articles+ search results

Collaborative and adaptive cyber Défense strategies, Healthcare networks, Cyber security edge computing, Cyber Défense strategies, Internet of Things, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, and R858-859.7

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a massive network connecting various devices and computer systems. This technology makes prototyping and distributing cutting-edge software and services easier. Through specifically created healthcare networks, the IoT makes it simple to link digital and tangible devices. Disputes continue to arise in the industry due to the absence of uniformity and the rapid growth of products, services, and methods. This study seeks to provide a birds-eye perspective of the technologies and protocols that support the IoT’s foundation. We start by introducing an elaborate process to examine the function of healthcare networks in creating and disseminating IoT-based software and some solutions to the current problems. We then discuss and formulate future challenges and the unanswered concerns surrounding the IoT’s support for healthcare networks. The primary focus of this research is to dissect the IoT, or horizontal network, into its constituent parts. These elements are essential for creating secure and robust mobile applications.

weather derivatives, parametric (index) insurance, pricing, willingness to pay, hedge effectiveness, integrative literature review, Finance, HG1-9999, Economic theory. Demography, and HB1-3840

AbstractThe agriculture sector observed the penetration of parametric weather risk financial products, including weather index insurance and weather derivatives, between the late 1990s and the early 2000s. However, the adoption of such products remains low. While the reasons for low adoption are mentioned in the extant literature, there is a lack of a theoretical framework that captures the moderators accelerating and inhibiting pricing structure and willingness to pay for parametric weather risk mitigants in agriculture. Also, the extant literature does not adequately explain the relationships or interdependencies between pricing structure and willingness to pay for parametric weather risk mitigants. This study bridges this gap by performing an integrative literature review. The review integrates the bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review and categorizes the extant literature into five focal areas: (1) weather analytics capability; (2) design, pricing, and testing; (3) users’ criteria for adoption; (4) prototyping; and (5) product efficacy of weather risk mitigation. A conceptual framework evolved from the review classifies the moderators into accelerants and inhibitors of pricing and willingness to pay. The framework hypothesizes that product design, contract specifications such as tick size and strike levels, hedge effectiveness, and instrument adoption have a recursive interaction with the willingness to pay and pricing structure. Future research directions guided by the proposed framework can motivate scholars and practitioners to explore the scope of bundling parametric (index) insurance and weather derivatives as a standalone product to enhance adoption.

haptic displays, soft electronics, tactile sensation, temporary tattoo substrates, thermo‐mechanical actuation, Electric apparatus and materials. Electric circuits. Electric networks, TK452-454.4, Physics, and QC1-999

Abstract Conformable electronics has emerged in recent years as an innovative research field and the ability of conformable devices to monitor human physiological signals has been extensively explored. Therefore, in this study, the possibility of using conformable electronics as active devices capable of providing stimuli to the human body is investigated. In particular, a new approach is proposed to elicit tactile sensations on human skin using an operating principle based on the generation of localized heat in correspondence with a closed volume of air. This latter consequently expands causing the deformation of a thin membrane. The use of fast prototyping fabrication techniques, i.e., inkjet printing, and commercially available materials, i.e., transfer tattoo paper, allow the device to be produced quickly and easily transferred on the target substrate. Despite the ultrathin thickness (few micrometers), it is possible to observe forces and displacements thanks to localized heating at very low working powers (

Food environments, cocreation, health promotion, frameworks, practical guidance, continuous quality improvement, Public aspects of medicine, and RA1-1270

Introduction: Food environments are a key determinant of food intake and diet-related health. This paper describes the development of an iterative, adaptive, context-specific framework for health-enabling food environments embedded in cocreation theory. Methods: A 3-stage multimethod framework for the coproduction and prototyping of public health interventions was followed in an iterative manner during the development of the framework. These 3 stages were (1) evidence review, including systematic review, consultation with experts, and observation of current work; (2) codesign of the framework prototype with multiple stakeholders; and (3) coproduction through refinement of the prototype through stakeholder workshops and expert reviews with incorporation of researcher notes and workshop evaluation. We use the term prototype during the development phase and the term framework to report on the final product. Results: COACH (CO-creation and evaluation of food environments to Advance Community Health) is a process framework that describes what best practice application of cocreation in health-enabling food retail environments should involve. COACH consists of 10 interdependent factors within a 4-phase continuous quality improvement cycle. The 4 phases of the cycle are engagement and governance establishment, communication and policy alignment, codesign and implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. Conclusions: Utilizing cocreation theory represents an innovative step in research and practice to improve the healthiness of food retail environments. COACH provides a specific, unique, and comprehensive guide to the utilization of cocreation to improve the healthiness of food environments in practice.

Phonon anisotropy, Heating effects, Temperature definition, Graphene, Monte Carlo method, Boltzmann equations, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), and TA1-2040

The effect of inclusion of the planar phonon anisotropy on thermo-electrical behavior of graphene is analyzed. Charge transport is simulated by means of Direct Simulation Monte Carlo technique coupled with numerical solution of the phonon Boltzmann equations based on deterministic methods.The definition of the crystal lattice local equilibrium temperature is investigated as well and the results furnish possible alternative approaches to identify it starting from measurements of electric current density, with relevant experimental advantages, which could help to overcome the present difficulties regarding thermal investigation of graphene.Positive implications are expected for many applications, as the field of electronic devices, which needs a coherent tool for simulation of charge and hot phonon transport; the correct definition of the local equilibrium temperature is in turn fundamental for the study, design and prototyping of cooling mechanisms for graphene-based devices.

3D‐printing, mammalian cell cultivation, microbial cultivation, online monitoring, Biotechnology, and TP248.13-248.65

Abstract In the field of bioprocess development miniaturization, parallelization and flexibility play a key role reducing costs and time. To precisely meet these requirements, additive manufacturing (3D‐printing) is an ideal technology. 3D‐printing enables rapid prototyping and cost‐effective fabrication of individually designed devices with complex geometries on demand. For successful bioprocess development, monitoring of process‐relevant parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and biomass, is crucial. Online monitoring is preferred as offline sampling is time‐consuming and leads to loss of information. In this study, 3D‐printed cultivation vessels with optical prisms are evaluated for the use in upstream processes of different industrially relevant microorganisms and cell lines. It was shown, that the 3D‐printed optically modified well (OMW) is of benefit for a wide range of biotechnologically relevant microorganisms and even for mammalian suspension cells. Evaluation tests with Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were performed, providing highly reproducible results. Growth behavior of OMW cultures was comparable to behavior of shake flask (SF) cultivations and the signal to noise ratio in online biomass measurement was shown to be reduced up to 95.8% by using the OMW. Especially the cultivation phases with low turbidity respective optical densities below 1.0 rel.AU could be monitored accurately for the first time. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the 3D‐printed optics are transferable to different well geometries and sizes, enabling efficient biomass monitoring for individual requirements with tailor‐made 3D‐printed cultivation vessels in small scale.

otolaryngology, three dimensional printing, four-dimensional printing, additive manufacturing, biomaterials, bioprinting, Biotechnology, and TP248.13-248.65

Three-dimensional (3D)/four-dimensional (4D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing or fast prototyping, is a manufacturing technique that uses a digital model to generate a 3D/4D solid product. The usage of biomaterials with 3D/4D printers in the pharma and healthcare industries is gaining significant popularity. 3D printing has mostly been employed in the domain of otolaryngology to build portable anatomical models, personalized patient-centric implants, biologic tissue scaffolds, surgical planning in individuals with challenging conditions, and surgical training. Although identical to 3D printing technology in this application, 4D printing technology comprises a fourth dimension of time. With the use of 4D printing, a printed structure may alter over time under various stimuli. Smart polymeric materials are also generally denoted as bioinks are frequently employed in tissue engineering applications of 3D/4D printing. In general, 4D printing could significantly improve the safety and efficacy of otolaryngology therapies. The use of bioprinting in otolaryngology has an opportunity to transform the treatment of diseases influencing the ear, nose, and throat as well as the field of tissue regeneration. The present review briefs on polymeric material including biomaterials and cells used in the manufacturing of patient centric 3D/4D bio-printed products utilized in management of otolaryngology.

atopic dermatitis, biometric data acquisition, clinical research study, eczema, inflammatory skin disease, mobile application, Medicine, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Electronic computers. Computer science, and QA75.5-76.95

IntroductionIn-person dermatology clinical research studies often face recruitment and participation challenges due to travel-, time-, and cost-associated barriers. Studies incorporating virtual/asynchronous formats can potentially enhance research subject participation and satisfaction, but few mobile health tools are available to enable remote study conduct. We developed SkinTracker, a patient-facing mobile app and researcher-facing web platform, that enables longitudinal collection of skin photos, patient reported outcomes, and biometric health and environmental data.MethodsEight design thinking sessions including dermatologists, clinical research staff, software engineers, and graphic designers were held to create the components of SkinTracker. Following iterative prototyping, SkinTracker was piloted across six adult and four pediatric subjects with atopic dermatitis (AD) of varying severity levels to test and provide feedback on SkinTracker for six months.ResultsThe SkinTracker app enables collection of informed consent for study participation, baseline medical history, standardized skin photographs, patient-reported outcomes (e.g., Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM), Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)), medication use, adverse events, voice diary to document qualitative experiences, chat function for communication with research team, environmental and biometric data such as exercise and sleep metrics through integration with an Apple Watch. The researcher web portal allows for management and visualization of subject enrollment, skin photographs for examination and severity scoring, survey completion, and other patient modules. The pilot study requested that subjects complete surveys and photographs on a weekly to monthly basis via the SkinTracker app. Afterwards, participants rated their experience in a 7-item user experience survey covering app function, design, and desire for participation in future studies using SkinTracker. Almost all subjects agreed or strongly agreed that SkinTracker enabled more convenient participation in skin research studies compared to an in-person format.DiscussionTo our knowledge, SkinTracker is one of the first integrated app- and web-based platforms allowing collection and management of data commonly obtained in clinical research studies. SkinTracker enables detailed, frequent capture of data that may better reflect the fluctuating course of conditions such as AD, and can be modularly customized for different skin conditions to improve dermatologic research participation and patient access.

visual disability, visually impaired, assistive technology (AT), user–centered design, human centred design, innovation, Other systems of medicine, RZ201-999, Medical technology, and R855-855.5

Despite scientific and technological advances in the field of assistive technology (AT) for people with visual impairment (VI), technological designs are frequently based on a poor understanding of the physical and social context of use, resulting in devices that are less than optimal for their intended beneficiaries. To resolve this situation, user-centred approaches in the development process of AT have been widely adopted in recent years. However, there is a lack of systematization on the application of this approach. This systematic review registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022307466), assesses the application of the ISO 9241-210 human-centred design principles in allegedly “user-centred designed” AT developments for persons with VI (see Supplementary PROSPERO Protocol). The results point to a wide variation of the depth of understanding of user needs, a poor characterization of the application of the User Centred Design (UCD) approach in the initial design phases or in the early prototyping, and a vague description of user feedback and device iteration. Among the principles set out in ISO 9241-210, the application of 5.6: “the design team includes multidisciplinary skills and perspectives” is the one for which the least evidence is found. The results show there is not enough evidence to fully assess the impact of UCD in (1) promoting innovation regarding AT products and practices, and (2) Judging if AT produced following such standards is leading to better user access, wellbeing outcomes and satisfaction. To address this gap it is necessary to, first, generate better implementation of UCD in AT development and second, to strengthen evidence regarding the implementation and outcomes of using UCD for AT. To better engage with the realities of persons with VI, we propose capacity building across development teams regarding UCD, its principles and components; better planning for UCD implementation; and cross-fertilization across engineering disciplines and social and clinical science.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=307466 PROSPERO (CRD42022307466).

3D printing, Hydroxyapatite, 4D printing, Polymer, Scaffold, Bone tissue engineering, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), and H1-99

The osseous tissue can be classified as a nanocomposite that encompasses a complex interweaving of organic and inorganic matrices. This intricate amalgamation consists of a collagen component and a mineral phase that are intricately arranged to form elaborate and perforated configurations. Hydroxyapatite, whether synthesized artificially or obtained from natural sources, has garnered considerable attention as a composite material in the field of bone tissue engineering due to its striking resemblance to bone in terms of structure and characteristics. Hydroxyapatite (HA) constitutes the predominant ceramic biomaterial for biomedical applications due to its ability to replicate the mineral composition of vertebrate bone. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that the present biomimetic substance exhibits unfavorable mechanical characteristics, characterized by insufficient tensile and compressive strength, thus rendering it unsuitable for effective employment in the field of bone tissue engineering. Due to its beneficial attributes, hydroxyapatite (HA) is frequently employed in conjunction with various polymers and crosslinkers as composites to enhance mechanical properties and overall efficacy of implantable biomaterials engineered. The restoration of skeletal defects through the use of customized replacements is an effective way to replace damaged or lost bone structures. This method not only restores the bones' original functions but also reinstates their initial aesthetic appearance. The utilization of hydroxyapatite-polymer composites within 3D-printed grafts necessitates meticulous optimization of both mechanical and biological properties, in order to ensure their suitability for employment in medical devices. The utilization of 3D-printing technology represents an innovative approach in the manufacturing of HA-based scaffolds, which offers advantageous prospects for personalized bone regeneration. The expeditious prototyping method, with emphasis on the application of 3D printing, presents a viable approach in the development of bespoke prosthetic implants, grounded on healthcare data sets. 4D printing approach is an evolved form of 3D printing that utilizes programmable materials capable of altering the intended shape of printed structures, contingent upon single or dual stimulating factors. These factors include aspects such as pH level, temperature, humidity, crosslinking degree, and leaching factors.

Additive manufacturing, 3D printing, Knowledge management, Business models, Roadmap, Technology roadmap, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), and H1-99

Additive Manufacturing (AM) demonstrates significant potential with rapid growth and widespread industrial adoption. To support the integration and innovation of AM technologies, the development of guidance tools and support methods are crucial, and a technological roadmap can assist in this effort. Despite its widespread use in production processes, the need for further research on the potential impact of AM remains significant. The full impact of AM is still uncertain and lacks consensus, highlighting the need for increased knowledge and investment from the scientific community and organizations. While the benefits of AM are recognized, the challenges of its adoption are not entirely known. AM will bring changes in the way organizations create, distribute, and derive value. Thus, in this article, a roadmap for AM is proposed and presented as a tool to map technological knowledge on the implementation and evolution of AM and serve as a strategic guide for organizations. The methodology for its elaboration involves three phases: planning and preparation, roadmap development, and review and update. Through a literature review, database and project consultation, and questionnaires to Portuguese companies that use AM in their production process it was possible to characterize the AM technology and through the visual format, based on a time horizon, summarize in a common framework all the information about the current and future state of AM in Portugal. The results of this study show that research and development initiatives are essential to promote the evolution of knowledge of the AM technology. Throughout this study and with the development of the roadmap it is anticipated that in the near future the AM will be widely used for prototyping and manufacturing of components and may be used for direct production in the short to medium term. It was also found that the main obstacles to the implementation of AM are the economic/productivity factors and the shortage of professionals with knowledge and skills in the area.

adc, resolution, fpga, sampling, conversion, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971, Telecommunication, and TK5101-6720

Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) are devices that transform analog signals into digital signals and are used in various applications such as audio recording, data acquisition, and measurement systems [1]. Prior to the development of actual chip, there is a need for prototyping, testing and verifying the performance of ADCs in different scenarios. Analog macros cannot be tested on an FPGA. In order to ensure the macros function properly, the emulation of the ADC is done first. This is a digital module and can be designed in System Verilog. This paper demonstrates the design of the module on FPGA for Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) emulation. The emulation is done specific to the ADC macro which has programmable resolutions of 12/10/8/6 bit.

Industry 4.0 technology, Industry wastewater treatment (IWWT), Design thinking, Design-driven innovation, Business model generation, Business, HF5001-6182, Commercial geography. Economic geography, and HF1021-1027

Abstract This paper reviews the research process conducted on developing a new system for industry wastewater treatment application to increase efficiency and sustainability by adopting industry 4.0 technology. The challenge of this project was to (a) utilize the design thinking methodology (human-centered design) entire process; (b) focus on heavy industry rather than the targeted user; and (c) adapt state of art technology. The objective was to revisit and invent new methods, such as metaphoric analysis, body thinking, and organization persona that would contribute to high-level innovative ideas: specifically, (a) the organization persona allowed to understand the dynamics of the complicated stakeholder structure; (b) the role of prototyping was mainly descriptive for communication; and (c) the case’s idea generation was used to affect the entire process of the project as well as benchmarking other industries. This paper attempts to address whether it is possible to create a new methodology that would address innovative business opportunities in complicated and high-tech adapting industries.

Control engineering systems. Automatic machinery (General), TJ212-225, Acoustics. Sound, and QC221-246

Wind turbine drivetrains play a fundamental role in converting wind power into electrical energy. The gearbox is one of the most important and expensive components in a wind turbine drivetrain. Since flexible suspensions mounted on the gearbox are mainly designed for isolating vibration transfer to other turbine components, the gearbox itself still suffers from complicated whole-body vibration. In view of this, a vibration absorption method based on modal interaction is put forward to alleviate the whole-body vibration of the wind turbine gearbox with flexible suspensions. A vibration absorber with adjustable control parameters is utilized to establish modal coupling with the wind turbine gearbox. Internal resonance is analyzed and used to construct a modal interaction mechanism between the vibration absorber mode and the controlled gearbox mode. With the help of modal interaction, the vibration energy of the controlled gearbox mode is successfully absorbed by the vibration absorber mode and effectively dissipated by the damping of the vibration absorber mode. Through numerical simulations and virtual prototyping simulations, its vibration alleviation performance is verified. Since the proposed method is designed in terms of the controlled mode of the wind turbine gearbox rather than external excitations, it is suitable for applications in a complicated working environment. Besides, the proposed method aims to transfer and dissipate vibration energy through nonlinear modal interaction rather than suppress vibration via external energy, and thus can effectively deal with strong vibration problems. More importantly, it can easily work together with the existing vibration isolation method and further alleviate the whole-body vibration of the gearbox. This research will contribute to improving the reliability and service life of wind turbine gearboxes.

Fused filament fabrication (FFF), Minimal surfaces, Poly (ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK), Fusion cage, Mechanical properties, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, and TN1-997

The interbody fusion cages are critical implants in spinal fusion surgeries, which stabilize the spine and treat pains resulting from degenerative disc disease. The commercial used poly (ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) cages are non-porous and manufactured by machining, which cause material waste and insufficient bioactivity. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology provides opportunities to fabricate fusion cages with specific shape and intricate porous architectures for bone ingrowth and nutrient exchange. Herein, PEEK-based lattice structures are designed and firstly fabricated by FFF based on three minimal surfaces including Schwarz P (P), Diamond (D) and Gyroid (G). The effects of cellular architecture and unit cell on the compressive properties are investigated. The results demonstrate that D and G surfaces possess superior load-carrying and energy absorption capacity. The prototyping defects in PEEK lattices were lesser than those in PEEK/CF samples. Also, it is notable that the compression performance of FFF-printed samples exhibited a strong anisotropy depending on the printing direction. After printing, annealing is an effective post treatment to further improve the crystallinity and compressive strength of PEEK lattice surfaces. Therefore, the novel PEEK porous structures with optimized mechanical performance show great potentials in the applications as fusion cage implants.

Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), and TA1-2040

Abstract Reconfigurable modular microfluidics presents an opportunity for flexibly constructing prototypes of advanced microfluidic systems. Nevertheless, the strategy of directly integrating modules cannot easily fulfill the requirements of common applications, e.g., the incorporation of materials with biochemical compatibility and optical transparency and the execution of small batch production of disposable chips for laboratory trials and initial tests. Here, we propose a manufacturing scheme inspired by the movable type printing technique to realize 3D free-assembly modular microfluidics. Double-layer 3D microfluidic structures can be produced by replicating the assembled molds. A library of modularized molds is presented for flow control, droplet generation and manipulation and cell trapping and coculture. In addition, a variety of modularized attachments, including valves, light sources and microscopic cameras, have been developed with the capability to be mounted onto chips on demand. Microfluidic systems, including those for concentration gradient generation, droplet-based microfluidics, cell trapping and drug screening, are demonstrated. This scheme enables rapid prototyping of microfluidic systems and construction of on-chip research platforms, with the intent of achieving high efficiency of proof-of-concept tests and small batch manufacturing.

3D printing, Ceramic armour, Bioinspired architecture, Ceramic composites, Additive manufacturing, Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass, and TP785-869

Ceramics and ceramic composites are often utilised for armour applications, where light weight and ballistic protection are essential. Recently, bio-inspired materials and composites for future armour applications are attracting increasing attention from researchers and engineers. In order to choose the suitable methods and techniques to fabricate ceramic and bioinspired ceramic composite armours cost-effectively, it is necessary to understand current techniques for manufacturing ceramic and ceramic composite products. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art review of advanced/potential manufacturing techniques available to fabricate ceramic and bioinspired ceramic composites. These methods encompass powder-based techniques (e.g., Selective Laser Melting/Sintering, Binder Jetting) used for prototyping porous ceramic structures, as well as vat polymerisation (e.g., Stereolithography, Digital Light Processing) and Slurry-Based Deposition (e.g., Direct Ink Writing, Fused Deposition Modelling), which are employed for fabricating dense ceramic parts.

coffee beans, dark roast, electrical energy, electric motor, roasting temperature, Agriculture (General), and S1-972

The purpose of this research is to design a rounding cylinder tube on a coffee roaster using an electric heating element that will be used to roast coffee. The roasting process also uses an electric motor to rotate the cylindrical drum so that the stirring process becomes even. The research was conducted using engineering methods including identification of problems, roasting machine design formulation, prototyping, functional testing, and performance testing. The data analysed are roasting capacity, roasting temperature and the need for electrical energy used. The results showed that the roasting capacity was 2.3 kg.h-1. The serving of coffee for dark roast maturity levels can be ended when the temperature has reached a temperature of 201 °C. The need for electrical energy in the heater for roasting arabica coffee beans with a maturity level of a dark roast for 1 hour 54 minutes obtained an average value of 3.4 kWh, with the need for electrical energy for roasting arabica coffee beans which is 1.35 kWh.

Patient and public involvement, Co-creation, Public rehabilitation, Physical activity, Community-based, Partnership, Medicine, Medicine (General), and R5-920

Abstract Background Increased levels of physical activity are associated with beneficial health effects for people with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and/or severe obesity; however, transforming knowledge about these effects into action is challenging. The aim of this paper is to explore lessons learnt from a co-creation process in a partnership project involving local stakeholders, including citizens, and researchers. The purpose of the process was to link a public health care institution with civil society organisations in the local community to make it possible for citizens to continue to be physically active after ending their public rehabilitation. Secondarily, this paper aims to develop a conceptual model of the above process. Methods The study constitutes the first part of Project Active Communities and was based on a partnership between three research institutions and a Danish rural municipality, involving municipal and civil society stakeholders and citizens with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and/or severe obesity in co-creation of concrete interventions for implementation. The co-creation process was divided into two tracks, one involving citizens (two workshops) and one involving municipal and civil society stakeholders (two workshops). The two tracks were concluded with a final workshop involving all stakeholders, including local politicians. Data sources are focus groups and bilateral meetings, workshop observations, and questionnaires. Results Lessons learnt include the importance of having a flexible timeframe for the co-creation process; giving room for disagreements and matching of mutual expectations between stakeholders; the value of a coordinator in the municipality to achieve acceptance of the project; and the significance of engaging local politicians in the co-creation process to accommodate internal political agendas. We have developed a conceptual model for a co-creation process, where we outline and explain three distinct phases: stakeholder identification and description, co-creation, and prototyping. The model can be adapted and applied to other sectors and settings. Conclusions This study documents lessons learnt in a co-creation process aiming to link a public health care institution with civil society organisations in the local community. Further, this study has specified productive co-creative processes and documented the various phases in a conceptual model.

Manufacturing, EU, Carbon-neutrality, Digitalization, Management, and Technology

The manufacturing industry tries to innovate always to cater to customer-oriented products. The digitization of manufacturing is revolutionizing the future of this industry. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is bringing down the labor cost, reducing the machine downtime, and overall increasing the production speed. A new technological trend like Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that uses computer algorithms based on available data and can improve or decide further, automatically, based on experience, without the need for prior programming commands. ML can improve daily processes for identifying bottlenecks, developing products, controlling quality, providing security to the industry, and using AI robotics in place of humans. On one hand, technologies like ML, AI, IIoT, new materials, photonics, and rapid prototyping are driving the manufacturing sector in adopting a future version of Industry 4.0, and on the other hand, the European Commission (EC) has defined a roadmap until 2050 or more, in achieving the sustainable goal of carbon-neutrality and complete digitalization with resilience across the European continent. However, it is challenging to match the planned and actual roadmaps to the future of the technology-based manufacturing industry. There are uncertainties about how the future will be shaped by technologies in the EU manufacturing industry, in the changing political, environmental and social world environment. Recognizing these difficulties, the current article consults the available literature on this topic to determine the factors that will characterize the future of the manufacturing industry across EU countries. The relevant information about the EU manufacturing sectors has first been collected from various sources like Eurostat data, the EC policy documents, manufacturing company's annual reports, research reviews, journal articles, EU Industry Days annual event, etc. Then the collected data were analyzed to gain insight into the future of the technology-based EU manufacturing industry in the context of the European Commission's outlined policies. Variable factors from different manufacturing sectors are presented from different EU member states and scenario analysis was used for understanding the possible future. It is concluded that the future does not lie in adapting to the changing environment but in creating the future by EU companies themselves - revolution must be met by revolution. Their early experiences and path dependency can be seen as stubbornness, which may act as formidable barriers to building new capabilities. Therefore, companies must step-wise integrate resources to create a new process, and new structure, with personnel motivation, that fits with the broader European context in the coming decades.