. Resources at the infrastructure and platform layers are shared so that a variety of independent applications can make use of the local calculus and access the data stored in a Data Lake. Such a cloud is adopted by the Port of Livorno as a rapid prototyping framework for the development and deployment of ICT innovation services. In order to demonstrate the versatility of this framework, three case studies relating to as many prototype ICT services (Navigation Safety, e-Freight, and Logistics) released within three industrial tenants are here presented and discussed.

Shape memory polyurethane, Magnesium, 3D printing, Robust bone regeneration, Tight-contact, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492, Biology (General), and QH301-705.5

Patients with bone defects suffer from a high rate of disability and deformity. Poor contact of grafts with defective bones and insufficient osteogenic activities lead to increased loose risks and unsatisfied repair efficacy. Although self-expanding scaffolds were developed to enhance bone integration, the limitations on the high transition temperature and the unsatisfied bioactivity hindered greatly their clinical application. Herein, we report a near-infrared-responsive and tight-contacting scaffold that comprises of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) as the thermal-responsive matrix and magnesium (Mg) as the photothermal and bioactive component, which fabricated by the low temperature rapid prototyping (LT-RP) 3D printing technology. As designed, due to synergistic effects of the components and the fabrication approach, the composite scaffold possesses a homogeneously porous structure, significantly improved mechanical properties and stable photothermal effects. The programmed scaffold can be heated to recover under near infrared irradiation in 60s. With 4 wt% Mg, the scaffold has the balanced shape fixity ratio of 93.6% and shape recovery ratio of 95.4%. The compressed composite scaffold could lift a 100 g weight under NIR light, which was more than 1700 times of its own weight. The results of the push-out tests and the finite element analysis (FEA) confirmed the tight-contacting ability of the SMPU/4 wt%Mg scaffold, which had a signficant enhancement compared to the scaffold without shape memory effects. Furthermore, The osteopromotive function of the scaffold has been demonstrated through a series of in vitro and in vivo studies. We envision this scaffold can be a clinically effective strategy for robust bone regeneration.

Digital signal processor, Universal motor, Speed control, Hardware architecture, PI controller, dSPACE MicroAutoBox, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), and TA1-2040

Universal motors are widely used in household appliances. When traditionally powered by AC, current harmonics are created which cause overheating of the windings and electromagnetic compatibility problems affecting the lifespan of the motor. Considering the remarkable comeback of DC power and its prospects in the electrification of homes, this paper proposes a control strategy for universal motors powered by DC using the rapid control prototyping feature offered by the dSPACE MicroAutoBox. A PI controller is designed using dominant-pole compensation method. The control strategy is simulated in Matlab/Simulink, then implemented in the MicroAutoBox via the Real-Time Interface. The simulation results are compared with those acquired by implementation through a laboratory test bench built around the MicroAutoBox and a dual full-bridge driver. The experimental results show that the designed PI controller managed to eliminate the static error and increased significantly the system dynamic performance by 26.5% in simulation and by 23.5% in practice. The robustness of the proposed control strategy against randomized load disturbances is proved by experimental tests. Furthermore, a significant improvement in power quality is reported.

Puerarin, PLGA/TCP, Angiogenesis, Osteogenesis, Drug/device combination implant, Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, and RC925-935

Objectives: Large bone defect repair is a challenging clinical problem due to limited self-repair ability. A well-designed bone filling product should possess the ability to induce tissue in-growth and facilitate neovascularization and new bone formation. Puerarin has been used in clinics for a long time, and recently it was found to be able to promote osteogenesis. This study aimed to investigate a puerarin-based drug/delivery combination implant for promoting large bone defect repair. Methods: Puerarin was incorporated into the poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-calcium phosphate (PLGA/TCP, PT) to form a porous PLGA/TCP/Puerarin (PTP) composite scaffold by low-temperature rapid prototyping technology. Its structural and degradation were analyzed in vitro. Then we employed a rat calvarial critical size defect model to assess the potency of the PTP scaffold. MC3T3-E1 cells and EA. hy 926 ​cells were used to investigate the underlying mechanism. Results: PTP scaffold inherited all advantages of PT scaffold in structural, mechanical, and biodegradation, meanwhile puerarin stably and continuously released from PTP scaffold and lasted for 5 months in vitro. At 8 weeks after implantation, the PTP scaffold triggered new bone formation in the macro-pores of the scaffold and inside the scaffold accompanied by the degrading materials. The underlying mechanism revealed that the PTP scaffold induced vascular infiltration and recruit repair cells through stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) expressions to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Conclusion: Puerarin-enriched porous PTP scaffold was a promising local delivery system with sustained release of puerarin for facilitating defect repair through getting synergistic angiogenic and osteogenic effects. The Translational Potential of this Article: The PTP scaffold presents a potential drug/device combination medical implant for large bone defect repair, which also provides a new and innovative application for the “old drug” puerarin.

Graphene, Metamaterial, Metasurface, Antennas, Absorbers, Sensors, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, and TA401-492

Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) operating in mid-infrared up to terahertz (THz) frequencies have been traditionally manufactured on expensive metals such as gold, silver, etc. However, such metals have poor surface confinement that limits the optical applications of SPPs. The invention of graphene is a breakthrough in plasmon-based devices in terms of design, fabrication and applications, thanks to its plasmonic wave distribution, low-cost prototyping and its inherent reconfigurability. In addition, recent advancements in plasmon-based metamaterials and metasurfaces led to the elimination of the past constraints on regular optical devices, opening a new door in THz devices and applications. This paper provides an operational perspective of the advanced graphene-based electromagnetic devices, with a focus on graphene enabled antennas, absorbers and sensors, analyzing the strengths and limitations of various design methodologies.

cell-free expression, linear expression template, nuclease inhibition, genetic circuits, rapid prototyping, DNA aptamers, Biotechnology, and TP248.13-248.65

ocean technology, current energy, ocean energy, tidal energy, tidal power, renewable energy, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, and QH1-199.5

The global energy consumption has been on the rise since the last industrial revolution and continues to be. So far the demand could be satisfied by a mixture of conventional and renewable energies. With the global effort to eliminate conventional energies to stop the anthropological climate change, the demand for reliable and predictable renewable energies is growing. Under these circumstances, more attention is drawn towards the development of non-intermittent ocean energy systems. Apart from waves, thermal and salinity gradients, currents are an abundant and reliable ocean energy source. Inspired by state-of-the-art technology, a unique system for current energy, the Current Kite, is presented in the following paper. This tethered undersea kite (TUSK) consist of a wing to which a turbine is attached. The wing drags the turbine through the water in a certain trajectory, sweeping a large area at a relative speed that is several times the actual speed of the underwater current. In the following paper we present the general setup and design of our first and second prototype. The first prototype was build as a prove of concept. It was equipped with active steering and several on board sensors. With the second prototype the aim was to build a more sophisticated system, which would make the active steering redundant and use more efficient, circular flight paths. A wing which would adjust itself in the current and follow the predefined circular path, was designed using numerical simulations. To achieve this circular flight movement without twisting the electrical cable, a swivel and a stress reducer were designed and built to connect the TUSK as well as transfer electrical power to land. In addition the tracking-system was redesigned, communicating by modulation over the power line. This provides a fully autonomous ocean current power plant, which communicates in real time data and has a promising outlook in efficiency, regarding to the state of art. Due to Covid-19 regulations it was not possible to test the prototype. Therefore the paper mainly focuses on the design and construction process, up to the production of the TUSK.

Microfluidic device, 3D printing, On-Chip printing, Biocompatibility, Electronics, TK7800-8360, Technology (General), and T1-995

Biomedical in vitro sensors use cell cultures grown on sensor chips for drug testing, toxicological screening, studying pathologic processes in tissue and for personalized medicine. Microfluidic systems and chips bridge the gap of the biological micro world to our accessible macro world, creating the interface between e.g., cells on a chip to reservoirs and pumps. Prototype and low volume lab scale microfluidic devices have traditionally been realized by soft lithography using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) technology. Recently, rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices using direct 3D printing has become widely available. Usually, the 3D printed parts are (i) either stand-alone systems requiring only fluidic connections, or (ii) they need to be carefully aligned and skilfully attached to the rigid micro fabricated chip. This post-fabrication attachment is time-consuming and a frequent source of error. In this work the fabrication of the microchip and the microfluidic system have been integrated into a multi technology fabrication process. For the first time we demonstrate the “on-chip 3D printing” of a microfluidic attachment directly onto an in-house fabricated multi electrode array chip. The process uses a desktop-sized LCD resin printer and eliminates the time-consuming post-deposition alignment and attachment. Biocompatibility of the used resin was confirmed for murine fibroblasts and validates this multi technology approach for biomedical cell chips.

printing, electrospinning, polymer, lens, graphene, sensor, Organic chemistry, and QD241-441

Ultraviolet (UV) is widely used in daily life as well as in industrial manufacturing. In this study, a single-step postprocess to improve the sensitivity of a graphene-based UV sensor is studied. We leverage the advantage of electric-field-assisted on-demand printing, which is simply applicable for mounting functional polymers onto various structures. Here, the facile printing process creates optical plano-convex geometry by accelerating and colliding a highly viscous droplet on a micropatterned graphene channel. The printed transparent lens refracts UV rays. The concentrated UV photon energy from a wide field of view enhances the photodesorption of electron-hole pairs between the lens and the graphene sensor channel, which is coupled with a large change in resistance. As a result, the one-step post-treatment has about a 4× higher sensitivity compared to bare sensors without the lenses. We verify the applicability of printing and the boosting mechanism by variation of lens dimensions, a series of UV exposure tests, and optical simulation. Moreover, the method contributes to UV sensing in acute angle or low irradiation. In addition, the catalytic lens provides about a 9× higher recovery rate, where water molecules inside the PEI lens deliver fast reassembly of the electron-hole pairs. The presented method with an ultimately simple fabrication step is expected to be applied to academic research and prototyping, including optoelectronic sensors, energy devices, and advanced manufacturing processes.

Drones, CFD, MDO, Aircraft design, Open source, PSO, Computer engineering. Computer hardware, TK7885-7895, Electronic computers. Computer science, and QA75.5-76.95

Hybrid configurations in aircraft design are highly favorable as they can achieve the appropriate trade-offs required to develop a generalized unmanned aerial system (UAS). Rapid prototyping of such systems at the student level is challenging because commercial software is expensive and difficult to interlink with other tools for creating a multi-disciplinary design. We address this challenge by conceptualizing an aircraft design framework made entirely of open-source software, libraries, and in-house code. We then use this framework to design an all-electric unmanned aerial system with transitioning Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) and Fixed-Wing (FW) modes. The UAV is capable of long-range surveillance up to 100 Kilometers and carrying a maximum relief payload of 1 kg while operating in an ad-hoc wi-fi network with a swarm of similar UAVs. A low fidelity particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and a comprehensive propulsion architecture is also incorporated and validated against commercial software. To validate the design, a prototype is fabricated from glass-fiber and XPS foam, integrated with appropriate sensors and tuned using ArduPilot software. The results show that low-fidelity design is a safe starting point for prototyping under constrained timelines. The study is concluded by discussing the technical challenges of using free software, and some practical considerations while flight testing a UAV with a hybrid configuration.

adaptive management, decision analysis, endangered species, marsh birds, structured decision making, value of information, Ecology, QH540-549.5, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, and QH1-199.5

Abstract Natural resource management decisions are often made in the face of uncertainty. The question for the decision maker is whether the uncertainty is an impediment to the decision and, if so, whether it is worth reducing uncertainty before or while implementing actions. Value of information (VoI) methods are decision analytical tools to evaluate the benefit to the decision maker of resolving uncertainty. These methods, however, require quantitative predictions of the outcomes as a function of management alternatives and uncertainty, in which predictions which may not be available at early stages of decision prototyping. Here we describe the first participatory application of a new qualitative approach to VoI in an adaptive management workshop for Atlantic Coast eastern black rail populations. The eastern black rail is a small, cryptic marsh bird that was recently listed as federally threatened, with extremely little demographic data available. Workshop participants developed conceptual models and nine hypotheses related to the effects of habitat management alternatives on black rail demography. Here, we describe the qualitative VoI framework, how it was implemented in the workshop, and the analysis outcomes, and describe the benefits of qualitative VoI in the context of adaptive management and co‐production of conservation science.

active collision avoidance system, driving intention inference, deep neural network, dropout regularization, electric vehicles, Electronics, and TK7800-8360

Driving intention, which can assist drivers to avoid dangerous emergence for the advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS), can be hardly described accurately for complex traffic environments. At present, driving intention can be mainly obtained by deep neural networks with neuromuscular dynamics and electromyography (EMG) signals of drivers. This method needs numerous drivers’ signals and neural networks with a complex structure. This paper proposes a driving intention direct inference method, namely direct inference from the road surface condition. A driving intention safety distance model based on a deep neural network with dropout regularization was built in an active collision avoidance control system of electric vehicles. Driving intention can be inferred by a deep neural network with dropout regularization from adhesion coefficients between the tire and road. Simulations using rapid control prototyping (RCP) and a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulator were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed driving intention safety distance model based on a deep neural network with dropout regularization. The proposed driving intention safety distance model can guarantee the safe driving of electric vehicles.

integer square root, non-restoring algorithm, FPGA design, pipelined data processing, Electronics, and TK7800-8360

The development of digital technologies is in many ways associated with an improvement of integrated technologies, microelectronic components, and the capabilities of hardware acceleration of the most computationally complex operations. Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are actively used for prototyping or the small-scale production of special purpose digital signal processing (DSP) devices. The implementation of DSP algorithms is variative in nature and affects important indicators of a produced device, such as the accuracy of the numerical solution, performance, structural/functional complexity, etc. The architectural features of the FPGA can be used for choosing an effective DSP algorithm in the form of solving the multicriteria discrete optimization problem. This paper analyzes and selects an effective algorithm for calculating the integer square root, which is one of the most frequently used digital signal processing operations. A behavioral model based on a non-restoring algorithm is presented. The SystemVerilog description of the module for calculating the square root, presented in the form of a universal configurable IP core, has been developed and synthesized. The configuration allows one to change the width of the input data bus and select the serial or parallel processing mode for scalar or vector data. The results of testing and comparison of the obtained characteristics with the corresponding Xilinx Cordic IP core are presented. The field test of the proposed IP core implemented in the Xilinx FPGA SOC xc7z045ffg900-2 has demonstrated the gain in the maximum system frequency at 174 MHz in the sequential mode with a 48-bit input bus and 169 MHz in the pipelined mode at a reduction of both the structural complexity and the number of used FPGA internal resources in comparison with the Xilinx Cordic IP core.

tube hydroforming, y-shaped joint, tubular metal forming, counter punch force, Mechanical engineering and machinery, TJ1-1570, Physics, and QC1-999

The design capability, strength, and structural rigidity provided by tube hydroforming (THF) are successfully used in many applications to produce high-strength parts and assemblies with improved mechanical properties, optimized service life, and weight features. In tubular metal forming, output parameters such as branch height, distribution of tube wall material thickness, distribution of damage factor, metal flow, effective stress, and effective strain significantly affect the quality of the product after the forming process. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the manufacturing quality of Y-shape joints from AISI304 material steel tube through output parameters of THF process with and without counter punch force on numerical simulation base. The Finite Element Method (FEM) has become an established feature of metal forming technology. The objective of FEM is to replace costly and elaborate experimental testing with fast, low-cost computer simulation. The simulation study uses finite element method-based virtual prototyping techniques to characterize output parameters, gain insight into strain mechanics, and predict mechanical properties of shaped components. The research results are presented clearly and unambiguously through the evaluation of 7 criteria to compare the quality of the specimens hydroformed by two surveyed cases and optimize the crucial input process parameters. And these data can be applied in experiments, more efficient product and process design, calculation, and control of input parameters avoiding costly trial and error in industrial production. The findings can help technologists optimize process parameters in the hydroforming process of products with protrusion from a tubular blank

conducting polymer, tissue engineering, conventional method, rapid prototyping, electrospinning, 3D printing, Biotechnology, and TP248.13-248.65

Conductive scaffolds, defined as scaffold systems capable of carrying electric current, have been extensively researched for tissue engineering applications. Conducting polymers (CPs) as components of conductive scaffolds was introduced to improve morphology or cell attachment, conductivity, tissue growth, and healing rate, all of which are beneficial for cardiac, muscle, nerve, and bone tissue management. Conductive scaffolds have become an alternative for tissue replacement, and repair, as well as to compensate for the global organ shortage for transplantation. Previous researchers have presented a wide range of fabrication methods for conductive scaffolds. This review highlights the most recent advances in developing conductive scaffolds, with the aim to trigger more theoretical and experimental work to address the challenges and prospects of these new fabrication techniques in medical sciences.

3D bioprinting, bioinks, scaffolds, biological materials, tissue repair and regeneration, and Technology

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has emerged as a revolutionary manufacturing strategy that could realize rapid prototyping and customization. It has revolutionized the manufacturing process in the fields of electronics, energy, bioengineering and sensing. Based on digital model files, powdered metal, plastic and other materials were used to construct the required objects by printing layer by layer. In addition, 3D printing possesses remarkable advantages in realizing controllable compositions and complex structures, which could further produce 3D objects with anisotropic functions. In recent years, 3D bioprinting technology has been applied to manufacture functional tissue engineering scaffolds with its ability to assemble complicated construction under precise control, which has attracted great attention. Bioprinting creates 3D scaffolds by depositing and assembling biological and/or non-biological materials with an established tissue. Compared with traditional technology, it can create a structure tailored to the patient according to the medical images. This conception of 3D bioprinting draws on 3D printing technology, which could be utilized to produce personalized implants, thereby opening up a new way for bio-manufacturing methods. As a promising tool, 3D bioprinting can create complex and delicate biomimetic 3D structures, simulating extracellular matrix and preparing high precision multifunctional scaffolds with uniform cell distribution for tissue repair and regeneration. It can also be flexibly combined with other technologies such as electrospinning and thermally induced phase separation, suitable for tissue repair and regeneration. This article reviews the relevant research and progress of 3D bioprinting in tissue repair and regeneration in recent years. Firstly, we will introduce the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of biological scaffolds prepared by 3D bioprinting from several aspects. Secondly, the significant effects of 3D bioprinting on nerves, skin, blood vessels, bones and cartilage injury and regeneration are further expounded. Finally, some views on the clinical challenges and future opportunities of 3D bioprinting are put forward.

simulator, neural population, population density, software, Python, dynamical systems, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, and RC321-571

Population density techniques can be used to simulate the behavior of a population of neurons which adhere to a common underlying neuron model. They have previously been used for analyzing models of orientation tuning and decision making tasks. They produce a fully deterministic solution to neural simulations which often involve a non-deterministic or noise component. Until now, numerical population density techniques have been limited to only one- and two-dimensional models. For the first time, we demonstrate a method to take an N-dimensional underlying neuron model and simulate the behavior of a population. The technique enables so-called graceful degradation of the dynamics allowing a balance between accuracy and simulation speed while maintaining important behavioral features such as rate curves and bifurcations. It is an extension of the numerical population density technique implemented in the MIIND software framework that simulates networks of populations of neurons. Here, we describe the extension to N dimensions and simulate populations of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons with excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances then demonstrate the effect of degrading the accuracy on the solution. We also simulate two separate populations in an E-I configuration to demonstrate the technique's ability to capture complex behaviors of interacting populations. Finally, we simulate a population of four-dimensional Hodgkin-Huxley neurons under the influence of noise. Though the MIIND software has been used only for neural modeling up to this point, the technique can be used to simulate the behavior of a population of agents adhering to any system of ordinary differential equations under the influence of shot noise. MIIND has been modified to render a visualization of any three of an N-dimensional state space of a population which encourages fast model prototyping and debugging and could prove a useful educational tool for understanding dynamical systems.

Amphibious robot, Kinematic modeling, Virtual prototype, ADAMS, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), and TA1-2040

The amphibious robot, which has the capability of multi-mode motion, can maneuver diverse environments with high mobility and adaptability. These are employed in the area of reconnaissance, search and rescue operations, and monitoring. The existing amphibious robots have lower maneuverability over the crawling period on uneven and slope surfaces on the land. In this paper, a kinematic model of the amphibious robot based on virtual prototyping is designed for multi-mode locomotion. ADAMS (Automated dynamic analysis of mechanical systems) is a multi-body dynamic solver adopted to build the simulation model for the robot. The novel amphibious robot employs a Rockerbogie mechanism equipped with wheel paddles. The locomotion analysis on land involves straight-going and obstacle negotiation, which is simulated using ADAMS. The simulation analysis result demonstrates increased maneuverability, achieving a robot's velocity of 1.6 m/s. Normal forces on the front and rear wheels show equal load distribution, contributing more to the robot’s equilibrium over uneven terrain. The simulation result reflects the accurate kinematic characteristics of the amphibious robot and provides a theoretical basis for developing an algorithm for robot motion control and optimization. Further, this research will concentrate on the kinematic simulation maneuvering in water mode with the wheel paddle. ABSTRAK: Robot amfibia yang memiliki berbilang mod pergerakan, dapat bergerak dalam persekitaran berbeza dengan ketinggian mobiliti dan adaptasi. Kebolehan ini dapat digunakan dalam kawasan pengintipan, operasi pencarian dan menyelamat, dan peninjauan. Robot amfibia sedia ada mempunyai kurang kebolehgerakan sepanjang tempoh merangkak pada permukaan cerun dan permukaan tidak rata pada tanah. Dalam kajian ini, model kinematik robot amfibia berdasarkan prototaip maya dibentuk berdasarkan gerak alih pelbagai mod. Sistem Mekanikal Analisis Dinamik Automatik (ADAMS) adalah penyelesai dinamik berbilang badan telah diadaptasi bagi membina model simulasi robot. Robot amfibia baru dicipta berdasarkan mekanisme Rockerbogie beserta padel tayar. Analisis gerak alih atas tanah ini termasuk gerakan-lurus dan rundingan halangan, disimulasi menggunakan ADAMS. Dapatan simulasi kajian menunjukkan peningkatan kebolehgerakan, mencapai halaju robot sehingga 1.6 m/s. Daya tujahan normal pada depan dan belakang tayar menunjukkan keseimbangan agihan beban, menyumbang lebih kepada keseimbangan robot ke atas permukaan yang tidak rata. Dapatan kajian dari simulasi menunjukkan ciri-ciri kinematik yang tepat pada robot amfibia dan menyediakan teori asas bagi membangunkan algoritma kawalan pergerakan dan pengoptimuman. Seterusnya, kajian ini mengfokuskan simulasi gerakan kinematik dalam mod air beserta padel tayar.

flash sintering (FS), oxygen vacancies, defect engineering, ZnO powders, electric discharge, Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass, and TP785-869

Abstract In this study, we reported that flash sintering (FS) could be efficiently triggered at room temperature (25 °C) by manipulating the oxygen concentration within ZnO powders via a versatile defect engineering strategy, fully demonstrating a promising method for the repaid prototyping of ceramics. With a low concentration of oxygen defects, FS was only activated at a high onset electric field of ∼2.7 kV/cm, while arcs appearing on the surfaces of samples. Strikingly, the onset electric field was decreased to < 0.51 kV/cm for the activation of FS initiated, which was associated with increased oxygen concentrations coupled with increased electrical conductivity. Thereby, a general room-temperature FS strategy by introducing intrinsic structural defect is suggested for a broad range of ceramics that are prone to form high concentration of point defects.

fused deposition modeling (FDM), fused filament fabrication (FFF), polylactic acid (PLA) filament, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament, nondestructive testing (NDT), 3D printing, Technology, and Science

In this review, the potential failures and flaws associated with fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology are highlighted. The focus of this article is on presenting the failures and flaws that are caused by the operational standpoints and which are based on the many years of experience with current and emerging materials and equipment for the 3D printing of polymers and composites using the FDM/FFF method. FDM or FFF 3D printing, which is also known as an additive manufacturing (AM) technique, is a material processing and fabrication method where the raw material, usually in the form of filaments, is added layer-by-layer to create a three-dimensional part from a computer designed model. As expected, there are many advantages in terms of material usage, fabrication time, the complexity of the part, and the ease of use in FDM/FFF, which are extensively discussed in many articles. However, to upgrade the application of this technology from public general usage and prototyping to large-scale production use, as well as to be certain about the integrity of the parts even in a prototype, the quality and structural properties of the products become a big concern. This study provides discussions and insights into the potential factors that can cause the failure of 3D printers when producing a part and presents the type and characteristics of potential flaws that can happen in the produced parts. Common defects posed by FDM printing have been discussed, and common nondestructive detection methods to identify these flaws both in-process and after the process is completed are discussed. The discussions on the failures and flaws in machines provides useful information on troubleshooting the process if they happen, and the review on the failures and flaws in parts helps researchers and operators learn about the causes and effects of the flaws in a practical way.

learning material, islamic context, conceptual understanding, validation, Mathematics, and QA1-939

This research was conducted to develop and produce Islamic context-based mathematic learning material. The presentation of Islamic context for pre-service mathematics teachers was intended to facilitate conceptual understanding. This learning material contains rank and root, ratio and scale, and material for flat shapes and spatial shapes. The material is included in the Mathematics Materials Study course for Junior Secondary Education in the Mathematics Teacher Education program. The method in this study uses design research with the type of development study with a qualitative approach. The research phases include the preliminary research phase, the development or prototyping phase, and the assessment phase. The data were collected by filling out a learning material scoring scale by Education and Language expert and an Islamic Study expert. The quality criteria for learning material have valid results if the experts score it with excellent and valid categories. Thus, they do not need significant revision. Based on the research results, the quality of Islamic context-based mathematics learning material is classified into valid criteria at a percentage of 84% according to Mathematics Education experts and a percentage of 83.3% according to Education and Language experts and classified as an excellent category at a percentage of 94% according to Islamic Study expert. Based on these results, the product of Islamic contextual mathematics teaching materials is suitable for use in mathematics lectures.

carbon black, reaction-bonded silicon carbide, free silicon, Technology, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Microscopy, QH201-278.5, Descriptive and experimental mechanics, and QC120-168.85

Reaction-bonded silicon carbide (RBSC) has become an important structural ceramic with the benefit of being capable of preparing complex-shaped products. In order to fabricate high-performance RBSC, particle gradation of raw SiC combined with slip casting was used to prepare the porous preform before liquid silicon infiltration (LSI). The microstructural and mechanical properties of RBSC were compared by adding different amounts of carbon black (CB) content from 4 wt% to 10 wt%. Two pore structures with submicron and nano pores formed in the preform. As the amounts of carbon black increased, the mechanical properties improved and then suddenly weakened due to residual silicon initiating a nonuniform microstructure. The elastic modulus of the preform with 8 wt%CB after LSI was 389 ± 4 GPa and the flexural strength was 340 ± 17 MPa, which improved by about 150% compared to other rapid prototyping methods and has attractive application prospects.

mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, dynatraq, alignment, tubes., Medical technology, and R855-855.5

Mauricio Orozco-Levi,1– 3 Carlos Reyes,4 Neikel Quintero,1 Diana Tiga-Loza,1– 3 Mabel Reyes,1– 3 Sandra Sanabria,5 Camilo Pizarro,4 Juan De Hoyos,5 Norma Serrano,6 Victor Castillo,5,7 Alba Ramírez-Sarmiento1– 3,6 1Respiratory Department, Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia; 2Group of Research in Muscle, Training and Lung Diseases (EMICON), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MINCIENCIAS), Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia; 3Department of Medicine, and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia; 4Department of Critical Care, Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia; 5Bioengineering Research Group, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia; 6Research Center, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia; 7CEO, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, ColombiaCorrespondence: Mauricio Orozco-Levi, Respiratory Department, Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Calle 155A no. 23-58, El Bosque, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia, Tel +57 3175741421, Email mauricioorozco@fcv.orgIntroduction: Tracheostomy is one of the most common surgical strategies in intensive care units (ICU) and provides relevant clinical benefit for multiple indications. However, the complications associated with its use range from 5 to 40% according to different series. The risk of these complications could be reduced if fixation strategies and alignment of the tracheostomy tube with respect to the tracheal axis are improved.Aim: To build a functional device of technological innovation in respiratory medicine for the fixation and alignment of tracheostomy cannula (acronym DYNAtraq) and to evaluate its feasibility and safety in a pilot study in mechanically ventilated patients.Methods: Study carried out in four phases: (1) design engineering and functional prototyping of the device; (2) study of cytotoxicity and tolerance to the force of traction and push; (3) pilot study of feasibility and safety of its use in tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated patients; and (4) health workers satisfaction study.Results: The design of the innovative DYNAtraq device included, on the one hand, a connector with very little additional dead space to be inserted between the cannula and the ventilation tubes, and, on the other hand, a shaft with two supports for adhesion to the skin of the thorax with very high tolerance (several kilograms) to pull and push. In patients, the device corrected the malpositioned tracheostomy tubes for the latero-lateral (p < 0.001) and cephalo-caudal angles (p < 0.001). Its effect was maintained throughout the follow-up time (p < 0.001). The use of DYNAtraq did not induce serious adverse events and showed a 70% protective effect for complications (RR = 0.3, p < 0.001) in patients.Conclusion: DYNAtraq is a new device for respiratory medicine that allows the stabilization, alignment and fixation of tracheostomy tubes in mechanically ventilated patients. Its use provides additional benefits to traditional forms of support as it corrects misalignment and increases tolerance to habitual or forced movements. DYNAtraq is a safe element and can reduce the complications of tracheostomy tubes.Keywords: mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, DYNAtraq, alignment, tubes

autotransplantation of teeth, computer-aided rapid prototyping, virtual simulation, 3-dimensional printing, Medicine (General), and R5-920

The use of computer-aided rapid prototyping (CARP) models was considered to reduce surgical trauma and improve outcomes when autotransplantation of teeth (ATT) became a viable alternative for dental rehabilitation. However, ATT is considered technique-sensitive due to its series of complicated surgical procedures and unfavorable outcomes in complex cases. This study reported a novel autotransplantation technique of a 28-year-old patient with an unrestorable lower first molar (#36) with double roots. Regardless of a large shape deviation, a lower third molar (#38) with a completely single root formation was used as the donor tooth. ATT was performed with a combined use of virtual simulation, CARP model-based rehearsed surgery, and tooth replica-guided surgery. A 3D virtual model of the donor and recipient site was generated from cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) radiographs prior to surgery for direct virtual superimposition simulation and CARP model fabrication. The virtual simulation indicated that it was necessary to retain cervical alveolar bone during the surgical socket preparation, and an intensive surgical rehearsal was performed on the CARP models. The donor tooth replica was used during the procedure to guide precise socket preparation and avoid periodontal ligament injury. Without an additional fitting trial and extra-alveolar storage, the donor tooth settled naturally into the recipient socket within 30 s. The transplanted tooth showed excellent stability and received routine root canal treatment three weeks post-surgery, and the one-year follow-up examination verified the PDL healing outcome and normal functioning. Patient was satisfied with the transplanted tooth. This cutting-edge technology combines virtual simulation, digital surgery planning, and guided surgery implementation to ensure predictable and minimally invasive therapy in complex cases.

dual-phase steels, RAP approach, martensite morphology, heating rate, hot rolled microstructure, TNR temperature, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, and TN1-997

Microstructural morphology is known to have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of dual-phase steels. A fine ferrite grain size and random distribution of small second phase islands are desirable to provide superior isotropic properties compared to the banded second phase distribution that is typical for this type of steel. A rapid alloy prototyping (RAP) facility has been used to investigate three different DP 800 variants by systematically varying the compositions and/or process parameters compared to the ‘standard’ DP800 composition and processing that gives a banded microstructure. For Variant 1, the heating rate during the annealing cycle after cold rolling varied between 0.65 and 30 °C/s for the 45%, 60% and 75% cold reduction samples. It was found that a cold reduction of 75% and heating rate of 15 °C/s resulted in the microstructure that can give the best combination of strength and ductility because of the fine grain size and high martensite volume fraction. For Variant 2, the effect of changing the hot rolled (HR) microstructure (ferrite–pearlite, ferrite–bainite or martensite) on the final microstructure was investigated. Both the ferrite–50% bainite and fully martensite/bainite HR materials for all cold reductions resulted in annealed microstructures with necklace martensite morphology and finer ferrite grains compared to the ferrite–pearlite HR material, which gave a typical banded ferrite–martensite microstructure with a coarser ferrite grain size. For Variant 3, the Mn content was reduced, and increased Nb was used to achieve higher pancaking during the hot rolling stage, which refined ferrite grains in the HR condition with the same hardness. After annealing with the standard parameters only the 45% cold-reduced material produced a finer ferrite grain size than the standard material, whereas the 60% and 75% cold-reduced samples required a higher heating rate to achieve finer ferrite grain sizes due to rapid recrystallisation and growth kinetics.

bio-carbon content, polyester polyols, thermoplastic polyurethanes, prototyping, Organic chemistry, and QD241-441

To realize the commercialization of sustainable materials, new polymers must be generated and systematically evaluated for material characteristics and end-of-life treatment. Polyester polyols made from renewable monomers have found limited adoption in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) applications, and their broad adoption in manufacturing may be possible with a more detailed understanding of their structure and properties. To this end, we prepared a series of bio-based crystalline and amorphous polyester polyols utilizing azelaic acid and varying branched or non-branched diols. The prepared polyols showed viscosities in the range of 504–781 cP at 70 °C, with resulting TPUs that displayed excellent thermal and mechanical properties. TPUs prepared from crystalline azelate polyester polyol exhibited excellent mechanical properties compared to TPUs prepared from amorphous polyols. These were used to demonstrate prototype products, such as watch bands and cup-shaped forms. Importantly, the prepared TPUs had up to 85% bio-carbon content. Studies such as these will be important for the development of renewable materials that display mechanical properties suitable for commercially viable, sustainable products.

plasmonics, engineering education, meta-material, optical constants, electromagnetic modeling, nanoparticles, Chemistry, and QD1-999

Recent advances in nanoscale fabrication and characterization further accelerated research on photonics and plasmonics, which has already attracted long-standing interest. Alongside morphological constraints, phenomena in both fields highly depend on the materials’ optical properties, dimensions, and surroundings. Building up the required knowledge and experience to design next-generation photonic devices can be a complex task for novice and experienced researchers who intend to evaluate the impact of subtle material and morphology variations while setting up experiments or getting a general overview. Here, we introduce the Photonic Materials Cloud (PMCloud), a web-based, interactive open tool for designing and analyzing photonic materials. PMCloud allows identification of the subtle differences between optical material models generated from a database, experimental data input, and inline-generated materials from various analytical models. Furthermore, it provides a fully interactive interface to evaluate their performance in important fundamental (numerical) optical experiments. We demonstrate PMCloud’s applicability to state-of-the-art research questions, namely the comparison of the novel plasmonic materials aluminium-doped zinc oxide and zirconium nitride and the design of an optical, dielectric thin-film Bragg reflector. PMCloud opens a rapid, freely accessible path towards prototyping optical materials and simple fundamental devices and may serve as an educational platform for photonic materials research.

microcontrollers, data acquisition, variable speed drives, optical sensors, signal processing algorithms, Chemical technology, and TP1-1185

Precise motor control requires high accuracy of the rotor position through the incremental encoder. The speed and accuracy of the acquisition equipment (microcontroller) play an important element in terms of cost and efficiency. In this paper, the author presents alternative methods for speed acquisition from an incremental encoder. In the first stage of research, the main performances of the STM32 microcontroller, connected with an incremental encoder, will be analyzed and compared with two different acquisition systems, i.e., ELVIS II and a Unidrive M701 power inverter. Using the LabVIEW graphical programming language, a user-friendly, convenient, and flexible human–machine interface is designed. Due to the advantages provided by the STM32 microcontroller in terms of processing power, cost, and programming interface, the obtained results are accurate and consistent. Through experimental testing and analysis, the speed acquisition is stable for both developed software algorithms used for ELVIS II and STM32 platforms. It is the aim of the paper to propose a useful speed acquisition tool in low-cost, high-accuracy prototyping applications.

ROS, 3D Slicer, image-guided therapy, robotics, software, prototyping, Chemical technology, and TP1-1185

Developing image-guided robotic systems requires access to flexible, open-source software. For image guidance, the open-source medical imaging platform 3D Slicer is one of the most adopted tools that can be used for research and prototyping. Similarly, for robotics, the open-source middleware suite robot operating system (ROS) is the standard development framework. In the past, there have been several “ad hoc” attempts made to bridge both tools; however, they are all reliant on middleware and custom interfaces. Additionally, none of these attempts have been successful in bridging access to the full suite of tools provided by ROS or 3D Slicer. Therefore, in this paper, we present the SlicerROS2 module, which was designed for the direct use of ROS2 packages and libraries within 3D Slicer. The module was developed to enable real-time visualization of robots, accommodate different robot configurations, and facilitate data transfer in both directions (between ROS and Slicer). We demonstrate the system on multiple robots with different configurations, evaluate the system performance and discuss an image-guided robotic intervention that can be prototyped with this module. This module can serve as a starting point for clinical system development that reduces the need for custom interfaces and time-intensive platform setup.

precision agriculture, UGV, tractor, sensors, unmanned vehicles, Environmental effects of industries and plants, TD194-195, Renewable energy sources, TJ807-830, Environmental sciences, and GE1-350

In this study, a comprehensive overview of the available autonomous ground platforms developed by universities and research groups that were specifically designed to handle agricultural tasks was performed. As cost reduction and safety improvements are two of the most critical aspects for farmers, the development of autonomous vehicles can be of major interest, especially for those applications that are lacking in terms of mechanization improvements. This review aimed to provide a literature evaluation of present and historical research contributions toward designing and prototyping agricultural ground unmanned vehicles. The review was motivated by the intent to disseminate to the scientific community the main features of the autonomous tractor named BOPS-1960, which was conceived in the 1960s at the Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (UNIBO). Jointly, the main characteristics of the modern DEDALO unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) for orchard and vineyard operations that was designed recently were evaluated. The basic principles, technology and sensors used in the two UNIBO prototypes are described in detail, together with an analysis of UGVs for agriculture conceived in recent years by research centers all around the world.

nanoparticles, self-assembly, printing technology, patterned structure, functional devices, Science (General), and Q1-390

Functional nanoparticles (NPs) with unique photoelectric, mechanical, magnetic, and chemical properties have attracted considerable attention. Aggregated NPs rather than individual NPs are generally required for sensing, electronics, and catalysis. However, the transformation of functional NP aggregates into scalable, controllable, and affordable functional devices remains challenging. Printing is a promising additive manufacturing technology for fabricating devices from NP building blocks because of its capabilities for rapid prototyping and versatile multifunctional manufacturing. This paper reviews recent advances in NP patterning based on the combination of self-assembly and printing technologies (including two-, three-, and four-dimensional printing), introduces the basic characteristics of these methods, and discusses various fields of NP patterning applications. Public summary: • Nanoparticles (NPs) printing assembly is a good solution for patterned devices • NPs assembly can be combined with 2D, 3D, and 4D printing technologies • A variety of ink-dispersed NPs are available for printing assembly • NPs printing assembly technology is applied for nanosensing, energy storage, photodetector

pedagogical prototyping, living labs, immersive education, nature-based solutions, circular bioeconomy, Architecture, and NA1-9428

Emerging designers and makers of the built environment have an outstanding responsibility and potential to mitigate and adapt to global climate change, environmental pollution, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion. This paper overviews how the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia – Valldaura Labs (VL) educates incipient practitioners in interdisciplinary strategies for unifying the constructed and natural worlds through pedagogical prototyping and learning by living. VL is a living lab sited 10 km from Barcelona’s centre in the Collserola Natural Park, hosting the immersive Master in Advanced Ecological Buildings & Biocities (MAEBB), which culminates in the annual autonomous design and fabrication of a self-sufficient building. The methods and projects of VL provide best practices of reference for realising holistically integrated ecological and technological landscapes.

3d printing, Additive manufacturing, Rapid prototyping, Surgery, Craniofacial, Maxillofacial, Medical technology, and R855-855.5

This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the published literature for three-dimensional printing (3DP) in cranio- and maxillofacial surgery applications utilizing either external laboratories (outsourced) or point-of-care (POC) fabrication facilities. Four digital databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were systematically reviewed between January 2018 and December 2020. The review focused on the type of printed objects, the clinical indications, surgical outcome, time, cost, 3DP materials, and technologies used. Among the 2269 retrieved studies, 75 met the inclusion criteria. The studies that stated POC and outsourced production methods were 34.67% (n = 26) and 12% (n = 9). A large proportion of studies (54.67%, n = 41) did not specify the printing location. 3DP was used for surgeries of the entire craniomaxillofacial region, most specifically in mandibular reconstructions and orthognathic surgeries applications. Customized implants and osteosynthesis plates were exclusively printed in titanium using Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) 3DP technology. For surgical guides, models, and molds, Material Jetting, Material Extrusion, and Vat Photopolymerization, using either thermoplastic or photopolymeric resin materials were used. Medical 3DP is an assisting tool to plan, prepare, and even improve cranio- and maxillofacial surgery outcomes. With future technological advancement and research, 3DP has the potential to revolutionize cranio- and maxillofacial surgeries. With decreasing prices of three-dimensional (3D) printers and software packages, the disadvantage of the high acquisition and procurement costs for the hardware for in-house 3DP can be addressed and mitigated with time.

virtual reality laboratory, automotive industry, Education 4.0, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, and QD1-999

Knowledge transfer associated with education in the automotive manufacturing and production fields is challenging due to the requirements of physical prototyping of mechanical components and laboratory-assisted testing. In this regard, aspects of Industry 4.0 such as virtual environments and enhanced human–computer interaction have been studied as important resources to improve teaching practices and achieve the equivalent Education 4.0 paradigm. Within the context of modern manufacturing techniques in the Industry 4.0 era and advanced tools for analysis and mechanical design, the present work describes the development of a virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) laboratory to support learning, training, and collaborative ventures related to additive manufacturing for the automotive industry. The development was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the ISO/IEC TR 23842-1 standard, to ensure that the academic programs and the conditions of use of the laboratory were optimal. Experiences with students through the development of industry-related automotive projects support confidence in the suitability of the laboratory and the expectation of positive outcomes for future developments.

Physics, QC1-999, Biology (General), and QH301-705.5

Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) is a highly democratizable technique that provides optical super-resolution without requirement of sophisticated imaging instruments. Easy-to-use open-source packages for SOFI are important to support the utilization and community adoption of the SOFI method, they also encourage the participation and further development of SOFI by new investigators. In this work, we developed PySOFI, an open-source Python package for SOFI analysis that offers the flexibility to inspect, test, modify, improve, and extend the algorithm. We provide complete documentation for the package and a collection of Jupyter Notebooks to demonstrate the usage of the package. We discuss the architecture of PySOFI and illustrate how to use each functional module. A demonstration on how to extend the PySOFI package with additional modules is also included in the PySOFI package. We expect PySOFI to facilitate efficient adoption, testing, modification, dissemination, and prototyping of new SOFI-relevant algorithms.

Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass and TP785-869

This research revolves around the design, fabrication and testing of tubular glass columns, with particular focus on their redundancy and fire-safety mechanisms; moreover, addressing aspects such as: the column shape; cleaning and maintenance; end connections; geometric tolerances in the glass and demountability. Two alternative circular hollow (tube) column designs are initially developed and engineered to address these aspects, namely: the MLA (Multi Layered with Air) and the SLW (Single Layered with water). In both concepts the main load-bearing structure consists of two concentric laminated glass tubes. Thus, in order to explore the manufacturing challenges and structural potential of these concepts, the prototyping and experimental work focuses on six 300 mm long samples with 115 mm outer diameter that are laminated and fitted into customized, engineered steel end-connections. Particular attention in terms of manufacturing is paid to the lamination process and associated bubble formation, the possible fracture of the glass by internal resin-curing stresses and the interface between the glass tube and the steel end-connections. All samples are laminated with Ködistruct LG 2-PU component. Three samples are assembled using DURAN® (annealed) glass and the other three are using DURATAN® (heat-strengthened) glass. Subsequently, the six samples are tested in compression until failure to investigate the behaviour of the interlayer material, the post-fracture behaviour of the designs, the differences between annealed and heat-strengthened samples, the capacity of the glass tubes and the performance of the end connections. Initial cracks appeared between 95-160 kN (compression strength of 30-50 MPa) in the DURAN® samples and between 120-160 kN (compression strength of 37-50 MPa) in the DURATAN® samples. These loads are lower than the ones estimated by calculations; in specific, the first cracks occurred at 34-64% of the calculated load. Nevertheless, the samples are found to be robust, with a considerable load-bearing capacity beyond the first cracks, leading to a maximum nominal compression strength capacity of up to 152 MPa for the DURATAN® samples and up to 233 MPa for the DURAN® samples.

technical preparation of production, reengineering, assembly unit, analytical standard, aviation technology, Technology (General), T1-995, Industry, and HD2321-4730.9

The object of this study is the technical preparation of manufacturing (TPM) of aviation technology (AT) using reengineering technology. The task to reduce the terms of TPM AT was tackled while solving direct and inverse problems of shape formation involving reengineering. The study is based on the equation for calculating the labor intensity of creating an assembly unit (AU) as a mathematical model for the formation and accumulation of components of the total labor intensity at all stages. The following results are reported: a scheme has been proposed for linking homogeneous components of an article obtained using the loft-template method (LTM) with digital mock-up (DMU) when applying the reengineering method. The scheme summarizes and structures the reengineering technology to solve direct and inverse shape-formation problems and could be used to solve the tasks of prototyping, manufacturing, and refurbishment of tooling, as well as article control at all stages of production. An example of the helicopter stabilizer shows that when solving the direct shape-formation problem, the labor intensity is from 294.94 to 315.06 man-hours, and when solving the inverse problem ‒ from 194.78 to 213.22 man-hours. A comparative analysis of the labor intensity of TPM revealed a difference of 1.5 times in favor of the labor intensity of solving the inverse problem. Comparing the labor intensity of creating DMU for the stabilizer of a helicopter has made it possible to establish that the labor intensity of solving the inverse problem is 3.7 times less than the labor intensity of solving a direct problem. Recommendations for reducing the terms of TPM AT with the use of reengineering are given. The results could be used to assess the labor intensity and timing of TPM AT and mechanical engineering objects in general when using reengineering technology

Rapid Control Prototyping, Modular Multilevel Converter, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation, Induction Motor, Typhoon HIL, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), and TA1-2040

In this paper, Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) of five-level Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) based Induction Motor (IM) drive performance is observed with different switching frequencies. The Semikron based MMC Stacks with two half-bridge each are tested with the switching logic generated by phase and level shifted based Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique. The switching logic is generated by the Typhoon Hardware in Loop (HIL) 402. The disadvantages of Multilevel Converter like not so good output quality, less modularity, not scalable and high voltage and current rating demand for the power semiconductor switches can be overcome by using MMC. In this work, the IM drive is fed by MMC and the experimentally the performance is observed. The performance of the Induction Motor in terms of speed is observed with different switching frequencies of 2.5kHz, 5kHz, 7.5kHz, 10kHz, 12.5kHz and the results are tabulated in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of input voltage and current to the Induction Motor Drive. The complete model is developed using Typhoon HIL 2021.2 Version Real-Time Simulation Software.

Rapid Prototyping, 3Dimentional Printing, Stereolithography, Selective Laser Sintering, Fused Deposition Method, Inkjet-Based System, Medical technology, and R855-855.5

Purpose: Rapid Prototyping (RP) methods have for quite some time been utilized to construct complex 3-Dimensional (3D) models in the field of medicine since the 1900s. This paper intends to offer a thorough audit of different RP strategies, especially in Prosthodontics that are relied upon to carry numerous enhancements to this field. Materials and Methods: A pursuit was made using the Google scholar web and the PubMed database as a search engine. The keywords; ‘RP’, ‘rapid prototyping’, ‘3D printing’, ‘dentistry’ and ‘prosthodontics’, ‘stereolithography’, ‘selective laser sintering’, ‘fused deposition method’, and ‘inkjet-based system’ were looked at in the title/abstract of distributions. References of selected articles were additionally looked into for conceivable incorporation in the study. The selected articles utilized RP procedures in different fields of dentistry through various methods. Nonetheless, distributions concerning the dental utilization of RP advancements are as yet uncommon. Results: Although the concept of layering 3D objects is almost as old as human civilization, this technology has only lately been applied to the construction of 3D complex models in dentistry. Many additional methods appear to be on the horizon that could alter standard dentistry practises in the near future. More unit hours should be included in dentistry curriculums to familiarise dental professionals with the various advantages of this unique technology. Conclusion: Lately, RP using the property of adding substances or layering strategies have advanced quickly in different fields of dentistry as they can overcome known disadvantages of subtractive and regular procedures. RP has as of late proposed effective uses in different fields of dentistry, like fabrication of implant surgical guides, structures for Removable Partial Dentures (RPDs), Fixed Partial Dentures (FPDs), wax designs for the dental prosthesis, maxillofacial prosthesis, zirconia prosthesis, and molds for metal castings now as well for complete dentures.

Science, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), and TA1-2040

The Fused Deposition Modeling method in the rapid prototyping technique was modified using a paste-shaped material with biocomposite material. One of the correction factors for the printed test specimen results is shrinkage. The paste material used is hydroxyapatite [CA5(PO4)6(OH)2] and tapioca bioplastic is one of the biomaterials that has been widely used in tissue engineering. Besides these materials, sericin is added, which is produced from extracts from silkworm cocoons. The composition of the biocomposite paste used with the ratio of hydroxy apatite and bioplastic was 40:50, 50:50, 60:40, by adding 0.3% sericin to the hydroxyapatite solution. The parameters used in the printing process of the test specimens are the perimeter speed of 60 mm/s, the infill speed of 10 mm/s, and the layer height of 0.45 mm. The design in this test has dimensions of 100mm long, 25mm wide, and 3mm thick. The optimal shrinkage of the test specimens was analyzed using the Taguchi . method Specimen printing is done by using additive manufacturing method. The process is carried out using a Portabee three-dimensional printing machine that uses a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) system modified to an Aqueous-Based Extrusion Fabrication (ABEF) system. The size of the printed test specimens with dimensions of 100mm long, 25mm wide, and 3mm thick. The comparison of the biocomposite materials used in the composition of hydroxyapatite suspension paste and tapioca starch bioplastics ranged from 40:50, 50:50, 60:40, with the addition of 0.3% sericin hydroxyapatite suspension. The optimal composition of the bioplastic material was analyzed using the method. Taguchi. The results obtained that the optimum composition for shrinkage of the hydroxyapatite and bioplastic compositions was 50:50 with the addition of 0.3% sericin to the hydroxyapatite solution

3D printing, Fused deposition modeling (FDM), Tensile strength, Thermoplastics, Polylactic acid (PLA), Design of experiments (DOE), and Technology

Fused deposition modeling (FDM), one of various additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, offers a useful and accessible tool for prototyping and manufacturing small volume functional parts. Polylactic acid (PLA) is among the commonly used materials for this process. This study explores the mechanical properties and print time of additively manufactured PLA with consideration to various process parameters. The objective of this study is to optimize the process parameters for the fastest print time possible while minimizing the loss in ultimate strength. Design of experiments (DOE) was employed using a split-plot design with five factors. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to verify the model significance or otherwise. Once the model was developed, confirmation points were run to validate the model. The model was confirmed since the observations at the optimum were within the prediction interval with a confidence value of 95%. Then, the model was used to assess the ultimate strength and print time of FDM parts with consideration to nozzle diameter, the number of outer shells, extrusion temperature, infill percentage, and infill pattern. Recommendations are discussed in detail in this study to reduce print time without sacrificing significant part strength.

virtual product development, vehicle virtual design, stylistic design engineering (SDE), car design, industrial design, design engineering, Engineering machinery, tools, and implements, TA213-215, Technological innovations. Automation, and HD45-45.2

In this paper, industrial design structure (IDeS) is applied for the development of two new full-electric sports sedan car proposals that go by the names Blitz Vision AS and Retro. With a deep analysis of the trends dominating the automotive industry, a series of product requirements was identified using quality function deployment (QFD). The results of such analysis led to the definition of the technical specifications of the product via benchmarking (BM) and top-flop analysis (TFA). The product architecture was then defined by making use of a modular platform chassis capable of housing a variety of vehicle bodyworks. The structured methodology of stylistic design engineering (SDE) was used. This can be divided in six phases: (1) stylistic trends analysis; (2) sketches; (3) 2D CAD drawings; (4) 3D CAD models; (5) virtual prototyping; (6) solid stylistic model. The chassis of the CAD model was verified structurally by means of FEM analysis, whereas the drag coefficients of the two vehicle proposals were compared with one of the main competitor’s vehicles via CFD simulations. The resulting car models are both aesthetically appealing and can be further developed, leading eventually to the production stage. This proves the effectiveness of IDeS and SDE in car design.

customer, design thinking, datangin, user interface, Information technology, T58.5-58.64, Electronic computers. Computer science, and QA75.5-76.95

The development of technology today has greatly helped and facilitated human work. Almost everything can be associated with internet technology, especially in terms of business, such as on-demand services and marketplaces. PT. Come Solusi Bersama is a technology start-up company engaged in this business. So to simplify and expand the reach of its business, a mobile-based application is needed. With the Datangin Customer application, it will be easier for customers to order services/services that exist on Datangin. In making this mobile-based Datangin Customer application, of course, you have to go through the design stage. Both in terms of system and appearance design. Design thinking is especially useful when dealing with unclear or unknown problems, reframing problems in a human-centered way, brainstorming, using a hands-on approach to prototyping and testing, and trying different concepts and ideas. In this study, the author uses the Design Thinking method and tools in the form of Figma in solving existing problems. It is easier for customers to access the services available on Datangin, unlike before this application, and the interface is user-friendly, attractive, and interactive. Usability testing that the designed user interface can be accepted with a value of 83.33%.

Tissue P System, Wireless Sensor Network, Multi-Objective problem, Task Assignment, Decision Support System, Parallel computing, Electronic computers. Computer science, and QA75.5-76.95

The contemporary wireless sensor applications employ a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HeWSN) to achieve its multi-objective missions. Modern wireless nodes constituting the HeWSN are more versatile in terms of its capabilities, functionalities, and applications. Assigning tasks in a dynamic HeWSN environment are challenging due to its inherent heterogeneous properties and capabilities. The investigation of existing task assignment algorithms reveals (i) the majority of the existing task assignment algorithms were designed for the homogeneous environment, (ii) most of the nature-inspired algorithms were built for centralized architecture. Scheduling tasks by existing task assignment algorithms lead to underutilization of resources as well as to the rapid depletion of network resources. To this end, a novel, distributed, heterogeneous task assignment algorithm adhering the modern sensors capabilities, functionalities and sensor application to attain sustainable computing is required. Based on the investigation, Tissue P-System inspired task assignment algorithm for the distributed heterogeneous WSN has been modelled. The experimental analyses of the proposed method have been self-evaluated as well as compared with the corresponding recent benchmark algorithms under various conditions and its performance metrics are analysed.

additive manufacturing, dental applications, dental prostheses, 3d printing, Medicine, Dentistry, and RK1-715

Introduction: Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a layer-by-layer fabrication method used to manufacture 3D models of complex structures. This technology has multiple methods, materials, and equipment. The present study aimed to investigate the use of 3D printers in manufacturing dental prostheses, various processing methods, materials, and the accuracy of each.Materials and Methods: A standard search method was used in PubMed and Google scholar databases. The inclusion criterion was articles published in English in the field of manufacturing dental prostheses by additive methods between 2015 and 2020.Results: A total of 2,250 articles were retrieved from databases, using the keywords "3D printing" OR "Additive manufacturing" OR "Rapid prototyping" AND "Dental prostheses" OR "Dental Prosthetics" OR "Digital dentistry".According to the exclusion criteria, 27 articles (3 review, 2 in vivo, and 22 in vitro studies) related to 3D printing technology in prostheses were selected. 3D. In dentistry, stereolithography (SLA), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), and Material jetting (inkjet) have been so far used to make surgical guides, implants, casts, special trays, removable prostheses, casting patterns, metal frameworks, and fixed prostheses.Conclusion: The advent of 3D and digital technology has had a significant impact on the reconstruction of teeth and prosthetic works. The quality of prostheses made by this technology is clinically acceptable; therefore, they can replace conventional methods. The printing methods and materials used in dentistry are improving every day, and for the successful application of this technique, we need a complete and up-to-date familiarity with the method of using the materials, limitations, and benefits of this new technique.

gear system, gear backlash, bearing clearance, nonlinear dynamic characteristic, system stability, Mechanical engineering and machinery, and TJ1-1570

In practice, gear backlash and bearing clearance usually exist together in a gear system. They may induce complicated dynamic responses and degrade transmission performance. Up to now, although each of them has been researched, little attention has been paid to the coupling dynamic characteristics of gear backlash and bearing clearance. In a limited number of relevant studies, since the linear collision models they adopted are difficult to realistically depict actual collision behaviors caused by bearing clearance, these studies cannot accurately reveal the coupling dynamic characteristics of gear backlash and bearing clearance. Furthermore, system stability of the gear system considering gear backlash and bearing clearance has not been thoroughly investigated. In view of this, this paper contributes to the research on dynamic modeling and stability analysis for the spur gear system considering gear backlash and bearing clearance. A nonlinear collision model with time-varying contact stiffness/damping is suggested for describing the bearing collision behaviors. Based on the geometrical relationship of dynamic center distance, dynamic working pressure angle, and dynamic backlash, the coupling motion model of gear backlash and bearing clearance is developed. On this basis, the dynamic model of the spur gear system considering gear backlash and bearing clearance is established and verified by numerical simulations, virtual prototyping simulations and experiments. Afterwards, to thoroughly explore the complicated dynamic characteristics of the gear system considering gear backlash and bearing clearance, several important parameters, i.e., rotational speed, gear backlash and bearing clearance, are chosen as bifurcation parameters to study their influences on system stability via bifurcation diagrams, time-domain waveforms, FFT spectra, Poincaré maps, and phase diagrams. Various complicated nonlinear behaviors, such as hopping, multiple periodic motion, quasi-periodic motion, and chaotic motion, are revealed. This study can provide useful reference for the multi-clearance coupling research of the gear system in complicated working environments.

acid mud, resource recovery, microwave heating, conventional heating, mercury pollution reduction, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, and TN1-997

The acid mud produced in the nonferrous smelting process is a hazardous waste, which mainly consists of elements Hg, Se, and Pb. Valuable metal (Hg/Se/Pb) can be recovered from acid mud by heat treatment. For safe disposal of the toxic acid mud, a new resource utilization technology by microwave roasting is proposed in this paper. The reaction mechanisms were revealed through thermodynamics and thermogravimetric analysis, which showed that the main reaction was the oxidative pyrolysis of HgSe in the process of roasting. Moreover, the mercury removal effects of acid mud by microwave heating and conventional heating were studied, the recovery rate of mercury by microwave heating for 30 min at 400 °C was 99.5%: far higher than that of conventional heating for 30 min at 500 °C (44.3%). This was due to the high dielectric constant of HgSe, as microwaves can preferentially heat HgSe and reduce the adsorption energy of HgSe on the surface of PbSO4 blocks, thus strengthening the pyrolysis process of HgSe and reducing energy consumption. The preferable prototyping technology for resource utilization of toxic acid mud should be microwave roasting. This study is of great significance for the realization of mercury pollution reduction and for green production of lead-zinc smelting.

Science

An attractive route for carbon-negative synthesis of biochemical products is the reverse β-oxidation pathway coupled to the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Here the authors use a high-throughput in vitro prototyping workflow to screen 762 unique pathway combinations using cell-free extracts tailored for r-BOX to identify enzyme sets for enhanced product selectivity.

Bone regeneration, Hydroxyapatite, Larnite, Scaffold, Selective laser melting, Wollastonite, Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass, and TP785-869

Additive manufacturing is a rapid prototyping technology to produce complex three-dimensional scaffolds suitable for personalized medicine. In the present study, the laser powder bed fusion through a selective laser melting (SLM) approach has been applied to optimized fabrication of bio-mimicking scaffolds by using hydroxyapatite (HAp, 50 and 70 wt%) and silicon powder mixture. In situ formation of pseudo-wollastonite (P–W, CaSiO3) has been detected along with silicon for 50 wt% of HAp powder mixture, while an increase in HAp content has resulted in P–W, silicon and larnite (Ca₂SiO₄) formation. The pore size of 400 μm, according to the CAD model, are observed at the scaffolds fabricated at the shortest exposure time (50 μs), lowest laser current (500 mA) and energy density (41.6 J/mm3), and simultaneously at the highest scanning speed. Compressive stress demonstrated by the fabricated scaffolds is shown to be acceptable for their use in metaphyseal region of long bones.

Germany, formulation design, manufacturing science, materials science, hotmelt extrusion, spinning process, Pharmacy and materia medica, and RS1-441

Fibers and yarns are part of everyday life. So far, fibers that are also used pharmaceutically have mainly been produced by electrospinning. The common use of spinning oils and the excipients they contain, in connection with production by melt extrusion, poses a regulatory challenge for pharmaceutically usable fibers. In this publication, a newly developed small-scale direct-spinning melt extrusion system is described, and the pharmaceutically useful polyvinyl filaments produced with it are characterized. The major parts of the system were newly developed or extensively modified and manufactured cost-effectively within a short time using rapid prototyping (3D printing) from various materials. For example, a stainless-steel spinneret was developed in a splice design for a table-top melt extrusion system that can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. The direct processing of the extruded fibers was made possible by a spinning system developed called Spinning-Rosi, which operates continuously and directly in the extrusion process and eliminates the need for spinning oils. In order to prevent instabilities in the product, further modifications were also made to the process, such as a the moisture encapsulation of the melt extrusion line at certain points, which resulted in a bubble-free extrudate with high tensile strength, even in a melt extrusion line without built-in venting.

holography, holographic optical elements, volume hologram, Bragg grating, multiplexing, wave front recording, Applied optics. Photonics, and TA1501-1820

We present an array-based volume holographic optical element (vHOE) recorded as an optical combiner for novel display applications such as smart glasses. The vHOE performs multiple, complex optical functions in the form of large off-axis to on-axis wave front transformations and an extended eye box implemented in the form of two distinct vertex points with red and green chromatic functions. The holographic combiner is fabricated by our extended immersion-based wave front printing setup, which provides extensive prototyping capabilities due to independent wave front modulation and large possible off-axis recording angles, enabling vHOEs in reflection with a wide range of different recording configurations. The presented vHOE is build up as an array of sub-holograms, where each element is recorded with individual optical functions. We introduce a design and fabrication method to combine two angular and two spectral functions in the volume grating of individual sub-holograms, demonstrating complex holographic elements with four multiplexed optical functions comprised in a single layer of photopolymer film. The introduced design and fabrication process allows the precise tuning of the vHOE’s diffractive properties to achieve well-balanced diffraction efficiencies and angular distributions between individual multiplexed functions.

Rural schools, User-centered design, Positive behavioral interventions and supports, Mental health evidence-based practices, Tier 2, Medicine (General), and R5-920

Abstract Background An increasing number of schools in rural settings are implementing multi-tier positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) to address school-climate problems. PBIS can be used to provide the framework for the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) to address children’s mental health concerns. Given the large service disparities for children in rural areas, offering EBPs through PBIS can improve access and lead to better long-term outcomes. A key challenge is that school personnel need technical assistance in order to implement EBPs with fidelity and clinical effectiveness. Providing ongoing on-site support is not feasible or sustainable in the majority of rural schools, due to their remote physical location. For this reason, remote training technology has been recommended for providing technical assistance to behavioral health staff (BHS) in under-served rural communities. Objectives The purpose of this study is to use the user-centered design, guided by an iterative process (rapid prototyping), to develop and evaluate the appropriateness, feasibility, acceptability, usability, and preliminary student outcomes of two online training strategies for the implementation of EBPs at PBIS Tier 2. Methods The study will employ a pragmatic design comprised of a mixed-methods approach for the development of the training platform, and a hybrid type 2, pilot randomized controlled trial to examine the implementation and student outcomes of two training strategies: Remote Video vs. Remote Video plus Coaching. Discussion There is a clear need for well-designed remote training studies focused on training in non-traditional settings. Given the lack of well-trained mental health professionals in rural settings and the stark disparities in access to services, the development and pilot-testing of a remote training strategy for BHS in under-served rural schools could have a significant public health impact. Ethics and dissemination The project was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board. Results will be submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov and disseminated to community partners and participants, peer-reviewed journals, and academic conferences. Trial registration ClinicialTrials.gov, NCT05034198 and NCT05039164

electroless nickel plating, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, rapid prototyping, Mechanical engineering and machinery, and TJ1-1570

Electroless plating on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is a metallization process that involves a reduction and oxidation reaction between the nickel source and the substrate material. The purpose of this research is to determine the ability of nickel deposition in the nickel electroless plating process with a specific etching time variation. This nickel electroless procedure begins with a chromic acid etching process that can last anywhere from 15 to 55 minutes and is useful for increasing roughness and creating submicroscopic cavities. After the etching process is finished, the surface roughness test is performed with a Mitutoyo SJ-210. Additionally, the activation step is carried out for 5 minutes in order for the polymer to become a conductor, allowing the plating process to proceed. The electroless plating process was then carried out for 55 and 75 minutes, with the goal of depositing nickel metal on the ABS surface. The coating results were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy IRSpirit/ATR-S serial No. A224158/Shimadzu to determine the functional groups formed both before and after the coating process, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the character of the crystal structure, and phase analysis of a solid material using PANalytical type E'xpert Pro, To determine the surface morphology, the Zeiss EVO MA 10 was used to perform scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) at 1000x magnification. The test findings demonstrate that, based on a range of investigations, etching variations of 15,25,35,45, and 55 minutes etching time 55 minutes are the best nickel deposited substrates, as evidenced by EDS data, where this treatment has the largest weight fraction of nickel. As a result, the longer the etching period, the rougher the surface becomes, affecting the capacity of nickel deposition to increase. Furthermore, it can be demonstrated in this investigation that the nickel deposited is in an amorphous form.

COVID-19, Personal protective equipment (PPE), Medical face shield, 3D-printing, Micro-supply chains, and Technology

The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has become essential to reduce the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as it prevents the direct contact of body fluid aerosols expelled from carriers. However, many countries have reported critical supply shortages due to the spike in demand during the outbreak in 2020. One potential solution to ease pressure on conventional supply chains is the local fabrication of PPE, particularly face shields, due to their simplistic design. The purpose of this paper is to provide a research protocol and cost implications for the rapid development and manufacturing of face shields by individuals or companies with minimal equipment and materials. This article describes a best practice case study in which the establishment of a local manufacturing hub resulted in the swift production of 12,000 face shields over a seven-week period to meet PPE shortages in the North-West region of Ireland. Protocols and processes for the design, materials sourcing, prototyping, manufacturing, and distribution of face shields are described. Three types of face shields were designed and manufactured, including Flat, Laser-cut, and 3D-printed models. Of the models tested, the Flat model proved the most cost-effective (€0.51/unit), while the Laser-cut model was the most productive (245 units/day). The insights obtained from this study demonstrate the capacity for local voluntary workforces to be quickly mobilised in response to a healthcare emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

inclusion, prototyping, tactile maps, teaching, teaching materials, Education (General), and L7-991

Brazilian society does not guarantee people with disabilities the educational resources that allow for inclusive and egalitarian education for all. We prove the effectiveness and efficiency in the use of computational resources added to the designer's concepts for the development of an innovative and inclusive product. The research was carried out at the Benjamin Constant Institute. The methodology used was evolutionary computing prototyping and the interview technique for the validation of the Map. In the evaluation, we used the interview technique, questionnaires, in addition to non-participant systematic observation. Three geography teachers and ten visually impaired students who studied the proposed content participated. Teachers approved the technology in its characteristics and functionality, respectively, by 90.06% and 97%. Students rated the map features 94.54% and the features a 99.25% approval rating. The research promoted the quality of teaching to students with visual impairments when it allowed them to manage a volume of information about the Southeast Region of Brazil and increased their autonomy in allowing them to repeat any information they had not assimilated, without the need for help.

Medicine and Science

Abstract We present a novel design for an e-textile based surface electromyography (sEMG) suit that incorporates stretchable conductive textiles as electrodes and interconnects within an athletic compression garment. The fabrication and assembly approach is a facile combination of laser cutting and heat-press lamination that provides for rapid prototyping of designs in a typical research environment without need for any specialized textile or garment manufacturing equipment. The materials used are robust to wear, resilient to the high strains encountered in clothing, and can be machine laundered. The suit produces sEMG signal quality comparable to conventional adhesive electrodes, but with improved comfort, longevity, and reusability. The embedded electronics provide signal conditioning, amplification, digitization, and processing power to convert the raw EMG signals to a level-of-effort estimation for flexion and extension of the elbow and knee joints. The approach we detail herein is also expected to be extensible to a variety of other electrophysiological sensors.

health behaviour, back pain management, preventive health at work, and General Works

Monitoring aging workers' health is important not only to prevent illness or work injury but to improve their quality of working life. In this article, we contribute to a deep understanding of the Romanian older adult workers as user experience while interacting with a smart ICT-based solution for monitoring physical activity and lifting effort. We want to see if using the proposed smart-insole system can help them to preserve their back health by avoiding problematic lifting during work. We share the key findings of a face-to-face survey with a small number of older adults with work experience in the medical field. We collected information on usability and easy-to-use, also further improvements to be used for advanced prototyping and scale-up of the product. Finally, participants are positive that wearing the system could be a helpful tool in avoiding back pain, not only for detecting problems but for changing their way of lifting, in a long term. This could be beneficial for workers' quality of life and promote health at work.

deep neural networks, High-Level Synthesis, hardware accelerators, FPGAs, sparse neural networks, Chemical technology, and TP1-1185

Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) are gaining ground in deep learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) domains, and they can benefit from rapid prototyping in order to produce efficient and low-power hardware designs. The inference process of a Deep Neural Network (DNN) is considered a computationally intensive process that requires hardware accelerators to operate in real-world scenarios due to the low latency requirements of real-time applications. As a result, High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools are gaining popularity since they provide attractive ways to reduce design time complexity directly in register transfer level (RTL). In this paper, we implement a MobileNetV2 model using a state-of-the-art HLS tool in order to conduct a design space exploration and to provide insights on complex hardware designs which are tailored for DNN inference. Our goal is to combine design methodologies with sparsification techniques to produce hardware accelerators that achieve comparable error metrics within the same order of magnitude with the corresponding state-of-the-art systems while also significantly reducing the inference latency and resource utilization. Toward this end, we apply sparse matrix techniques on a MobileNetV2 model for efficient data representation, and we evaluate our designs in two different weight pruning approaches. Experimental results are evaluated with respect to the CIFAR-10 data set using several different design methodologies in order to fully explore their effects on the performance of the model under examination.

UAV, anti-drone system, data fusion, drone detection, identification, recognition, Chemical technology, and TP1-1185

The paper focuses on the problem of detecting unmanned aerial vehicles that violate restricted airspace. The main purpose of the research is to develop an algorithm that enables the detection, identification and recognition in 3D space of a UAV violating restricted airspace. The proposed method consists of multi-sensory data fusion and is based on conditional complementary filtration and multi-stage clustering. On the basis of the review of the available UAV detection technologies, three sensory systems classified into the groups of passive and active methods are selected. The UAV detection algorithm is developed on the basis of data collected during field tests under real conditions, from three sensors: a radio system, an ADS-B transponder and a radar equipped with four antenna arrays. The efficiency of the proposed solution was tested on the basis of rapid prototyping in the MATLAB simulation environment with the use of data from the real sensory system obtained during controlled UAV flights. The obtained results of UAV detections confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method and theoretical expectations.

Orbital Shaker, Open-source, 3D printing, HTS, Cellular suspension, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Medical technology, and R855-855.5

Open-source projects continue to grow in popularity alongside open-source educational resources, software, and hardware tools. The impact of this increased availability of open-source technologies is that end users are empowered to have greater control over the tools that they work with. This trend extends in the life science laboratory space, where new open-source projects are routinely being published that allow users to build and modify scientific equipment specifically tailored to their needs, often at a reduced cost from equivalent commercial offerings.Recently, we identified a need for a compact orbital shaker that would be usable in temperature and humidity-controlled incubators to support the development and execution of a high-throughput suspension cell-based assay. Based on the requirements provided by staff biologists, an open-source project known as the DIYbio orbital shaker was identified on Thingiverse, then quickly prototyped and tested. The initial orbital shaker prototype based on the DIYbio design underwent an iterative prototyping and design process that proved to be straightforward due to the open-source nature of the project. The result of these efforts has been the successful initial deployment of ten shakers as of August 2021. This afforded us the scalability and efficacy needed to complete a large-scale screening campaign in less time and at less cost than if we purchased larger, less adaptable orbital shakers.Lessons learned from prototyping, modifying, validating, deploying and maintaining laboratory devices based on an open-source design in support of a full-scale drug discovery high-throughput screening effort are described within this manuscript.

Contiki-NG, Internet of Things, Resource-Constrained Devices, Computer software, and QA76.75-76.765

Contiki-NG (Next Generation) is an open source, cross-platform operating system for severely constrained wireless embedded devices. It focuses on dependable (reliable and secure) low-power communications and standardised protocols, such as 6LoWPAN, IPv6, 6TiSCH, RPL, and CoAP. Its primary aims are to (i) facilitate rapid prototyping and evaluation of Internet of Things research ideas, (ii) reduce time-to-market for Internet of Things applications, and (iii) provide an easy-to-use platform for teaching embedded systems-related courses in higher education. Contiki-NG started as a fork of the Contiki OS and retains many of its original features. In this paper, we discuss the motivation behind the creation of Contiki-NG, present the most recent version (v4.7), and highlight the impact of Contiki-NG through specific examples.

Multiphase, Singlephase, Relative permeability, Permeability, Lattice-Boltzmann, Porous media, Computer software, and QA76.75-76.765

MPLBM-UT is a specialized lattice-Boltzmann library that makes running single- and two-phase flow simulations in porous media accessible to everyone. We provide a suite of tools to pre-process computational domains for simulation, to set up custom boundary conditions, to run simulations, to post-process simulation outputs, and to visualize simulation results and data. All of these tools are easily accessible to users through the mplbm_utils Python package included in and automatically installed with MPLBM-UT. The high-performance, highly parallel library Palabos is used as the solver backend. MPLBM-UT is easily deployed in a variety of systems, from laptops to supercomputer clusters. MPLBM-UT also features multiple examples and benchmark templates that allow for fast prototyping of different porous media problems. We also provide an interface for reading in different file types and downloading domains from the Digital Rocks Portal to perform simulations.

Combinatorial optimization, Hyper-heuristics, Job shop scheduling, Matlab, MatHH, Computer software, and QA76.75-76.765

Hyper-Heuristics (HHs) have proven to be a valuable tool for solving complex problems, such as Combinatorial Optimization Problems (COPs). These solvers have an assorted set of models arising through extensive research from the scientific community. Hence, it is customary that researchers develop their models from scratch, which increases development times. Drafting and testing new ideas become burdensome and time-consuming. In this work, we present MatHH, a Matlab-based framework to allow rapid prototyping of HHs. We summarize the architecture and some examples of their usage. We also discuss some research questions that upcoming research may explore through MatHH.

Cycling infrastructure, Distance to parking cars, Cycling simulator, Online survey, Rapid prototyping, Method comparison, Transportation and communications, and HE1-9990

Marked on-road infrastructure for bicycle riders is a fast and cost-efficient way to expand cycling infrastructure and thus promote cycling as a means of transport. Infrastructure layout has been shown to influence cyclists’ as well as car drivers’ behavior towards cyclists in traffic observations, with on-street markings for cyclists in some circumstances reducing overtaking distances by car drivers. Simulator and online studies promise to provide a fast and easy way of rapid prototyping infrastructure layouts. But, despite of good face validity, how trustworthy are the results of both these research tools? In a case-study to inform planning authorities, two studies, one in a cycling simulator and an online survey, evaluated the effects of different on-street markings from bicycle riders’ perspectives. Results showed that in mixed traffic stronger visual separation between parking cars and flowing traffic and a bicycle pictogram on the road induced greater lateral distance of bicycle riders from parking cars. This infrastructure layout was also rated as safe, comfortable, and comprehensible from bicycle riders’ perspectives. From a methods’ evaluation perspective, effects from the cycling simulator may be interpreted as behaviorally valid relatively between conditions only. Both methods offer a cost-effective approach to initially test infrastructure solutions by weeding out the less favorable ones in the early stages of the design.

layerwise laser welding, weld seam, thermal stresses, non-stationary temperature field, rapid prototyping, computer model, metallographic analysis, and Technology

Background. Layerwise laser welding of metal parts allows you to get a weld in layers. As a result of the heating of the surface, thermal stresses sharply increase, caused by a non-stationary temperature field. The purpose of the study is to improve the process of layerwise laser welding of metal parts by controlling residual stresses by obtaining a product prototype on a 3D printer. The combination of rapid prototyping technology with a 3D scanning module and the prediction of residual stresses by digital technologies allow you to quickly make changes to a 3D computer model or lay the optimal path for a laser beam, analyze the stress-strain state of prototype parts, reducing financial costs in production. Materials and methods. Analytical and computer methods for studying thermal stresses in flat metal parts are used, digital models of the distribution of residual stresses over the surface and depth of the part are built. The results are verified experimentally by metallographic pilot studies. Results. The maximum load from thermal stresses during cyclic heating falls on the surface layer of the part, the amplitude of fluctuations in the deep layers is lower than the amplitude of stress fluctuations on the surface. The higher the intensity of heat transfer, the faster the part will collapse from fatigue, the smaller should be the value of the amplitude of fluctuations in the temperature of the medium, at which the part adapts to a given thermal loading cycle. The durability of the part depends on the frequency of temperature fluctuations. Conclusions. During the simulation, it was revealed that the additive mechanics of the laser can go through sinusoidal, rectangular, sawtooth cycles with the same duration of the cooling period and the heating period. The limits of change in thermal stresses on the surface of the part depend significantly on the specific type of temperature cycle of the medium. The maximum value of the amplitude of thermal stresses and the minimum value of the adaptive thermal loads occurs with a rectangular cycle. Moreover, vice versa, the minimum thermal stresses - with a sawtooth. With asymmetric periodic heating of the part, the amplitude of fluctuations of thermal stresses on the surface x = R does not depend on the intensity of heat transfer on the surface x = 0 and takes place only at small values of ωR2/a. For a large value of ωR2/a, there is no dependence of the amplitude of thermal stresses on the surface x = R on the intensity of heat transfer on the surface x = 0. The conducted pilot tests have shown that the additive layer-by-layer technology for welding a steel sheet with a laser beam and the analysis of the metallographic structure of the metal are consistent with the obtained data on the change in stresses over the section of the part. This confirms the accuracy of the theoretical and digital experiments. The technology can be used in stationary and mobile installations.

mineral fertilizers, energy-saving technologies, working tool, uniformity of distribution, 3d, cad model, prototyping, experimental research, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Technology (General), and T1-995

Introduction. Improvement of the agro-industrial complex involves the creation of new and modernizations of existing working tools and machines. The important conditions for this are the application of modern technologies and ongoing cooperation with the actual manufacturing. The aim of the research is to develop an adaptive centrifugal working tool and improve the quality of mineral fertilization. Materials and Methods. The adaptive centrifugal working tool was developed and manufactured based on studying the state of the matter and requirements to machines for mineral fertilization. At all stages of the research, there were used computer-aided design and rapid prototyping methods based on additive technologies. Results. As a result of the use of the presented working tools, the machine operating width has increased by 10.0‒22.5%. Experimental working tools, in comparison with serial ones, allow decreasing uneven distribution of mineral fertilizers by 13.4% due to their redistribution from the central zone to the edges. Discussion and Conclusion. As a result of experimental studies, the efficiency of the developed adaptive centrifugal working tools has been proved. It allows increasing uniformity of mineral fertilizer distribution and the machine operating width. Modern design methods make it possible to considerably reduce time and costs.

UAVs, design, cyber-physical, prototyping, simulation, flight testing, Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics, and TL1-4050

In this work, a cyber-physical prototyping and testing framework to enable the rapid development of UAVs is conceived and demonstrated. The UAV Development Framework is an extension of the typical iterative engineering design and development process, specifically applied to the rapid development of UAVs. Unlike other development frameworks in the literature, the presented framework allows for iteration throughout the entire development process from design to construction, using a mixture of simulated and real-life testing as well as cross-aircraft development. The framework presented includes low- and high-order methods and tools that can be applied to a broad range of fixed-wing UAVs and can either be combined and executed simultaneously or be executed sequentially. As part of this work, seven novel and enhanced methods and tools were developed that apply to fixed-wing UAVs in the areas of: flight testing, measurement, modeling and emulation, and optimization. A demonstration of the framework to quickly develop an unmanned aircraft for agricultural field surveillance is presented.

Physics and QC1-999

Diode-based nonlinear transmission lines (D-NLTL) are a class of pulse shaping networks capable of increasing the discrete spectral content of a pulse at high volumetric power density. However, a systematic design procedure for D-NLTLs is lacking, limiting their prototyping, evaluation, production, and adoption. To produce a D-NLTL design approach, parameters for UHF band (0.3–1 GHz) frequency generation are presented as a function of the input excitation pulse, network topology, and sub-components’ reactive value. Excitation pulse amplitude is found to have a strong effect on center frequency (fc), max frequency (fBragg), peak power (Ppeak), and RF power conversion efficiency (ηRF). In general, when cell inductance is decreased, both fc and signal propagation velocity are increased. The results are then presented as an example to design, build, test, and compare a 40-cell D-NLTL whose measured fc and fBragg are 256 and 446 MHz, respectively. Finally, we used the parameter space study results and empirical validation to present controllable waveform design rules-of-thumb.

AV shuttle, self-driving vehicle, language of driving, simulations, interaction, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, and QD1-999

Environmental awareness and technological advancements for self-driving cars are close to making autonomous vehicles (AV) a reality in everyday scenarios and a part of smart cities’ transportation systems. The perception of safety and trust towards AVs of passengers and other agents in the urban scenario, being pedestrians, cyclists, scooter drivers or car drivers, is of primary importance and the theme of investigation of many research groups. Driver-to-driver communication channels as much as car-to-driver human–machine interfaces (HMI) are well established and part of normal training and experience. The situation is different when users must cope with driverless and autonomous vehicles, both as passengers and as agents sharing the same urban domain. This research focuses on the new challenges of connected driverless vehicles, investigating an emerging topic, namely the language of driving (LoD) between these machines and humans participating in traffic scenarios. This work presents the results of a field study conducted at Tallinn University Technology campus with the ISEAUTO autonomous driving shuttle, including interviews with 176 subjects communicating using LoD. Furthermore, this study combines expert focus group interviews to build a joint base of needs and requirements for AVs in public spaces. Based on previous studies and questionnaire results, we established the hypotheses that we can enhance physical survey results using experimental scenarios with VR/AR tools to allow the fast prototyping of different external and internal HMIs, facilitating the assessment of communication efficacy, evaluation of usability, and impact on the users. The aim is to point out how we can enhance AV design and LoD communications using XR tools. The scenarios were chosen to be inclusive and support the needs of different demographics while at the same time determining the limitations of surveys and real-world experimental scenarios in LoD testing and design for future pilots.

desa unggulan, opensid, pelayanan administrasi, pelayanan desa, sistem informasi, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Science (General), and Q1-390

Administrasi kependudukan merupakan rangkaian kegiatan penataan dan penertiban dokumen dan data kependudukan serta pendayagunaan hasilnya untuk pelayanan publik dan pembangunan sektor lain. Desa Ngijo adalah salah satu desa unggulan yang ada di Kabupaten Malang. Kantor Desa Ngijo yang berada di Kabupaten Malang merupakan salah satu instansi pemerintah yang bergerak di bidang pelayanan masyarakat, namun dalam kinerja pelayanan masyarakat Balai Desa ini memiliki kendala dan permasalahan yaitu belum adanya ketersedian sistem informasi yang dapat menangani administrasi kependudukan. Desa Ngijo sebagai salah satu instansi pemerinatahan, memiliki peran yang penting yaitu sebagai pengelola data kependudukan di tingkat desa. Pengelolaan data kependudukan di Desa Ngijo saat ini masih belum memaksimalkan penggunaan teknologi informasi untuk pengelolaannya, sehingga masih terdapat beberapa kekurangan dan kendala yang dihadapi. Seperti masih terdapat kerangkapan data kependudukan, kesulitan dalam pencarian data, serta pembuatan laporan kependudukan. Sehingga pelayanan kepada masyarakat serta kerja dari perangkat desa menjadi kurang efektif dan efisien. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan sebuah sistem informasi terkomputerisasi yang dapat digunakan untuk mengelola data tersebut. Metode yang digunakan untuk perancangan sistem administrasi kependudukan yaitu dengan metode prototyping. Dengan adanya sistem informasi administrasi kependudukan yang berbasiskan website ini, dapat memudahkan pengelolaan data kependudukan. Hal ini terwujud dalam persepsi dari 98% peserta pelatihan yang menyatakan bahwa sistem ini akan menjadi komponen layanan yang sangat bermanfaat bagi warga desa.

bird conservation, bird species identification, convolutional neural network, prototyping, Biology (General), and QH301-705.5

Abstract. Hermadi I, Wulandari, Dhira D. 2022. Development of a protected birds identification system using a convolutional neural network. Biodiversitas 23: 2561-2569. The protected animals are the animals having small populations, a sharp decline in the number of individuals in the wild, or endemic. The government has banned owning, keeping, or trading these animals. The first step in conserving these animals is identification. The government of the Republic of Indonesia has defined 564 species of bird as protected. This issue becomes a challenge to bird species identification. This study aims to develop a web application that implements a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for image-based protected bird species identification. This study uses the images of ten protected bird species in Indonesia as the research subject. This study consists of the stages viz. data collection, data preprocessing, data splitting, CNN model development, model evaluation, and web development using the Prototyping method. This study has successfully developed a model that gained 97% accuracy, 98% precision, and 97% recall on testing data. The study utilized HTML, CSS, Javascript, and Tensorflow.js for Web development. The black-box testing result shows that the prototype is acceptable.

left ventricular assist device, mechanical circulatory support, advanced heart failure, minimally invasive, axial-flow pump, Technology, Biology (General), and QH301-705.5

Despite evidence associating the use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices with increased survival and quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure (HF), significant complications and high costs limit their clinical use. We aimed to design an innovative MCS device to address three important needs: low cost, minimally invasive implantation techniques, and low risk of infection. We used mathematical modeling to calculate the pump characteristics to deliver variable flows at different pump diameters, turbomachinery design software CFturbo (2020 R2.4 CFturbo GmbH, Dresden, Germany) to create the conceptual design of the pump, computational fluid dynamics analysis with Solidworks Flow Simulation to in silico test pump performance, Solidworks (Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA) to further refine the design, 3D printing with polycarbonate filament for the initial prototype, and a stereolithography printer (Form 2, Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) for the second variant materialization. We present the concept, design, and early prototyping of a low-cost, minimally invasive, fully implantable in a subcutaneous pocket MCS device for long-term use and partial support in patients with advanced HF which unloads the left heart into the arterial system containing a rim-driven, hubless axial-flow pump and the wireless transmission of energy. We describe a low-cost, fully implantable, low-invasive, wireless power transmission left ventricular assist device that has the potential to address patients with advanced HF with higher impact, especially in developing countries. In vitro testing will provide input for further optimization of the device before proceeding to a completely functional prototype that can be implanted in animals.

lighting design, lighting control system, visual comfort, HDRi luminance analysis, LabVIEW, energy saving, Building construction, and TH1-9745

Lighting control systems (LCSs) play important roles in maintaining visual comfort and energy savings in buildings. This paper presents a prototype LCS using LabVIEW with real-time high dynamic range images and a digital multiplex controller to brighten lamps sequentially to provide visual comfort. The prototype is applied to a scaled classroom model with three schemes involving different activities and needs: writing and reading, requiring a uniform luminance of approximately 100 cd/m2, teaching using a whiteboard, requiring an illuminance of approximately 120 cd/m2 for the whiteboard and 60 cd/m2 for the desks, and drawing and art activities focused on the center of the room, requiring an illuminance of approximately 100 cd/m2 for the center area and 50 cd/m2 for the background area. For each scheme, two conditions are presented: one in which the room is treated as a closed room without windows, and the one in which the room has a large window on one wall that enables daylight to penetrate the room. The prototype works well with both schemes and provides different combinations of lamp brightness levels, starting from 10% to 60%, based on the activities and required luminance, and can save around 73–82% of electricity. The presence of daylight does not always result in more energy savings, as the brightness contrast for visual comfort needs to be considered.

assembly solution, automated connection, construction productivity, modular connection, modular buildings, plug-in device, Building construction, and TH1-9745

The prefabricated construction industry, also known as off-site construction, has been operating in North America for several years now and differs from traditional construction in its much shorter project timelines, lower costs, and increased build quality. However, the lack of a suitable and efficient assembly solution has been identified by many as a barrier to the use of off-site construction for larger buildings. To maximise the benefits of off-site manufacturing for multistorey buildings, an automated connection solution is presented in this paper. A new plug-in self-locking device was developed according to the following product design phases: on-site observations, definition of the problem and product specifications, solution generation, prototyping, fabrication, and testing. The plug-in self-locking device allows the assembly process to be accelerated by eliminating the fastening steps and a higher completion of modules off-site to be achieved. The design bears the compressive, tensile, and shear loads and contributes to the load path of the building.

creativity, data privacy, design thinking, digital responsibility, interdisciplinary design education, rapid prototyping, Social sciences (General), and H1-99

To be digitally responsible, one should be aware of the current issues in the digital world; therefore, raising awareness on digital responsibility and data privacy is important in the public and private sectors. This study aimed to raise awareness on digital responsibility and help students understand the importance of utilizing the design thinking process for generating creative ideas. The authors facilitated a design thinking workshop where 62 students from different cultural backgrounds (Korean and Swiss) and majors collaboratively explored data privacy issues and presented their novel, creative solutions. The data gathered from observations and interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. These students of the digital age developed remarkable ones, such as keeping data safe from social networking services and protecting voice data from being recorded by a third party. The cross-cultural, interdisciplinary team rapidly implemented their creative and globally applicable solutions with visually feasible, diagrammed prototypes, which is an effective tool of the design thinking process. The article demonstrates how design thinking techniques could be applied in university classes and could inspire teachers to use the five stages of design thinking in their teaching.

split manufacturing, proximity attack, logic locking, and Technology

Split manufacturing was introduced as a countermeasure against hardware-level security threats such as IP piracy, overbuilding, and insertion of hardware Trojans. However, the security promise of split manufacturing has been challenged by various attacks which exploit the well-known working principles of design tools to infer the missing back-end-of-line (BEOL) interconnects. In this work, we define the security of split manufacturing formally and provide the associated proof, and we advocate accordingly for a novel, formally secure paradigm. Inspired by the notion of logic locking, we protect the front-end-of-line (FEOL) layout by embedding secret keys which are implemented through the BEOL in such a way that they become indecipherable to foundry-based attacks. At the same time, our technique is competitive with prior art in terms of layout overhead, especially for large-scale designs (ITC’99 benchmarks). Furthermore, another concern for split manufacturing is its practicality (despite successful prototyping). Therefore, we promote an alternative implementation strategy, based on package-level routing, which enables formally secure IP protection without splitting at all, and thus, without the need for a dedicated BEOL facility. We refer to this as “poor man’s split manufacturing” and we study the practicality of this approach by means of physical-design exploration.

Internet of Things, remote prototyping, FPGA devices, undergraduate teaching, digital design and synthesis lab, COVID-19 lockdowns, Electronics, and TK7800-8360

This paper presents a system for the remote design and testing of electronic circuits and devices with FPGAs during COVID-19 and similar lockdown periods when physical access to laboratories is not permitted. The system is based on the application of the IoT concept, in which the final device is a test board with an FPGA chip. The system allows for remote visual inspection of the board and the devices linked to it in the laboratory. The system was developed for remote learning taking place during the lockdown periods at Poznan University of Technology (PUT) in Poland. The functionality of the system is confirmed by two demonstration tasks (the use of the temperature and humidity DHT11 sensor and the design of a generator of sinusoidal waveforms) for students in the fundamentals of digital design and synthesis courses. The proposed solution allows, in part, to bypass the time-consuming simulations, and accelerate the process of prototyping digital circuits by remotely accessing the infrastructure of the microelectronics laboratory.

battery safety, electrical vehicles, socio-technical system, rapid prototyping, stakeholders, policy, and Technology

Battery technology is crucial in the transition towards electric mobility. Lithium-ion batteries are conquering the market but are facing fire safety risks that might threaten further applications. In this study, we address the problem and potential solutions for traction batteries in the European Union area. We do so by taking a unique socio-technical system perspective. Therefore, a novel, mixed-method approach is applied, combining literature review; stakeholder interviews; Failure Mode, Mechanisms, and Event Analysis (FMMEA); and rapid prototyping. Our findings confirm that fire safety is an upcoming concern. Still, most stakeholders lack a full understanding of the problem. Improving safety is a shared responsibility among supply chain and societal stakeholders. For automotive applications, voluntary standard-setting on safety risks is an appropriate tool to improve fire safety, whereas for niche applications, a top-down approach setting regulations seems more suited. For both groups, the adaptation of battery pack designs to prevent thermal runaway propagation is shown to be promising from a technological, practical, and organizational perspective. The chosen mixed-method approach allowed for a holistic analysis of the problems and potential solutions. As such, it can serve as an empowerment strategy for stakeholders in the field, stimulating further discussion, agenda building, and action.

Designbuild, Architectural Education, Material Experiences, Sociomateriality, Architectural Prototyping, Arts in general, and NX1-820

Most contemporary architecture programmes use a pedagogical model in which students construct their design knowledge by engaging in an architectural project. Due to the size and complexities of the physical environments they study, students develop their design knowledge primarily by using representations of the material world. The learning opportunities afforded by the experience of materials hence are often overlooked. In this study, we seek evidence that material experiences have an agency on architectural teaching and learning. Using sociomaterial perspectives, we followed two architecture designbuild courses, analysed their students’ learning diaries, and contextualised them with the teacher’s pedagogical reflections. We found correlations between specific materials and specific knowledge, skills, and technological competencies and demonstrated how materials could be used as ‘learning agents’ in architectural education. The paper’s findings contribute to the development of a material-driven ped­agogy in which materials are used as ‘learning agents’ in architectural education.

programmatic contents, competencies, content generating system, higher education, educational innovation, Education (General), and L7-991

This research combines the art of designing programmatic contents by competencies and the technological variable as an innovative resource in the context of higher education. The objective of this study was focused on the development of a technological system for the generation of programmatic contents by competencies in the curricular units of university careers. This research was carried out under the empirical approach; it is of an applicative type, since it generates a proposal and it was structured methodologically by phases: Phase I of approaching the manual system and user requirements was deployed under a field design in which the current situation and user expectations were described through the techniques of participant observation and meetings of experts in the area of educational technology (teaching staff of the different academic programs, heads of departments and coordinators of the Curriculum Commission), in order to carry out business rounds as a strategy of characterization and permanent consultation of the evolution of the system design to generate agreements. Phase II led to the establishment of the structural components of the prototype, and integrated the essentials from the systems theory, software engineering, and pedagogical didactic theories. Phase III was based on the methodology of system design by prototyping. As for the results, it was evidenced that the stakeholders considered feasible the use of the system to generate programmatic contents by competence, and finally the functionality of the system and the operational advantages for the generation of programmatic contents were demonstrated.

SimStack, workflows, Materials Design, Multiscale modelling, WaNos, and Technology

Establishing a fundamental understanding of the nature of materials via computational simulation approaches requires knowledge from different areas, including physics, materials science, chemistry, mechanical engineering, mathematics, and computer science. Accurate modeling of the characteristics of a particular system usually involves multiple scales and therefore requires the combination of methods from various fields into custom-tailored simulation workflows. The typical approach to developing patch-work solutions on a case-to-case basis requires extensive expertise in scripting, command-line execution, and knowledge of all methods and tools involved for data preparation, data transfer between modules, module execution, and analysis. Therefore multiscale simulations involving state-of-the-art methods suffer from limited scalability, reproducibility, and flexibility. In this work, we present the workflow framework SimStack that enables rapid prototyping of simulation workflows involving modules from various sources. In this platform, multiscale- and multimodule workflows for execution on remote computational resources are crafted via drag and drop, minimizing the required expertise and effort for workflow setup. By hiding the complexity of high-performance computations on remote resources and maximizing reproducibility, SimStack enables users from academia and industry to combine cutting-edge models into custom-tailored, scalable simulation solutions.

smart hydrogel, additive manufacturing, 4D printing, comparative analysis, Science, Chemistry, QD1-999, Inorganic chemistry, QD146-197, General. Including alchemy, and QD1-65

Hydrogel has become a commonly used material for 3D and 4D printing due to its favorable biocompatibility and low cost. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, was originally referred to as rapid prototyping manufacturing. Variable-feature rapid prototyping technology, also known as 4D printing, is a combination of materials, mathematics, and additives. This study constitutes a literature review to address hydrogel-based additive manufacturing technologies, introducing the characteristics of commonly used 3D printing hydrogel methods, such as direct ink writing, fused deposition modeling, and stereolithography. With this review, we also investigated the stimulus types, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of various stimulus-responsive hydrogels in smart hydrogels; non-responsive hydrogels; and various applications of additive manufacturing hydrogels, such as neural catheter preparation and drug delivery. The opportunities, challenges, and future prospects of hydrogel additive manufacturing technologies are discussed.

Teaching Materials, Writing a Drama Scripts, Local wisdom, Character Education, Education, Education (General), and L7-991

Students have difficulty in writing drama scripts. Teachers Indonesian are required to be able to develop teaching materials as a source of material information that is important for students to be skilled in writing drama scripts. Teaching materials developed by teachers should be charged with local wisdom and character education. This research aims to realize the learning materials of writing drama scripts loaded with local wisdom and character education. This research uses Research and Development (R&D) approach from Borg and Gall which is tailored to the needs of this research. This research and development resulted in teaching material writing drama scripts loaded with local wisdom and character education. As a learning material to write a drama script, the material contains six main parts: writing a drama script, intrinsic elements of drama, character education values, examples of local wisdom, examples of drama scripts that are charged with local wisdom and character education, and evaluations to measure students' competence. The procedure is divided into seven main stages, namely theoretical and practical analysis, analysis of the needs of students and teachers, prototyping, material expert tests, prototype revisions, product use tests, and product development of thinking-pair-sharing techniques writing drama scripts

requirements, negotiation, improvement, prototyping, Electronic computers. Computer science, and QA75.5-76.95

The Requirement Engineering phase, where all requests and software requirements of the user and the client are delivered, understood and agreed upon. However, often the developers are just too focused on implementing the software, even though the Requirements Engineering phase is a phase that can have a big impact. The impact is not only on the final product but also on the development process itself. In this study, the authors conducted software development negotiation of software requirements as a medium for stakeholders to negotiate the requirements of software products. In the negotiation system, the author will provide a means of decision support or group decision support system that a method of resolving conflicts. The main objectives of this work are twofold: 1) to assist the negotiation process between stakeholders and 2) to improvement quality software after negotiation. The workings of the E-Voting method are by giving choices to each sub-specification that has been chosen by stakeholders. We will select the choice that has the highest number of votes as a specification. We used prototyping as a method of developing a system life cycle because prototyping is very open to improvements that might occur after it releases the prototype version system. The results of evaluations show that the system has a high success rate based on 3 dimensions of testing, Performance (80.5%), Usability (78.5%), and User Satisfaction (78%).

mobile commerce, transactions, kalirejo village, kwt, Information technology, and T58.5-58.64

The Women Farmers Group (KWT) is a group of farmers who empower women to build an agricultural group. The activities of the farmer groups are agricultural cultivation and processing of agricultural products which can be useful for increasing farmers' income. However, the current income of farmers is still low due to a lack of media transactions and promotions. One of the ways to increase agricultural output is by utilizing farmer groups. This research was conducted at the Flamboyan Women Farmers Group (KWT), which is a group of women in Kalirejo Village, Kalirejo District, Central Lampung Regency who have agricultural products that are processed into food products. The KWT has only been established for about a year and has ten members. However, KWT Flamboyan has not been able to promote its products widely in other regions. Until now, the promotion has been ineffective because it was done when there was a gathering. Therefore, to help increase sales of processed agricultural products. This study uses Android-based M-commerce as a medium for the transaction, promotion, communication, and information to increase the income of the farmer group. Researchers used a structured prototyping system development method with the interaction and system users and used a fishbone research framework to identify causes and effects in the group. In the discussion, the researcher uses the Context Diagram system design, Data Flow Diagrams (DFD), interface design as an illustration of the information display design between the user and the system, the implementation of the program description of the interface design then the program is made and the analysis of the test results of this system is made to test the pages has been made and then tested whether the system needs to be evaluated or not. The results obtained are in the form of an Android-based M-commerce sales application that can be accessed online which can serve online sales transactions and can reduce expenses.