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1. Rapid prototyping of database systems in human genetics data collection. [1987]

  • Gersting JM Jr
  • Journal of medical systems [J Med Syst] 1987 Jun; Vol. 11 (2-3), pp. 177-89.
Subjects
Humans, Pedigree, Data Collection, Database Management Systems, Genetic Diseases, Inborn, and Software
Abstract
This work examines some of the problems encountered in developing small and large database application systems involving human genetics data collection efforts that include data on individuals as well as family pedigree data. Rapid prototyping of a database application requires software tools to produce the application with little or no programming. Features of MEGADATS-4 that provide for rapid prototyping and for producing stand-alone applications are examined.

2. Structure and software tools of AIDA. [1987]

  • Duisterhout JS, Franken B, and Witte F
  • Computer methods and programs in biomedicine [Comput Methods Programs Biomed] 1987 Nov-Dec; Vol. 25 (3), pp. 259-73.
Subjects
Database Management Systems, Medical Informatics Applications, Programming Languages, Software Design, Information Systems, and Software
Abstract
AIDA consists of a set of software tools to allow for fast development and easy-to-maintain Medical Information Systems. AIDA supports all aspects of such a system both during development and operation. It contains tools to build and maintain forms for interactive data entry and on-line input validation, a database management system including a data dictionary and a set of run-time routines for database access, and routines for querying the database and output formatting. Unlike an application generator, the user of AIDA may select parts of the tools to fulfill his needs and program other subsystems not developed with AIDA. The AIDA software uses as host language the ANSI-standard programming language MUMPS, an interpreted language embedded in an integrated database and programming environment. This greatly facilitates the portability of AIDA applications. The database facilities supported by AIDA are based on a relational data model. This data model is built on top of the MUMPS database, the so-called global structure. This relational model overcomes the restrictions of the global structure regarding string length. The global structure is especially powerful for sorting purposes. Using MUMPS as a host language allows the user an easy interface between user-defined data validation checks or other user-defined code and the AIDA tools. AIDA has been designed primarily for prototyping and for the construction of Medical Information Systems in a research environment which requires a flexible approach. The prototyping facility of AIDA operates terminal independent and is even to a great extent multi-lingual. Most of these features are table-driven; this allows on-line changes in the use of terminal type and language, but also causes overhead. AIDA has a set of optimizing tools by which it is possible to build a faster, but (of course) less flexible code from these table definitions. By separating the AIDA software in a source and a run-time version, one is able to write implementation-specific code which can be selected and loaded by a special source loader, being part of the AIDA software. This feature is also accessible for maintaining software on different sites and on different installations.

3. Prototyping with AIDA for a hospital pharmacy system. [1987]

  • Molenaar GC and Boon WM
  • Computer methods and programs in biomedicine [Comput Methods Programs Biomed] 1987 Nov-Dec; Vol. 25 (3), pp. 275-80.
Subjects
Drug Information Services, Netherlands, Hospital Information Systems, Pharmacy Service, Hospital, and Software
Abstract
The CENTRASYS system for the Hospital Pharmacy, developed as part of a research project of the Department of Medical Informatics is described. The role of AIDA, a fourth-generation software package, as a prototyping tool is discussed. It is concluded that AIDA facilitates prototyping and is also very suitable as a vehicle for systems in operation. It is further concluded that prototyping is of great help in the developmental phase of a project, but that great care has to be taken during evaluation of the prototypes: minimize the number of test sites and try to avoid that users become dependent on the system, because every prototype needs further tuning before it really becomes an operational system.

4. Performance of AIDA during development and operation. [1987]

  • Molenaar GC and Duisterhout JS
  • Computer methods and programs in biomedicine [Comput Methods Programs Biomed] 1987 Nov-Dec; Vol. 25 (3), pp. 281-6.
Subjects
Evaluation Studies as Topic, Hospital Information Systems, Pharmacy Service, Hospital, Primary Health Care, Software Design, and Software
Abstract
A system for hospital pharmacies (CENTRASYS) and a system for primary health care (ELIAS), both developed using prototyping and a fourth-generation tool (AIDA), are introduced. Differences in development strategies are analyzed and conclusions are drawn with respect to the use of AIDA for management, development and operation of the systems. The use of AIDA increases development speed enormously, enabling a productivity of over 40 lines per day, which is more than twice the amount that is accepted as reasonable.

5. The role of AIDA in a primary care information system. [1987]

  • Boon WM, Westerhof HP, Duisterhout JS, and Cromme PV
  • Computer methods and programs in biomedicine [Comput Methods Programs Biomed] 1987 Nov-Dec; Vol. 25 (3), pp. 287-96.
Subjects
Animals, Cricetinae, Netherlands, Pilot Projects, Software Design, User-Computer Interface, Information Systems, Primary Health Care, and Software
Abstract
In this article the development of a computer system for General Practice, ELIAS, is described. The use of the 4th-generation software toolkit AIDA proved to be very helpful in increasing the speed of development as well as the quality of the ELIAS software. The programming support that AIDA offered, not only in increasing the rate of development but also in the flexible way in which parts of the system and the database can be adjusted (in prototyping as well as in the operational system) and its self-documenting functions, contributed to the ease of development. The consistent lay-out of the frames and uniform screen-handling, the opportunity of data validation and the availability of help information at every item in screen frames--all facilitated by AIDA--rendered ELIAS a very user-friendly system.

6. The principles and prototyping of a knowledge-based diabetes management system. [1989]

  • Deutsch T, Boroujerdi MA, Carson ER, Harvey FE, Sonksen PH, Tamás G, and Williams CD
  • Computer methods and programs in biomedicine [Comput Methods Programs Biomed] 1989 Jun; Vol. 29 (2), pp. 75-88.
Subjects
Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Diabetes Mellitus blood, Diabetes Mellitus physiopathology, Diet, Diabetic, Exercise, Humans, Insulin physiology, Microcomputers, Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted, Prognosis, Blood Glucose metabolism, Diabetes Mellitus drug therapy, Expert Systems, Insulin administration dosage, and Therapy, Computer-Assisted
Abstract
This paper describes the principles and prototyping of a computer-based system being developed to assist in the management of diabetes mellitus. Unlike other approaches based upon mathematical modelling or the use of computer algorithms, this system adopts one derived from artificial intelligence, seeking to incorporate the dynamics of glucose and insulin in a manner which reflects their clinical importance. The resultant logical model (qualitative algebra) defines the relationships between changes in insulin dose and site and time of injection and glycaemic response. In this manner the computer-based system, implemented in Prolog, can be used to provide advice concerning insulin therapy by means of making qualitative predictions of patient outcome of blood glucose profile resulting from alternative insulin regimens.

7. A knowledge-based support system for mechanical ventilation of the lungs. The KUSIVAR concept and prototype. [1989]

  • Rudowski R, Frostell C, and Gill H
  • Computer methods and programs in biomedicine [Comput Methods Programs Biomed] 1989 Sep; Vol. 30 (1), pp. 59-70.
Subjects
Adult, Decision Making, Computer-Assisted, Humans, Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Carbon Dioxide blood, Expert Systems, Respiratory Insufficiency therapy, Software, and Ventilators, Mechanical
Abstract
The KUSIVAR is an expert system for mechanical ventilation of adult patients suffering from respiratory insufficiency. Its main objective is to provide guidance in respirator management. The knowledge base includes both qualitative, rule-based knowledge and quantitative knowledge expressed in the form of mathematical models (expert control) which is used for prediction of arterial gas tensions and optimization purposes. The system is data driven and uses a forward chaining mechanism for rule invocation. The interaction with the user will be performed in advisory, critiquing, semi-automatic and automatic modes. The system is at present in an advanced prototype stage. Prototyping is performed using KEE (Knowledge Engineering Environment) on a Sperry Explorer workstation. For further development and clinical use the expert system will be downloaded to an advanced PC. The system is intended to support therapy with a Siemens-Elema Servoventilator 900 C.

8. Rapid prototyping for healthcare applications. [1989]

  • Madison DE
  • Computers in healthcare [Comput Healthc] 1989 Nov; Vol. 10 (11), pp. 35-6, 38.
Subjects
Efficiency, Models, Theoretical, Planning Techniques, United States, and Hospital Information Systems
Abstract
One way automation can increase efficiency is through rapid prototyping, particularly of user interfaces. AI and logic programming, argues this author, offer good user interface tools and a suitable prototyping environment.

9. Analyze: a comprehensive, operator-interactive software package for multidimensional medical image display and analysis. [1989]

  • Robb RA, Hanson DP, Karwoski RA, Larson AG, Workman EL, and Stacy MC
  • Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society [Comput Med Imaging Graph] 1989 Nov-Dec; Vol. 13 (6), pp. 433-54.
Subjects
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Ultrasonography, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods, Software, Software Design, and User-Computer Interface
Abstract
A comprehensive software package, called ANALYZE, has been developed (1) which permits detailed investigation and evaluation of multidimensional biomedical images. ANALYZE can be used with 3-D imaging modalities based on x-ray computed tomography, radionuclide emission tomography, ultrasound tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The software is written entirely in "C" and runs on standard UNIX workstations. The ANALYZE package features integrated, complimentary tools for fully interactive display, manipulation and measurement of multidimensional image data. The software architecture permits systematic enhancements and upgrades which has fostered development of a readily expandable package. It provides an effective shell for custom software prototyping and turnkey applications. This paper provides a general description of this software as well as specific details on the methodology employed to develop it, both conceptual and technical. Applications of the software are illustrated.

10. An object-oriented database for protein structure analysis. [1990]

  • Gray PM, Paton NW, Kemp GJ, and Fothergill JE
  • Protein engineering [Protein Eng] 1990 Mar; Vol. 3 (4), pp. 235-43.
Subjects
Amino Acid Sequence, Chemical Phenomena, Chemistry, Protein Conformation, Information Systems, and Proteins
Abstract
An object-oriented database system has been developed which is being used to store protein structure data. The database can be queried using the logic programming language Prolog or the query language Daplex. Queries retrieve information by navigating through a network of objects which represent the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. Routines written in both Prolog and Daplex can integrate complex calculations with the retrieval of data from the database, and can also be stored in the database for sharing among users. Thus object-oriented databases are better suited to prototyping applications and answering complex queries about protein structure than relational databases. This system has been used to find loops of varying length and anchor positions when modelling homologous protein structures.

11. Designing the user interface using rapid prototyping. [1990]

  • Keyson DK and Parsons KC
  • Applied ergonomics [Appl Ergon] 1990 Sep; Vol. 21 (3), pp. 207-13.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and improve the menu interface design of an existing expert system. The system provided expertise concerned with evaluating human response to environments and was implemented onto a computer with a simple tree menu system. Two laboratory based experiments were carried out in which alternative menu interface designs were developed rapidly and compared with the original design. User acceptance tests which incorporated objective and subjective measures were iteratively used to evaluate and improve the interface designs. The results of these experiments indicated that, for the particular system under study, a graphic based design which displayed 58 options divided into levels on a single screen was preferred by users over the original menu interface which displayed one menu at a time with seven options per screen. The final interface remains to be tested under field conditions.

12. The Physician's Workstation: an example of end user integration of information systems. [1991]

  • Hammond JE, Berger RG, Carey TS, Rutledge R, Cleveland TJ, Kichak JP, and Ayscue CF
  • Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care [Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care] 1991, pp. 970-2.
Subjects
Hospital Information Systems, Microcomputers, North Carolina, Software, Computer Communication Networks, Information Systems, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, and User-Computer Interface
Abstract
Many hospitals today have implemented widely disparate information systems on mainframe and mini-computer hardware. The advent of network technology in hospitals has made it possible to access information in these systems. Unfortunately, the user interfaces to applications on these system are unique and difficult to learn, which makes them unsuitable for use by clinical services. In this paper we describe the development using rapid prototyping object-oriented programming tools of a Physician's Workstation which integrates information from five different applications running on three separate computer systems.

13. Knowledge-based systems in medicine--a Nordic research and development programme. [1991]

  • Saranummi N, Groth T, Rosenfalck A, and Wigertz O
  • Computer methods and programs in biomedicine [Comput Methods Programs Biomed] 1991 Feb-Mar; Vol. 34 (2-3), pp. 81-9.
Subjects
Clinical Laboratory Information Systems, Critical Care, Decision Making, Computer-Assisted, Denmark, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Expert Systems, Finland, Microcomputers, Monitoring, Physiologic, Sweden, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, User-Computer Interface, and Artificial Intelligence
Abstract
A Nordic research and development programme, 'KBS in Medicine' (KUSIN-MEDICINE), was run in 1986-89. Its main goal was to acquire an understanding of applying knowledge-based techniques in medicine and of the limitations of present-day artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies. The programme comprised four experimental installation sites (Tampere in Finland, Uppsala and Linköping in Sweden, and Aalborg in Denmark) each prototyping in one or more medical domains. The programme was financed by the Nordic Fund for Technological and Industrial Development, by national funds for applied research and by a number of industries. Prototype decision support systems were produced in the following domains: intensive care (Tampere, Uppsala, Linköping, Aalborg), clinical chemistry (Tampere, Uppsala) and clinical neurophysiology (Aalborg in collaboration with Turku and Uppsala). These served to transfer this technology to industry and helped to identify limitations of this technology.

14. The PRIST-2 development environment: architecture and implementation. [1991]

  • Cristiani P, Costa G, and Pazzi S
  • International journal of bio-medical computing [Int J Biomed Comput] 1991 May-Jun; Vol. 28 (1-2), pp. 101-16.
Subjects
Computer Graphics, Programming Languages, Hospital Information Systems, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, and User-Computer Interface
Abstract
The PRIST-2 system has been designed as an interactive and high-productivity tool for the rapid prototyping and development of medical applications. Three major issues were addressed in this research project which derived from the evolution of a previous 4th generation software package, called PRIST (patient record information system tool): a high transportability on different hardware and operating systems, a conversational and interactive user-interface and user-independence Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS). Although we developed PRIST-2 on the top of the ORACLE RDBMS, it does not depend on SQL commercial products because the ORACLE features have been directly used only for SQL relational data base management. The application design methodology implemented in the system architecture allows an interactive and formal description of the application constraints in terms of the semantic data model rather than in terms of the data structure. The translation of the conceptual constraints into SQL tables is performed by several pre-defined routines. In the PC based release (MS/DOS, OS/2, Xenix operating systems), the Graphic-User Interface (GUI) has been developed using Microsoft Windows Software Development Kit. The UNIX release will use a GUI developed on top of the X-Windows environment.

15. Object-oriented design and programming in medical decision support. [1991]

  • Heathfield H, Armstrong J, and Kirkham N
  • Computer methods and programs in biomedicine [Comput Methods Programs Biomed] 1991 Dec; Vol. 36 (4), pp. 239-51.
Subjects
Adult, Breast Neoplasms pathology, Carcinoma pathology, Computer Systems, Decision Theory, Decision Trees, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Expert Systems, Female, Humans, Programming Languages, Decision Support Techniques, Medical Informatics, and Software Design
Abstract
The concept of object-oriented design and programming has recently received a great deal of attention from the software engineering community. This paper highlights the realisable benefits of using the object-oriented approach in the design and development of clinical decision support systems. These systems seek to build a computational model of some problem domain and therefore tend to be exploratory in nature. Conventional procedural design techniques do not support either the process of model building or rapid prototyping. The central concepts of the object-oriented paradigm are introduced, namely encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism, and their use illustrated in a case study, taken from the domain of breast histopathology. In particular, the dual roles of inheritance in object-oriented programming are examined, i.e., inheritance as a conceptual modelling tool and inheritance as a code reuse mechanism. It is argued that the use of the former is not entirely intuitive and may be difficult to incorporate into the design process. However, inheritance as a means of optimising code reuse offers substantial technical benefits.

16. Implementing guidelines in ambulatory practice. [1992]

  • Tape TG, Stoupa RA, and Campbell JR
  • Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care [Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care] 1992, pp. 806-7.
Subjects
Drug Prescriptions, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, Nursing, Ambulatory Care, Artificial Intelligence, and Practice Guidelines as Topic
Abstract
As we understand the process of ambulatory care better, the need to effectively implement standards of practice becomes more apparent. To facilitate successful use of practice guidelines, we have integrated an artificial intelligence system of Medical Logic Modules into our computerized medical record. A rule shell allows rapid development and prototyping of rules which can be practice reminders, information gathering utilities, or standing orders. A set of utilities allows non-programmer clinicians to develop and maintain the rule set. We will demonstrate these enhancements in the context of the comprehensive patient record.

17. Entity-relationship approach--ER '92: 11th International Conference on the Entity-Relationship Approach, Karlsruhe, Germany, October 7-9, 1992 : proceedings [1992]

  • Pernul, G. (Günther), 1961-, Tjoa, A Min., and Pernul, Günther, 1961-
Subjects
Database design -- Congresses., Relational databases -- Congresses., Entity-relationship modeling -- Congresses., and Conference proceedings.
Abstract
"This volume comprises the proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on the Entity-Relationship Approach held in Karlsruhe, Germany, October 7-9, 1992. It contains the full versions of all the 22 accepted papers selected from in total 64 submissions; in addition, the two invited talks by Scheer and by Tsichritzis and others are represented asfull papers and the two other invited speakers contribute extended abstracts. All the contributions describe original research related to theoretical or practical aspects of the Entity-Relationship Approach,reflecting the trend of recent years in a wide range of database research activities. In particular, the topics database design aspects, object-orientation, integrity constraints, query languages, knowledge-based techniques, and development of new applications are addressed."--PUBLISHER'S WEBSITE.

18. Sociomedia: multimedia, hypermedia, and the social construction of knowledge [1992]

  • Barrett, Edward.
Subjects
Interactive multimedia. and Knowledge, Sociology of.
Abstract
Sociomedia continues the assessment of hypertext and hypermedia systems begun in Text, ConText, and HyperText and The Society of Text. It examines the use of integrated multimedia to support social or collaborative research, learning, and instruction in the university, one of the best environments for developing and analyzing the effects of computing technologies on our understanding of complex sets of information. The 25 contributions discuss critical design issues in the creation of advanced multimedia computing technologies, describe the systems now in use, and assess the effectiveness of this emerging technology.
Barrett's opening essay further explores his original and thought-provoking application of social construction theories of knowledge to the development and analysis of multimedia systems. Some of the chapters that follow look at the effectiveness of particular multimedia systems across the curriculum, from medicine, sociology, and management to language learning, writing, literature, and intergenerational studies. Other chapters examine the implied pedagogy within these systems, or the effects of using multimedia and hypermedia in the classroom.
Readers should come away from this collection with a critical stance toward the use of integrated media for information retrieval and creation, as well as an informed knowledge of the kinds of multimedia systems in development or use. Developers will be able to use this collection to gain insight into the kinds of design choices others have made and their effectiveness in practice.

19. Prototyping: a key to managing product development. [1992]

  • Droz D
  • The Journal of business strategy [J Bus Strategy] 1992 May-Jun; Vol. 13 (3), pp. 34-8.
Subjects
Cost-Benefit Analysis, Decision Making, Organizational, Decision Support Techniques, Models, Structural, Planning Techniques, Product Line Management economics, Professional Staff Committees economics, Professional Staff Committees organization administration, United States, Industry organization administration, and Product Line Management methods
Abstract
Extended development cycles put companies at risk through loss of sales, margins, market share, and credibility as innovators. The author suggests constructing early-stage models to provide a dress rehearsal for new products and help companies develop products in less time.

20. Rapid prototyping and the human factors engineering process. [1992]

  • Beevis D and Denis GS
  • Applied ergonomics [Appl Ergon] 1992 Jun; Vol. 23 (3), pp. 155-60.
Abstract
Rapid prototyping or 'virtual prototyping' of human-machine interfaces offers the possibility of putting the human operator 'in the loop' without the effort and cost associated with conventional man-in-the-loop simulation. Advocates suggest that rapid prototyping is compatible with conventional systems development techniques. It is not clear, however, exactly how rapid prototyping could be used in relation to conventional human factors engineering analyses. Therefore, an investigation of the use of the VAPS virtual prototyping system was carried out in five organizations. The results show that a variety of task analysis approaches can be used to initiate rapid prototyping. Overall, it appears that rapid prototyping facilitates an iterative approach to the development of the human-machine interface, and that is most applicable to the early stages of systems development, rather than to detailed design.

21. Prototyping an institutional IAIMS/UMLS information environment for an academic medical center. [1992]

  • Miller PL, Paton JA, Clyman JI, and Powsner SM
  • Bulletin of the Medical Library Association [Bull Med Libr Assoc] 1992 Jul; Vol. 80 (3), pp. 281-7.
Subjects
Computer Communication Networks, Computer Systems, Databases, Bibliographic, Databases, Factual, Information Storage and Retrieval, National Library of Medicine (U.S.), United States, Academic Medical Centers, Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems, and Unified Medical Language System
Abstract
The paper describes a prototype information environment designed to link network-based information resources in an integrated fashion and thus enhance the information capabilities of an academic medical center. The prototype was implemented on a single Macintosh computer to permit exploration of the overall "information architecture" and to demonstrate the various desired capabilities prior to full-scale network-based implementation. At the heart of the prototype are two components: a diverse set of information resources available over an institutional computer network and an information sources map designed to assist users in finding and accessing information resources relevant to their needs. The paper describes these and other components of the prototype and presents a scenario illustrating its use. The prototype illustrates the link between the goals of two National Library of Medicine initiatives, the Integrated Academic Information Management System (IAIMS) and the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).

22. PRIST-2: a Graphic User Interface based tool for the development of medical software. [1992]

  • Cristiani P, Pazzi S, and Stoppini A
  • Computer methods and programs in biomedicine [Comput Methods Programs Biomed] 1992 Sep-Oct; Vol. 39 (1-2), pp. 27-34.
Subjects
Clinical Protocols, Semantics, Database Management Systems organization administration, Hospital Information Systems organization administration, Software Design, and User-Computer Interface
Abstract
A 4th generation tool, called PRIST-2, is presented that has been designed as an interactive environment for the rapid prototyping of clinical applications in a large-scale Hospital Information System project. We adopted an SQL-based commercial Relational Data Base Management Systems (RDBMS) to guarantee portability on different hardware and operating systems. Relational databases, however, are characterized by a simple data structure and do not incorporate the application semantics required to ensure a high degree of data independence. To reach this goal, we propose an extension to the relational model, adding some of the main characteristics of the Object Oriented Data Base Management Systems (OODBMS) approach, such as "types" and "encapsulation".

23. Acceptance of direct physician access to a computer-based patient record in a managed care setting. [1993]

  • Dewey JB, Manning P, and Brandt S
  • Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care [Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care] 1993, pp. 79-83.
Subjects
Computer Literacy, Humans, Mid-Atlantic Region, Organizational Culture, Organizational Innovation, User-Computer Interface, Ambulatory Care Information Systems statistics numerical data, Attitude to Computers, Managed Care Programs, and Physicians psychology
Abstract
Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States has developed a fully integrated outpatient information system which currently runs on an IBM ES9000 on a VM platform written in MUMPS. The applications include Lab, Radiology, Transcription, Appointments. Pharmacy, Encounter tracking, Hospitalizations, Referrals, Phone Advice, Pap tracking, Problem list, Immunization tracking, and Patient demographics. They are department specific and require input and output from a dumb terminal. We have developed a physician's work station to access this information using PC compatible computers running Microsoft Windows and a custom Microsoft Visual Basic 2.0 environment which draws from these 14 applications giving the physician a comprehensive view of all electronic medical records. Through rapid prototyping, voluntary participation, formal training and gradual implementation we have created an enthusiastic response. 95% of our physician PC users access the system each month. The use ranges from 0.2 to 3.0 screens of data viewed per patient visit. This response continues to drive the process toward still greater user acceptance and further practice enhancement.

24. Physician-directed software design: the role of utilization statistics and user input in enhancing HELP results review capabilities. [1993]

  • Michael PA
  • Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care [Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care] 1993, pp. 107-11.
Subjects
Computer Systems, Humans, Physicians, Hospital Information Systems statistics numerical data, Medical Records Systems, Computerized statistics numerical data, and Software Design
Abstract
The M.D. Rounds Report program was developed and implemented in June of 1992 as an adjunct to the HELP System at Rex Hospital. The program facilitates rapid access to information on allergies and current medications, laboratory results, radiology reports and therapist notes for a list of patients without physicians having to make additional menu or submenu selections. In planning for an upgrade of the program, utilization statistics and user feedback provided valuable information in terms of frequency of access, features used and unused, and the value of the program as a reporting tool in comparison to other online results reporting applications. A brief description of the functionality of the M.D. Rounds Report, evaluation of the program audit trail and user feedback, planned enhancements to the program, and a discussion of the prototyping and monitoring experience and the impact on future physician subsystem development will be presented.

25. Developing a general practice medical workstation: the integration aspect. [1993]

  • Frassine R, Bertelli S, and Innocenti EB
  • Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care [Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care] 1993, pp. 238-42.
Subjects
Humans, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, Microcomputers, Ambulatory Care Information Systems, Family Practice, and User-Computer Interface
Abstract
ISAAC (Integrated System Architecture for Advanced Primary Care) is a project aiming at developing information technology and telematic support in the specific field of General Practice--and more broadly in the Primary Health Care sector--within the health care systems of different European Countries. The project aims at improving the work of the General Practitioners through the development of a useful and usable medical workstation for day-to-day patient care. Moreover ISAAC has the goal of prototyping an integration architecture for the improvement of the communications between the ISAAC workstation and heterogeneous application environments, namely other components of the health care system. This paper deals with a general description of the design along with a discussion of the adopted approach to fulfill the integration requirements.

26. Advanced information systems engineering: 5th International Conference, CAiSE '93, Paris, France, June 8-11, 1993 : proceedings [1993]

  • Rolland, Colette., Bodart, F., and Cauvet, Corine.
Subjects
Computer-aided software engineering -- Congresses., Conference proceedings., and Paris (1993)
Abstract
"This volume presents the proceedings of the fifth Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, CAiSE '93, held at the University of Paris-Sorbonne in June 1993. Initiated by J. Bubenko from the Swedish Institute for Systems Development in Stockhom, Sweden, and A. Solvberg from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim, Norway, this series of conferences evolved from a Nordic audience to a truly European one. All the conferences have attracted international papers of high quality, indicating the needfor an international conference on advanced information systems engineering topics. The spectrum of contributions contained in the present proceedings extends from inevitable and still controversial issues regarding modeling of information systems, via development environments and experiences, to various novel views forsome specific aspects of information systems development such as reuse, schema integration, and evolution.'--PUBLISHER'S WEBSITE.

27. Application and theory of Petri nets, 1993: 14th International Conference, Chicago, Illinois, USA, June 21-25, 1993 : proceedings [1993]

  • Ajmone Marsan, M. and International Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets (14th : 1993 : Chicago, Ill.)
Subjects
Petri nets -- Congresses., Conference proceedings., and Chicago (Ill., 1993)
Abstract
"This volume contains the proceedings of the 14th International Conference onApplication and Theory of Petri Nets. The aim of the Petri net conferences is to create a forum for discussing progress in the application and theory of Petri nets. Typically, the conferences have 150-200 participants, one third of whom come from industry, while the rest are from universities and research institutes. The volume includes three invited papers, "Modeling and enactment of workflow systems" (C.A. Ellis, G.J. Nutt), "Interleaving functional and performance structural analysis of net models" (M. Silva), and "FSPNs: fluid stochastic Petri nets" (K.S. Trivedi, V.G. Kulkarni), together with 26 full papers (selected from 102 submissions) and 6 project papers."--PUBLISHER'S WEBSITE.

28. Design and integration of a graphic interface for an expert system in oncology. [1993]

  • Marin R, Taboada M, Mira J, Barreiro A, and Otero RP
  • International journal of bio-medical computing [Int J Biomed Comput] 1993 Jul; Vol. 33 (1), pp. 25-43.
Subjects
Clinical Protocols, Data Display, Database Management Systems, Databases, Factual, Humans, Medical Oncology, Software Design, Computer Graphics, Expert Systems, Neoplasms therapy, and User-Computer Interface
Abstract
We describe a graphic user interface for an expert system in oncology. The main objectives of our work has been to facilitate the adaptation of the system to different clinical environments and potentiate the factors which more directly determine the acceptance of the system by its users. We present the design principles derived from the features of the clinical domain chosen and from the objectives of the system. These principles are reflected on the design of the screen and of the interaction and in the style of integration of the interface with the other components of the system. Underlying the application we describe is a graphic user interface management system which provides facilities for the fast prototyping and integration of interfaces. We describe here those features of this tool which make the practical application of the design principles we consider possible.

29. Prototyping a bedside documentation system. [1993]

  • Bachand P and Bobis K
  • Computers in nursing [Comput Nurs] 1993 Nov-Dec; Vol. 11 (6), pp. 291-5.
Subjects
Humans, Patient Care Team, Program Evaluation, Computer Systems, Documentation, and Hospital Information Systems
Abstract
The implementation of a comprehensive bedside documentation system is a major project that demands careful analysis and planning. Since the cost of a typical bedside system can easily exceed $3 million, a design oversight could have disastrous effects on the benefits of the system.

30. Practical experience with graphical user interfaces and object-oriented design in the clinical laboratory. [1993]

  • Wells IG, Cartwright RY, and Farnan LP
  • Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry [Clin Chim Acta] 1993 Dec 15; Vol. 222 (1-2), pp. 13-8.
Subjects
Computer Graphics and Clinical Laboratory Information Systems
Abstract
The computing strategy in our laboratories evolved from research in Artificial Intelligence, and is based on powerful software tools running on high performance desktop computers with a graphical user interface. This allows most tasks to be regarded as design problems rather than implementation projects, and both rapid prototyping and an object-oriented approach to be employed during the in-house development and enhancement of the laboratory information systems. The practical application of this strategy is discussed, with particular reference to the system designer, the laboratory user and the laboratory customer. Routine operation covers five departments, and the systems are stable, flexible and well accepted by the users. Client-server computing, currently undergoing final trials, is seen as the key to further development, and this approach to Pathology computing has considerable potential for the future.

31. Supporting interoperability between medical knowledge-based systems: experience from pilot implementations. [1993]

  • Boran GP, Given PG, Grimson JB, and O'Moore RR
  • Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry [Clin Chim Acta] 1993 Dec 15; Vol. 222 (1-2), pp. 23-35.
Subjects
Chemistry, Clinical, Critical Care, Humans, and Clinical Laboratory Information Systems
Abstract
Interoperability may be defined as the ability of knowledge-based systems to function together in a symbiotic manner. Cooperativity implies interoperability but with the added benefit that the output quality of the cooperative network exceeds the overall performance of the participating sub-systems. A number of candidate architectures to support interoperability and cooperativity between medical knowledge-based systems in laboratory medicine domains are now becoming available. Using rapid prototyping techniques, we have demonstrated the feasibility of one of these approaches by carrying out pilot implementations in two unrelated laboratory medicine domains (an internal consistency checking system for validating patients' results in the laboratory and a system for generating alarms and alerts in high dependency units based on laboratory data). The results of this study are discussed in the context of the available techniques so as to provide a basis for further development of cooperative systems in laboratory medicine.

32. Beyond clients and servers. [1994]

  • van Mulligen E and Timmers T
  • Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care [Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care] 1994, pp. 546-50.
Subjects
Computer Systems, Software, and Systems Integration
Abstract
Computer scientists working in medical informatics have to face the problem that software offered by industry is more and more adopted for clinical use by medical professionals. A new challenge arises of how to combine commercial solutions with typical medical software that already exists for some years and proved to be reliable with these off-the-shelf solutions [1]. With the HERMES project, this new challenge was accepted and possible solutions to integrate existing legacy systems with state-of-the-art commercial solutions have been investigated. After a period of prototyping to assess possible alternative solutions, a system based on an indirect client-server model was implemented with help of the industry. In this paper, its architecture is described together with the most important features currently covered. Based on the HERMES architecture, both systems for clinical data analysis and patient care (cardiology) are currently developed.

33. Implementing a Physician's Workstation using client/server technology and the distributed computing environment. [1994]

  • Pham TQ, Young CY, Tang PC, Suermondt HJ, and Annevelink J
  • Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care [Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care] 1994, pp. 626-30.
Subjects
Ambulatory Care Information Systems, Computer Communication Networks, and Computer Systems
Abstract
PWS is a physician's workstation research prototype developed to explore the use of information management tools by physicians in the context of patient care. The original prototype was implemented in a client/server architecture using a broadcast message server. As we expanded the scope of the prototyping activities, we identified the limitations of the broadcast message server in the areas of scalability, security, and interoperability. To address these issues, we reimplemented PWS using the Open Software Foundation's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE). We describe the rationale for using DCE, the migration process, and the benefits achieved. Future work and recommendations are discussed.

34. A model for the assessment of medical workstations for health care support. [1994]

  • van Bemmel JH
  • International journal of bio-medical computing [Int J Biomed Comput] 1994 Jan; Vol. 34 (1-4), pp. 365-71.
Subjects
Artificial Intelligence, Computer Communication Networks, Database Management Systems, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Information Storage and Retrieval, Software Design, User-Computer Interface, Computer Systems, Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems, and Software
Abstract
The development of medical workstations for the support of patient care, the assessment of care, management support, and education is just at its beginning. During the Working Conference on the Health care Professional Workstation held in Washington DC, June 1993, several aspects of such workstations were discussed, but it was also recognized that prototyping or learning by experience could be a rich source to further promote the progress in this field. Eight such prototypes or already operational medical workstations were demonstrated and a preliminary user assessment was done to obtain a first insight in the advantages and the type of criteria of such evaluations. It was concluded that such assessments were of great value to (i) give feedback to the designers of medical workstations, (ii) indicate areas of strength and for further research, and (iii) to offer criteria to potential users of such workstations for making decisions on using such systems. The assessment criteria deal with functionality, architecture, user interfaces, communications and integration, and data and knowledge management.

35. Biocomputing: informatics and genome projects [1994]

  • Smith, Douglas W. (Douglas Wemp), 1938-
Subjects
Genome., Automatic Data Processing., Chromosome Mapping -- methods., Computer Systems., Sequence Analysis, DNA -- methods., and Genomes -- Data processing.

36. Object-oriented programming: 8th European Conference, ECOOP '94, Bologna, Italy, July 4-8, 1994 : proceedings [1994]

  • Tokoro, Mario, 1947- and Pareschi, Remo.
Subjects
Object-oriented programming (Computer science) -- Congresses. and Conference papers and proceedings.
Abstract
"This volume contains the proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECCOP '94), held in Bologna, Italy in July 1994. ECOOP is the premier European event on object-oriented programming and technology. The 25 full refereed papers presented in the volume were selected from 161 submissions; they are grouped in sessions on class design, concurrency, patterns, declarative programming, implementation, specification, dispatching, and experience. Together with the keynote speech "Beyond Objects" by Luc Steels (Brussels) and the invited paper "Putting Objects to Work" by Norbert A. Streitz (GMD-IPSI, Darmstadt) they offer an exciting perspective on object-oriented programming research and applications"--PUBLISHER'S WEBSITE.

37. The Perpetual enterprise machine: seven keys to corporate renewal through successful product and process development [1994]

  • Bowen, H. Kent.
Subjects
Project management -- United States., New products -- United States -- Management., Production management -- United States., Manufactures -- United States -- Case studies., Manufacturing industries -- United States -- Case studies., and Case studies.
Abstract
U.S. manufacturing is today in a critical period. As a consequence of new global competitors, changes in technologies, and significant shifts in national priorities, our manufacturing base has shrunk alarmingly and thousands of manufacturing jobs have been lost. To address this problem, a unique team was formed called the Manufacturing Vision Group, which included members from five major companies (Chaparral Steel, DEC, Ford Motor Company, Hewlett-Packard, and Eastman Kodak) and four major universities (Harvard, MIT, Purdue, and Stanford). In The Perpetual Enterprise Machine, this group argues that the development project is the vehicle to change a firm's products, processes, and capabilities in order to compete successfully in today's dynamic business environment. The manufacturer that can execute successful projects - leading to new products and processes - will be the one that prospers in the years ahead.
Projects become the mechanism for growth and learning for successful firms. The Perpetual Enterprise Machine outlines seven critical elements that outstanding development projects have in common, principles that can be powerful engines of success for the manufacturer facing the challenges of today's fiercely competitive environment. Successful firms recognize and nurture their core capabilities, which are uniquely defined by their hardware, software, and humanware systems and which are crucial to the success of projects. A guiding vision, shared by all members of the cross-functional teams has three levels of specificity. They push the performance envelope, using the immediate project goals to also push the company's capabilities along other dimensions (such as process technology). They have leadership, someone who can navigate uncertain terrain, who sees the project's essential elements from beginning to end, creating integrity in the project and its outcome.
They instill the team with a sense of ownership and commitment, linking their personal success, status, and esteem to accomplishing project goals. They use multiple forms of prototyping to learn rapidly and reduce mistakes and misunderstandings. And they integrate within projects, approaching individual tasks in terms of a system-wide solution. Throughout the book, the Manufacturing Vision Group illustrates these seven principles with real life case histories. We see the story behind Kodak's development of the FunSaver camera (done on a unique CAD/CAM system that greatly helped integration and shortened the lead time from design to production); Fords 1991 Crown Victoria, the first project launched under its Concept-to-Customer system; Chaparral Steels development of the worlds first horizontal steel caster; and Hewlett-Packard's wildly successful DeskJet printer.
The Perpetual Enterprise Machine delivers the insights of some of the top minds from industry and academia on one of the primary concerns of American business - how to revitalize our manufacturing industries. Visionary - yet engaging and immediately accessible - it gives managers the opportunity to profit from the trials and triumphs of five major corporations, and helps them shape the kinds of projects that will thrive and prosper in the years ahead.

38. Accuracy of stereolithographic models of human anatomy. [1994]

  • Barker TM, Earwaker WJ, and Lisle DA
  • Australasian radiology [Australas Radiol] 1994 May; Vol. 38 (2), pp. 106-11.
Subjects
Humans, Skull anatomy histology, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Skull diagnostic imaging, and Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Abstract
A study was undertaken to determine the dimensional accuracy of anatomical replicas derived from X-ray 3D computed tomography (CT) images and produced using the rapid prototyping technique of stereolithography (SLA). A dry bone skull and geometric phantom were scanned, and replicas were produced. Distance measurements were obtained to compare the original objects and the resulting replicas. Repeated measurements between anatomical landmarks were used for comparison of the original skull and replica. Results for the geometric phantom demonstrate a mean difference of +0.47 mm, representing an accuracy of 97.7-99.12%. Measurements of the skull produced a range of absolute differences (maximum +4.62 mm, minimum +0.1 mm, mean +0.85 mm). These results support the use of SLA models of human anatomical structures in such areas as pre-operative planning of complex surgical procedures. For applications where higher accuracy is required, improvements can be expected by utilizing smaller pixel resolution in the CT images. Stereolithographic models can now be confidently employed as accurate, three-dimensional replicas of complex, anatomical structures.

39. One vendor's experience: preliminary development of a reminder system based on the Arden Syntax. [1994]

  • Spates RP and Aller KC
  • Computers in biology and medicine [Comput Biol Med] 1994 Sep; Vol. 24 (5), pp. 371-5.
Subjects
Decision Support Techniques, Expert Systems, Systems Integration, Artificial Intelligence, Clinical Laboratory Information Systems, Decision Making, Computer-Assisted, Programming Languages, and Reminder Systems
Abstract
This article reviews the efforts of HBO & Company in the production of a first phase clinical alerting system based on the Arden Syntax. The alerting system was integrated with a clinical data repository and clinical workstation to process returning laboratory results. Investigations with expert systems resulted in a C language alerting system. GUI prototyping of an authoring environment led to a Smalltalk language authoring system. Future development is expected to broaden the system scope and address the evolution of the Arden Syntax.

40. The informatics superhighway: prototyping on the World Wide Web. [1995]

  • Cimino JJ, Socratous SA, and Grewal R
  • Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care [Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care] 1995, pp. 111-5.
Subjects
Computer Security, General Surgery, Humans, Information Systems, User-Computer Interface, Computer Communication Networks, Computer Systems, Data Display, and Medical Records Systems, Computerized
Abstract
We have experimented with developing a prototype Surgeon's Workstation which makes use of the World Wide Web client-server architecture. Although originally intended merely as a means for obtaining user feedback for use in designing a "real" system, the application has been adopted for use by our Department of Surgery. As they begin to use the application, they have suggested changes and we have responded. This paper illustrates some of the advantages we have found for prototyping with Web-based applications, including security aspects.

41. Virtual reality, telesurgery, and the new world order of medicine. [1995]

  • Satava RM
  • Journal of image guided surgery [J Image Guid Surg] 1995; Vol. 1 (1), pp. 12-6.
Subjects
Computer-Assisted Instruction, Education, Medical, General Surgery education, Humans, Computer Simulation, Surgical Procedures, Operative, and Telemedicine
Abstract
We are seeing the emergence of medical applications for virtual reality (VR). These include telepresence surgery, three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of anatomy for medical education, VR surgical simulators, and virtual prototyping of surgical equipment and operating rooms. Today, approximately 90% of the knowledge a physician requires can be obtained through electronic means, such as diagnostic sensors and imaging modalities, directly seeing the patient with a video camera for medical consultation, or using electronic medical records. In addition, with telepresence, a therapy can be effected electronically, regardless of the physical location of the patient. Therefore, it makes sense to send the electronic information or manipulation, rather than sending the patient or blood samples, to obtain tests or to produce a cure. In that these applications are mediated through the computer interface, they are the embodiment of VR as the major force for change in the field of medicine. The Green Telepresence Surgery System consists of two components, the surgical workstation and the remote worksite. At the remote site are a 3-D camera system and responsive manipulators with sensory input. At the workstation are a 3-D monitor and dexterous handles with force feedback. The next generation in medical education can learn anatomy from a new perspective by "flying" inside and around the organs, using sophisticated computer systems and 3-D visualization. The VR surgical simulator is a stylized recreation of the human abdomen with several essential organs. Using this, students and surgeons can practice surgical procedures with virtual scalpels and clamps. To support these advanced technologies, the operating room and hospital of the future will first be designed and tested in virtual reality, allowing multiple iterations of equipment and surgical rooms before they are actually built. Insofar as all these technologies are based on digital information, they are the building blocks for the digital physician of the 21st century.

42. Protocol for the clinical functionality assessment of a workstation for stereotactic neurosurgery. [1995]

  • Verbeeck R, Michiels J, Nuttin B, Knauth M, Vandermeulen D, Suetens P, Marchal G, and Gybels J
  • IEEE transactions on medical imaging [IEEE Trans Med Imaging] 1995; Vol. 14 (3), pp. 577-86.
Abstract
The objective of this study is to establish a protocol for the technical and clinical evaluation of a workstation for the planning of stereotactic neurosurgical interventions that has been developed in the framework of a joint European research project. Although several such workstations have been proposed before, they lacked the final and most important step, that of clinical validation. They failed to rigorously prove that their product was useful. The authors present a new method that is applicable to the evaluation of a wide range of medical technologies. Their protocol basically assesses the clinical relevance of the user requirements that are at the root of the development of the new technology. The evaluation consists of two stages. During functional specification, iterative prototyping is used to establish the clinical requirements and to assure the quality of the final product. A case study design is used in a second stage that assesses the clinical usability. A before-after study gives a first indication of cost effectiveness and improvement of health care quality.

43. IMPROMPTU: a system for automatic 3D medical image-analysis. [1995]

  • Sundaramoorthy G, Hoford JD, Hoffman EA, and Higgins WE
  • Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society [Comput Med Imaging Graph] 1995 Jan-Feb; Vol. 19 (1), pp. 131-43.
Subjects
Computer Graphics, Heart diagnostic imaging, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Respiratory System anatomy histology, Software, Software Design, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods, and User-Computer Interface
Abstract
The utility of three-dimensional (3D) medical imaging is hampered by difficulties in extracting anatomical regions and making measurements in 3D images. Presently, a user is generally forced to use time-consuming, subjective, manual methods, such as slice tracing and region painting, to define regions of interest. Automatic image-analysis methods can ameliorate the difficulties of manual methods. This paper describes a graphical user interface (GUI) system for constructing automatic image-analysis processes for 3D medical-imaging applications. The system, referred to as IMPROMPTU, provides a user-friendly environment for prototyping, testing and executing complex image-analysis processes. IMPROMPTU can stand alone or it can interact with an existing graphics-based 3D medical image-analysis package (VIDA), giving a strong environment for 3D image-analysis, consisting of tools for visualization, manual interaction, and automatic processing. IMPROMPTU links to a large library of 1D, 2D, and 3D image-processing functions, referred to as VIPLIB, but a user can easily link in custom-made functions. 3D applications of the system are given for left-ventricular chamber, myocardial, and upper-airway extractions.

44. The Electronic View Box: a software tool for radiation therapy treatment verification. [1995]

  • Bosch WR, Low DA, Gerber RL, Michalski JM, Graham MV, Perez CA, Harms WB, and Purdy JA
  • International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics [Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys] 1995 Jan 01; Vol. 31 (1), pp. 135-42.
Subjects
Hospital Records, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Software, and Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted instrumentation
Abstract
Purpose: We have developed a software tool for interactively verifying treatment plan implementation. The Electronic View Box (EVB) tool copies the paradigm of current practice but does so electronically. A portal image (online portal image or digitized port film) is displayed side by side with a prescription image (digitized simulator film or digitally reconstructed radiograph). The user can measure distances between features in prescription and portal images and "write" on the display, either to approve the image or to indicate required corrective actions. The EVB tool also provides several features not available in conventional verification practice using a light box.
Methods and Materials: The EVB tool has been written in ANSI C using the X window system. The tool makes use of the Virtual Machine Platform and Foundation Library specifications of the NCI-sponsored Radiation Therapy Planning Tools Collaborative Working Group for portability into an arbitrary treatment planning system that conforms to these specifications. The present EVB tool is based on an earlier Verification Image Review tool, but with a substantial redesign of the user interface. A graphical user interface prototyping system was used in iteratively refining the tool layout to allow rapid modifications of the interface in response to user comments.
Results: Features of the EVB tool include 1) hierarchical selection of digital portal images based on physician name, patient name, and field identifier; 2) side-by-side presentation of prescription and portal images at equal magnification and orientation, and with independent grayscale controls; 3) "trace" facility for outlining anatomical structures; 4) "ruler" facility for measuring distances; 5) zoomed display of corresponding regions in both images; 6) image contrast enhancement; and 7) communication of portal image evaluation results (approval, block modification, repeat image acquisition, etc.).
Conclusion: The EVB tool facilitates the rapid comparison of prescription and portal images and permits electronic communication of corrections in port shape and positioning.

45. Database and expert systems applications: 6th international conference, DEXA '95, London, United Kingdom, September 4-8, 1995 : proceedings [1995]

  • Revell, Norman, 1947- and Tjoa, A Min.
Subjects
Databases -- Congresses., Expert systems (Computer science) -- Congresses., Conference proceedings., and London (1995)

46. Field-programmable gate arrays: reconfigurable logic for rapid prototyping and implementation of digital systems [1995]

  • Oldfield, John V., 1933-, Dorf, Richard C., and Oldfield, John V., 1933-
Subjects
Field programmable gate arrays., Programmable array logic., and Digital electronics.

47. Rapid prototyping journal. [1995]

Subjects
Prototypes, Engineering -- Periodicals., Systems engineering -- Periodicals., Computer simulation -- Periodicals., Computer network resources., and Electronic journals.

48. Rapid prototyping directly from the vapor phase. [1995]

  • Wallenberger FT
  • Science (New York, N.Y.) [Science] 1995 Mar 03; Vol. 267 (5202), pp. 1274-5.

49. Virtually-augmented interfaces for tactical aircraft. [1995]

  • Haas MW
  • Biological psychology [Biol Psychol] 1995 May; Vol. 40 (1-2), pp. 229-38.
Subjects
Aerospace Medicine, Auditory Perception, Computer Graphics, Computer Peripherals, Computer Simulation, Data Display, Environment Design, Humans, Military Personnel psychology, Touch physiology, Visual Perception physiology, Aircraft, Electroencephalography instrumentation, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, and User-Computer Interface
Abstract
The term Fusion Interface is defined as a class of interface which integrally incorporates both virtual and non-virtual concepts and devices across the visual, auditory and haptic sensory modalities. A fusion interface is a multi-sensory virtually-augmented synthetic environment. A new facility has been developed within the Human Engineering Division of the Armstrong Laboratory dedicated to exploratory development of fusion-interface concepts. One of the virtual concepts to be investigated in the Fusion Interfaces for Tactical Environments facility (FITE) is the application of EEG and other physiological measures for virtual control of functions within the flight environment. FITE is a specialized flight simulator which allows efficient concept development through the use of rapid prototyping followed by direct experience of new fusion concepts. The FITE facility also supports evaluation of fusion concepts by operational fighter pilots in a high fidelity simulated air combat environment. The facility was utilized by a multi-disciplinary team composed of operational pilots, human-factors engineers, electronics engineers, computer scientists, and experimental psychologists to prototype and evaluate the first multi-sensory, virtually-augmented cockpit. The cockpit employed LCD-based head-down displays, a helmet-mounted display, three-dimensionally localized audio displays, and a haptic display. This paper will endeavor to describe the FITE facility architecture, some of the characteristics of the FITE virtual display and control devices, and the potential application of EEG and other physiological measures within the FITE facility.

50. Voice-processing technologies--their application in telecommunications. [1995]

  • Wilpon JG
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 1995 Oct 24; Vol. 92 (22), pp. 9991-8.
Subjects
Automation economics, Costs and Cost Analysis, Humans, Language, United States, Vocabulary, Speech, Speech Perception, Telecommunications trends, Telephone economics, User-Computer Interface, and Voice
Abstract
As the telecommunications industry evolves over the next decade to provide the products and services that people will desire, several key technologies will become commonplace. Two of these, automatic speech recognition and text-to-speech synthesis, will provide users with more freedom on when, where, and how they access information. While these technologies are currently in their infancy, their capabilities are rapidly increasing and their deployment in today's telephone network is expanding. The economic impact of just one application, the automation of operator services, is well over $100 million per year. Yet there still are many technical challenges that must be resolved before these technologies can be deployed ubiquitously in products and services throughout the worldwide telephone network. These challenges include: (i) High level of accuracy. The technology must be perceived by the user as highly accurate, robust, and reliable. (ii) Easy to use. Speech is only one of several possible input/output modalities for conveying information between a human and a machine, much like a computer terminal or Touch-Tone pad on a telephone. It is not the final product. Therefore, speech technologies must be hidden from the user. That is, the burden of using the technology must be on the technology itself. (iii) Quick prototyping and development of new products and services. The technology must support the creation of new products and services based on speech in an efficient and timely fashion. In this paper I present a vision of the voice-processing industry with a focus on the areas with the broadest base of user penetration: speech recognition, text-to-speech synthesis, natural language processing, and speaker recognition technologies. The current and future applications of these technologies in the telecommunications industry will be examined in terms of their strengths, limitations, and the degree to which user needs have been or have yet to be met. Although noteworthy gains have been made in areas with potentially small user bases and in the more mature speech-coding technologies, these subjects are outside the scope of this paper.

51. Three-dimensional models of the tracheostoma using stereolithography. [1995]

  • Grolman W, Schouwenburg PF, Verbeeten B Jr, de Boer MF, and Meeuwis CA
  • ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties [ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec] 1995 Nov-Dec; Vol. 57 (6), pp. 338-42.
Subjects
Humans, Larynx, Artificial, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Trachea anatomy histology, Trachea diagnostic imaging, Models, Biological, and Tracheostomy
Abstract
The availability of an accurate three-dimensional (3-D) model of the tracheostoma and trachea of the laryngectomy patient would be of great help in prototyping of endotracheal prostheses. Stereolithography has been described for skull and jaw models but never for soft-tissue reconstructions of the trachea. CT was performed on tracheostomas of 8 patients. The CT data were used to make 3-D models by means of stereolithography. Inverted CT data were used to create air contour models of the same tracheostomas. Eight soft-tissue and 8 air contour models were reconstructed from CT data, showing accuracy and great detail. In this paper we present a previously unreported application of the stereolithography technique. Measurements and prosthesis prototyping, which are impossible to perform on tracheostomas in patients, can now be executed safely. We are using the 3-D tracheostoma models in our research project to develop an endotracheal fixation method for tracheostomal valves.

52. SQLGEN: a framework for rapid client-server database application development. [1995]

  • Nadkarni PM and Cheung KH
  • Computers and biomedical research, an international journal [Comput Biomed Res] 1995 Dec; Vol. 28 (6), pp. 479-99.
Subjects
Computer Security, Equipment Failure, Software, Computer Communication Networks, and Computer Systems
Abstract
SQLGEN is a framework for rapid client-server relational database application development. It relies on an active data dictionary on the client machine that stores metadata on one or more database servers to which the client may be connected. The dictionary generates dynamic Structured Query Language (SQL) to perform common database operations; it also stores information about the access rights of the user at log-in time, which is used to partially self-configure the behavior of the client to disable inappropriate user actions. SQLGEN uses a microcomputer database as the client to store metadata in relational form, to transiently capture server data in tables, and to allow rapid application prototyping followed by porting to client-server mode with modest effort. SQLGEN is currently used in several production biomedical databases.

53. [Third dimension and craniofacial plastic surgery]. [1995]

  • Devauchelle B
  • Annales de chirurgie plastique et esthetique [Ann Chir Plast Esthet] 1995 Dec; Vol. 40 (6), pp. 666-75.
Subjects
Face anatomy histology, Face diagnostic imaging, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Radiography, Skull anatomy histology, Skull diagnostic imaging, Computer Simulation, Diagnostic Imaging methods, Face surgery, Skull surgery, and Surgery, Plastic
Abstract
Via an inverse approach to that of the Renaissance painter's treatment of perspective, the third dimension must be obtained from flat radiological information in order to reconstitute (virtually and materially) the volumes which it analyses. These images are analysed mathematically by computer. The applications are and will be numerous, especially in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery. Surgical simulation, without claiming to assess their soft tissue repercussions, section and virtually reposition bone segments: symmetrization and correction of hypotrophy are easy to visualize; computer-assisted surgical teaching applications (endoscopic surgery) are discussed. Multimodal images superimpose information from various sources: operative views and pre-recorded images are available to the surgeon and guide him in his "surgical navigation". Prototyping of skeletal anatomical specimens (prior to tumour or soft tissue specimens) provides the therapist with a precise preoperative spatial configuration of the abnormalities to be corrected, and the reconstructions to be performed. These developments, and others to come, are the sole objective of 3D imaging, beautiful in itself, but ineffective alone.

54. HL7 with CORBA and OLE: software components for healthcare. [1996]

  • Rishel W
  • Proceedings : a conference of the American Medical Informatics Association. AMIA Fall Symposium [Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp] 1996, pp. 95-9.
Subjects
Software Design, Computer Communication Networks standards, Hospital Information Systems standards, Software standards, and Systems Integration
Abstract
Componentized software promises easier, more fine-grained integration of disparate software systems. Variations of the technology can help to achieve tight coupling among disparate programs on the clinical workstation or across wide area networks. HL7 members have been designing extensions to the protocol for the exchange of healthcare information using Microsoft OLE and CORBA technologies. Extensive prototyping has been performed, including the simultaneous interconnection of sixteen different vendor systems exchanging demographic data and lab results. The first release of this standard will be notable in that the specifications for OLE and CORBA will be entirely isomorphic, they will be based directly, on HL7 version 2.3, and they may easily be implemented in systems that are not written using object-oriented programming tools. As HL7 version 3 is developed on an object-oriented model of healthcare information, the same approach will be used so information about the objects may be shared using CORBA and OLE.

55. A Web-based repository manager for brain mapping data. [1996]

  • Jakobovits RM, Modayur B, and Brinkley JF
  • Proceedings : a conference of the American Medical Informatics Association. AMIA Fall Symposium [Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp] 1996, pp. 309-13.
Subjects
Computer Graphics, Computer Systems, Humans, Hypermedia, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, User-Computer Interface, Brain Mapping, Computer Communication Networks, and Software
Abstract
The Web provides a rapid prototyping environment for building platform-independent graphical user interfaces. A Web-based console can be implemented as a suite of CGI scripts that generate HTML code, manipulate files, execute system commands, and invoke external tools. Often these tools share data by reading and writing flat files, which must be explicitly maintained by the CGI programmer. In a repository system, meta-data about each file object are maintained in a database, and access to all data is regulated by a layer of control services. This paper describes the design and implementation of a Web-based Repository Manager (WRM), which provides an application programmer's interface for controlling applications, generating HTML documents, handling Web forms, and managing multi-media data. The WRM is being used to develop a console for the Brain Mapping Framework, a system for visualizing cortical stimulation data obtained during neurosurgery.

56. Just tell me what you want!: the promise and perils of rapid prototyping with the World Wide Web. [1996]

  • Cimino JJ and Socratous SA
  • Proceedings : a conference of the American Medical Informatics Association. AMIA Fall Symposium [Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp] 1996, pp. 719-23.
Subjects
General Surgery, Internship and Residency, Methods, Software, Systems Integration, Attitude to Computers, Computer Communication Networks, Computer Systems, Hospital Information Systems statistics numerical data, and Medical Records Systems, Computerized statistics numerical data
Abstract
Construction of applications using the World Wide Web architecture and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) documents is relatively simple. We are exploring this approach with an application, called PolyMed now in use by surgical residents for one year. We monitored use and obtained user feedback to develop new features and eliminate undesirable ones. The system has been used to keep track of over 4,200 patients. We predicted, several advantages and disadvantages to this approach to prototyping clinical applications. Our experience confirms some advantages (ease of development and customization, ability to exploit non-Web system components, and simplified user interface design) and disadvantages (lack of database management services). Some predicted disadvantages failed to materialize (difficulty modeling a clinical application with hypertext and inconveniences associated with the "connectionless" nature of the Web). We were disappointed to find that while integration of external Web applications (such as Medline) into our application was easy, our users did not find it useful.

57. Advanced Relational Programming [1996]

  • Cacace, Filippo, author., Lamperti, Gianfranco, author., and Cacace, Filippo, author.
Subjects
Computer science., Text processing (Computer science), Data structures (Computer science), Software engineering., Algebra -- Data processing., Document Preparation and Text Processing., Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters., Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory., Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems., and Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation.
Abstract
This volume aims to present recent advances in database technology from the viewpoint of the novel database paradigms proposed in the last decade. It focuses on the theory of the extended relational model and an example of an extended relational database programming language, Algres, is described. A free copy of Algres complements this work, and is available on the Internet. Audience: This work will be of interest to graduate students following advanced database courses, advanced data-oriented applications developers, and researchers in the field of database programming languages and software engineering who need a flexible prototyping platform for the development of software tools.

58. Maskless photoencoded selective etching for glass-based microtechnology applications. [1996]

  • Kyung JH and Lawandy NM
  • Optics letters [Opt Lett] 1996 Feb 01; Vol. 21 (3), pp. 174-6.
Abstract
Two-photon excitation of carriers in boron E'-center-containing borosilicate glasses results in a photoencoding of selectively etchable regions. Using a turbulent etching process followed by polishing, we have demonstrated a number of patterning capabilities for microtechnology applications such as ultrafast capillary electrophoresis chips and rapid prototyping of diffractive optical elements.

59. Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics Techniques to Blood Pumps. [1996]

  • Sukuma R, Athavale MM, Makhijani VB, and Przekwas AJ
  • Artificial organs [Artif Organs] 1996 May; Vol. 20 (5), pp. 529-533.
Abstract
Present-day computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques can be used to analyze the behavior of fluid flow in a variety of pumps. CFD can be a powerful tool during the design stage for rapid virtual prototyping of different designs, analyzing performance parameters, and making design improvements. Computational flow solutions provide information such as the location and size of stagnation zones and the local shear rate. These parameters can be correlated to the extent of hemolysis and thrombus formation and are critical to the success of a blood pump. CFD-ACE, an advanced commercial CFD code developed by CFD Research Corporation, has been applied to fluid flows in rotary machines, such as axial flow pumps and inducers. Preprocessing and postprocessing tools for efficient grid generation and advanced graphical flow visualization are integrated seamlessly with CFD-ACE. The code has structured multiblock grid capability, non-Newtonian fluid treatment, a variety of turbulence models, and an Eulerian-Lagrangian particle tracking model. CFD-ACE has been used successfully to study the flow characteristics in an axial flow blood pump. An unstructured flow solver that greatly automates the process of grid generation and speeds up the flow simulation is under development.
(© 1996 International Society for Artificial Organs.)

60. Application of computational fluid dynamics techniques to blood pumps. [1996]

  • Sukumar R, Athavale MM, Makhijani VB, and Przekwas AJ
  • Artificial organs [Artif Organs] 1996 Jun; Vol. 20 (6), pp. 529-33.
Subjects
Biocompatible Materials, Blood Flow Velocity physiology, Computer Simulation, Heart-Assist Devices adverse effects, Hemolysis, Pressure, Equipment Design trends, and Heart-Assist Devices standards
Abstract
Present-day computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques can be used to analyze the behavior of fluid flow in a variety of pumps. CFD can be a powerful tool during the design stage for rapid virtual prototyping of different designs, analyzing performance parameters, and making design improvements. Computational flow solutions provide information such as the location and size of stagnation zones and the local shear rate. These parameters can be correlated to the extent of hemolysis and thrombus formation and are critical to the success of a blood pump. CFD-ACE, an advanced commercial CFD code developed by CFD Research Corporation, has been applied to fluid flows in rotary machines, such as axial flow pumps and inducers. Preprocessing and postprocessing tools for efficient grid generation and advanced graphical flow visualization are integrated seamlessly with CFD-ACE. The code has structured multiblock grid capability, non-Newtonian fluid treatment, a variety of turbulence models, and an Eulerian-Langrangian particle tracking model. CFD-ACE has been used successfully to study the flow characteristics in an axial flow blood pump. An unstructured flow solver that greatly automates the process of grid generation and speeds up the flow simulation is under development.

61. A client/server system for Internet access to biomedical text/image databanks. [1996]

  • Thoma GR, Long LR, and Berman LE
  • Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society [Comput Med Imaging Graph] 1996 Jul-Aug; Vol. 20 (4), pp. 259-68.
Subjects
Anatomy, Cross-Sectional, Humans, Quality Control, Software, User-Computer Interface, Computer Communication Networks, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, and Radiology Information Systems
Abstract
Internet access to mixed text/image databanks is finding application in the medical world. An example is a database of medical X-rays and associated data consisting of demographic, socioeconomic, physician's exam, medical laboratory and other information collected as part of a nationwide health survey conducted by the government. Another example is a collection of digitized cryosection images, CT and MR taken of cadavers as part of the National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project. In both cases, the challenge is to provide access to both the image and the associated text for a wide end user community to create atlases, conduct epidemiological studies, to develop image-specific algorithms for compression, enhancement and other types of image processing, among many other applications. The databanks mentioned above are being created in prototype form. This paper describes the prototype system developed for the archiving of the data and the client software to enable a broad range of end users to access the archive, retrieve text and image data, display the data and manipulate the images. System design considerations include; data organization in a relational database management system with object-oriented extensions; a hierarchical organization of the image data by different resolution levels for different user classes; client design based on common hardware and software platforms incorporating SQL search capability, X Window, Motif and TAE (a development environment supporting rapid prototyping and management of graphic-oriented user interfaces); potential to include ultra high resolution display monitors as a user option; intuitive user interface paradigm for building complex queries; and contrast enhancement, magnification and mensuration tools for better viewing by the user.

62. Evaluation of key shapes on a touchscreen simulation of a specialised keypad. [1996]

  • Breinholt G and Krueger H
  • Applied ergonomics [Appl Ergon] 1996 Dec; Vol. 27 (6), pp. 375-9.
Abstract
The effect of key shape on a touchscreen simulation of a flat touch-sensitive keypad was investigated by rapid prototyping. A software prototype was developed of a hardware keypad that controlled chemical analysis equipment. The prototype was used to answer some basic ergonomics questions concerning the design of the device keys. In a target selection task, keys shaped as equilateral triangles were most precise, and least precise was a compound shape comprising of a rectangular lower part and a triangular 'hat' as the upper part. No significant differences in the times taken to complete the task were found. It is suggested that the use of a touchscreen prototype is suitable when designing flat-keypad layouts. Due to the visual nature of flat keypad use, where perception of the target must counter reduced tactile feedback, the design of shapes to aid the selection of keys is of paramount importance. It is concluded that rapid prototyping of hardware with graphical designs and touchscreens is a powerful tool for the ergonomic design of interfaces.

63. Implementing NCEP guidelines in a Web-based disease-management system. [1997]

  • Tsui FC, Wagner M, and Thompson ME
  • Proceedings : a conference of the American Medical Informatics Association. AMIA Fall Symposium [Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp] 1997, pp. 764-8.
Subjects
Cholesterol, Guideline Adherence, Humans, Computer Communication Networks, Database Management Systems, Hyperlipidemias therapy, and Practice Guidelines as Topic
Abstract
DMS is a Web-based disease-management system, which facilitates easy access for users and close connection to hospital information systems, based on clinical practice guidelines. Currently we are prototyping DMS in the area of hyperlipidemia management. However our approach is general. For each office visit, DMS generates an encounter form with recommendations based on the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. In between visits, DMS provides email notifications to clinicians about delinquent laboratory studies and recommendations for patient management based on recently available information. By reviewing previous efforts for implementing NCEP guidelines and some of the pitfalls that were encountered, we first constructed DMS for hyperlipidemia management. A detailed description of DMS is provided in this paper.

64. Rapid prototyping (stereolithography) in the management of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. [1997]

  • Kacl GM, Zanetti M, Amgwerd M, Trentz O, Seifert B, Stucki H, and Hodler J
  • European radiology [Eur Radiol] 1997; Vol. 7 (2), pp. 187-91.
Subjects
Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Middle Aged, ROC Curve, Radiography, Calcaneus diagnostic imaging, Calcaneus injuries, and Fractures, Bone diagnostic imaging
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of stereolithography vs workstation-based three-dimensional (3D) reformations in intra-articular calcaneal fractures. A total of 30 intra-articular calcaneal fractures were examined using standard radiographs, coronal CT scans, and 2D and 3D reformations. The CT data were transferred to an outside institution, and stereolithograms were produced from photopolymer resin employing a laser beam system. 3D reformations and stereolithograms were analyzed in a blinded fashion by two staff radiologists. Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained for six clinically significant fracture components. Standard radiographs, coronal CT scans, and 2D reformations served as the standard of reference. The area under the ROC curves for 3D reformations and stereolithograms were 1.0 and 0.98 for abnormal tuber angles, 0.91 and 0.91 for anterior and middle talo-calcaneal joint involvement, 0. 90 and 0.95 for involvement of the posterior talo-calcaneal joint, 0. 65 and 0.78 for the presence of a lateral bulge, 0.80 and 0.81 for the involvement of the calcaneocuboidal joint, and 0.62 and 0.67 for the presence of a "tongue-type" fracture. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated for the two methods (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p = 0.138). Based on our results stereolithograms did not prove to be statistically superior to workstation-based 3D reformations. Stereolithograms may still be useful for teaching purposes and for surgical planning at a thinking-efficacy level.

65. Preliminary experience with medical applications of rapid prototyping by selective laser sintering. [1997]

  • Berry E, Brown JM, Connell M, Craven CM, Efford ND, Radjenovic A, and Smith MA
  • Medical engineering & physics [Med Eng Phys] 1997 Jan; Vol. 19 (1), pp. 90-6.
Subjects
Adult, Biomedical Engineering instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering methods, Cephalometry instrumentation, Cephalometry methods, Craniosynostoses pathology, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Femur anatomy histology, Hip Prosthesis, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted instrumentation, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods, Lasers, and Models, Anatomic
Abstract
Rapid prototyping techniques, originally developed for building components from computer aided designs in the motor industry, are now being applied in medicine to build models of human anatomy from high resolution multiplanar imaging data such a computed tomography (CT). The established technique of stereolithography and the more recent selective laser sintering (SLS), both build up an object layer by layer. Models have applications in surgical planning, for the design of customised implants and for training. Preliminary experience of using the SLS technique for medical applications is described, addressing questions regarding image processing, data transfer and manufacture. Pilot models, built from nylon, included two skills (a child with craniosynoslosis and an adult with hypertetorism) and a normal femur which was modelled for use in a bioengineering test of an artificial hip. The dimensions of the models were found to be in good agreement with the CT data from which they were built-for the child's skull the difference between the model and the CT data was less than 1.0 +/- 0.5 mm in each direction. Our experience showed that, with care, a combination of existing software packages may be used for data conversion. Ideally, image data of high spatial resolution should be used. The pilot models generated sufficient clinical interest for the technique to be pursued in the orthopaedic field.

66. Stereolithographic models derived from x-ray computed tomography. Reproduction accuracy. [1997]

  • Bouyssié JF, Bouyssié S, Sharrock P, and Duran D
  • Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA [Surg Radiol Anat] 1997; Vol. 19 (3), pp. 193-9.
Subjects
Computer Graphics, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Mandible diagnostic imaging, Pilot Projects, Reproducibility of Results, Mandible anatomy histology, Models, Anatomic, and Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods
Abstract
We investigate the accuracy of complex anatomical replicas derived from X-ray computed tomography data linked to the rapid prototyping technique of stereolithography. Data processing by specific softwares (segmentation, three-dimensional interpolation) allows direct interfacing with the stereolithography apparatus to build a resin replica with reproduction of internal cavities. Our preliminary results about surface and dimensional accuracies suggest that the reproduction of complex anatomical structures by stereolithography is reliable enough to be used for surgical planning, for custom-made implants and for surgical anatomy teaching.

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68. Developing sexual health software incorporating user feedback: a British experience. [1997]

  • Turner A, Singleton N, and Easterbrook S
  • Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education [Health Educ Behav] 1997 Feb; Vol. 24 (1), pp. 102-20.
Subjects
Adolescent, CD-ROM, Female, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Program Evaluation, Software, United Kingdom, Computer-Assisted Instruction, and Sex Education methods
Abstract
This article describes an interactive prototyping model for development of four computer software modules for British youth on sexual issues. An iterative cycle of development, user review and feedback, and subsequent modification and retesting was used with approximately 150 young adults, with particular attention to presentation style, screen design, usability, relevance of material, enjoyment, and learning. The software was designed to be realistically accommodated in school settings, to be used as a reference tool by students working alone or in a group teaching situation. Feedback from youth and adults attests to the feasibility of development, implementation, and instructional usefulness. Interactive prototyping proved essential in the face of skepticism from teachers concerning young people's information needs and acceptance of a computerized educational approach.

69. Laser Rapid Prototyping of Photonic Band-Gap Microstructures [1997]

  • Wanke MC, Lehmann O, Muller K, Wen Q, and Stuke M
  • Science (New York, N.Y.) [Science] 1997 Feb 28; Vol. 275 (5304), pp. 1284-6.
Abstract
Three-dimensional periodic microstructures of aluminum oxide, which are important for creating photonic band-gap structures (PBGs), were fabricated by laser rapid prototyping by means of laser-induced direct-write deposition from the gas phase. The structures consisted of layers of parallel rods forming a face-centered tetragonal lattice with lattice constants of 66 and 133 micrometers. These structures showed transmission minima centered around 4 terahertz (75 micrometers) and 2 terahertz (150 micrometers), respectively. PBGs will allow precise control of the optical properties of materials, including lasers without threshold.

70. [Rapid prototyping. Construction of a model in the preoperative planning of reconstructive pelvic interventions]. [1997]

  • Mittelmeier W, Peters P, Ascherl R, and Gradinger R
  • Der Orthopade [Orthopade] 1997 Mar; Vol. 26 (3), pp. 273-9.
Subjects
Adult, Costs and Cost Analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Pelvic Bones surgery, Preoperative Care, Time Factors, Tomography, X-Ray Computed economics, Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods, User-Computer Interface, Computer Simulation, Models, Anatomic, and Pelvic Bones diagnostic imaging
Abstract
X-ray or CT images allows only a limited three-dimensional orientation in presurgical planning. Especially for the planning of internal hemipelvectomies with custom-made endoprosthesis and for peri-acetabular osteotomies a high-grade orientation is necessary. This orientation is improved by a 3D CT-controlled manufactured 1:1 model of the pelvis. This enables and exact classification of defect and deformity, planning of resection planes, design of the suitable custom-made implant and simulation of the operation technique as preoperative quality control.

71. Rapid prototyping techniques for anatomical modelling in medicine. [1997]

  • McGurk M, Amis AA, Potamianos P, and Goodger NM
  • Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England [Ann R Coll Surg Engl] 1997 May; Vol. 79 (3), pp. 169-74.
Subjects
Child, Facial Asymmetry diagnostic imaging, Facial Asymmetry surgery, Facial Bones diagnostic imaging, Facial Bones injuries, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods, Male, Computer-Aided Design, Facial Bones surgery, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Anatomic, and Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Abstract
The rapid advances in computer technology, often driven by the demands of industry, have created new possibilities in surgery which previous generations of surgeons could only have imagined. Improved imaging with computerised tomography (CT) has been followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and, more recently, it has become possible to reformat the data as three-dimensional images. Computer technology has new moved forward with the advent of rapid prototyping techniques (RPT) which allow both the production of models of the hard tissues and custom-made prostheses from computerised scanning data. In this article we review the development and current technologies available in RPT and the applications of this advance in surgery and illustrate this with two case reports.

72. A novel tool for rapid prototyping and development of simple 3D medical image processing applications on PCs. [1997]

  • Colin A and Boire JY
  • Computer methods and programs in biomedicine [Comput Methods Programs Biomed] 1997 Jun; Vol. 53 (2), pp. 87-92.
Subjects
Humans, Diagnostic Imaging methods, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Microcomputers, and Software
Abstract
A 32-bit PC-based 3D medical image processing software package is presented. Its basic functions are the display and manipulation of medical images and the inclusion of user-written processing routines in C language. This software runs on inexpensive hardware and is easy to learn. It means the current needs of many research teams working in medical image processing.

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74. Development of a custom designed TAH using rapid prototyping. [1997]

  • Park CY, Chang JK, Jeong DY, Yoon GJ, Chung C, Kim JK, Han DC, and Min BG
  • ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) [ASAIO J] 1997 Sep-Oct; Vol. 43 (5), pp. M647-50.
Subjects
Biomedical Engineering, Computer-Aided Design, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Anatomic, Prosthesis Design, Thorax anatomy histology, and Heart, Artificial
Abstract
The failure of the orthotopic implantation of a totally implantable artificial heart (TAH) was due mainly to anatomic mismatches in the conduits of the conventional TAH system. To overcome this anatomic incompatibility, a custom design and fabrication process was designed using the rapid prototyping (RP) technique. After three dimensional reconstruction of magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic cavity and vascular remnants of the recipient, study of anatomic fit was done using the reconstructed thoracic model and three dimensional computer aided design (CAD) model. The direction of the inflow and outflow conduits of the blood sac was changed with a Unigraphics CAD. The RP model of the designed chamber was fabricated and examined for anatomic compatibility. Through this approach, the minute directional mismatch of the inflow and outflow conduits was improved. Thus, a new custom designed moving actuator Korean TAH with CAD and RP techniques was developed.

75. Using the extensible markup language (XML) in automated clinical practice guidelines. [1998]

  • Dubey AK and Chueh H
  • Proceedings. AMIA Symposium [Proc AMIA Symp] 1998, pp. 735-9.
Subjects
Computer Systems, Humans, Internet standards, Software standards, Systems Integration, Practice Guidelines as Topic, and Programming Languages
Abstract
Much work has been done in the area of web-based clinical practice guidelines. Issues such as representation, description, architectures, and implementation have been explored previously. Most if not all of these web-based applications rely exclusively on HTML, the HyperText Markup Language. In the process of prototyping a guideline service to be used in a diabetes operations improvement project, we developed a model for a guideline engine that makes use of the Extensible Markup Language (XML), both as an interface to the engine and as a vehicle for delivering structured guideline content. We feel that XML may offer advantages in implementing guideline services that are difficult (if not impossible) to accomplish with HTML alone.

76. Soft tissue rapid prototyping in neurosurgery. [1998]

  • Vloeberghs M, Hatfield F, Daemi F, and Dickens P
  • Computer aided surgery : official journal of the International Society for Computer Aided Surgery [Comput Aided Surg] 1998; Vol. 3 (2), pp. 95-7.
Subjects
Cerebrospinal Fluid physiology, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurosurgery education, Patient Care Planning, Research, Resins, Synthetic, Rheology, Teaching Materials, Cerebral Ventricles anatomy histology, Computer-Aided Design, and Models, Anatomic
Abstract
As part of our research into the fluid hydrodynamics of the human ventricular system, a fused deposition model of the human ventricular system was made using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. This article describes the manufacturing of a positive cast of the ventricles as a first step in the construction of a hollow model. After decryption of the original MRI file (ACR-Nema format), the MRI slices were reassembled semiautomatically and a rapid prototyping station produced a resin model. Because of its ease and speed, this method harbors great potential for teaching purposes, research, and preoperative planning in complex three-dimensional soft tissue targets.

77. Stereolithography for posterior fossa cranioplasty. [1998]

  • Agner C, Dujovny M, Evenhouse R, Charbel FT, and Sadler L
  • Skull base surgery [Skull Base Surg] 1998; Vol. 8 (2), pp. 81-6.
Abstract
Posterior fossa cranioplasty has been suggested for improvement of neurological symptoms following craniectomy. However, there is no particular recommendation in the literature about techniques for prosthesis manufacture and implantation. We report our experience using rapid prototyping technology and stereolithography for pre-surgical implant design and production of cranioplasties.

78. A CMOS binary pattern classifier based on Parzen's method. [1998]

  • Coultrip R
  • IEEE transactions on neural networks [IEEE Trans Neural Netw] 1998; Vol. 9 (1), pp. 2-10.
Abstract
Biological circuitry in the brain that has been associated with the Parzen method of classification inspired an analog CMOS binary pattern classifier. The circuitry resides on three separate chips. The first chip computes the closeness of a test vector to each training vector stored on the chip where "vector closeness" is defined as the number of bits two vectors have in common above some thresholds. The second chip computes the closeness of the test vector to each possible category where "category closeness" is defined as the sum of the closenesses of the test vector to each training vector in a particular category. Category closenesses are coded by currents which feed into an "early bird" winner-take-all circuit on the third chip that selects the category closest to the test vector. Parzen classifiers offer superior classification accuracy than the common nearest neighbor Hamming networks. A high degree of parallelism allows for O(1) time complexity and the chips are tillable for increased training vector storage capacity. Proof-of-concept chips were fabricated through the MOSIS chip prototyping service and successfully tested.

79. Experiences with colored predicate-transition nets for specifying and prototyping embedded systems. [1998]

  • Ebert C
  • IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics : a publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society [IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern] 1998; Vol. 28 (5), pp. 641-52.
Abstract
Computer systems in today's society require an increasing amount of embedded software and hardware systems. Their application has introduced new problems for the software engineer combined with the complexity of such systems. In particular, the early stages of the software development process are vital for the successful implementation of computer systems. High order Petri nets are introduced and extended as a powerful formalism for the specification and analysis of concurrent systems. A tool called SystemSpecs has been applied that supports rapid system prototyping with such nets. This survey article provides techniques for early systems analysis that can be used as a real time system prototype for customer presentations. Small examples are extracted from industrial applications to indicate how the described techniques can be used. While the major disadvantage of typical net descriptions is their visual complexity that makes them useless for large distributed systems, the paper also describes how to find overly complex structures, and describes selected methods of how to refine such structures.

80. Preliminary investigation of a novel controlled stiffness proximal femoral prosthesis. [1998]

  • Simões JA, Taylor M, Marques AT, and Jeronimidis G
  • Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine [Proc Inst Mech Eng H] 1998; Vol. 212 (3), pp. 165-75.
Subjects
Elasticity, Feasibility Studies, Models, Biological, Prosthesis Design, Stress, Mechanical, Titanium, Biocompatible Materials, Chromium Alloys, and Hip Prosthesis
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that a controlled stiffness prosthesis is required to address the conflicting requirements of minimizing stress shielding and micromotion. The design for a controlled stiffness prosthesis is proposed and a preliminary analytical investigation performed to assess its predicted performance before fabrication of a prototype component. The novel prosthesis consisted of a cobalt-chrome core and a flexible composite outer layer. Varying the composite layer thickness allowed the prosthesis stiffness to be controlled. Three variants of the controlled stiffness prosthesis were critically assessed using the finite element method and their predicted performance compared with those of conventional prosthesis designs. The potential for stress shielding was assessed by examining the periosteal strain energy and the potential for migration assessed by examining the endosteal minimum principal cancellous bone stresses. Both the conventional and controlled stiffness implants performed poorly as press-fit prostheses. All the press-fit prostheses generated high cancellous bone stresses, suggesting that excessive migration of these implants would be likely. The controlled stiffness implants performed better than the conventional implants when bonded to the surrounding bone. Although the controlled stiffness implants did not eliminate stress shielding of the calcar, they produced higher strain energies than the conventional designs. The findings of this study are that osseointegrated controlled stiffness implants may perform better than current osseointegrated cementless prostheses and therefore it is worth while progressing to the next stage, of prototyping an implant.

81. Rapid prototyping for orthopaedic surgery. [1998]

  • Potamianos P, Amis AA, Forester AJ, McGurk M, and Bircher M
  • Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine [Proc Inst Mech Eng H] 1998; Vol. 212 (5), pp. 383-93.
Subjects
Adult, Clavicle injuries, Female, Fractures, Bone diagnostic imaging, Fractures, Bone surgery, Humans, Radiography, Scapula injuries, Computer Simulation, Computer-Aided Design, Models, Anatomic, and Orthopedic Procedures
Abstract
The revision of an orthopaedic procedure can present surgeons with the challenge of a complex reconstructive process. Orthopaedic surgery can also face considerable challenges in cases presenting extensive primary injuries with multiple bone fragmentation, as well as in cases presenting bone deformities. Radiographs are used routinely for orthopaedic surgical planning, yet they provide inadequate information on the precise three-dimensional extent of bone defects. Three-dimensional reconstructions from X-ray computed tomography offer superior visualization but are not portable for consultation or readily available in the operating theatre for guidance during a procedure. A physical model manufactured from X-ray computed tomography data can offer surgeons a clear understanding of complex anatomical detail, by providing an intuitive physical relationship between patient and model. Rapid prototyping was used for the construction of an anatomical model in a case presenting with a complex shoulder injury. The model provided a definitive interpretation of joint pathology and enabled a full assessment of the degree of injury.

82. Contextual design: defining customer-centered systems [1998]

  • Beyer, Hugh., Holtzblatt, Karen., and Beyer, Hugh.
Subjects
System design. and System analysis.

83. ECOOP’98 — Object-Oriented Programming: 12th European Conference Brussels, Belgium, July 20–24, 1998 Proceedings [1998]

  • Jul, Eric, editor. and Jul, Eric, editor.
Subjects
Computer science., Computer networks., Software engineering., Logic design., Management information systems., Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems., Logics and Meanings of Programs., Computer Communication Networks., Management of Computing and Information Systems., and Business Information Systems.
Abstract
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, ECOOP'98, held in Brussels, Belgium, in July 1998. The book presents 24 revised full technical papers selected for inclusion from a total of 124 submissions; also presented are two invited papers. The papers are organized in topical sections on modelling ideas and experiences; design patterns and frameworks; language problems and solutions; distributed memory systems; reuse, adaption and hardware support; reflection; extensible objects and types; and mixins, inheritance and type analysis complexity.

84. [Practice surgery on the artificial temporal bone. Development of temporal bone facsimiles with stereolithography]. [1998]

  • Vorwerk U and Begall K
  • HNO [HNO] 1998 Mar; Vol. 46 (3), pp. 246-51.
Subjects
Computer Systems, Curriculum, Ear anatomy histology, Ear surgery, Humans, Software, Temporal Bone anatomy histology, Computer Simulation, Computer-Assisted Instruction instrumentation, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted instrumentation, Microsurgery instrumentation, Models, Anatomic, Otolaryngology education, Temporal Bone surgery, and Tomography, X-Ray Computed instrumentation
Abstract
Learning microsurgery of the middle ear requires preparations of temporal bones. Ethical and moral restrictions in obtaining specimens make training and research with temporal bone preparations increasingly more difficult. Due to the complex structure of the temporal bone with its communicating cavities, the manufacture of facsimiles up to now has been impossible. Rapid prototyping techniques must be able to produce identical objects from an original one. By using CT scans of temporal bones from anatomic preparations and patients we have been able to reconstruct 3D pictures on a CAD workstation. We are now able to incorporate data in a stereolithographic system to create an anatomic facsimile of the temporal bone. It is possible to produce a considerable number of these facsimiles from the same real object. With this method we can produce models of human structure for medical teaching, training and research. Our artificial preparations of temporal bones correspond to both the material characteristics and anatomic details of human structures, allowing various surgical exercises to be carried out.

85. Iterative cooperative prototyping in the design of web-based transplant information systems. [1998]

  • Merion RM, Leichtman AB, Tsui N, and Dean J
  • Transplantation proceedings [Transplant Proc] 1998 Aug; Vol. 30 (5), pp. 1634-6.
Subjects
Databases as Topic, Heart Transplantation, Humans, Interinstitutional Relations, Kidney Transplantation, Liver Transplantation, Lung Transplantation, Microcomputers, Pancreas Transplantation, Computer Communication Networks, Information Systems, and Transplantation

86. Combining a scientific approach and prototyping in the design of EHCR systems. [1998]

  • Hasman A, Tange H, and Vissers M
  • IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society [IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed] 1998 Sep; Vol. 2 (3), pp. 117-23.
Subjects
Clinical Protocols, Computer Security, Internet, and Medical Records Systems, Computerized
Abstract
In this paper, it is emphasized that electronic medical record systems cannot totally be developed in the traditional way. The underlying process of how physicians or nurses are searching for information is not fully understood. Therefore, a method that combines a scientific approach and prototyping is advocated. With the help of this advocated approach, these questions could be answered in a way that was also scientifically sound. In this contribution, two examples of the use of this method are presented. One concerns the determination of the optimum granularity of the narrative parts of the electronic healthcare record (EHCR) and the other concerns the use and impact of stand-alone protocol systems.

87. Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Systems in Poly(dimethylsiloxane). [1998]

  • Duffy DC, McDonald JC, Schueller OJ, and Whitesides GM
  • Analytical chemistry [Anal Chem] 1998 Dec 01; Vol. 70 (23), pp. 4974-84.
Abstract
This paper describes a procedure that makes it possible to design and fabricate (including sealing) microfluidic systems in an elastomeric material [Formula: see text] poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) [Formula: see text] in less than 24 h. A network of microfluidic channels (with width >20 μm) is designed in a CAD program. This design is converted into a transparency by a high-resolution printer; this transparency is used as a mask in photolithography to create a master in positive relief photoresist. PDMS cast against the master yields a polymeric replica containing a network of channels. The surface of this replica, and that of a flat slab of PDMS, are oxidized in an oxygen plasma. These oxidized surfaces seal tightly and irreversibly when brought into conformal contact. Oxidized PDMS also seals irreversibly to other materials used in microfluidic systems, such as glass, silicon, silicon oxide, and oxidized polystyrene; a number of substrates for devices are, therefore, practical options. Oxidation of the PDMS has the additional advantage that it yields channels whose walls are negatively charged when in contact with neutral and basic aqueous solutions; these channels support electroosmotic pumping and can be filled easily with liquids with high surface energies (especially water). The performance of microfluidic systems prepared using this rapid prototyping technique has been evaluated by fabricating a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis system. Amino acids, charge ladders of positively and negatively charged proteins, and DNA fragments were separated in aqueous solutions with this system with resolution comparable to that obtained using fused silica capillaries.

88. Anatomical information in radiation treatment planning. [1999]

  • Kalet IJ, Wu J, Lease M, Austin-Seymour MM, Brinkley JF, and Rosse C
  • Proceedings. AMIA Symposium [Proc AMIA Symp] 1999, pp. 291-5.
Subjects
Anatomy, Artistic, Humans, Radiographic Image Enhancement, Terminology as Topic, Anatomy, Cross-Sectional, Medical Illustration, and Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted
Abstract
We report on experience and insights gained from prototyping, for clinical radiation oncologists, a new access tool for the University of Washington Digital Anatomist information resources. This access tool is designed to integrate with a radiation therapy planning (RTP) system in use in a clinical setting. We hypothesize that the needs of practitioners in a clinical setting are different from the needs of students, the original targeted users of the Digital Anatomist system, but that a common knowledge resource can serve both. Our prototype was designed to help define those differences and study the feasibility of a full anatomic reference system that will support both clinical radiation therapy and all the existing educational applications.

89. Collaborative prototyping approaches for ICU decision aid design. [1999]

  • Ehrhart LS, Hanson CW, Marshall BE, Marshall C, and Medsker C
  • Proceedings. AMIA Symposium [Proc AMIA Symp] 1999, pp. 750-4.
Subjects
Computer Systems, Decision Support Systems, Clinical, Ergonomics, Humans, Systems Integration, Workforce, Decision Making, Computer-Assisted, Expert Systems, Intensive Care Units organization administration, and Respiratory Therapy
Abstract
When computer-based aids do not support the human users' decision-making strategies or anticipate the organizational impacts of technological change, advances in information technology may degrade rather than enhance decision-making performance. Such failures suggest the design of human-computer cooperation for problem solving and decision-making must be driven by human cognitive and organizational process requirements rather than computer technology. Decision- and user-centered development techniques involve domain experts and end-users in the earliest phases of design to evolve an understanding of requirements through iterative prototyping. This paper presents a collaborative approach to cognitive systems engineering applied to developing a clinical aid to assist respiratory care in the surgical ICU.

90. Medical rapid prototyping and 3D CT in the manufacture of custom made cranial titanium plates. [1999]

  • Winder J, Cooke RS, Gray J, Fannin T, and Fegan T
  • Journal of medical engineering & technology [J Med Eng Technol] 1999 Jan-Feb; Vol. 23 (1), pp. 26-8.
Subjects
Cost Control, Esthetics, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted economics, Prosthesis Fitting, Surface Properties, Bone Plates, Computer-Aided Design economics, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods, Prostheses and Implants, Prosthesis Design, Skull surgery, Titanium, and Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods
Abstract
This report describes a new method of custom making cranial titanium plates for the repair of skull defects. We have combined 3D CT imaging and surface modelling with rapid prototyping (RP) technology to produce physical models of our patients' skulls from which custom titanium plates were made. We have expanded the use of image processing tools applied to the CT image data to fabricate a representation of the skull defect. Medical RP models are relatively expensive and particular attention has been paid to developing image processing methods to reduce costs. Our technique used the patient as their own model and generated data from the contralateral side of the head where appropriate. We present the results of 10 patients who have had a custom made cranial titanium plate fitted and discuss the models for these cases. The benefits of our custom made titanium plates are reduced patient attendances to hospital and a more accurate titanium plate which has improved fitting and cosmesis.

91. Process and data nets: the conceptual model of the M*-OBJECT methodology. [1999]

  • Berio G, di Leva A, Giolito P, and Vernadat F
  • IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics : a publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society [IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern] 1999; Vol. 29 (1), pp. 104-14.
Abstract
The paper describes a specification model, called the Process and Data Net (PDN) model, used as the modeling tool for the M*-OBJECT information system design methodology. The model integrates the representation of static, dynamic, and behavioral aspects of a database application. PDN consists of two components: an object-oriented data model that describes static and behavioral aspects of objects of the system under analysis, and a process model that specifies a way organization activities must be coordinated. The major features of the proposed approach are: 1) the system representation captures all relevant properties from the end-user viewpoint without unnecessary details concerning implementation, 2) complex data structures and data manipulations can be specified, and 3) specifications are executable for rapid prototyping.

92. Linguistic models and linguistic modeling. [1999]

  • Pedryez W and Vasilakos AV
  • IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics : a publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society [IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern] 1999; Vol. 29 (6), pp. 745-57.
Abstract
The study is concerned with a linguistic approach to the design of a new category of fuzzy (granular) models. In contrast to numerically driven identification techniques, we concentrate on budding meaningful linguistic labels (granules) in the space of experimental data and forming the ensuing model as a web of associations between such granules. As such models are designed at the level of information granules and generate results in the same granular rather than pure numeric format, we refer to them as linguistic models. Furthermore, as there are no detailed numeric estimation procedures involved in the construction of the linguistic models carried out in this way, their design mode can be viewed as that of a rapid prototyping. The underlying algorithm used in the development of the models utilizes an augmented version of the clustering technique (context-based clustering) that is centered around a notion of linguistic contexts-a collection of fuzzy sets or fuzzy relations defined in the data space (more precisely a space of input variables). The detailed design algorithm is provided and contrasted with the standard modeling approaches commonly encountered in the literature. The usefulness of the linguistic mode of system modeling is discussed and illustrated with the aid of numeric studies including both synthetic data as well as some time series dealing with modeling traffic intensity over a broadband telecommunication network.

93. Advances in conceptual modeling: ER'99 Workshops on Evolution and Change in Data Management, Reverse Engineering in Information Systems, and the World Wide Web and Conceptual Modeling, Paris, France, November 15-18, 1999 : proceedings [1999]

  • Chen, Peter P. S. and International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (18th : 1999 : Paris, France)
Subjects
Database management -- Congresses., Reverse engineering -- Congresses., World Wide Web -- Congresses., Computer science., Computer networks., Database management., and Information storage and retrieval systems.
Abstract
The objective of the workshops associated with the ER'99 18th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling is to give participants access to high level presentations on specialized, hot, or emerging scientific topics. Three themes have been selected in this respect: — Evolution and Change in Data Management (ECDM'99) dealing with han­ dling the evolution of data and data structure, — Reverse Engineering in Information Systems (REIS'99) aimed at exploring the issues raised by legacy systems, — The World Wide Web and Conceptual Modehng (WWWCM'99) which ana­ lyzes the mutual contribution of WWW resources and techniques with con­ ceptual modeling. ER'99 has been organized so that there is no overlap between conference ses­ sions and the workshops. Therefore participants can follow both the conference and the workshop presentations they are interested in. I would like to thank the ER'99 program co-chairs, Jacky Akoka and Mokrane Bouzeghoub for having given me the opportunity to organize these workshops. I would also like to thank Stephen Liddle for his valuable help in managing the evaluation procedure for submitted papers and helping to prepare the workshop proceedings for publication. August 1999 Jacques Kouloumdjian Preface for ECDM'99 The first part of this volume contains the proceedings of the First International Workshop on Evolution and Change in Data Management, ECDM'99, which was held in conjunction with the 18th International Conference on Conceptual Modehng (ER'99) in Paris, France, November 15-18, 1999.

94. Software Engineering — ESEC/FSE ’99: 7th European Software Engineering Conference Held Jointly with the 7th ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering Toulouse, France, September 6–10, 1999 Proceedings [1999]

  • Nierstrasz, Oscar Marius, 1957- editor., Lemoine, Michel, editor., and Nierstrasz, Oscar Marius, 1957- editor.
Subjects
Software engineering., Computer science., Logic design., Programming Techniques., Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters., Logics and Meanings of Programs., and Management of Computing and Information Systems.
Abstract
For the second time, the European Software Engineering Conference is being held jointly with the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engine- ing (FSE). Although the two conferences have different origins and traditions, there is a significant overlap in intent and subject matter. Holding the conferences jointly when they are held in Europe helps to make these thematic links more explicit, and enco- ages researchers and practitioners to attend and submit papers to both events. The ESEC proceedings have traditionally been published by Springer-Verlag, as they are again this year, but by special arrangement, the proceedings will be distributed to members of ACM SIGSOFT, as is usually the case for FSE. ESEC/FSE is being held as a single event, rather than as a pair of collocated events. Submitted papers were therefore evaluated by a single program committee. ESEC/FSE represents a broad range of software engineering topics in (mainly) two continents, and consequently the program committee members were selected to represent a spectrum of both traditional and emerging software engineering topics. A total of 141 papers were submitted from around the globe. Of these, nearly half were classified as research - pers,aquarterasexperiencepapers,andtherestasbothresearchandexperiencepapers. Twenty-nine papers from five continents were selected for presentation and inclusion in the proceedings. Due to the large number of industrial experience reports submitted, we have also introduced this year two sessions on short case study presentations.

95. Software Prototyping in Data and Knowledge Engineering [1999]

  • Guida, Giovanni, author., Zanella, Marina, author., Lamperti, Gianfranco, author., and Guida, Giovanni, author.
Subjects
Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics), Computer science., Data structures (Computer science), Software engineering., Artificial intelligence., Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory., Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems., and Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters.
Abstract
This monograph describes an innovative prototyping framework for data and knowledge intensive systems. The proposed approach will prove especially useful for advanced and research-oriented projects that aim to develop a traditional database perspective into fully-fledged advanced database approaches and knowledge engineering technologies. The book is organised in two parts. The first part, comprising chapters 1 to 4, provides an introduction to the concept of prototyping, to database and knowledge-based technologies, and to the main issues involved in the integration of data and knowledge engineering. The second part, comprising chapters 5 to 12, illustrates the proposed approach in technical detail. Audience: This volume will be of interest to researchers in the field of databases and knowledge engineering in general, and for software designers and knowledge engineers who aim to expand their expertise in data and knowledge intensive systems.

96. Stereolithographic biomodelling in cranio-maxillofacial surgery: a prospective trial. [1999]

  • D'Urso PS, Barker TM, Earwaker WJ, Bruce LJ, Atkinson RL, Lanigan MW, Arvier JF, and Effeney DJ
  • Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery [J Craniomaxillofac Surg] 1999 Feb; Vol. 27 (1), pp. 30-7.
Subjects
Cephalometry, Communication, Computer-Aided Design, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Facial Bones diagnostic imaging, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods, Informed Consent, Interprofessional Relations, Lasers, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Patient Education as Topic, Patient Satisfaction, Physician-Patient Relations, Prospective Studies, Resins, Synthetic, Skull diagnostic imaging, Surveys and Questionnaires, Technology, Radiologic, Time Factors, Facial Bones surgery, Models, Anatomic, Patient Care Planning, Skull surgery, and Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Abstract
Stereolithographic (SL) biomodelling is a new technology that allows three-dimensional (3-D) computed tomography (CT) data to be used to manufacture solid plastic replicas of anatomical structures (biomodels). A prospective trial with the objective of assessing the utility of biomodelling in complex surgery has been performed. Forty-five patients with craniofacial, maxillofacial, skull base cervical spinal pathology were selected. 3-D CT or MR scanning was performed and the data of interest were edited and converted into a form acceptable to the rapid prototyping technology SL. The data were used to guide a laser to selectively polymerize photosensitive resin to manufacture biomodels. The biomodels were used by surgeons for patient education, diagnosis and operative planning. An assessment protocol was used to test the hypothesis that 'biomodels in addition to standard imaging had greater utility in the surgery performed than the standard imaging alone'. Biomodels significantly improved operative planning (images 44.09%, images with biomodel 82.21%, P < .01) and diagnosis (images 65.63%, images with biomodel 95.23%, P < .01). Biomodels were found to improve measurement accuracy significantly (image measurement error 44.14%, biomodel measurement error 7.91%, P < .05). Surgeons estimated that the use of biomodels reduced operating time by a mean of 17.63% and were cost effective at a mean price of $1031 AUS. Patients found the biomodels to be helpful for informed consent (images 63.53%, biomodels 88.54%, P < .001). Biomodelling is an intuitive, user-friendly technology that facilitated diagnosis and operative planning. Biomodels allowed surgeons to rehearse procedures readily and improved communication between colleagues and patients.

97. Numerically based design of an orifice plate flowmetering system for human respiratory flow monitoring. [1999]

  • Fortuna AO and Gurd JR
  • Annals of biomedical engineering [Ann Biomed Eng] 1999 May-Jun; Vol. 27 (3), pp. 356-65.
Subjects
Biomedical Engineering instrumentation, Equipment Design, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Humans, Models, Biological, Monitoring, Physiologic instrumentation, Respiratory Mechanics physiology, Respiratory Function Tests instrumentation, and Rheology instrumentation
Abstract
During certain medical procedures, it is important to continuously measure the respiratory flow of a patient, as lack of proper ventilation can cause brain damage and ultimately death. The monitoring of the ventilatory condition of a patient is usually performed with the aid of flowmeters. However, water and other secretions present in the expired air can build up and ultimately block a traditional, restriction-based flowmeter; by using an orifice plate flowmeter, such blockages are minimized. This paper describes the design of an orifice plate flowmetering system including, especially, a description of the numerical and computational techniques adopted in order to simulate human respiratory and sinusoidal air flow across various possible designs for the orifice plate flowmeter device. Parallel computation and multigrid techniques were employed in order to reduce execution time. The simulated orifice plate was later built and tested under unsteady sinusoidal flows. Experimental tests show reasonable agreement with the numerical simulation, thereby reinforcing the general hypothesis that computational exploration of the design space is sufficiently accurate to allow designers of such systems to use this in preference to the more traditional, mechanical prototyping techniques.

98. Patterning cells and their environments using multiple laminar fluid flows in capillary networks. [1999]

  • Takayama S, McDonald JC, Ostuni E, Liang MN, Kenis PJ, Ismagilov RF, and Whitesides GM
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 1999 May 11; Vol. 96 (10), pp. 5545-8.
Subjects
Animals, Cattle, Cell Adhesion, Cells, Cultured, Culture Media chemistry, Endothelium, Vascular metabolism, Erythrocytes metabolism, Escherichia coli metabolism, Proteins metabolism, and Cell Culture Techniques methods
Abstract
This paper describes the use of laminar flow of liquids in capillary systems to pattern the cell culture substrate, to perform patterned cell deposition, and to pattern the cell culture media. We demonstrate the patterning of the cell culture substrate with different proteins, the patterning of different types of cells adjacent to each other, the patterned delivery of chemicals to adhered cells, and performing enzymatic reactions over select cells or over a portion of a cell. This method offers a way to simultaneously control the characteristics of the surface to which cells are attached, the type of cells that are in their vicinity, and the kind of media that cells or part of a cell are exposed to. The method is experimentally simple, highly adaptable, and requires no special equipment except for an elastomeric relief that can be readily prepared by rapid prototyping.

99. A computer-based information system for epilepsy and electroencephalography. [1999]

  • Finnerup NB, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Røssel P, and Jennum P
  • International journal of medical informatics [Int J Med Inform] 1999 Aug; Vol. 55 (2), pp. 127-34.
Subjects
Humans, Telemedicine, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, and Information Systems
Abstract
This paper describes a standardised computer-based information system for electroencephalography (EEG) focusing on epilepsy. The system was developed using a prototyping approach. It is based on international recommendations for EEG examination, interpretation and terminology, international guidelines for epidemiological studies on epilepsy and classification of epileptic seizures and syndromes and international classification of diseases. It is divided into: (1) clinical information and epilepsy relevant data; and (2) EEG data, which is hierarchically structured including description and interpretation of EEG. Data is coded but is supplemented with unrestricted text. The resulting patient database can be integrated with other clinical databases and with the patient record system and may facilitate clinical and epidemiological research and development of standards and guidelines for EEG description and interpretation. The system is currently used for teleconsultation between Gentofte and Lisbon.

100. Rapid protyping technology in medicine--basics and applications. [1999]

  • Petzold R, Zeilhofer HF, and Kalender WA
  • Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society [Comput Med Imaging Graph] 1999 Sep-Oct; Vol. 23 (5), pp. 277-84.
Subjects
Acrocephalosyndactylia surgery, Adult, Child, Preschool, Craniosynostoses surgery, Diagnostic Imaging, Goldenhar Syndrome surgery, Humans, Lasers, Osteotomy, Le Fort methods, Plastics, Polyurethanes, Resins, Synthetic, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Computer-Aided Design, Face surgery, Models, Anatomic, Orthognathic Surgical Procedures, Patient Care Planning, and Skull surgery
Abstract
Using medical models built with Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies represents a new approach for surgical planning and simulation. These techniques allow one to reproduce anatomical objects as 3D physical models, which give the surgeon a realistic impression of complex structures before a surgical intervention. The shift from the visual to the visual-tactile representation of anatomical objects introduces a new kind of interaction called 'touch to comprehend'. As can be seen, from the presented case studies of maxillo-cranio-facial surgery, the RP models are very well suited for use in the diagnosis and the precise preoperative simulation of skeleton modifying interventions.

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