articles+ search results

POSTAGE stamps, NOBEL Prizes, NOBEL Prize in Chemistry, STAMP collecting, ANALYTICAL chemistry, ORGANIC chemistry awards, NATURAL products, BIOCHEMISTRY, and AWARDS

Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Philately, Part II, is a review of the stamps issued in different countries to commemorate the Nobel Prizes in analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, natural products and biochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PHOTONS, PHYSICAL organic chemistry, PHOTOCHEMISTRY, SUPRAMOLECULAR chemistry, and NUCLEAR spin

This Perspective presents a review and survey of the science and philosophy of my research career over the past five decades at Columbia as a physical organic chemist and photochemist. I explore the role of paradigms, structure, and geometric thinking in my own cognitive and intellectual development. The Perspective describes my investigations of high energy content molecules in electronically excited states and the development of electronic spin and supramolecular photochemistry chemistry. Current research dealing with the nuclear spin chemistry of H2 incarcerated in buckyballs is illustrated. In the second part of this Perspective, I recount a personal role of the philosophy and history of science and the scientific communities' use of paradigms in their every day research and intellectual activities. Examples are given of the crucial role of geometry and structure in the rapid development of organic chemistry and physical organic chemistry over the past century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POLYMER research and MASS spectrometry

Examines proposed partial least squares (PLS) multivariate statistical models for predicting concentration of hydrocarbon- and oxygen-containing functional groups for a calibration set of model homopolymers. Plasma-deposited films; Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS); PLS modeling; Preprocessing; Prediction of surface oxygen and hydrogen concentration.

ORGANIC chemistry, ORGANIC fertilizers, UREA as fertilizer, POTASSIUM fertilizers, AGRICULTURE, FERTILIZERS, and UREA

COMPOSITION of water, POLYMERS, CATALYSTS, INORGANIC chemistry, and POWER resources

The article discusses research on how the light-induced splitting of water into oxygen and hydrogen generates storable polymers and chemical fuels that could be used to address the world's energy demands. Particular attention is also given to the use of inorganic materials as semiconductor catalysts for such splits.

SOIL chemistry and NITROGEN

Studies the effects of nitrogen-enriched rock powder on soil chemistry. Relationship higher cellulose rate nitrogen application rate.

SUSTAINABILITY, COVID-19 pandemic, SUSTAINABLE chemistry, UNDERGRADUATES, PHYSICAL constants, and CHEMICAL laboratories

In this section of Resonance, we invite readers to pose questions likely to be raised in a classroom situation. We may suggest strategies for dealing with them, or invite responses, or both. "Classroom" is equally a forum for raising broader issues and sharing personal experiences and viewpoints on matters related to teaching and learning science. Amidst the Covid-19 pandemic, we have planned a strategy for our institution which aims towards reuse and reduce principles of Green Chemistry. Organic preparations in the undergraduate curriculum can be utilized for other sister laboratory experiments such as recrystallization, determination of physical constants (m.pt) and detection of extra elements, detection of functional group and in qualitative analysis. The product of preparation can also be subjected to a second synthesis. This approach will reduce the amount of chemicals needed for carrying out experiments other than organic preparations. This paper illustrates a few organic preparations which can be reused for other companion laboratory exercises. This approach may set a model towards sustainability for other undergraduate laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHALCONE, PHARMACEUTICAL chemistry, ANTI-infective agents, CHALCONES, COMPLEMENT activation, and ORGANIC synthesis

Chalcones have been well examined in the extant literature and demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. A detailed evaluation of the purported health benefits of chalcone and its derivatives, including molecular mechanisms of pharmacological activities, can be further explored. Therefore, this review aimed to describe the main characteristics of chalcone and its derivatives, including their method synthesis and pharmacotherapeutics applications with molecular mechanisms. The presence of the reactive α,β-unsaturated system in the chalcone's rings showed different potential pharmacological properties, including inhibitory activity on enzymes, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, and anti-filarial activity. Changing the structure by adding substituent groups to the aromatic ring can increase potency, reduce toxicity, and broaden pharmacological action. This report also summarized the potential health benefits of chalcone derivatives, particularly antimicrobial activity. We found that several chalcone compounds can inhibit diverse targets of antibiotic-resistance development pathways; therefore, they overcome resistance, and bacteria become susceptible to antibacterial compounds. A few chalcone compounds were more active than conventional antibiotics, like vancomycin and tetracycline. On another note, a series of pyran-fused chalcones and trichalcones can block the NF-B signaling complement system implicated in inflammation, and several compounds demonstrated more potent lipoxygenase inhibition than NSAIDs, such as indomethacin. This report integrated discussion from the domains of medicinal chemistry, organic synthesis, and diverse pharmacological applications, particularly for the development of new anti-infective agents that could be a useful reference for pharmaceutical scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ORGANIC solvents, PEPTIDES, POISONS, FIELD research, RESEARCH teams, ORGANIC synthesis, and SOLVENTS

Dihydrolevoclucosenone (Cyrene is its market name) is a biomass-derived solvent that can be produced in only two steps from biomass, while being biodegradable, non-mutagenic and non-toxic. Its "green" profile combined with its physical properties makes Cyrene a plausible substitute for a number of widely used toxic organic solvents. The first attempt to assess Cyrene as a solvent dates back to 2014 and since then, numerous research groups have opted for this promising alternative. Cyrene has successfully been employed as a solvent in materials chemistry, peptide chemistry, organic synthesis and many more research fields, which are going to be discussed in the context of this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressants are critical reagents for the selective separation of minerals in froth flotation. They serve a vital role in preferentially making the gangue minerals hydrophilic and prevent them from reporting to the mineral-rich froth phase. Current practice involves the use of inorganic depressants, which are toxic and non-biodegradable. Environmentally friendly, flexible and affordable flotation depressants are needed due to the depletion of easy-to-process high-grade ores as well as sustainability and environmental concerns. This paper discusses various organic depressants that have been adopted for selective depression of unwanted minerals in chalcopyrite flotation. The origin and chemistry, organic depressant-gangue minerals interaction mechanism, and the use of organic depressants in the most common chalcopyrite-flotation instances, including chalcopyrite separation from galena, molybdenite, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, talc, serpentine and carbonaceous materials, are discussed. This review shows that organic depressants can partially or fully replace current inorganic depressants used in suppressing both sulfide and non-sulfide gangue minerals in chalcopyrite flotation. In this review, a well-detailed and well-referenced discussion is provided for the current state of organic depressants in chalcopyrite flotation, as well as a valuable discussion is provided to comparatively evaluate the depression performance of the various reported organic depressants. Finally, suggestions are made regarding future research challenges and directions. The recent advancements, developing features, and research prospects discussed in this article will provide a helpful reference for academics who want to delve deeper into the greening of chalcopyrite flotation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUSTAINABLE chemistry, ORGANIC synthesis, CHEMICAL engineering, CHEMICAL processes, INORGANIC chemistry, AMMONIUM sulfate, and METHACRYLATES

Keywords: green chemistry; industrial chemistry; organic synthesis; synthetic methods EN green chemistry industrial chemistry organic synthesis synthetic methods 1865 1869 5 01/29/21 20210126 NES 210126 B Making industry greener b : Many principles for the economic production of organic bulk chemicals, the syntheses of which have potentially the highest environmental impact, currently overlap with principles of green chemistry. For about 93 % of the 250 million tons organic chemicals produced annually by oxidation, oxygen is used as the oxidant, in most cases in combination with catalysts to achieve appropriate selectivities.[3] I Addressed Principles of Green Chemistry: Prevent Waste, Atom Economy, Reduce Derivatives, Catalysis vs. Getting Greener: Propylene Oxide O SB 2 sb is not always the most efficient oxidant, as shown in the different synthetic routes to valuable propylene oxide (Scheme 4).[5] The chlorohydrin process uses chlorine and produces CaCl SB 2 sb as the by-product and is therefore not that green. This would allow the entry into a circular economy.[18, 19] Certain initiatives involving large chemical producers were recently started to introduce a circular economy based on chemcycling in order to replace the current linear use of feedstocks.[20] Greener alternatives should also be as economic as possible. [Extracted from the article]

QUANTUM dots, NONIONIC surfactants, ORGANIC synthesis, IONIC surfactants, SEMICONDUCTOR nanoparticles, ORGANIC semiconductors, and PHOSPHINES

Efficient conversion of light from short wavelengths to longer wavelengths using color conversion layers (CCLs) underpins the successful operation of numerous contemporary display and lighting technologies. Inorganic quantum dots, based on CdSe or InP, for example, have received much attention in this context, however, suffer from instability and toxic cadmium or phosphine chemistry. Organic nanoparticles (NPs), though less often studied, are capable of very competitive performance, including outstanding stability and water-processability. Surfactants, which are critical in stabilizing many types of nano-structures, have not yet been used extensively in organic NPs. Here we show the utility of surfactants in the synthesis and processing of organic NPs by thoroughly characterizing the effect of ionic and non-ionic surfactants on the properties of fluorescent organic NPs. Using this information, we identify surfactant processing conditions that result in nearly 100 % conversion of organic fluorophores into sub-micrometer particles, or nano-dots, with outstanding performance as CCLs. Such water dispersions are environmentally benign and efficiently convert light. They can be used for a range of fluorophores covering a full spectral gamut, with excellent color purity, including full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values as low as 21 nm. Compared to inorganic (InP) reference CCLs, the organic nano-dot based CCLs show superior color conversion efficiency and substantially improved long-term stability. Compared to inorganic nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles aren't as well understood. Here the authors explore the use of surfactants to prepare organic semiconductor nanoparticles with outstanding photophysical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CATALYSIS, ORGANIC chemistry, FLOW chemistry, and METAL catalysts

Fine chemical industry, flow chemistry, organic process, single-atom catalysis Keywords: fine chemical industry; flow chemistry; organic process; single-atom catalysis EN fine chemical industry flow chemistry organic process single-atom catalysis 1 1 1 11/11/22 20221108 NES 221108 B The Cover Feature b shows a flow reactor employing a single-atom catalyst schematically represented. Cover Feature: Continuous Flow Single-Atom Catalysis: A Viable Organic Process Technology?. [Extracted from the article]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, various drug candidates have been developed, molnupiravir (MK-4482 and EIDD-2801), which is a new orally anti-viral agent under development for the treatment of COVID-19, is under study in the final stage of the clinical trial. Molnupiravir enhances the replication of viral RNA mutations in animals and humans. Due to the high demand for the synthesis of this drug, it was essential to develop an efficient and suitable synthetic pathway from raw material. In this study, molecular docking analysis on molnupiravir is examined also, the mechanism of action (MOA) and the recent synthetic pathway is reported. This review will be helpful to different disciplines such as medicinal chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ANTIFUNGAL agent synthesis, STRUCTURE-activity relationships, ORGANIC chemistry, RUTHENIUM catalysts, BIOACTIVE compounds, PHARMACEUTICAL chemistry, and HETEROCYCLIC compounds

A pharmacophore system has been found as 1,2,3-triazole, a five-membered heterocycle ring with nitrogen heteroatoms. These heterocyclic compounds can be produced using azide-alkyne cycloaddition processes catalyzed by ruthenium or copper. The bioactive compounds demonstrated antitubercular, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and antidiabetic properties. This heterocycle molecule, in particular, with one or more 1,2,3-triazole cores has been found to have the most powerful antifungal effects. The goal of this review is to highlight recent developments in the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation of this prospective fungicidal chemical. Also there have been explained drugs and mechanism of action of a triazole compound with antifungal activity. This review will be useful in a variety of fields, including medicinal chemistry, organic chemistry, mycology, and pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater lakes are essential hotspots for the removal of excessive anthropogenic nitrogen (N) loads transported from the land to coastal oceans. The biogeochemical processes responsible for N removal, the corresponding transformation rates and overall removal efficiencies differ between lakes, however, it is unclear what the main controlling factors are. Here, we investigated the factors that moderate the rates of N removal under contrasting trophic states in two lakes located in central Switzerland. In the eutrophic Lake Baldegg and the oligotrophic Lake Sarnen, we specifically examined seasonal sediment porewater chemistry, organic matter sedimentation rates, as well as 33-year of historic water column data. We find that the eutrophic Lake Baldegg, which contributed to the removal of 20 ± 6.6 gN m−2 year−1, effectively removed two-thirds of the total areal N load. In stark contrast, the more oligotrophic Lake Sarnen contributed to 3.2 ± 4.2 gN m−2 year−1, and had removed only one-third of the areal N load. The historic dataset of the eutrophic lake revealed a close linkage between annual loads of dissolved N (DN) and removal rates (NRR = 0.63 × DN load) and a significant correlation of the concentration of bottom water nitrate and removal rates. We further show that the seasonal increase in N removal rates of the eutrophic lake correlated significantly with seasonal oxygen fluxes measured across the water–sediment interface (R2 = 0.75). We suggest that increasing oxygen enhances sediment mineralization and stimulates nitrification, indirectly enhancing denitrification activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PHARMACEUTICAL chemistry, ORGANIC chemistry, CLERGY, CURRICULUM, and PHARMACISTS

The teaching of the Organic Chemistry for the career of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Universidad de Oriente is sustained in relationships interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary con it bases on its principle rector: relationship structure-property-applications. The present work shows the results obtained of implementation of integrative seminars in the Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I and Chemistry Organic Pharmacist II for a bigger contribution in the pharmaceutical professional's formation. The methods were used: historical-logical, system focus, analysissynthesis, inductive-deductive and specialist criterion. Abilities related with the profession are shown, expressed in the analytic programs of each subject, their correspondence with the seminars and the results reached with this class type during the courses 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The integration of the contents of the Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry was achieved I and II, as well as with other subjects of the career, being demonstrated the narrow linking between the Organic Chemistry and the pharmaceutical specialty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

HIGH throughput screening (Drug development), COMBINATORIAL chemistry, ORGANIC chemistry, EXPECTED returns, ANIMAL species, and NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Drug development from natural products precedes human history by thousands of years. Mankind has learned to take the advantages of such discovered principles by nature which they now used to treat human diseases. Since, owing to the close evolutionary history with plants and animals species, many metabolites that they produce, mimics the human biological activities such as the neurotransmitters, enzymes and hormones. Therefore, many metabolites that plants and animals produce are now used by human being to treat the diseases like diabetes, cancer, microbial infections and Alzheimer's disease. The advent of combinatorial chemistry, organic chemistry and high throughput screening (HTS) has developed many lead molecules to treat human diseases. Unfortunately, these renewed techniques did not bring any expected returns in terms of new drug discoveries and therefore many researchers have shifted their research efforts back to the natural products to discover and develop the multidimensional and multibroadspectrum medicines using genomic engineering, combinatorial mucobiosynthesis and modern analytical techniques. In the present review, we have discussed comprehensively the journey of modern medicines with their prospects and promises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ORGANIC synthesis, SPECTROMETRY, ASTRONOMICAL observations, and NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phenylmethanimine is an aromatic imine with a twofold relevance in chemistry: organic synthesis and astrochemistry. To tackle both aspects, a multidisciplinary strategy has been exploited and a new, easily accessible synthetic approach to generate stable imine‐intermediates in the gas phase and in solution has been introduced. The combination of this formation pathway, based on the thermal decomposition of hydrobenzamide, with a state‐of‐the‐art computational characterization of phenylmethanimine laid the foundation for its first laboratory observation by means of rotational electric resonance spectroscopy. Both E and Z isomers have been accurately characterized, thus providing a reliable basis to guide future astronomical observations. A further characterization has been carried out by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, showing the feasibility of this synthetic approach in solution. The temperature dependence as well as possible mechanisms of the thermolysis process have been examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTING & indexing services, BIBLIOMETRICS, ORGANIC chemistry, COMPUTER software, DATABASES, INTERNET, LANGUAGE & languages, NEEDS assessment, PROFESSIONAL peer review, PUBLISHING, SERIAL publications, INFORMATION resources, ACCESS to information, PERIODICAL articles, and IMPACT factor (Citation analysis)

Subject librarians are well-positioned to apply and teach searching techniques using online library resources for assisting researchers and scholars on where to publish. A bibliometric analysis was used to compare four premier letters journals in organic chemistry: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Letters in Organic Chemistry, Organic Letters, and Tetrahedron Letters. The objective of this study is to develop a routine methodology for evaluating and comparing journals with a similar scope based on researchers' immediate needs. The study provides a practical guide to help organic chemists decide where to submit a short article for publication. For initial comparative purposes, general parameters, such as subscription rate, open access availability and article processing charge, field categories, language, maximum page length, citation style, peer-review type, review time, publication frequency, impact factor, journal h-index, acceptance rate, and database coverage were obtained from various online resources. Between 1999 and 2016, a total of 20,675 articles from Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 1,732 articles from Letters in Organic Chemistry, 24,889 articles from Organic Letters, and 34,380 articles from Tetrahedron Letters were retrieved from the advanced search option in Web of Science Core Collection (Science Citation Index Expanded). The articles were examined by year, language, country, and organization. The VOSviewer software was employed for an in-depth map analysis of the research topics covered in each journal derived from key terms in article titles. The SciFinder database was used to compare similarities and differences from the articles in each letters journal through Chemical Abstracts indexing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VOLATILE organic compounds, OPTICAL properties of atmospheric aerosols, ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, ATMOSPHERIC research, HYDROCARBONS, GLOBAL temperature changes, and MOUNTAINS

Mean temperature anomalies in the Southeastern United States (SEUS) over the past century have reflected regional cooling hypothesized to be a result of an enhancement of warm season aerosol optical thickness caused by the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Aerosol and gas-phase VOC measurements were made at the Appalachian Atmospheric Interdisciplinary Research (AppalAIR) site in the southern Appalachian mountains of North Carolina during the summer of 2013 in an effort to characterize warm season chemistry. Organic aerosol (OA) chemistry was characterized through a positive matrix factorization analysis resolving a low-volatility, semi-volatile, and isoprene oxidation factor contributing 34 ± 15, 24 ± 12, and 42 ± 17 %, respectively to the total observed OA. Volatile organic compound characterization described chemistry that was typical of rural background levels with periods of elevated hydrocarbon and urban tracer loading that varied with synoptic flow. Chemical, meteorological, and aerosol optical property data suggested that measurements made at the AppalAIR site are representative of background atmospheric chemistry in the SEUS. Annual background secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production in the SEUS was estimated to be 0.15-0.50 GgC yr. Estimates of total and background SOA from this study provide evidence that the SEUS is a region of global significance in the context of global SOA budgets, and can be useful in understanding the extent of anthropogenic enhancement of summertime SOA compared to background levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the sustainable developments of life and society, various problems such as environmental, energy, and biohealth issues must be solved by a wide range of scientific and technical efforts. Therefore, the fabrication of functional materials and systems with strategic intelligence is required. As seen in the evolution processes in nature, self‐assembling processes are capable of creating highly intelligent materials and systems. This task would be taken by an emerging concept, nanoarchitectonics, through the combination of nanotechnology concepts with other scientific disciplines such as materials science, supramolecular chemistry, organic chemistry, and bio‐related science and technology. Herein, several examples are presented to overview intelligent nanoarchitectonics for the creation of functional materials and systems mainly through self‐assembly in various scale ranges. These examples are classified into several sections according to atom‐level, molecular‐level, materials‐level, and life‐level intelligent assembly, where several key items such as atom switch devices, molecular switches, molecular machines, shape‐shifting and shape‐specified assemblies, and cell control at interfaces are included. Discussions on these examples show a high possibility of the nanoarchitectonics' approach in intelligent fabrication of functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CLICK chemistry, ORGANIC synthesis, FLUORIDES, CHEMICAL amplification, MATERIALS science, and DESULFURIZATION

The sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange reaction (SuFEx), developed by Sharpless and co-workers in 2014, is a new category of click reaction that creates molecular connections with absolute reliability and unprecedented efficiency through a sulfur(VI) hub. Ethenesulfonyl fluoride (ESF), as one of the most important sulfur(VI) hubs, exhibits extraordinary reactivity in SuFEx click chemistry and organic synthesis. This review summarizes the chemical properties and applications of ESF in click chemistry, organic chemistry, materials science, medicinal chemistry and in many other fields related to organic synthesis. 1 Introduction 2 Chemical Transformations of ESF 3 Chemical Transformations of 2-Arylethenesulfonyl Fluorides 4 Novel SuFEx Reagents Derived from ESF 5 Applications of ESF Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry 6 Applications of ESF Derivatives in Materials Science 7 Conclusion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TETRAPHENYLETHYLENE, THERAPEUTICS, LUMINOPHORES, ORGANIC electronics, and SUPRAMOLECULAR chemistry

[Display omitted] • Various luminogens with AIE property (AIEgens) have been broadly utilized in biomedical field. • Tetraphenylethylene derivatives have demonstrated as most promising AIEgen due to their capability of self-organization and conjugation. • They are used in different fields including organic and therapeutic science, supramolecular chemistry, organic electronics and cancer therapy. • This review encompasses the recent advances of TPE based AIE-active luminophores and their potential applications in biomolecular science. The development of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has received extreme considerations from basic and clinical researches. To date, various luminogens with AIE property (AIEgens) have been broadly utilized in optoelectronic devices, fluorescent bio-probes, drug delivery, anticancer and chemosensors and many more. Scientists have likewise dedicated to investigating the possibilities of AIEgens in the biomedical field. Among the various AIE luminophores studied, tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivatives have demonstrated as most promising AIEgen, owing to their capacity in self-organization and conjugation with aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) fluorophores to form larger multi-component assemblies. It likewise generally utilized in different fields, like organic and therapeutic science, supramolecular chemistry, organic electronics, cancer therapy, apoptosis and inflammation, microorganism imaging therapy etc. This review encompasses the recent advances of TPE based AIE-active luminophores and their potential applications in biomolecular science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, ORGANIC chemistry, POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL processes, AMMONIUM sulfate, and CLOUD condensation nuclei

Keywords: atmospheric aqueous-phase chemistry; multiphase chemistry; organic pollutants; inorganic species; kinetic studies; mechanistic studies; chemical mechanisms; modeling EN atmospheric aqueous-phase chemistry multiphase chemistry organic pollutants inorganic species kinetic studies mechanistic studies chemical mechanisms modeling 3 3 1 02/02/21 20210101 NES 210101 The Atmosphere Special Issue "Atmospheric Aqueous-Phase Chemistry" comprises ten original articles dealing with different aspects of chemistry in atmospheric liquid water. Dissolved species from the soluble aerosol fraction as well as soluble trace gases undergo chemical reactions in the aqueous phase via different mechanisms, usually yielding different products from those in the gas phase. Their rough estimations showed that the gas-phase reactions of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) with OH or NO SB 3 sb radicals dominate over the aqueous-phase reaction with SO SB 4 sb SP - sp in deliquescent aerosol and haze. [Extracted from the article]

INORGANIC chemistry, SUPRAMOLECULAR chemistry, CHEMICAL properties, BIOENERGETICS, ORGANIC chemistry, and METAL-organic frameworks

This review summarizes the recent research progress in boron-based metal–organic materials, including MOFs, MOCs and metallacycles with their synthesis, properties and potential applications. [Display omitted] • During the past few decades, metal–organic materials (MOMs) including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), metal–organic cages (MOCs) and metallacycles have captured widespread interest because of their wide applications in gas storage and separation, catalysis, sensor, energy storage and biological relevant applications. • Thus, exploring new MOMs, studying their physical and chemical properties and applications have become one of the most active and exciting areas of inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and supramolecular chemistry. • Among which, boron-based MOMs, constructed from the boron containing ligands, have attracted considerable attention because of the unique properties of boron atom, which arises from their unoccupied 2p orbital, endowing these materials with unique potentials in light-harvesting, catalysis, fluorescent sensing, biomedical, etc. • Although metal–organic materials have received extensive attention and a number of reviews have increased sharply, surprisingly, there is no specific review summarizing the boron-based metal–organic materials to the best of our knowledge and a comprehensive review in this field is needed. • Thus, it will be of great benefit for the research community to summarize this research field. • This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of boron-based metal–organic materials with an emphasis on the design, synthesis, properties and applications. During the past few decades, metal–organic materials (MOMs) including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), metal–organic cages (MOCs) and metallacycles have captured widespread interests due to their wide applications in energy storage, catalysis, sensor, gas storage and separation, and biological relevant applications. Thus, exploring new MOMs, studying their physical and chemical properties and applications have become one of the most attractive and exciting areas of inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and supramolecular chemistry. Among which, boron-based metal–organic materials (BMOMs), constructed from the boron-containing ligands, have attracted considerable attention because of the unique properties of boron atom, which arises from their unoccupied 2p orbital, endowing these materials with unique potentials in light-harvesting, catalysis, fluorescent sensing, biomedical, etc. In this Review, we summarize the recent research progress in BMOMs, including MOFs, MOCs and metallacycles with their synthesis, properties and potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of alternating current is advantageous in energy transfer over long distances. It is a well-known fact now, but subject of long conflict in the era of pioneering works in electric power production. There are also some processes in physical chemistry, organic and inorganic chemistry, in biochemistry and related sciences, which take place in opposite directions, with consecutive alternations in time. However, the very existence of alternate reactions, now known as the oscillatory or oscillating reactions, has long been disputed because it was thought that it is contrary to the basic principles of thermodynamics. Nevertheless, according to our knowledge, there are no oscillatory reactions without catalytic loop as the essential part of a mechanism. There could be a fundamental rule that catalysis is necessary to generate oscillations in concentrations and reaction rates. Particularly, homogeneous oscillatory reactions are often subject of research as relatively simple systems with good chance to clearly define feedbacks responsible for instability phenomena. However, oscillations can at least equally often be found in heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Recently, changes in product selectivity was proved when Pd catalyzed carbonylation of phenylacetylene was moved to the oscillatory dynamic state. With this simple result, the doors are now open for wide spectrum of research projects and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ORGANIC chemistry research, CHEMICAL synthesis, METAL complexes, CATALYSIS, CHEMISTS, and SCIENTISTS

The article comments on the article "The Reasons Organic Chemistry is Needed for in a Well Developed Country," by I.P. Beletskaya and V.P. Ananikov, published in this journal. It discusses need for a strong effort to get positive results in the fields of Russian chemistry, organic synthesis, and metal complex catalysis; need for the development of new methods and reactions for the formation of desired materials; and role of young researchers in the development of organic chemistry in Russia.

Patterns of co-authorship provide an effective means of probing the structures of research communities. In this paper, we use the CiteSpace social network tool and co-authorship data from the Web of Science to analyse two such types of community. The first type is based on the cited publications of a group of highly productive authors in a particular discipline, and the second on the uncited publications of those highly productive authors. These pairs of communities were generated for three different countries—the People's Republic of China (PRC), the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA)—and for four different disciplines (as denoted by Web of Science subject categories)—Chemistry Organic, Engineering Environmental, Economics, and Management. In the case of the UK and USA, the structures of the cited and uncited communities in each of the four disciplines were markedly different from each other; in the case of the PRC, conversely, the cited and uncited PRC communities had broadly similar structures that were characterised by large groups of connected authors. We suggest that this may arise from a greater degree of guest or honorary authorship in the PRC than in the UK or the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research & Exploration in Laboratory is the property of Research & Exploration in Laboratory and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ORGANOCATALYSIS, ORGANIC chemistry, SUPRAMOLECULAR chemistry, NATURAL products, and CHEMICAL reactions

Abstract: Organocatalysis is a growing area that is benefiting from advances in many fields. Its implementation has begun in areas such as supramolecular chemistry, organic chemistry and natural product synthesis. While a considerable number of important publications in the field of organocatalytic Mukaiyama‐type additions have been reported, they are yet to be fully covered in a review. Therefore, we would like to highlight the applications of various kinds of organocatalysts in Mukaiyama‐type reactions, while also including the vinylogous Mukaiyama variation. Herein we describe and discuss the development and current state of the art of the organocatalytic Mukaiyama reaction, vinylogous Mukaiyama and related reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHEMISTRY education, CHEMISTRY students, CURRICULUM, UNDERGRADUATES, and LIFE science education

The chemistry curriculum for undergraduate life science majors at Purdue University has been transformed to better meet the needs of this student population and prepare them for future success. The curriculum, called the 1-2-1 curriculum, includes four consecutive and integrated semesters of instruction in general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, taken by students in their first two years. As part of this curriculum, a one-semester general chemistry course, General Chemistry with a Biological Focus (GCBF), was created and evaluated. The course covers all topics typically taught in general chemistry, but with a shift in emphasis toward topics relevant to chemistry in biological systems. Students who took this new course performed better in subsequent organic chemistry courses compared with their peers who took a traditional two-semester general chemistry course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INORGANIC chemistry education, CURRICULUM, HISTORY of chemistry, UNDERGRADUATES, and EXAMINATIONS

ACS Examinations provide a lens through which to examine historical changes in topic coverage via analyses of course-specific examinations. This study is an extension of work completed previously by the ACS Exams Research Staff and collaborators in general chemistry, organic chemistry, and physical chemistry to explore content changes in the principal courses of the postsecondary chemistry curriculum. In this study, we consider how inorganic chemistry content coverage has varied over a 55-year period since the first inorganic chemistry ACS Examination was released in 1961. A total of 860 items was evaluated on the basis of problem type (i.e., algorithmic, conceptual, or recall), use of visual-spatial or reference components, and content coverage. Our analyses identify core content areas in the inorganic chemistry curriculum, consistent with those reported in faculty surveys. Each examination also contained questions addressing a variety of specialty areas that vary widely within the discipline between 1961 and 2016. Unlike the results from historical reviews of general chemistry and organic chemistry ACS Examinations, we observe great variability across the 13 inorganic chemistry examinations with an absence of strong trends in inclusion or exclusion of problem types, visual-spatial or reference components, or content across the 13 exams analyzed. Our results offer a framework for using historical ACS Examinations as a tool to make decisions about the future of content coverage in postsecondary inorganic chemistry education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ANALYTICAL chemistry, ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring, FOOD quality, QUALITY control, LIQUID chromatography, and ENGINEER'S degree

The importance of Analytical Chemistry in the modern world is continually increasing. There are a lot of reasons: the need for environmental monitoring, food quality control, human health, industrial production quality control, nanotechnologies, material science; these are only some of the areas where analysts are indispensable. Analytical Chemistry, or rather Chemical Analytics, should be treated on a par with the three fundamental chemical courses: Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Physical Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry, as an individual course or courses, is lectured in 52 Polish universities, including the Academy of Medicine and Academy of Life Sciences (agriculture and related). All these universities were already introduced in the Bolonia Process, The European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) points, and three steps of education: Bachelor's degree (at universities of technology-Engineer's degree), Master's degree, and Doctoral Studies. Analytical Chemistry exists on all levels of teaching. On the first level, Bachelor's degree, the program of Analytical Chemistry contains the basic knowledge, so called classical Analytical Chemistry: gravimetric analysis, electrogravimetry, acid-base titration, oxidation-reduction titration, precipitation titration, complexometric titration, quality assurance, and quality control of results (2-3 h of lecture, 5 h of laboratory, and 1 h of seminar). During the second level (Master's degree) the program contains more developed analytical techniques: gas and liquid chromatography, spectrophotometric methods, electrochemical methods, elemental analysis, etc. The lecture courses at universities depend on the specific specialization, and there are a variety of different courses according to the need of specialization programs. The Bachelor's (engineer's) projects (diploma theses) are very often prepared in the field of Analytical Chemistry. The same occurs with Doctoral Studies; very often, students choose subject matters connected with Analytical Chemistry. This is why each year we have about 100 doctoral candidates in the field of Analytical Chemistry. The laboratories of Polish universities are well equipped with specialized apparatuses, but are strongly dependent on the university's profile and the size of the university. Students can participate in the scientific research carried on by the didactic staff, especially when completing diploma theses or doctorates. Some of them are performing studies and theses abroad, in the frame of the LLP ERASMUS Program. From our department, each year, about 10-12 students complete their Analytical Chemistry theses abroad. It promotes the European dimension and improves the quality of education by encouraging innovation in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHEMICAL reactions, CHEMICALS, DEPSIDES, and METABOLISM

Graphical Abstract Section Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 541 NEW TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF O‐METHYLEDGEWORIN AND EDGEWORIN B. Serge Kirkiacharian and Marie Brillard Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Chatenay Malabry Cedex, France Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 547 ALLYLSILYL PROPARGYL ETHERS AS SUBSTRATES FOR INTRAMOLECULAR PAUSON–KHAND REACTIONS Salma Ishaq and Michael J. Porter Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 559 2‐HYDROXY‐1,2,3,6‐TETRAHYDRO‐AZULEN‐6‐CARBOXYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER—A NOVEL PRECURSOR FOR A NEW CLASS OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS Z. Hussain,1,2 H. Hopf,1 L. Pohl,1 and T. Rantanen11Institut für Organische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany 2Max‐Planck‐Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 573 SYNTHESIS OF NEW TETRAHETEROCYCLIC SYSTEMS BY THE MIXED CONDENSATION REACTIONS ON [1,2,4]TRIAZOLO[4,3‐A][1,5]BENZODIAZEPINES A. Boudina, A. Baouid, A. Hasnaoui, and M. Essaber Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Hétérocycles, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences‐Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Maroc The condensation reaction of diarylnitrilimines and arylonitrile oxides with [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a] [1,5]benzodiazepines is completely regioselective. Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 581 TETRAMERIC DABCO–BROMINE COMPLEX: A NOVEL REAGENT FOR REGENERATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS FROM ALDOXIMES AND KETOXIMES Majid M. Heravi,1 Fateme Derikvand,1 and Mitra Ghassemzadeh21Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Azzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran 2Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran An efficient and convenient conversion of aldoximes and ketoximes to the corresponding carbonyl compounds with tetrameric DABCO–bromine is reported. Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 587 FIRST CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF THREE NATURAL DEPSIDES INVOLVED IN FLAVONOL CATABOLISM AND RELATED TO QUERCETINASE CATALYSIS Sylvain Tranchimand, Thierry Tron, Christian Gaudin, and Gilles Iacazio Laboratoire de Bioinorganique Structurale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paul Cézanne Aix‐Marseille III, Marseille Cedex, France The naturally occurring products of the reaction catalyzed by quercetinase on kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin were synthesized by coupling suitably protected phloroglucinol carboxylic acid and hydroxy‐perbenzylated benzoic acid derivatives. Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 599 ORGANIC BASE‐CATALYZED STEREOSELECTIVE ISOMERIZATIONS OF 4‐HYDROXY‐4‐PHENYL‐BUT‐2‐YNOIC ACID METHYL ESTER TO (E)‐ AND (Z)‐4‐OXO‐4‐PHENYL‐BUT‐2‐ENOIC ACID METHYL ESTERS John P. Sonye and Kazunori Koide Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 603 FACILE SYNTHESIS OF 2,2′‐DIALKYLATED 4,4′‐OXYBIPHENOLS Katsuya Maeyama,1 Yasushi Fujiwara,1 Makiya Nishimuro,2 Yasuhiko Yoshida,2 and Noriyuki Yonezawa11Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan 2Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 611 SYNTHESIS OF METHYL N‐ARYL OXAMATE USING SOLUBLE POLYMER SUPPORT Guichun Yang,1 Haiqing Zhang,1,2 Yanling Huang,1 and Zuxing Chen11Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Resources and Environment, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China A variety of methyl N‐aryl oxamate were synthesized using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a soluble polymer support and a monoproctection group with excellent yields. Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 621 CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF HALOSTEROIDAL DERIVATIVES BY BIPYRIDINE OR PHENANTHROLINE COMPLEXES OF COPPER(II) IN HYDRAZINE AQUEOUS MEDIA Huang‐Chi Du, Kung‐Cheng Liu, and Wen‐Shan Li Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 631 SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS USING BENZYLDIMETHYLTELLURONIUM DICHROMATE Yang‐Heon Song Department of Chemistry, Mokwon University, Daejeon, South Korea Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 637 OPTIMIZED PROCEDURE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 6‐AZIDO‐6‐DEOXY‐GALACTOPYRANOSIDES FROM 6‐O‐TOSYL‐GALACTOPYRANOSIDES Shu‐Chun Li, Xiang‐Bao Meng, Meng‐Shen Cai, and Zhong‐Jun Li Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China A practical procedure for the preparation of 6‐azido‐6‐deoxy‐galacto‐pyranoside derivatives was demonstrated. Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 645 ONE‐POT SYNTHESIS OF BENZOFURYL‐SUBSTITUTED SEMICARBAZIDES UNDER MICROWAVE IRRADIATION Xi‐Cun Wang,1 Lan‐Qin Chai,1,2 Man‐Gang Wang,1 Zheng‐Qun Quan,1 and Zheng Li11Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 2College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China A series of asymmetric semicarbazides was synthesized by reactions of 2‐benzofuran isocyanate with acid hydrazides under microwave irradiation using one‐pot procedures. Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 653 MICROWAVE‐ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF 1,4,7,10‐TETRAAZACYCLODODECANE B. Jebasingh and V. Alexander Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, India A new method of synthesis of cyclen by the microwave‐mediated condensation of tosylamide monosodium salt with tritosylated diethanolamine in dry DMF followed by detosylation of tosylated cyclen with HBr is described. The X‐ray crystal structure of cyclen is reported. Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 659 PROTECTION AND DEPROTECTION OF ACETALS BY USING MOO3/SIO2 Rajesh S. Bhosale,1 Sidhanath V. Bhosale,2 Sheshanath V. Bhosale,2 Kuldeep S. Solanke,3 Rajendra P. Pawar,3 Harish S. Chougule,4 and Mohan K. Dongare41School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marthwada University, Nanded, India 2Institute of Chemistry—Organic Chemistry, Freie University, Berlin, Germany 3Organic Chemistry Synthesis Lab., Dnyanopasak College, Prabhani, India 4Catalysis Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India Acetalization of aldehydes using a new silica‐supported molybdenum(VI) oxide (20%) catalyst has been explored. Additionally, facile deprotection strategy for the acetals is reported including the results from the replacement of solvent studies. The protocol achieved the protection O,O‐acetals in excellent yield within a few hours under neutral conditions and also deprotection of aromatic O,O‐acetals in excellent yields was achieved within a few minutes in aqueous acetone. Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 665 SOLID‐SUPPORTED SYNTHESIS OF ISOXAZOLE‐SUBSTITUTED 1,4‐DIHYDROPYRIDINES BY MODIFIED HANTZSCH METHOD AND THEIR AROMATIZATION E. Rajanarendar, P. Ramesh, M. Srinivas, K. Ramu, and G. Mohan Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 673 OXIDATIVE ACETYLATION OF TETRAMETHYL BISPHENOL‐F Pradeep T. Deota,1 Hemant S. Parmar,1 Vaibhav B. Valodkar,2 Piyush R. Upadhyay,2 and S. P. Sahoo31Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India 3Sun Pharmaceutical Advance Research Centre, Vadoara, India Synth. Commun.2006, 36, 679 EFFICIENT AND RAPID METHOD FOR THE OXIDATION OF ELECTRON‐RICH AROMATIC ALDEHYDES TO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS USING IMPROVED BASIC HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Zhi‐Qi Cong,1 Chun‐ian Wang,2 Tie Chen,1 and Bing‐Zhu Yin11Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China 2Department of Pharmacy and Applied Chemistry, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China The oxidation of aromatic aldehydes with electron‐withdrawing as well as electron‐donating substituents to their carboxylic acid using an improved basic hydrogen peroxide system represents an efficient, rapid, and practical procedure, particularly in the case of electron‐rich benzaldehydes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESEARCH institutes, ORGANIC chemistry, ANNIVERSARIES, SCIENTISTS, and HETEROCYCLIC chemistry

Reports that the N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), a large scientific center in Russia in the field of organic chemistry, organic catalysis, and the chemistry of natural and biologically active compounds, has turned 70 years old on February 23, 2004. Institute's concentration of highly qualified scientists on its staff; Major scientific results achieved by several institute; Studies in heterocyclic chemistry.

PHYSIOLOGY education, BACHELOR of science degree, and MEDICAL education

Course-level learning objectives and core concepts for undergraduate physiology teaching exist. The next step is to consider how these resources fit into generalizable programlevel guidelines for Bachelor of Science (BS) degrees in Physiology. In the absence of program-level guidelines for Physiology degree programs, we compiled a selective internal report to review degree requirements from 18 peer BS programs entitled "Physiology" in the United States (U.S.). There was a range of zero to three required semesters of math, physics, physics laboratory, general biology, biology laboratory, general chemistry, chemistry laboratory, organic chemistry, organic chemistry laboratory, biochemistry, biochemistry laboratory, anatomy, anatomy laboratory, core systems physiology, and physiology laboratory. Required upper division credits ranged from 11 to 31 and included system-specific, exercise and environmental, clinically relevant, pathology/disease-related, and basic science options. We hope that this information will be useful for all programs that consider themselves to be physiology, regardless of name. Reports such as this can serve as a starting point for collaboration among BS programs to improve physiology undergraduate education and best serve our students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DRUG synthesis, DRUG analysis, CHEMISTS, ORGANIC synthesis, and CHEMICAL synthesis

The 46th EuroCongress on Drug Synthesis and Analysis (ECDSA-2017) was arranged within the celebration of the 65th Anniversary of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia from 5-8 September 2017 to get together specialists in medicinal chemistry, organic synthesis, pharmaceutical analysis, screening of bioactive compounds, pharmacology and drug formulations; promote the exchange of scientific results, methods and ideas; and encourage cooperation between researchers from all over the world. The topic of the conference, "Drug Synthesis and Analysis," meant that the symposium welcomed all pharmacists and/or researchers (chemists, analysts, biologists) and students interested in scientific work dealing with investigations of biologically active compounds as potential drugs. The authors of this manuscript were plenary speakers and other participants of the symposium and members of their research teams. The following summary highlights the major points/topics of the meeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MACROMOLECULAR synthesis, MACROMOLECULES, POLYMERIZATION, INORGANIC chemistry, and INORGANIC compounds

A series of guided inquiry modules that introduces students to aspects of polymer chemistry is described. The modules address topics such as biomacromolecules, molecular weight, structure-property relationships, and synthetic approaches, including step-growth and chain-growth polymerization as well as living polymerization. These materials are suitable for use in either a structure and reactivity sequence or a more traditional sequence in general chemistry, organic chemistry, and inorganic chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HYDRAZONES, OXIMES, BIOCONJUGATES, CATALYSIS, HYDROGELS, and BIOMATERIALS

The formation of oximes and hydrazones is employed in numerous scientific fields as a simple and versatile conjugation strategy. This imine-forming reaction is applied in fields as diverse as polymer chemistry, biomaterials and hydrogels, dynamic combinatorial chemistry, organic synthesis, and chemical biology. Here we outline chemical developments in this field, with special focus on the past ∼10 years of developments. Recent strategies for installing reactive carbonyl groups and α-nucleophiles into biomolecules are described. The basic chemical properties of reactants and products in this reaction are then reviewed, with an eye to understanding the reaction's mechanism and how reactant structure controls rates and equilibria in the process. Recent work that has uncovered structural features and new mechanisms for speeding the reaction, sometimes by orders of magnitude, is discussed. We describe recent studies that have identified especially fast reacting aldehyde/ketone substrates and structural effects that lead to rapid-reacting α-nucleophiles as well. Among the most effective new strategies has been the development of substituents near the reactive aldehyde group that either transfer protons at the transition state or trap the initially formed tetrahedral intermediates. In addition, the recent development of efficient nucleophilic catalysts for the reaction is outlined, improving greatly upon aniline, the classical catalyst for imine formation. A number of uses of such second- and third-generation catalysts in bioconjugation and in cellular applications are highlighted. While formation of hydrazone and oxime has been traditionally regarded as being limited by slow rates, developments in the past 5 years have resulted in completely overturning this limitation; indeed, the reaction is now one of the fastest and most versatile reactions available for conjugations of biomolecules and biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

METHYLATION, METAL catalysts, and FLUORINATION

Owing to the excellent performance of fluorinated compounds in the areas of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials chemistry, organic chemists have made great efforts towards the selective incorporation of fluorine or fluorinated moieties into organic molecules through nucleophilic, electrophilic, radical, and metal-catalyzed pathways. Impressive progress in fluorination and perfluoroalkylation (especially trifluoromethylation) reactions has been made over the past few decades. However, methods for incorporating lightly fluorinated groups (such as −CF2H) are still underdeveloped, in spite of their important applications in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. This Focus Review summarizes recent developments in metal-catalyzed direct difluoromethylation reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DRUGS of abuse, SEWAGE disposal plants, and CHEMICAL derivatives

Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs encompass a broad range of compounds including opioids, amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antipsychotics, anaesthetics, anti-epileptics and mood stabilisers, lysergic compounds, sympathomimetic amines and cocaine derivatives. In this article, we review studies on the occurrence and fate of these drugs in wastewater treatment plants. In general, among various drugs studied, the concentrations and detection frequencies of opioids and cocaine derivatives were the highest in wastewaters. The forensic analysis of wastewaters suggests that cocaine and opioids usage has increased. Given the fact that data on drug usage can be used for making regulatory decisions and policies, this review focuses on understanding the sources and environmental dynamics of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs. There is a pressing need for more research on the magnitude and extent of illicit drug consumption. The 'sewage epidemiology' approach, currently applied in the estimation of illicit drug consumption in communities, is reviewed. The field of wastewater research has been advancing in multipronged paths, incorporating concepts in analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, biochemistry, sewage engineering, drug epidemiology and statistics. Future prospects with regard to the occurrence and environmental fate of illicit and psychoactive drugs are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTERMOLECULAR forces, DATA analysis, INSTRUCTIONAL systems design, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL sciences, and EDUCATION

Connecting abstract science concepts to real-world phenomena and experiences proves difficult for many learners, and intermolecular forces are counted among the more challenging topics because of their abstract nature. Mastery of intermolecular forces is crucial to chemistry, physical science, general biology, and molecular biology, as they influence physical properties of substances, protein folding mechanisms, and the DNA double helix. The intermolecular forces activity presented in this article is designed to foster concept-building through students' use of concrete, manipulative objects, and it was developed to be pedagogically sound. Data analysis via pre- and posttesting and subsequent exam questions indicated that students who had the opportunity to participate in the activity were better able to identify and apply intermolecular forces both immediately after completion of the activity and also at the end of the semester. This activity has broad applicability in its usefulness to AP chemistry or biology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, general biology, and molecular biology, as intermolecular forces are relevant to all these content areas. In addition, the intermolecular forces activity is editable so educators from a variety of courses or educational levels could modify it for use to meet their particular instructional goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SCIENCE teachers, TEACHER training, CHEMISTRY education, HIGH schools, OCCUPATIONAL training, SECONDARY education, EFFECTIVE teaching, HIGH school students, and EDUCATION research

The article discusses studies about developments in professional training of science teachers in high schools in the U.S. A chemistry teacher should have as a minimum, college courses in general inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and physical chemistry. Organic chemistry is studied because of the basic principles and general information involved and the important role organic substances play in modern life. One of the conclusions reached by the Committee on Preparation of High School Chemistry teachers is that more extensive training and other sciences is urgently needed in many cases and these needs should be met either by decreasing the requirements in educational course, by increasing the number of credits required for graduation.

PHYSICIANS -- Biography, PHARMACISTS, DIABETES, DIET, PHYSIOLOGY, EXERCISE, and HISTORY

Apollinaire Bouchardat (1809-1886), French pharmacist and physician considered as the founder of diabetology, studied in detail the physiological phenomena associated with diabetes, suggested a diet without farinaceous components and accompanied by exercise and sudorifics. Carried a large number of researches on environment protection, public and work hygiene, metabolic disorders, fertilizers, plant physiology, food chemistry, organic chemistry, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INORGANIC chemistry, ORGANIC chemistry, and NATURAL products

A subject index of classification terms for the journal “ChemInform" is presented which includes topics such as inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and natural products.

CHEMISTRY education, CHEMISTRY students, CHEMICAL laboratories, GRADUATES, MOLECULAR structure, and TEACHING aids

Teaching materials characterization to support student research projects requires a systematic educational approach, because characterization involves a combination of analysis instruments. As analytical instruments are expensive, it is difficult to provide multiple sets simultaneously. An effective educational program allows students to select their own research materials to characterize and apply their personal strategies of instrumental analysis. These strategies are designed around the purposes of the analytical instruments, e.g., molecular structure analysis, crystal structure analysis, morphology assessment, surface analysis, elemental analysis, and thermal analysis. An open-ended laboratory complements this educational purpose. Here, we report on an open-ended laboratory program for fourth-year undergraduate and graduate students at the Materials Characterization Central Laboratory at Waseda University (Tokyo, Japan). The goals of our open-ended laboratory program are to enable students to (1) conduct instrumental analysis, (2) operate analytical instruments, and (3) interpret their data. A team led by a supervisor and laboratory staff offers students a flexible program. This flexibility can be applied to various research fields, such as macromolecular chemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, physics, catalyst chemistry, biomaterials science, and chemical engineering. These diverse research fields demonstrate the feasibility of applying our open-ended laboratory program to student research projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MOLECULAR dynamics, STRUCTURE-activity relationship in pharmacology, ENZYME inhibitors, PHOSPHOLIPASE A2, TARGETED drug delivery, and INFLAMMATION treatment

The development of inhibitors for phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is important in elucidating the enzymes implication in various biological pathways. PLA2 enzymes are an important pharmacological target implicated in various inflammatory diseases. Computational chemistry, organic synthesis, and in vitro assays were employed to develop potent and selective inhibitors for group VIA calcium-independent PLA2. A set of fluoroketone inhibitors was studied for their binding mode with two human cytosolic PLA2 enzymes: group IVA cPLA2 and group VIA iPLA2. New compounds were synthesized and assayed toward three major PLA2s. This study led to the development of four potent and selective thioether fluoroketone inhibitors as well as a thioether keto-1,2,4-oxadiazole inhibitor for GVIA iPLA2, which will serve as lead compounds for future development and studies. The keto-1,2,4-oxadiazole functionality with a thioether is a novel structure, and it will be used as a lead to develop inhibitors with higher potency and selectivity toward GVIA iPLA2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ALKANES, ORGANIC chemistry, NAMES, ANALOGY, and CYCLOALKANES

Visual analogies play an important role in the teaching and learning of many diverse topics in chemistry. Organic nomenclature is an essential skill needed for student success in organic chemistry; however, it is a topic most students have difficulty in mastering. Without a strong foundation of nomenclature, students will struggle to follow more advanced organic chemistry topics. The project described uses the analogy of a mailman, who is new to an area and trying to remember the destinations of his postal route, to teach alkane nomenclature. Once students master the topic of alkane nomenclature, they are ready to take on the task of naming other organic molecules. Application of the Teaching-With-Analogies (TWA) model defines a stepwise approach to generate an effective analogy and hence was used in the development of the mailman analogy. An easily understandable picture of a mailman, a route system, and housing along the route provides an analogy capable of developing students' understanding of alkane nomenclature in organic chemistry. The assessment of student learning gains was performed in two different settings (Analogy versus Nonanalogy Groups) and it reveals that students who learn nomenclature with the analogy retain their learning gains through the course, whereas students who learn nomenclature without the analogy lose some of their gains as the semester continues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHEMISTRY, GOLD, and SOLAR cells

The article presents abstracts of research on chemistry which include gold chemistry, organic electronics and solar cells.

EDUCATION, SCHOLARSHIPS, STATISTICS, and ORGANIC chemistry

The article aims to identify valuable-semantic reference points in historical and pedagogical experience of professional defectology education establishing and development that define the strategy of training quality and content of modern higher defectology education. The leading methods of the research were: theoretical analysis of historical-pedagogical, psychology-pedagogical literature, and archival materials; comparative-contrastive analysis of legislative, regulatory and legal documents; application of statistical data to assess processes in the sphere of higher defectology education in Russia; historical and logical method. The article provides theoretical-methodological and scientificpedagogical prerequisites that determined the establishing and development of defectology education in Russia during the covered period; criteria defining higher defectology education in Russia are proposed; stages of defectology education development in Russia in the the XXth and the first decade of the XXIst centuries are revealed; prospects of defectology education development focused on interdisciplinarity of knowledge(chemistry, organic chemistry, biology & analytical chemistry) and student-centrality in the conditions of transition to a level system of vocational training are featured. Materials of the research can be used by teachers of higher education schools to analyze fundamental issues of higher defectology education: development and perfect tasks, methods and techniques aimed to train speech pathologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INORGANIC chemistry and ORGANIC chemistry

An index of classification terms according to the ChemiInform Classification System is presented, on topics including inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and colloidal chemistry.

INORGANIC chemistry and ORGANIC chemistry

An index of classification terms based on the ChemInform Classification System is presented, on topics which include inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and chemical thermodynamics.

CHEMISTRY periodicals, INORGANIC chemistry, and ORGANIC chemistry

The article presents an index for subject or substance terms related to topics such as inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, & acyclic compounds, that appeared in a 2015 issue of the periodical.

MINORITY students, DENTAL schools, DENTAL education, TABLET computers in education, DENTAL Admission Test, HIGHER education, and UNIVERSITY & college admission

The University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School of Dentistry has piloted two years of an Admissions Enhancement Program (AEP) with students from underrepresented minority groups and/or economically disadvantaged areas of Missouri interested in applying to dental school. The AEP utilizes an innovative online-onsite hybrid format to elevate students' foundational knowledge in biology, chemistry, organic chemistry, and quantitative reasoning. The online component includes interaction with UMKC instructors using tablet technology and Wimba virtual classroom sessions. The onsite component engages students in academic and professional development, enrichment activities targeting skills training, experience in dental labs and clinics, and mentoring in preparing the dental school application, essay writing, and interviewing. Results to date indicate overall program satisfaction among AEP participants and a dental school acceptance rate of 73.7 percent (14/19 students). Participants reported the mock interviews and essay-writing portions contributed to their becoming competitive candidates for the admission process, and the online material enhanced their preparation for the Dental Admission Test (DAT). Pre- and post-AEP data show participant DAT Academic Average scores increased by two points. The school will continue to monitor program participants in subsequent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STREAM chemistry, WATER quality, PHOSPHORUS in water, ORTHOPHOSPHATES, BIOCHEMICAL oxygen demand, WATER pollution, FACTOR analysis, and ANTHROPOGENIC effects on nature

Anthropogenic activities have led to water quality deterioration in many parts of the world, especially in Northeast China. The current work investigated the spatiotemporal variations of water quality in the Taizi River by multivariate statistical analysis of data from the 67 sampling sites in the mainstream and major tributaries of the river during dry and rainy seasons. One-way analysis of variance indicated that the 20 measured variables (except pH, 5-day biological oxygen demand, permanganate index, and chloride, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus concentrations) showed significant seasonal ( p ≤ 0.05) and spatial ( p < 0.05) variations among the mainstream and major tributaries of the river. Hierarchical cluster analysis of data from the different seasons classified the mainstream and tributaries of the river into three clusters, namely, less, moderately, and highly polluted clusters. Factor analysis extracted five factors from data in the different seasons, which accounted for the high percentage of the total variance and reflected the integrated characteristics of water chemistry, organic pollution, phosphorous pollution, denitrification effect, and nitrogen pollution. The results indicate that river pollution in Northeast China was mainly from natural and/or anthropogenic sources, e.g., rainfall, domestic wastewater, agricultural runoff, and industrial discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OPEN access publishing, ELECTRONIC publishing, CHEMISTRY periodicals, SCHOLARLY periodicals, and SCIENCE periodical publishing

The present study has investigated the trends of open access journals appeared in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). It provides an insight to the open access publishing in the field of chemistry based on the data collected from DOAJ. The DOAJ available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website lists Open Access Journals and is maintained by Infrastructure Services for Open Access (IS4OA). Notably, it has listed about 9804 journals across 124 countries till 8th January 2014. Out of 9804 journals, 164 (1.67%) journals are listed under Chemistry. The data was extracted in excel format and analysis was carried out on the basis of subject coverage, decade and year, country of origin, publisher, language, format and Indian contribution to OA journals. The select subject i.e. Chemistry is being categorised into Chemistry General, Chemical Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry. It was found that out of 164 journals from chemistry, majority of the open access journals belong to the category chemistry general and contribute some about 68.9% of the total chemistry journals in DOAJ. Though the maximum growth of these journals has been recorded in the decade 2000s, however in 2011, a record number of 30 journals of Chemistry appeared in DOAJ. Interestingly, India contributed 24 OA journals and is placed second after Egypt in publishing OA journals in chemistry. Further, it has been found that commercial publishers with 29 journals are the major contributors to OA in DOAJ with Hindawi Publishing Corporation as the leading contributor. Moreover, English has been found as the most popular language of OA journals. While as Indian Academy of Sciences: Chemical Sciences is reported to be the oldest journal publishing since 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IONIC liquids, ELECTROCHEMICAL research, ANALYTICAL chemistry research, ORGANIC synthesis research, BIOCATALYSIS, and HEAT transfer fluids

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ACADEMIC motivation, SELF-determination theory, ACHIEVEMENT motivation, PATH analysis (Statistics), PHYSIOLOGY education, MOTIVATION (Psychology), and HUMAN anatomy

Within self-determination theory, a considerable amount of previous research has shown that autonomous motivation is associated with higher levels of academic achievement and wellness among students. However, it is notable that few studies have included large samples of undergraduates who are enrolled in science courses. Moreover, to our knowledge no previous research has investigated the associations among autonomous and controlled motivations, course attendance, time spent studying, perceived course difficulty, and final course grades simultaneously. The current study was designed to begin to fill this gap in the literature. In the fall (33 course sections) and spring (29 course sections) semesters, undergraduate students (N = 1284) who were enrolled in general chemistry, organic chemistry, and human anatomy and physiology courses responded to a 24-item survey at the beginning (Time 1) and at the end (Time 2) of the semester. The results revealed considerable stability in motivation over time as well as strong association between autonomous and controlled motivations at each time point. Autonomous motivation at Time 2 predicted higher levels of time spent studying and final course grades, and lower levels of perceived course difficulty. Controlled motivation at Time 2 predicted higher levels of course attendance, time spent studying, and perceived course difficulty, and lower levels of final course grades. These findings indicate that both autonomous and controlled motivations contribute to final course grades (albeit in opposite directions) and highlight the importance of creating need-supportive educational climates that facilitate the cultivation of autonomous motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ORGANIC chemistry, INORGANIC chemistry, and CHEMISTRY periodicals

An index of classification terms related to inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and biochemistry for the 2015 issue of the periodical is presented.

PEPTIDES, SULFINYL compounds, RADICALS (Chemistry), MASS spectrometry, ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, ORGANIC synthesis, ABSTRACTION reactions, and MOLECULAR dissociation

Heteroatom-centeredradicals are known to play critical roles inatmospheric chemistry, organic synthesis, and biology. While moststudies have focused on the radical reactivity such as hydrogen abstraction,the base properties of heteroatom-centered radicals have long beenoverlooked, despite the profound consequences, such as their abilityto participate in hydrogen-bonding networks. In this study, we usethe sulfinyl radical (−SO•) as a model toshow that the dual properties of heteroatom-centered radicals, thatis, their ability to function as a radical and a base, can coexistin peptides and be differentiated by examining the loss of hydrosulfinylradical (SOH) upon unimolecular dissociation of the peptide sulfinylradical ions in the gas phase. The loss of SOH can result from twochannels; one involves hydrogen atom abstraction, which reflects theradical property; the other is initiated by proton transfer to thesulfinyl radical, manifesting its base property. Tuning of the twoproperties of peptide sulfinyl radicals can be achieved by varyingthe chemical properties of the neighboring functional groups, whichdemonstrates the influence of the local chemical environment on thebehavior of the radical species. The experimental approach establishedin this study to probe the dual chemical property of the peptide sulfinylradical can be potentially applied to studying other types of heteroatom-centeredradical species of biological significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HETEROCYCLIC compounds, INORGANIC chemistry, and ORGANIC chemistry

An index of Classification Terms for the issue 38 of the journal "ChemInform" published in 2014 is presented, which includes terms for Inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and Heterocyclic compounds.

EXPERIMENTAL methods in education, COORDINATION polymers synthesis, INORGANIC chemistry, TRIAZOLES, LIGANDS, X-ray diffraction, and INFRARED spectra

In the past decade, coordination polymer as an interdisciplinary field has expanded rapidly and aUracted much interest of chemistry and materials. However, to the best of our knowledge, the coordination polymer is not involved in the inorganic chemistry experimental teaching up to now. Herein, on the base of our research, we introduce a synthetic experimental teaching of the synthesis and characterizations of the [Cu2I(DETRZ)]n coordination polymer constructed from 3,5-diethy-1,2,4-triazole ligand and [Cu4I4] cubane-like cluster. The foUowing experimental processes are included in this experiment : the synthesis and separation of triazole ligand, the solvothermal synthesis of coordination polymer, the single-crystal data coHection and solution, the crystal structure description, the powder X-ray diffraction, the infrared spectra analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and so on. The coordination polymer experiment presented in this paper is simple and reliable, which combines the inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and crystaHography, and effectively helps the undergraduates to learn the frontier of inorganic chemistry and coordination chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMALL molecules, STRUCTURE-activity relationships, LUNG injuries, MOLECULAR hybridization, and PHARMACEUTICAL chemistry

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) can be caused by various diseases or conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, shock, and inhalation of toxic gases. Many efforts have been made to identify new agents capable of treating ALI, and many compounds have shown interesting activities in the treatment of ALI. However, most of these compounds have only been tested for their clinical significance using in vitro and in vivo animal models. In this review, the developments in the design and structural modification of effective active agents for the treatment of ALI is summarized. Firstly, the application of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl moieties as an importantly superior framework in the development of natural product-derived anti -ALI agents is described. As well, the biological activities of the hybrid derivatives from natural products are discussed. Secondly, the potential of synthetic small molecule active compounds in the treatment of ALI is demonstrated. In addition, the structure activity relationship (SAR) and possible mechanisms of action in new chemical molecular entities were investigated. This present mini-review will be useful to scientists in research fields of medicinal chemistry, organic synthesis, and also various biological applications particularly for the development of novel anti -ALI agents. Image 1 • Applications of curcumin and cinnamamide derivatives in anti -ALI drug discovery. • α, β-Unsaturated ketone moiety as an importantly superior skeleton. • Improved anti -ALI activities of molecular hybridization. • Detailed explanation of structure-activity relationships. • Pro-inflammatory cytokines and targeted proteases as effective evaluation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ORGANIC chemistry and PETROLEUM

CALANOIDA, COPEPODA, POPULATION dynamics, METAZOA, SALT lake ecology, DIATOMS, PLANKTON, and SEASONAL physiological variations

The calanoid copepod Acartia italica is the only metazoan plankton species surviving and reaching high abundance in the middle Adriatic saline coastal Lake Rogoznica. Seasonal variations in the abundance of nauplii, copepodites, adults and their faecal pellets were assessed in the period January 2000 to December 2004. Development and behaviour of A. italica were regulated by thermohaline conditions, biology (phytoplankton, bacteria, ciliates), and chemistry (organic matter, dissolved oxygen, reduced sulphur species) of the lake. The diatom Chaetoceros curvisetus could provide important food for A. italica adult specimens; however, great diatom abundances could reduce copepod reproductive ability. This study show that top-down control which characterized the lake ecosystem before the disastrous anoxia event in 1997 were re-established again [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

METALLOFULLERENES, NITRIDES, REACTIVITY (Chemistry), METAL clusters, MAGNETIC resonance imaging, and CHEMICAL structure

Shortly after the discovery of the carbon fullerene allotrope, C60, researchers recognized that the hollow spheroidal shape could accommodate metal atoms, or clusters, which quickly led to the discovery of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs). In the past 2 decades, the unique features of EMFs have attracted broad interest in many fields, including inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, materials chemistry, and biomedical chemistry. Some EMFs produce new metallic clusters that do not exist outside of a fullerene cage, and some other EMFs can boost the efficiency of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging 10–50-fold, in comparison with commercial contrast agents. In 1999, the Dorn laboratory discovered the trimetallic nitride template (TNT) EMFs, which consist of a trimetallic nitride cluster and a host fullerene cage. The TNT-EMFs (A3N@C2n, n= 34–55, A = Sc, Y, or lanthanides) are typically formed in relatively high yields (sometimes only exceeded by empty-cage C60and C70, but yields may decrease with increasing TNT cluster size), and exhibit high chemical and thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHEMISTRY education, MEDICAL education, UNIVERSITY & college admission, CURRICULUM, ORGANIC chemistry, and MEDICAL practice

The chemistry community should seize the opportunity posed by the 2009 report, Scientific Foundations for Future Physicians, and the planned revisions to the Medical College Admissions Test to develop and implement curricular innovations that have potential benefit for students in general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry courses. The process of envisioning, developing, and adopting curricular innovations, particularly those that are comprehensive, takes time. Educational innovations should be initiated with long-term goals in mind. Building on research-based practices will streamline implementation and maximize initial impacts. Fostering the identification of learning outcomes and competencies, engaging in continuous assessment, and using evidence-based practices will have both short-and long-range results. We will be able to meet the current expectations of the medical community. Moreover, these strategies will position us to respond to future changes, with an eye to the overarching goal of increasing the relevancy and effectiveness of chemistry education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NUCLEAR chemistry study & teaching, SCIENCE education, RADIOCHEMISTRY, CURRICULUM, NUCLEAR medicine, POSITRON emission tomography, and EDUCATION

Practical experience is vital for promoting interest in science. Several aspects of chemistry are rarely taught in the secondary school curriculum, especially nuclear and radiochemistry. Therefore, we introduced radio-chemistry to secondary school students through positron emission tomography (PET) associated with computer tomography (CT). PET--CT technology, radio-chemistry, and clinical practice were introduced through five steps comprising fundamental aspects of nuclear chemistry, organic synthesis, diagnostic nuclear medicine, evaluation of medical results, and final presentation of their exposure through posters and oral presentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PYRIDYL compounds, SELENIUM, CHALCOGENIDES synthesis, MOLECULAR structure, COORDINATION compounds, and METAL complexes

Abstract: This review intends to cover the synthesis of both mono- and di-chalcogenides of 2-, 3- and 4-pyridyl and 2-pyrimidyl groups, their spectroscopic and structural studies. The 77Se and 125Te NMR chemical shifts of some pyridyl and pyrimidyl compounds are discussed. Salient structural features of these compounds and their metal complexes are summarized. The utility of these compounds in coordination chemistry, organic synthesis and biology has been described. The role of metal complexes as molecular precursors for the synthesis of metal chalcogenide nano-particles and for deposition of thin films has been included. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

CARBON compounds, DENITRIFICATION, STABLE isotopes, RIPARIAN plants, and STREAM restoration

Organic carbon is important in regulating ecosystem function, and its source and abundance may be altered by urbanization. We investigated shifts in organic carbon quantity and quality associated with urbanization and ecosystem restoration, and its potential effects on denitrification at the riparian-stream interface. Field measurements of streamwater chemistry, organic carbon characterization, and laboratory-based denitrification experiments were completed at two forested, two restored, and two unrestored urban streams at the Baltimore Long-Term Ecological Research site, Maryland, USA. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate loads increased with runoff according to a power-law function that varied across sites. Stable isotopes and molar C:N ratios suggested that stream particulate organic matter (POM) was a mixture of periphyton, leaves, and grass that varied across Site types. Stable-isotope signatures and lipid biomarker analyses of sediments showed that terrestrial organic carbon sources in streams varied as a result of riparian vegetation. Laboratory experiments indicated that organic carbon amendments significantly increased rates of denitrification (35.1 ± 9.4 ng N·[g dry sediment]-1h-1; mean ± SE) more than nitrate amendments (10.4 ± 4.0 ng N·[g dry sediment]-1h-1) across streamflow conditions and sites. Denitrification experiments with naturally occurring carbon sources showed that denitrification was significantly higher with grass clippings from home lawns (1244 ± 331 ng N·g dry sediment-1·h-1, and overall unrestored urban Sites showed significantly higher denitrification rates than restored and forest sites. We found that urbanization influences organic carbon sources and quality in streams, which can have substantial downstream impacts on ecosystem services such as denitrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-healing polymers represent a class of materials with built-in capability of rehabilitating damages. The topic has attracted increasingly more attention in the past few years. The on-going research activities clearly indicate that self-healing polymeric materials turn out to be a typical multi-disciplinary area concerning polymer chemistry, organic synthesis, polymer physics, theoretical and experimental mechanics, processing, composites manufacturing, interfacial engineering, etc. The present article briefly reviews the achievements of the groups worldwide, and particularly the work carried out in our own laboratory towards strength recovery for structural applications. To ensure sufficient coverage, thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers, extrinsic and intrinsic self-healing, autonomic and non-autonomic healing approaches are included. Innovative routes that correlate materials chemistry to full capacity restoration are discussed for further development from bioinspired toward biomimetic repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOLID state chemistry, CURRICULUM, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, STRUCTURAL analysis (Science), INORGANIC chemistry, and EDUCATION

The article describes a course in undergraduate solid state chemistry that integrates the main concepts of crystallography which is also considered as an attempt to create a course in applied crystallography. The course introduces structure analysis techniques and links them to courses in inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and biochemistry to bring the fundamentals of the science closer to chemists, material scientists and biologists. The experience of teaching this course proved that the merging of chemistry and crystallography is synergistic.

The present and prospective use of precious metals (platinum and palladium) in catalyst production is analyzed with allowance made for the appearance of new catalytic technologies. The production of precious metal catalysts in Russia is now being curtailed. Russian companies are reconstructing plants that employ precious metal catalysts and bulding new ones in cooperation with foreign partners who will provide advanced technologies and the necessary catalysts. The proportion of imported palladium- and platinum-containing catalysts in Russia remains rather high (as much as 60%). The consumption of precious metals in organic synthesis and in the pharmaceutical industry remains at the level of the 1990s. In this overview, we analyze the possibilities for the wider use of platinum in the design of novel catalysts that could compete with imported analogues, including those for petroleum refining, petroleum chemistry, organic synthesis, and environmental applications. We also cover new areas for Russia: nanocomposites for hydrogen energy, new drugs, and membrane technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]