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1. Self-Folding PCB Kirigami: Rapid Prototyping of 3D Electronics via Laser Cutting and Forming. [2022]
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Bachmann AL, Hanrahan B, Dickey MD, and Lazarus N
ACS applied materials & interfaces [ACS Appl Mater Interfaces] 2022 Mar 30; Vol. 14 (12), pp. 14774-14782. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 17.
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This paper demonstrates laser forming, localized heating with a laser to induce plastic deformation, can self-fold 2D printed circuit boards (PCBs) into 3D structures with electronic function. There are many methods for self-folding but few are compatible with electronic materials. We use a low-cost commercial laser writer to both cut and fold a commercial flexible PCB. Laser settings are tuned to select between cutting and folding with higher power resulting in cutting and lower power resulting in localized heating for folding into 3D shapes. Since the thin copper traces used in commercial PCBs are highly reflective and difficult to directly fold, two approaches are explored for enabling folding: plating with a nickel/gold coating or using a single, high-power laser exposure to oxidize the surface and improve laser absorption. We characterized the physical effect of the exposure on the sample as well as the fold angle as a function of laser passes and demonstrate the ability to lift weights comparable with circuit packages and passive components. This technique can form complex, multifold structures with integrated electronics; as a demonstrator, we fold a commercial board with a common timing circuit. Laser forming to add a third dimension to printed circuit boards is an important technology to enable the rapid prototyping of complex 3D electronics.
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Dragusanu M, Troisi D, Villani A, Prattichizzo D, and Malvezzi M
Frontiers in robotics and AI [Front Robot AI] 2022 Mar 29; Vol. 9, pp. 862340. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 29 (Print Publication: 2022).
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Exoskeletons and more in general wearable mechatronic devices represent a promising opportunity for rehabilitation and assistance to people presenting with temporary and/or permanent diseases. However, there are still some limits in the diffusion of robotic technologies for neuro-rehabilitation, notwithstanding their technological developments and evidence of clinical effectiveness. One of the main bottlenecks that constrain the complexity, weight, and costs of exoskeletons is represented by the actuators. This problem is particularly evident in devices designed for the upper limb, and in particular for the hand, in which dimension limits and kinematics complexity are particularly challenging. This study presents the design and prototyping of a hand finger exoskeleton. In particular, we focus on the design of a gear-based differential mechanism aimed at coupling the motion of two adjacent fingers and limiting the complexity and costs of the system. The exoskeleton is able to actuate the flexion/extension motion of the fingers and apply bidirectional forces, that is, it is able to both open and close the fingers. The kinematic structure of the finger actuation system has the peculiarity to present three DoFs when the exoskeleton is not worn and one DoF when it is worn, allowing better adaptability and higher wearability. The design of the gear-based differential is inspired by the mechanism widely used in the automotive field; it allows actuating two fingers with one actuator only, keeping their movements independent.
(Copyright © 2022 Dragusanu, Troisi, Villani, Prattichizzo and Malvezzi.)
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Gan R, Cabezas MD, Pan M, Zhang H, Hu G, Clark LG, Jewett MC, and Nicol R
ACS synthetic biology [ACS Synth Biol] 2022 May 12. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 May 12.
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Engineering regulatory parts for improved performance in genetic programs has played a pivotal role in the development of the synthetic biology cell programming toolbox. Here, we report the development of a novel high-throughput platform for regulatory part prototyping and analysis that leverages the advantages of engineered DNA libraries, cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS), high-throughput emulsion droplet microfluidics, standard flow sorting adapted to screen droplet reactions, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). With this integrated platform, we screened the activity of millions of genetic parts within hours, followed by NGS retrieval of the improved designs. This in vitro platform is particularly valuable for engineering regulatory parts of nonmodel organisms, where in vivo high-throughput screening methods are not readily available. The platform can be extended to multipart screening of complete genetic programs to optimize yield and stability.
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Mohd Asri MA, Mak WC, Norazman SA, and Nordin AN
Lab on a chip [Lab Chip] 2022 May 03; Vol. 22 (9), pp. 1779-1792. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 May 03.
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Electrodes, Glucose, Gold chemistry, Hydrogen Peroxide, Silver, Electrochemical Techniques, and Microfluidics
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We present a low-cost, accessible, and rapid fabrication process for electrochemical microfluidic sensors. This work leverages the accessibility of consumer-grade electronic craft cutters as the primary tool for patterning of sensor electrodes and microfluidic circuits, while commodity materials such as gold leaf, silver ink pen, double-sided tape, plastic transparency films, and fabric adhesives are used as its base structural materials. The device consists of three layers, the silver reference electrode layer at the top, the PET fluidic circuits in the middle and the gold sensing electrodes at the bottom. Separation of the silver reference electrode from the gold sensing electrodes reduces the possibility of cross-contamination during surface modification. A novel approach in mesoscale patterning of gold leaf electrodes can produce generic designs with dimensions as small as 250 μm. Silver electrodes with dimensions as small as 385 μm were drawn using a plotter and a silver ink pen, and fluid microchannels as small as 300 μm were fabricated using a sandwich of iron-on adhesives and PET. Device layers are then fused together using an office laminator. The integrated microfluidic electrochemical platform has electrode kinetics/performance of Δ Ep = 91.3 mV, Ipa / Ipc = 0.905, characterized by cyclic voltammetry using a standard ferrocyanide redox probe, and this was compared against a commercial screen-printed gold electrode (Δ Ep = 68.9 mV, Ipa / Ipc = 0.984). To validate the performance of the integrated microfluidic electrochemical platform, a catalytic hydrogen peroxide sensor and enzyme-coupled glucose biosensors were developed as demonstrators. Hydrogen peroxide quantitation achieves a limit of detection of 0.713 mM and sensitivity of 78.37 μA mM -1 cm -2 , while glucose has a limit of detection of 0.111 mM and sensitivity of 12.68 μA mM -1 cm -2 . This rapid process allows an iterative design-build-test cycle in under 2 hours. The upfront cost to set up the system is less than USD 520, with each device costing less than USD 0.12, making this manufacturing process suitable for low-resource laboratories or classroom settings.
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Andrews A
JMIR formative research [JMIR Form Res] 2022 Apr 21; Vol. 6 (4), pp. e18222. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Apr 21.
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Background: Augmented reality (AR) and brain-computer interface (BCI) are promising technologies that have a tremendous potential to revolutionize health care. While there has been a growing interest in these technologies for medical applications in the recent years, the combined use of AR and BCI remains a fairly unexplored area that offers significant opportunities for improving health care professional education and clinical practice. This paper describes a recent study to explore the integration of AR and BCI technologies for health care applications.
Objective: The described effort aims to advance an understanding of how AR and BCI technologies can effectively work together to transform modern health care practice by providing new mechanisms to improve patient and provider learning, communication, and shared decision-making.
Methods: The study methods included an environmental scan of AR and BCI technologies currently used in health care, a use case analysis for a combined AR-BCI capability, and development of an integrated AR-BCI prototype solution for health care applications.
Results: The study resulted in a novel interface technology solution that enables interoperability between consumer-grade wearable AR and BCI devices and provides the users with an ability to control digital objects in augmented reality using neural commands. The article discusses this novel solution within the context of practical digital health use cases developed during the course of the study where the combined AR and BCI technologies are anticipated to produce the most impact.
Conclusions: As one of the pioneering efforts in the area of AR and BCI integration, the study presents a practical implementation pathway for AR-BCI integration and provides directions for future research and innovation in this area.
(©Anya Andrews. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 21.04.2022.)
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Kim J, Lin YC, Danielak M, Van M, Lee DH, Kim H, and Arany PR
Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists [J Prosthodont] 2022 Apr; Vol. 31 (4), pp. 275-281. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 06.
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Crown Lengthening, Humans, Printing, Three-Dimensional, Stereolithography, Computer-Aided Design, and Dental Implants
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Progress with additive 3D printing is revolutionizing biomaterial manufacturing, including clinical dentistry and prosthodontics. Among the several 3D additive printing technologies, stereolithography is very popular as it utilizes light-activated resin for precise resolution. A simplified digital technique was used to fabricate two designs of a surgical guide for crown lengthening. Two cases are presented that utilized digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) files obtained with computed tomography (CT) imaging and processed using four CAD software (Blue Sky Plan, Exocad, Meshmixer and 3D Slicer). The final models were converted to standard tessellation (STL) files and the guides were 3D printed with an additive stereolithography (SLA) printer. The first case was fabricated with a bone model from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data, and the second case was generated with intraoral and wax-up scans alone. Both methods appear to be equally effective compared to using a conventional method of guide frabication. However, proximal bone reduction was a concern with both designs. Digitally fabricated 3D printed surgical guide for crown lengthening has merit and a practical design is needed for future clinical validation.
(© 2021 by the American College of Prosthodontists.)
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Cong H and Zhang N
Biomicrofluidics [Biomicrofluidics] 2022 Mar 17; Vol. 16 (2), pp. 021301. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 17 (Print Publication: 2022).
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Transforming lab research into a sustainable business is becoming a trend in the microfluidic field. However, there are various challenges during the translation process due to the gaps between academia and industry, especially from laboratory prototyping to industrial scale-up production, which is critical for potential commercialization. In this Perspective, based on our experience in collaboration with stakeholders, e.g., biologists, microfluidic engineers, diagnostic specialists, and manufacturers, we aim to share our understanding of the manufacturing process chain of microfluidic cartridge from concept development and laboratory prototyping to scale-up production, where the scale-up production of commercial microfluidic cartridges is highlighted. Four suggestions from the aspect of cartridge design for manufacturing, professional involvement, material selection, and standardization are provided in order to help scientists from the laboratory to bring their innovations into pre-clinical, clinical, and mass production and improve the manufacturability of laboratory prototypes toward commercialization.
(© 2022 Author(s).)
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Lim SW, Choi IS, Lee BN, Ryu J, Park HJ, and Cho JH
American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics [Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop] 2022 Mar 11. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 11.
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This case report describes the successful orthodontic treatment of an 11-year-old girl with skeletal Class II malocclusion and congenitally missing mandibular second premolars. To resolve her upper lip protrusion and restore the missing mandibular premolars, extraction of the maxillary first premolars and subsequent autotransplantation of the extracted premolars onto the site of the missing mandibular second premolars were performed. To ensure the success of the autotransplantation and subsequent orthodontic treatment, an orthodontic force was preapplied on the donor teeth, and the recipient sockets were prepared with the aid of replica teeth. Thereafter, comprehensive orthodontic treatment was performed to close the extraction space in the maxilla and align the mandibular dentition, including the transplants. The patient achieved a functional occlusion with an improved facial profile. Results of the orthodontic treatment and autotransplantation were stable during the 5-year follow-up. On the basis of this report, a management protocol for a biomechanically enhanced autotransplantation procedure was suggested. This approach would enable an effective treatment procedure, thereby increasing the usefulness of autotransplantation.
(Copyright © 2022 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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Moon J, Shin YM, Park JD, Minaya NH, Shin WY, and Choi SI
PloS one [PLoS One] 2022 Mar 11; Vol. 17 (3), pp. e0264783. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 11 (Print Publication: 2022).
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Gait, Humans, Neural Networks, Computer, Recognition, Psychology, Apathy, and Wearable Electronic Devices
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Human gait is a unique behavioral characteristic that can be used to recognize individuals. Collecting gait information widely by the means of wearable devices and recognizing people by the data has become a topic of research. While most prior studies collected gait information using inertial measurement units, we gather the data from 40 people using insoles, including pressure sensors, and precisely identify the gait phases from the long time series using the pressure data. In terms of recognizing people, there have been a few recent studies on neural network-based approaches for solving the open set gait recognition problem using wearable devices. Typically, these approaches determine decision boundaries in the latent space with a limited number of samples. Motivated by the fact that such methods are sensitive to the values of hyper-parameters, as our first contribution, we propose a new network model that is less sensitive to changes in the values using a new prototyping encoder-decoder network architecture. As our second contribution, to overcome the inherent limitations due to the lack of transparency and interpretability of neural networks, we propose a new module that enables us to analyze which part of the input is relevant to the overall recognition performance using explainable tools such as sensitivity analysis (SA) and layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP).
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