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Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Orthoptera, Tetrigidae, Discotettix, and Discotettix belzebuth

Discotettix (Discotettix) belzebuth (Serville, 1838) (Figs 5–14) Vernacular name: Bornean Spiky Pygmy Devil Tetrix belzebuth Serville, 1838: 759 [original description, type locality: originally Java but actually probably Borneo]. Tettix belzebuth: Stål 1873: 152 [listed in the catalog]. Discotettix belzebuth: Bolívar 1887: 306 [included in the revision]; Rehn, 1904: 670 [new records]; Hancock 1907a: 6 [included in the revision]; Hancock 1907b: 213 [new records]; Kirby 1910: 2 [included in the catalog]; Hancock 1913: 39 [new records]; Willemse 1930: 8 [new records]; Günther 1938: 301 [included in the revision]; Steinmann 1970: 216 [listed in the catalog]; Blackith 1992: 46 [listed in the catalog]; Yin et al. 1996: 866 [listed in the catalog], Otte 1997: 32 [listed in the catalog], Kočárek et al. 2015: 289 [new records, data on variability]; Kuřavova et al. 2017: 120–128 [data on the antennae morphology]; Tan & Wahab 2018: 123 [new records in Brunei Darussalam]. Discotettix armatus Costa, 1864: 59 [original description, type locality: Borneo]; synonymized by Bolívar (1887). Discotettix adenanii Mahmood et al., 2007: 1276 [original description, type locality: Borneo: Kuching]; synonymized by Kočárek et al. (2015). Type locality. According to the original description the type locality is Java, but since no locality label is present under the holotype (the only found specimen originating from Serville's collection in MNHN), we believe that the specimen originates from Borneo, from where the majority of the records of this species are. In MNCN, there are four specimens labeled ‘Java’ so it is not fully clear whether this species is/was present on Java. Borneo Island is the type locality of D. armatus, which is the type species of the genus Discotettix (a junior synonym of D. belzebuth). The type specimen of D. belzebuth was considered lost, but was found in March 2016 by JS in MNHN. For D. armatus, we believe that the specimen still exists in the Naples collection (Italy), but we were not able to contact the Museum or to get information on Costa's collection. Material examined. Type material. HOLOTYPE of D. belzebuth 1♀ (locality, date and collector labels missing), red label 'TYPE' and Günther's label ' Discotettix belzebuth Serv. K. Günther det.' present (MNHN); PARATYPE of D. adenanii 1♂ Malaysia: Sarawak: “Adanan Bukra”, Gunung Serapi 3.VI.1988. (UKM) (according to Kočárek et al. (2015) the holotype and the rest of the type series has probably been destroyed). Additional museum material. 2♀♀, 1♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sarawak: Mattang Collector Frivaldsky, det. J. Skejo (MNCN); 1♀, 2♂♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sarawak Collector Mjöberg, det. J. Tumbrinck (NHRS); 1♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sarawak: Bidi 1908. Collector. C. J. Brooks, det. J. Tumbrinck (NCM); 1♂ Borneo: Malaysia: [Sarawak, Bidi] Collector: C. J. Brooks, det. J. Tumbrinck (NCM); 1 ♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sarawak: 75 km S of Miri Town, Niah Nat. Park [100 m a.s.l., forest around Niah Great Cave] 30.III.2012. Collectors A.V. Gorochov and M. Berezin, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 2♀♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Kina-Balu-Gebirge Collector: Waterstradt, det. Hancock (AMS); 1♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Kinabalu NP: Poring [forest clearing] 8.VIII.1984. Collector S. Ingrisch, det. S. Ingrisch (CJT); 2♀♀, 2♂ ♂ Malaysia: Sabah [labeled Nord-Borneo Collector Waterstradt det. J. Skejo (MNCN); 3♂♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Pajau River, Collector Mjöberg, det. J. Tumbrinck (NHRS); 1♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Kajan River Collector Mjöberg, det. J. Tumbrinck (NHRS); 1♀, 2♂♂ Malaysia: Sabah [on original label written North Borneo] Collector: Watterstradt, det. K. Günther (SMTD); 1♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Batu Niah 4.VIII.1984. Collector S. Ingrisch, det. S. Ingrisch (ZFMK); 1♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Kinabalu NP: Poring: Bergil 10.IV.1997. [6º5'N, 116º33'E] [collected by fogging] Collector A. Floren, det. J. Tumbrinck (ZFMK); 1 ♀ Malaysia: Sabah: Crocket Range, 80 km S of Kota Kinabalu City [environment of the village Ula Kumanis at 800 m a.s.l.] 5 – 10.V.2006. Collector A. Sochivko, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 1♀, 3♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: [original labels „ Nord Borneo, Kina-Balu-Gebirge [at 1500 m a.s.l.] Collector Waterstradt, det. Brunner von Wattenwyl (ZISP); 1♀ Malaysia: Sabah: Mt. Trus Madi: Tambunan distr [975 m a.s.l.] 25.IV–10.V.2006, Collector P. Udivichenko, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 4 ♂♂ Malaysia: Sabah: Mt. Trus Madi: Tambunan district [975 m a.s.l.] 25.IV–10.V.2006. Collector P. Udivichenko, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 2♀, 2♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Mt. Trus Madi [1000 m a.s.l.] 13.–25.V.2007. Collector A.V. Gorochov, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 1 ♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Mt. Trus Madi [1200 m a.s.l.] 13–24.I.2007. Collector A. Sochivko, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 1♂ label '99. 10064.' [without specified data] det. J. Skejo (MNCN); 1♂ [without specified data] det. J. Skejo (MNCN); 1♀, 1♂ Malaysia: Borneo [without specified other data] (NMNH NASU); 2♀♀ Indonesia: Kalimatan: Kalimantan Timur [= East]: Marah 12.XI.1925. Collector: H. C. Siebers, det. K. Günther (SMTD); 1 nymph (sex unteterminable) Indonesia: Kalimatan: West Kalimatan: Pontianak det. J. Skejo (MNCN); 2♀♀, 2♂ ♂ Indonesia: Java [without other data specified] det. J. Skejo (MNCN); Additional material from online social media. All the records of D. belzebuth from iNaturalist may be found on the following link: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_id=637240 (all records submitted by July 2022 are shown in Table 1); while for Flickr, ProjectNoah, and SpinelessWonders all the observations (Figs 6–14) are listed in the Table 1. ......Continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) ......Continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) Distribution. The species is widespread in Borneo (many data from Malaysian and Brunei part, but few from the Indonesian part, probably due to the lack of research) and adjacent small islands (such as Labuan). This species was previously considered widely distributed on all the Greater Sunda Islands of the Malay Archipelago, namely on Borneo, Java, and Sumatra (Serville 1838; De Haan 1843; Rehn 1904; Hancock 1907a; 1907b; Günther 1938; Mahmood et al. 2007; Kočárek et al. 2015; Tan & Wahab 2018). Distribution of the species in Java was/is possible, as in the Bolívar's collection in MNCN Madrid there are several specimens labeled ‘Java’, but its presence nowadays should be confirmed as there have been no records for more than a century. The species is not present in Sumatra (De Haan 1843), with De Haan’s (1843) records likely belonging to D. selysi, which was not described at the time. Taxonomic notes. Discotettix adenanii is considered a junior synonym of D. belzebuth. Seven well-developed pronotal projections (Mahmood et al. 2007) are the diagnostic character of D. belzebuth as well. Günther (1938) pointed out the variability of this polymorphic species with certain specimens that are not easy to identify as D. belzebuth, but as a form with certain characteristics somewhat similar to Kraengia. The description of D. adenanii, on the other hand, completely fits D. belzebuth description and diagnosis. Variability of the species can be observed solely by comparison of Bolívar's drawing (Hancock, 1907a: 6) with Günther's D. belzebuth figure (1938: p. 301, Fig. 2). Kočárek et al. (2015) examined type specimen of D. adenanii and the variability of the pronotal morphology in D. belzebuth populations collected in different parts of Borneo, showing that all the studied specimens fit the variability of D. belzebuth. We agree with the conclusion of Kočárek et al. (2015) that D. adenanii is a pure synonym of D. belzebuth. Diagnosis. This is the species with the highest (in lateral view) and spikiest/sharpest pronotal projections in the entire genus and by its general appearance it can readily be distinguished from all the other species of the genus. It is somewhat similar to D. kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. from NE Borneo, and to D. sumatrensis Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. from Sumatra. From D. scabridus the new species can be separated by the following characters: (I) bifurcation of the frontal costa between the eyes (on the lower margin of the compound eyes in D. scabridus), (II) FM high and developed (present as a small tubercle in D. scabridus), (III) MM elevated into spines (lower and saw-like in D. scabridus), (IV) MML elevated into spines (present as low and triangular, compressed elevations in D. scabridus), (V) ML strong and long, tooth-like (absent in D. scabridus), (VI) interscapular area with parallel margins (wide and triangular in D. scabridus). Discotettix belzebuth can be separated from D. selysi, D. doriae, and D. aruanus Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. by the following characters: (I) more than one well-developed protuberance on the pronotal disc, (II) long frontomedial projection of the anterior margin of the pronotum, (III) fore and mid femora are more slender, (IV) antennal segments are more specialized in morphology than in D. selysi, the widest and the most flattened is the 10 th segment (unlike the 9 th segment in D. selysi and D. doriae). From D. sumatrensis Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. the species can be easily separated by the following characteristics: (I) larger body size, (II) all antennae segments are of black/dark color, (III) the 8 th antennal segment is the widest one (unlike the 7 th segment in D. sumatrensis Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n.), (IV) the hind femur bears small lappets. D. kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. can be easily separated from D. belzebuth by the following set of characters: (I) in D. kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. antennae with more robust segments gradually become wider distally, not as specialized as in D. belzebuth, (II) D. kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. has short FM, not covering the whole head as in D. bellzebuth, (III) projections on the dorsal surface of the pronotum are smaller in D. kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n., (IV) D. kirscheyi sp. n. has weak ML, (V) D. kirscheyi sp. n. has robust and serrated fore and mid femora, not as slender as in D. belzebuth and (VI) D. kirscheyi sp. n. has smaller body size. Redescription. General characters. Medium to large sized, robust, species (13.01–17.02 mm), texture granulated, rugose; pronotum wrinkled, with numerous small tubercles, medium-sized and large protuberances on dorsal and lateral sides. Epizoic symbiotic bryophytes and algae are often present on the pronotal surfaces, so usually the specimens are characterized by cryptic colors (Figs 8, 10). Macropronotal. Coloration. Coloration variable: from black and dark brown to brighter tints of brown: grayish, greenish, yellowish, reddish, somewhat purple; pronotal projections usually darker. The entire body, including antennae, may be of the same color, except brightly colored frontal carina on the head and the median carina of pronotum, while fore and mid tibiae and tarsi usually bear 1–3 lighter rings. Maxillary palpi black with pale colored joints between the segments (Figs 5–14). Head. In dorsal and frontal view, vertex 2.21–2.76 times as wide as an eye. Fossula elliptic and deep. The lower margin of the lateral ocelli a bit below the level of the lower margin of a compound eye. In frontal view, frontal costa narrow, bifurcated above lateral ocelli into subparallel, finely granulated facial carinae forming a very narrow scutellum. Scutellum slightly narrower than the antennal groove. Antennal groove below the lower margin of the compound eye (Fig. 5C). Antenna with 13 antennomeres. A detailed description of the antennal morphometrics and morphology was published recently by Kuřavová et al. (2017). Antennal segments as follows: scapus (1 st antennomere) and pedicel (2 nd antennomere) massive; basal segments (3 rd to 6 th) elongated and circular in cross-section; central or subapical segments (7 th and 8 th) strongly widened, pennate, 8 th being the widest antennal segment (in holotype 2.22 times as long as wide); apical segment 9 th much smaller than the subapical and much larger than the rest of the apical segments; apical segments 10 th to 13 th reduced, very small, and borders between them barely visible. Antennomeres 3 rd to 9 th bearing saw-like margins, because of the presence of large basiconic sensilla (Fig. 10). When the body and the antennae are covered with algae and moss, the 8 th segment is always free of epizoic organisms (Fig. 10). Pronotum. Pronotum wrinkled and granulated, covered in numerous small tubercles and larger projections. The posterior process of the pronotum slender, surpassing the hind knee for about half of the hind femur length. Disc of the pronotum at almost the same level along all length, and unlike other species of the genus, without a distinct depression behind the shoulder. Pronotum not descending backward. Morphology of the pronotal disc variable, usually with 4–7 unpaired projections of variable size on the median carina (FM, PM, and 2–5 MMs); 2–3 pairs of FL; 4–7 pairs of more or less distinct PMLs and MMLs; 3 pairs of PLs and MLs; and a pair of VL. Prozona short, subsquare. The anterior margin of the pronotum projected as a large digitate FM directed upwards and forwards above the head, covering the whole area of the fastigium of the vertex. FM often decurved with excised apex. Prozonal carinae slightly elevated, surpassing the anterior margin of the pronotum as dentiform FL1. Extralateral carinae elevated, surpassing anterior margin of pronotum as dentiform FL2. FL3 dentiform, small and weak, more distinct than FL1. Median carina extended along the whole length of the pronotum, tuberculated, but with smooth areas. Median carina bearing FM and 3–6 of large digitate medial projections well seen in profile. PM small, distinct in about a third of the examined specimens. MM1, MM2, MM3, and MM4 large and digitate (MM1MM3>MM4). MM4 well visible in most of the specimens, but in some completely reduced. MM5 present as a spike in about every tenth specimen, but usually very small and almost invisible. Among mediolateral projections, PML1 is a small tubercle, almost indistinct; PML2 small; MML1 small; MML2 large; MML3 and MML4 distinct in a few examined specimens. PL1 and PL2 elongated, small, and almost indistinct. In the metazona humero-apical carinae forms a sharp humeral angle, projected outwards as strong spine-like or digitate ML. Interhumeral carinae hardly observable because of numerous net-like elevations and tubercles present in the whole disc. The apex of pronotum blunt, and shallowly excised. The lower part of the lateral lobe with finely serrate anterior and coarsely serrate posterior margin, elongated as VL of variable shapes from sharp spine-like to saw-like form, directed strongly outwards or in rare cases somewhat backward (Fig. 5A, B). Wings. The visible part of tegmen elongated and oval. Hind wing long, often not reaching the pronotal apex. Legs. Femora more or less robust, and compressed laterally, but elongated in comparison to other species. The rough surface of the legs usually bears outgrowths and tubercles of variable size and sharpness. The dorsal and ventral margins serrate. Genicular teeth visible on all the knees, and additionally 1–3 weak teeth present on the dorsal and ventral margins of the fore and mid femora. Hind femur with small lappets on both dorsal and ventral margins. Lateral area of the hind femur with net-like elevations and weak carinae, ventro-external carina with teethlike outgrowths. Genicular teeth of the hind femora larger than the antegenicular. Both sides of the dorsal margin of the hind tibia finely serrated, additionally with 4–5 outer and 3–4 inner larger teeth. Abdominal apex. Female subgenital plate with a triangular protrusion in the middle of the posterior margin. Ovipositor of variable shapes, usually elongated, but can be more robust, probably due to the ecological factors. Measurements. BL ♂♂ 13.1–15.01 mm, ♀♀ 14.3–17.02 mm; PnL ♂♂ 16.04–19.14 mm, ♀♀ 18.5–22.34mm; PnW ♂♂ 7.99–8.24 mm, ♀♀ 9.04–9.66 mm; AnL ♂♂ 6.88–7.8 mm, ♀♀ 7.11–7.99 mm; TL ♂♂ 1.9–2.54 mm, ♀♀ 2.1–3.01 mm; TW ♂♂ 0.78–1.14 mm, ♀♀ 0.99–1.23 mm; fFL ♂♂ 3.29–4.46 mm, ♀♀ 4.1–5.16 mm; fFW ♂♂ 0.77–1.01 mm, ♀♀ 0.89–1.02 mm; mFL ♂♂ 3.49–4.72 mm, ♀♀ 4.2–5.09 mm; mFW ♂♂ 0.98–1.02 mm, ♀♀ 0.99–1.11 mm; hFL ♂♂ 6.99–10.03 mm, ♀♀ 8.1–10.28 mm; hFW ♂♂ 2.28–3.45 mm, ♀♀ 2.26–3.24 mm; OvL ♀♀ 1.38–2.11 mm; AnL/fFL ♂♂ 1.58–2.09, ♀♀ 1.55–1.71; VW ♂♂ 1.02–1.48 mm, ♀♀ 1.35–1.91 mm; EW ♂♂ 0.38–0.49 mm, ♀♀ 0.46–0.82 mm; VW/EW ♂♂ 2.21–2.52, ♀♀ 2.31–2.76; SW ♂♂ 0.31–0.37 mm, ♀♀ 0.32– 0.42 mm; AgW ♂♂ 0.19–0.34 mm, ♀♀ 0.29–0.41 mm; ScW ♂♂ 0.21–0.29 mm, ♀♀ 0.23–0.28 mm; SW/AgW ♂♂ 1.46–1.51, ♀♀ 1.41–1.56; SW/ScW ♂♂ 1.20–1.47, ♀♀ 1.21–1.35; As—L/W ♂♂ 2.41–3.1, ♀♀ 2.39–3.12; PrzW ♂♂ 3.35–3.59 mm, ♀&fema
Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 15-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418
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Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Orthoptera, Tetrigidae, and Discotettix

Genus Discotettix Costa, 1864 Discotettix: Costa 1864: 59; Bolívar 1887: 306; Rehn 1904: 670; Hancock 1907a: 6; Hancock 1907b: 213; Kirby 1910: 2; Willemse 1930: 7; Steinmann 1970: 216; Blackith 1992: 46; Yin et al. 1996: 866; Otte 1997: 32; Mahmood et al. 2007: 1275; Kočárek et al. 2015: 288–294. Mnesarchus Stål, 1877: 55; synonymized with Discotettix by Bolívar (1887). Type species: Discotettix armatus Costa, 1864, by original monotypy, a junior synonym of Discotettix belzebuth (Serville, 1838). Nomenclatural note. Many authors recently treat tettix as a noun originally of feminine gender. It is incorrect, as in all the Ancient Greek dictionaries the noun “ tettix, tettigos or tettikos, ho ” is of masculine gender. The word “ tetrix, tetrigos, he ” is however of feminine gender in Ancient Greek. Latreille (1802) introduced the name Tetrix (vernacular tétrix), but did not explain why he used the Ancient Greek name of a bird (tetrix is the Ancient Greek name of the Pipit, still present in the name of the Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix). Since then, the name Grouse Locust has been coined in the US, while the vernacular name pygmy grasshoppers has become more widely used. Even if Latreille did not want to relate pygmy grasshoppers to the bird and randomly invented the word “ tetrix ”, he used the word as feminine gender, which has to be followed (ICZN 1999, Art. 30.1.4.2). Tettix is a masculine Ancient Greek word for grasshopper, introduced by Berthold (1827) as an (unjustified) emendation of Latreille’s name. The epitheta of all the Tetrigidae species whose genus is coined out from the word tettix should be in the grammatic masculine gender. Diagnosis. The genus can be distinguished from all the other genera by the following set of characters: (I) frontal costa bifurcates between the lower third of the compound eye height (bifurcates below the lower third in other Discotettigini), (II) scutellum narrower than scapus (of the same width or wider in Gavialidium, Paragavialidium, and Tegotettix), (III) antenna 13-segmented (15-segmented in Gavialidium, Paragavialidium, and Tegotettix), (IV) subapical antennal segments widened (filiform in most of Discotettigini), (V) margins of the antenna saw-like (smooth in most of other Discotettigini). Comparison to former Discotettiginae genera. Among the former Discotettiginae genera (see Skejo 2017) the genus is similar to Kraengia and certain members of the genus Hirrius, i.e., H. montanus Günther, 1937 and H. sarasinorum Günther, 1937 from Sulawesi. Discotettix is similar to Kraengia in the general arrangement of pronotal protuberances (FM, FLs, MM, ML). However, in Discotettix the lower part of the lateral pronotal lobe is directed outwards forming a spine-like VL projection, while in Kraengia the lower part of the lateral pronotal lobe has a truncated margin. ML is more or less distinct in Discotettix species, while fully reduced in Kraengia, the humeral angle being obtuse. Additionally, Discotettix can be distinguished from Kraengia by the following set of characters: (1) 13 antennal segments (11 in Kraengia), (2) large body size (more than 11 mm in Discotettix, less than 9 mm in Kraengia), (3) presence of tegmen and wing in all Discotettix species (Kraengia is wingless), and (4) distinct prozona with carinae (in Kraengia prozona is very short and carinae are usually not distinct). Discotettix can be distinguished from Hirrius montanus and H. sarasinorum by the following characteristics: (1) dorsal surface of the pronotum with protuberances and projections (in Hirrius the pronotum is almost flat, medial, mediolateral, and lateral projections are considerably reduced in size, hump-like or fully absent); (2) the lower part of the lateral lobe of the pronotum forms a sharp spine-like or saw-like VL projection (VL spine wanting or weak in Hirrius); (3) tegmen and wing visible (not visible in Hirrius). Comparison to similar Scelimeninae: Discotettigini genera. The genus is morphologically similar to other Discotettigini genera, especially winged Bidentatettix, Disconius gen. n., Gavialidium, Eufalconius, Paragavialidium, and Tegotettix. Of all the mentioned genera, Discotettix is most similar to Disconius. From all the genera except for the Disconius, Discotettix can be easily distinguished by the widened antennomeres, while from Disconius it can be distinguished by the visible FM (reduced in Disconius), by tuberculated median carina (continuous in Disconius) and by strong FLs (almost absent in Disconius). Redescription of the genus Discotettix General features. Medium and large sized species, robust in appearance. All the surfaces rough and granulated, rugose; pronotal disc wrinkled with numerous small tubercles and protuberances of different sizes and shapes. Macropronotal. Coloration. Body color dark brown, ferruginous brown, or with brighter tints of brown; pronotal projections darker or differently colored than the rest (e.g., reddish or yellowish). Antenna black or dark brown, sometimes with pale-colored joints between the segments or with yellowish apical segments. Maxillary palpi dark brown, sometimes with darker distal margins of the last segment, or black with pale-colored joints between the segments. The visible part of the tegmen dark brown without spots. Legs dark brown except more or less distinct pale rings on tibia and tarsi and whitish 1 st tarsal pads. Head. Head not elevated above the pronotum in lateral view. In dorsal view, the fastigium of the vertex considerably broader than a compound eye; the anterior margin of the fastigium truncated, widely excised, with protruded medial carina of the vertex, reaching not far from the anterior margin of a compound eye. In frontal view, the vertex slightly concave, indrawn from the considerably raised lateral carinae on the level of the upper margin of a compound eye; the medial carina of the vertex distinct in the anterior part of the vertex. Fossula present. Supraocular lobe absent. Lateral ocelli at the level of lower margin or between the compound eyes. Median ocellus far below the level of the lower margin of a compound eye, just between the facial carinae in the place where they end. Antennal groove just above the median ocellus, below or on the level of the lower margin of a compound eye. Frontal costa narrow, with the bifurcation a bit above or between the lateral ocelli. Frontal costa bifurcates into slightly divergent facial carinae forming a narrow scutellum, in lateral view with two concavities: the first large between the lateral ocelli and the second smaller below the antennal grooves. Maxillary palpi flattened. Compound eye in frontal view subglobular, in lateral and dorsal view drop-like, not protruding above the pronotum in lateral view. The occipital area between the eye and the anterior margin of the pronotum narrow, partly visible (more often not) from above (Fig. 5C). Antenna 13-segmented (but in male looks like 12-segmented, because 13 th segment very small and not visible under an optical microscope, only under SEM). Antennal segments as follows: 1 st massive scapus; 2 nd large pedicel; 3 th to 6 th basal elongated antennomeres; 7 th and 8 th central or subapical antennomeres, widened; apical 9 th small; 10 th to 13 th apical segments small, very reduced in comparison to others (Fig. 1). Pronotum. Pronotum wrinkled and granulated, covered by numerous small tubercles and larger projections. Posterior process of the pronotum slender, surpassing the hind knee for about a half of the hind femur length or more (macropronotal); covering the whole abdomen. Disc of pronotum: 1) more or less depressed behind the well-developed shoulder and gradually descending backward, or 2) almost at the same level along all length, without distinct depression behind the shoulder, and not descending backward. General arrangement of pronotal disc projections: pronotum with 4–7 unpaired projections of variable size on the medial carinae (FM and 3–6 medial projections); 1–3 pairs of FL projections; 1–7 pairs of more or less distinguished mediolateral projections; 1–3 pairs of lateral and a pair of more or less distinct VL (better seen in profile). In some species, some of the projections lacking or reduced. Prozona subsquare or wider than long (not taking into account FM). Anterior margin of pronotum truncated or projected, with a small or a large FM directed mainly upwards or forwards, sometimes covering a part of or the whole vertex. Prozonal and extralateral carinae in the prozona distinct, more or less elevated, surpassing the anterior margin of the pronotum as dentiform FL1 and FL2, where FL2 more distinct. FL3 dentiform, small and weak, sometimes indistinct. Median carina behind FM extended along the whole length of the pronotum, with 3–6 unpaired medial projections 4 of variable size, more or less distinct (seen very well in profile). PM small and triangular. MM1 large and triangular. MM2, MM3, and MM4 decreasing in size towards the apex of the pronotum (sometimes MM3 and MM4 reduced). MM5 present only in a few specimens of D. belzebuth. Usually, 1–7 pairs of the mediolateral projections increase in size towards MML1 (largest) and then decrease towards the tip of the pronotum (PML1 < PML2 < MML1 > MML2 > MML2 > MML4 > MML5). PML1 more or less distinct; PML2 distinct; MML1 small; MML2 large; MML3, MML4, and MML5 small, decreasing caudad (sometimes 1–3 of these posterior projections reduced). PL1 and PL2 small and triangular. ML more or less sharp, usually projected outwards. Interhumeral carinae indistinct, weak. External lateral carinae raised upwards above the base of the tegmen, in the posterior half smooth, not reaching the apex of the pronotum. Internal lateral carinae smooth, weak, usually indistinct. The infrascapular area triangular, as wide as the mid femur, fused to the lateral area. Lateral area narrower than the infrascapular and running towards the apex of the pronotum. The apex of the posterior pronotal process in the dorsal view shallowly excised or rounded. Hind margin of the pronotal lateral lobe bisinuate, ventral sinus deep, tegminal sinus small. The lower part of the lateral lobe with serrate anterior and posterior margins. VL elongated as spine-like, directed strongly outwards, sometimes forward or even slightly backward, but never downward (Figs 2, 5A, B). 4 The description of medial, mediolateral and lateral projections is given in the order from the anterior to the posterior part of the body. Wings. The visible part of the tegmen oval and elongated. Hind wing with scalloped inner margin, usually shorter than the pronotal process, not reaching its apex. Legs. Femora robust, compressed laterally; with smooth or rough surface; dorsal and ventral margins finely or roughly serrate (Fig. 29B); genicular teeth visible on the knees; additional one to three teeth present on each margin. Fore and mid tarsi with distal segments longer than the proximal ones. Both sides of the upper margin of the hind femur finely serrated with distinct or indistinct lappets. Lateral area of the hind femur bears weak carinae with net-like elevations and outgrowths, especially on the ventro-external carina. Genicular teeth equal to or larger than the antegenicular. Hind tibia in dorsal view very slightly widened in basal and apical part. Both sides of the dorsal margin of the hind tibia finely serrated, usually with a few outer and large inner teeth. 1 st tarsal segment of the hind leg longer than 3 rd (without claws); 1 st and 2 nd basal pads of 1 st tarsal segment short and triangular, 3 rd (apical) elongated (Fig. 1). Abdominal apex. Male subgenital plate in ventral view triangular, longer than wide (Fig. 31A, B). Female subgenital plate in ventral view subsquare. Ovipositor elongated or robust. Valves of the ovipositor narrow, serrate (Fig. 31C, D). Epiproct in females as long as wide near the base, apex pointed. Cerci conical with narrowly rounded apex. Composition and classification. The genus Discotettix is divided into two subgenera: (1) nominotypical Discotettix (type species D. armatus = D. belzebuth) characterized by a long FM projected over the vertex; and (2) Mnesarchus Stål, 1877 stat. resurr. (type species Mnesarchus scabridus = Discotettix scabridus) characterized by a minute FM, not projected over the vertex. The subgenus Discotettix includes six species. One species formerly assigned to Discotettix, that is D. shelfordi, has been transferred to a new genus, Disconius Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck gen. n. The distribution of all the species is presented in Fig. 3. The annotated checklist of Discotettix species 1) Discotettix (Discotettix) aruanus Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. [Aru: Tanahbesar], 2) Discotettix (Discotettix) belzebuth (Serville, 1838) [Borneo, Java (?)], 3) Discotettix (Discotettix) doriae Bolívar, 1898 stat. resurr. [Mentawai: Sipora], 4) Discotettix (Discotettix) kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. [Northeastern Borneo], 5) Discotettix (Discotettix) selysi Bolívar, 1887 [Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra], 6) Discotettix (Discotettix) sumatrensis Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. [Southern Sumatra], 7) Discotettix (Mnesarchus) scabridus (Stål, 1877) [Philippines: Mindanao, Samar]. A key for the identification of Discotettix subgenera and species (Fig. 4) 1A) FM not projected above the vertex in lateral view (red arrow in Fig. 4). Shoulders unarmed. (Subgenus Mnesarchus). The Philippines.............................................................................. D. (M.) scabridus 1B) FM projected above the vertex in lateral view (red arrow in Fig. 4). Shoulders armed with ML. (Subgenus Discotettix)..... 2 2A) Dorsum of the pronotum with high projections, as high or almost as high as the FM (compare the grey line in Fig. 4)....... 3 2B) Dorsum of the pronotum flattened, usually no projection higher than the FM (gray line in Fig. 4, exception is D. doriae where FM is reduced)....................................................................................... 5 3A) FM small (red arrow in Fig. 4). Dorsum of the pronotum with triangular projections (blue arrows in Fig. 4). Widest antennomere 8 th. NE Borneo..................................................................... D. (D.) kirscheyi sp. n. 3B) FM large (red arrow in Fig. 4)........................................................................... 4 4A) Dorsum of the pronotum with high spikes (blue arrows in Fig. 4). Widest antennomere 8 th. Borneo........ D. (D.) belzebuth 4B) Dorsum of the pronotum with triangular projections (blue arrows in Fig. 4). Widest antennomere 7 th. Sumatra............................................................................................ D. (D.) sumatrensis sp. n. 5A) FM small, not exceeding the head (red arrow in Fig. 4). Mentawai Isl.................................. D. (D. ) doriae 5B) FM large, directed more upwards than forwards, usually not exceeding the head (red arrow in Fig. 4)................... 6 6A) Larger species, pronotum length more than 20 mm in females. PM and MM1 lower and more oblique. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia.................................................................................. D. (D.) selysi 6B) Smaller species, pronotum length less than 17 mm in females. PM and MM1 elevated and more triangular. Aru Isl............................................................................................ D. ( D.) aruanus sp. n.
Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 11-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418
{"references":["Costa, A. (1864) Acquiste fatti durante l-anno 1862. Annuario del Museo zoologico della Universita di Napoli, 2, 8 - 94.","Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313.","Rehn, J. A. G. (1904) Studies in the Orthopterous subfamilies Acrydiinae (Tettiginae), Eumastacinae and Proscopinae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 56, 658 - 683.","Hancock, J. L. (1907 a) Orthoptera Fam. Acridiidae. Subfam. Tetriginae. Genera Insectorum, 48, 1 - 79.","Hancock, J. L. (1907 b) Studies of the Tetriginae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University Museum. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1907, 213 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1907. tb 01760. x","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). 3 (2). British Museum (Natural History), London, 674 pp.","Willemse, C. J. M. (1930) Fauna Sumatrensis (Bijdrage Nr. 62). Preliminary revision of the Acrididae (Orthoptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 73, 1 - 210.","Steinmann, H. (1970) Check-list of the Tetricidae (Orthoptera) of the Oriental faunal region. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 16, 215 - 240.","Blackith, R. E. (1992) Tetrigidae (Insecta; Orthoptera) of Southeast Asia: Annotated catalogue with partial translated keys and bibliography. Ashford, Wicklow, 248 pp.","Yin, X. - C., Shi, J. & Yin, Z. (1996) Synonymic Catalogue of Grasshoppers and their Allies of the World (Orthoptera: Caelifera). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 1266 pp.","Otte, D. (1997) Tetrigoidea and Tridactyloidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) and Addenda to OSF. Vols. 1 - 5. Orthoptera Species File, 6, 1 - 261.","Mahmood, K., Idris, A. B. & Salmah, Y. (2007) Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 50 (12), 1272 - 1284.","Kocarek, P., Kuravova, K., Musiolek, D., Wahab, R. A. & Kahar, S. R. A. (2015) Synonymy of Discotettix adenanii Mahmood, Idris & Salmah, 2007 with D. belzebuth (Serville, 1838) (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). Zootaxa, 4057 (2), 288 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4057.2.10","Stal, C. (1877) Orthoptera nova ex Insulis Philippinis descripsit. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlinger, 34 (10), 33 - 58.","Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. Roret, Paris, 776 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 95609","Latreille, P. A. (1802) Histoire Naturelle, generale et particuliere, des Crustaces et des Insectes. Vol. 3. De L'imprimerie de F.","ICZN [International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50608","Berthold, A. A. (1827) Latreille's Naturliche Familien des Thierreichs, aus dem Franzosischen mit Anmerkungen und Zusatzen. Verlage des Gr. H. S. priv. Landes-Industrie-Compositoirs, Weimar, VIII + 602 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11652","Gunther, K. (1937) Orthoptera celebica sarasiniana, Fam. Acrididae, Subfam. Acrydiinae. Treubia, 16, 165 - 195.","Bolivar, I. (1898) Contributions a l'etude des Acridiens especes de la Faune indo et austro-malaisienne du Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 39, 66 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9541"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Miridae, and Cassisotropis

Genus: Cassisotropis Taszakowski et al. gen. nov. Type species: Cassisotropis aciformis Taszakowski et al. sp. nov., here designated. Diagnosis. Cassisotropis is recognized within Cylapinae by the following set of features: head, pronotum, thoracic pleura, mesoscutum, scutellum and abdomen with net-like sculpturing created by microsetae (Figs 2B–F); head and anterior part of pronotum with several long, erect, cylindrical, regularly distributed, apically serrate bristles (Figs 2A–E); head with indistinct tubercles on vertex and frons (Figs 2B–E); clypeus with moderately developed longitudinal keel medially (Fig. 2C, D); pronotal collar separated from remainder of pronotum by weakly developed sulcus (Figs 1A, B, Fig. 2B); calli upraised and conical (Figs 1C, D, Figs 2A, B); posterior lobe with relatively small, weakly raised tubercles, each situated mediolaterally, bordering posterior margin (Fig. 2B); metepisternal scent gland evaporative areas triangular (Fig. 2F); embolium wide (Figs 1A, B); tarsus two-segmented, tarsomere II not divided (Fig. 2H); aedeagus with theca strongly sclerotized with sail-like process subapically (Fig. 3C); sclerotized part of ductus seminis inside endosoma long, its apex reaching subapical portion of endosoma (Fig. 3D); endosoma with long, needle-like spicule (Fig. 3D); left paramere sensory lobe with strongly developed protuberance (Fig. 3F); first and second valvulae (gonapophyses 8 and 9) sharply pointed, not serrate apically (Figs 4H, I); first valvulae connected by membranous structure (Figs 4A, G). Description. Male. Macropterous. TEXTURE AND VESTITURE. Dorsum covered with sparse, short, irregularly distributed setae (Figs 1A, 2B–D). Head, pronotum, thoracic pleura, mesoscutum, scutellum, and abdomen with net-like sculpturation based on microsetae (Figs 2B–D). Head. Vertex, frons, and clypeus with several long, erect, cylindrical, regularly distributed, apically serrate bristles (Figs 2A–D); antennal segment I almost glabrous on basal one-third, covered with sparse semirecumbent setae; antennal segment II covered with setae similar to those on segment I but denser; segments III and IV missing in holotype (Figs 2A–D). Thorax. Pronotum. With four pairs of long, erect, cylindrical, regularly distributed, apically serrate bristles that are placed on pronotal calli, humeral angles, anterior portion of lateral margin and anterior part of pronotal calli (Figs 2B, D). Thoracic pleura. Clothed with sparse, short setae. Legs. Coxae and femora covered with fine, recumbent, rather short setae; tibiae and tarsi with relatively dense, stiff, semirecumbent setae, tibiae also with small black spinules organized in several straight and regular rows (Figs 2A, B). Abdomen. Clothed with relatively dense, moderately long semirecumbent setae (Fig. 2A). STRUCTURE. Body elongate oval (Fig. 1A). Head. Elongated horizontally (Figs 1A, C); vertex and frons with indistinct shallow longitudinal sulcus medially; vertex not carinate posteriorly with two indistinct small contiguous tubercles on medial portion of lateral margin; frons with two pairs of indistinct small tubercles bordering sides of medial longitudinal furrow (Figs 2B–D); clypeus with moderately developed medial rib along entire length, clypeal base situated above antennal insertions and ventral margin of eye (Figs 2C, D); antennal insertion contiguous with sulcus between maxillary and mandibular plates (Figs 2C, D); eye relatively large, reniform, its ventral margin reaching gula; mandibular plate without sulcus posteriorly (Fig 2D); antennal segment I mostly cylindrical, somewhat narrowed basally (Fig. 2D); segment II cylindrical, relatively stout, as thick as segment I (Fig. 2A); labium thin and long, reaching beyond metacoxae; segment I reaching xyphus, subdivided near medial part (Fig. 2A); segment II subdivided subapically. Thorax. Pronotum. Trapezoid, rather short; collar flattened, relatively broad, separated from remainder of pronotum by weakly developed, shallow sulcus; anterior lobe with small pit between calli; calli well developed, upraised, conical, sharply pointed; remainder of anterior lobe sloping toward lateral margin; lateral margin strongly carinate; humeral angle broad; posterior lobe with relatively small, weakly raised tubercles, each situated mediolaterally, bordering posterior margin (Fig. 2B). Scutellum. Somewhat convex medially (Fig. 2B). Thoracic pleura. Mesepimeral spiracle slit-like; scent gland evaporative area triangular, occupying entire ventral portion of metepisternum; metepimeron narrow, carinate posteriorly. Hemelytron. Claval commissure as long as scutellum; embolium broad; membrane with both cells well developed, major cell relatively short, its apex not reaching beyond apex of cuneus (Fig. 1A). Legs. Tarsus two-segmented; tarsomere I about two times shorter than tarsomere II; tarsomere II not subdivided (Fig. 2H); pretarsal structure with the well-developed middle row of tiles on the unguitractor plate; pretarsal claw with well-developed subapical claw tooth (Fig. 2I). Abdomen. Genitalia. Pygophore trapezoid, its dorsal wall as long as ventral wall, aperture terminated posteriorly (Figs 2G, 3A, B); aedeagus elongated; theca strongly sclerotized with relatively large sail-like process placed at right hand side subapically; ductus seminis moderately long and thin; distal, sclerotized part of ductus seminis inside endosoma relatively thick, long, apex reaching subapical portion of endosoma, weakly curved, mostly cylindrical, broadened and irregularly shaped; secondary gonopore undifferentiated; endosoma weakly membranous with relatively long, needle-like sclerite originating from membranous oval lobe placed apically of endosoma (Figs 3C, D); left paramere stout, C-shaped, apical process moderately long, straight, weakly tapering in lateral view, paramere body with small keel dorsally on area adjacent to apical process, sensory lobe with massive, long protuberance (Figs 3E–G); right paramere relatively thin, C-shaped, apical process relatively long and thick in lateral view, sensory lobe weakly developed, round (Figs 3H, I). Female. Similar to male in texture, vestiture, and structure (Figs 1B, D). Head. Antennal segment II thinner than segment I, covered with sparse semirecumbent setae (Figs 1B, D). Abdomen. Genitalia. Genital chamber (or bursa copulatrix) semicircular, mostly membranous, rather thin, not reaching laterally beyond rami of first valvulae (ra1, g8ra), sclerotized rings large (sr), paired, each occupying lateral one-third of genital chamber, ovoid, weakly rimmed (Figs 4A–C, E); lateral oviducts (odl) not contiguous with each other, their apical part reaching weakly beyond lateral margin of genital chamber, dorsal sac (ds) (sensu Pluot-Sigwalt & Matocq 2017) present, weakly developed, membranous, semiovoid, spermathecal gland (sgl) originating from posterior part of dorsal sac (Figs 4B–D); posterior wall of genital chamber with interramal sclerite (irs) strongly sclerotized, triangular (Fig. 4F); vestibulum without any sclerite around vulva; first and second valvulae (gonapophyses 8 and 9) (va1, gp8) with apex sharpened and not serrate (Figs 4H, I); first valvulae (gonapophysis 8) connected by membrane (m) (Figs 4A, G). Etymology. This genus is dedicated to Dr. Gerasimos Cassis in recognition of his great contribution to the study of the Heteroptera. The name is the combination of Cassis (Dr Gerasimos Cassis) and the Greek noun tropis, meaning keel (in reference to the genus Peritropis). The gender is feminine. Remarks. Cassisotropis and Infernotropis possess the characters presented by Gorczyca (2000) as diagnostic for Fulviini, i.e., the porrect head, antenna shorter than body length, with the segment II longest, labium thin, long, reaching at least beyond metafemora, forecoxae and forefemora enlarged. They also have a set of characters that are commonly found in the tribe in its current concept, such as: labial segments I and II subdivided; clypeal base situated above antennal insertions and ventral margin of eye; antennal insertion contiguous with sulcus between maxillary and mandibular plates; eye enlarged, reniform, its ventral margin reaching gula; mandibular plate without sulcus posteriorly; the genital capsule with the dorsal wall long, only weakly shorter than ventral wall, genital opening terminal in orientation; bursa copulatrix relatively thin, not reaching laterally beyond rami of the first valvulae (Wolski & Henry 2012, 2015; Wolski et al. 2017; Namyatova & Cassis 2019, 2021, 2022; Wolski 2021). Therefore, both genera are here included in the tribe Fulviini. Cassisotropis is similar and likely closely related to a group of fulviine genera having the dorsal surface verrucose or with net-like sculpturation based on tuberculate microsetae as noted among others in Peritropis Uhler, 1891 (Gorczyca & Wolski 2007: Fig. 9; Wolski & Henry 2012: Figs 27–32), species belonging to the anthocoroides group of the genus Fulvius Stål, 1862 (Pluot-Sigwalt & Chérot 2013), genera Euchilofulvius Poppius, 1909, Peritropisca Carvalho & Lorenzato, and Rewafulvius Carvalho, 1972 (Wolski & Gorczyca 2014: Figs 29–31), Sulawesifulvius Gorczyca, Chérot & Štys, 2004 (Wolski et al. 2017: Fig. 7), Ceratofulvius Reuter, 1902 (Namyatova & Cassis 2019: Fig. 18J) or Schmitzofulvius Gorczyca, 1998 (Wolski, pers. obs.). Within these genera, Cassisotropis is most similar to Peritropisca Carvalho and Lorenzato, 1978 known from Papua New Guinea in both sharing following set of characters: vertex and frons with longitudinal medial sulcus (Figs 2C, D; Wolski & Gorczyca 2014: Figs 23, 24), pronotal calli upraised, conical, and sharply pointed (Figs 2A, B; Wolski & Gorczyca 2014: Figs 3, 4), posterior lobe of pronotum with two well-developed mediolateral keels (Fig. 2B; Wolski & Gorczyca 2014), embolium wide (Figs 1A, B), and tarsus two-segmented with the second tarsomere not subdivided. Cassisotropis differs from Peritropisca in the lack of the transverse furrow along the posterior margin of head, medial and longitudinal keel on the posterior lobe of pronotum (as in Wolski & Gorczyca 2014: Figs 23, 24), and the metathoracic scent gland evaporative area relatively broad, occupying ventral part of metepisternum (Fig. 2F), whereas in Peritropisca it is narrow, restricted to posterior portion of metepisternum (Wolski & Gorczyca 2014: Fig. 33). Both genera can also be easily distinguished by the shape of the male genitalia (Fig. 3; Wolski & Gorczyca 2014: Figs 11–12). Among the Madagascan genera, Cassisotropis is most similar to Schmitzofulvius sharing (apart from the verrucose dorsal surface) the upraised, conical and sharply pointed calli (Figs 2A, B; Gorczyca 1999). The new genus can be distinguished primarily by the embolium not distinctly narrowed basally and the lack of translucent patch on corium (Gorczyca 1999, 1998).
Published as part of Taszakowski, Artur, Masłowski, Adrian, Wolski, Andrzej & Gorczyca, Jacek, 2022, Two new genera and species of the Fulviini (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae Cylapinae) from Madagascar, with a checklist of Madagascan cylapines, pp. 93-110 in Zootaxa 5209 (1) on pages 94-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7322521
{"references":["Pluot-Sigwalt, D. & Matocq, A. (2017) An investigation of the roof of the genital chamber in female plant-bugs with special emphasis on the \" dorsal sac \" (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 53 (1), 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2017.1285723","Gorczyca, J. (2000) A systematic study on Cylapinae with a revision of the Afrotropical Region (Heteroptera, Miridae). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego, Katowice, 176 pp.","Wolski, A. & Henry, T. J. (2012) Revision of the New World species of Peritropis Uhler (Heterotpera: Miridae: Cylapinae). Insect Systematics and Evolution, 43, 213 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 04303002","Wolski, A. & Henry, T. J. (2015) Review and a new subfamily placement of the plant bug genus Isometocoris Carvalho and Sailer, 1954 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae), with the description of a new species from Brazil. Proc. Entomological Society of Washington, 117 (3), 407 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.117.3.407","Wolski, A., Yasunaga, T., Gorczyca, J. & Herczek, A. (2017) Sulawesifulvius thailandicus - a new species of the genus Sulawesifulvius Gorczyca, Cherot & Stys from Thailand (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Cylapinae). Zookeys, 647, 109 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 647.10960","Wolski, A. (2021) Revised classification of the New World Cylapini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Cylapinae): taxonomic review of the genera Cylapinus, Cylapoides and Peltidocylapus and a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of Cylapini. Zootaxa Monograph, 5074 (1), 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5074.1.1","Uhler, P. R. (1891) Observations on some remarkable forms of Capsidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 2, 119 - 123.","Gorczyca, J. & Wolski A. (2007) A new species of the genus Peritropis from India (Heteroptera: Miridae: Cylapinae). Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv, 31, 89 - 93.","Stal, C. (1862) Hemiptera Mexicana enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 23, 81 - 118 + 289 - 325.","Pluot-Sigwalt, D. & Cherot, F. (2013) Donnees biologiques et anatomiques, regime alimentaire et taxonomie d'un nouveau Fulvius afrotropical (Insecta, Heteroptera, Miridae, Cylapinae, Fulviini). Zoosystema, 35 (1), 45 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2013 n 1 a 5","Poppius, B. (1909) Zur Kenntnis der Miriden-Unterfamilie Cylapina Reut. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 37 (4), 1 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9441","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1972) On a new genus and species of Fulviini from Rewa, Fiji (Hemiptera, Miridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 32, 53 - 54.","Wolski, A. & Gorczyca, J. (2014) Notes on the genera Peritropisca Carvalho & Lorenzato and Rewafulvius Carvalho (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Cylapinae), with the description of a new species of Peritropisca from Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3753 (2), 155 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3753.2.5","Gorczyca, J., Cherot, F. & Stys, P. (2004) A remarkable new genus of Cylapinae from Sulawesi (Heteroptera: Miridae). Zootaxa, 499 (1), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 499.1.1","Reuter, O. M., (1902) Miscellanea Hemipterologica. Ofversigt af Finska Vetenskapssocietetens Forhandlingar, 44, 141 - 188.","Gorczyca, J. (1998) Schmitzofulvius bigibber gen. et sp. nov. from Madagascar (Heteroptera, Miridae, Cylapinae). Acta Biologica Silesiana, 32 (49), 7 - 12.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & Lorenzato, L. M. (1978) The Cylapinae of Papua New Guinea (Hemiptera, Miridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 38, 121 - 149.","Gorczyca, J. (1999) On the Euchilofulvius - complex (Heteroptera, Miridae, Cylapinae). Genus, 10 (1), 1 - 12."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Empedocles, and Empedocles luridus

Empedocles luridus Brailovsky & Barrera, 1998 NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — Brazil • 2♂, ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Derrubadas; P. E. Turvo; 27°14’48.9”S, 53°57’36.7W / 27°13’49.5”S, 53°58’57.6”W / 27°13’26.4”S, 53°51’02.8”W guarda-chuva ent., A. Barcellos, R. Ott, I. Heidrich, L. Moura; 21/28/ 30.X.2003; MCNZ 54710, 54921, 176828 • ♀; São Franisco de Paula, Arno Lise, 4.?.1974; MCNZ 9571 • ♂; Salto do Jacuí, A. L. H. da Silva col. 06.V.1998; MCNZ 179291 • ♀; Montenegro; E. H. Buckup leg.; 17.XI.1977; MCNZ 10784 • ♀, ♂; Triunfo; A. Lise leg., T. Arigony leg.; 10.X/ 28.XI.1977; MCNZ 10781, 10783.
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on page 543, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Melucha, and Melucha lineatella

Melucha lineatella (Fabricius, 1803) NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — Brazil • ♂; Amapá; Porto Grande; E. L. Oliveira; 9.V.1982; INPA) • 2♀; Amazonas; Barcelos, Rio Aracá, Boca do Curuduri; 00°05’50”N, 63°17’22”W; Sopé da Serra do Aracá;0°52’24”N, 63°27’19”W; C.F. Schwertner col., C. Durigan, Varredura; coleta manual; VII.2007; 16.VI.2010; INPA • 2♀; Novo Airão AM 352 Ramal Km 10 02°42’56.5”S, 60°56’26.7”W; Armadilha luminosa móvel 18:00-21:00h and 21:00-24:00h; J.A. Rafael, D. Takiya & J.T. Câmara; 28-29.VIII.2011; INPA • ♀, 3♂; Obidos, Bx. Amazonas, Traira, Dirings; VIII/XII.59(1959?); MZSP 1695, 1797, 1699, 1700 • 4♀, ♂; Manaus, Estr. Am 1km 15; Res. Ducke; 02°55’S 59°59’W); Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke AM 010; 02°55’51”S, 59°58’59”W); Trilha do Barro Branco, Trilha da Ciência, J. T. Câmara, B.R.S. Machado, Serrão, Rose, A. Faustino, P. Torres, coleta manual, Rede entomológica; 29.VI.1970; 18.IV.1998, 10.IV.2002, 01-20.V.2010; INPA 3004 • ♀; Beruri, Rio Purus; 03°56’62”S, 61°21’02”W; Coleta Manual, Xavier & Aquino leg.; XII.2003; INPA • ♀; Novo Aripuanã, Lago Xadá; 05°15’39”S, 60°42’32”W); Coleta manual, F. Xavier, F. Godoi & A. Lourido Leg.; INPA • ♀; S. Gabriel da Cachoeira, Penny e Elias, 5-12.VII.1980; INPA • 3♀; Pará; Tucurui, Rio Tocantins, Chiqueirão, Canoal; M.F. Torres; 28.III.1984, 02/ 07.IV.1984; MPEG 05016513, 05016517, 05016502 • ♀; Mun. De Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz, Camargo, Dirings; V?/VI?.62(1962); MZSP • ♀, ♂; Belém Mocambo, P. Waldir, Exp. Perm. Amaz.; III.1964, 01.IV.1977; MPEG 05016672, MZSP 1730 • 2♀; Mun. Benevides; 408 km 06; Faz. Morelandia, M.F. Torres, W. França; 22.X.1991, 21.VI.1980; MPEG 05015926, 05016774 • ♀; Parauapebas, Carajás, Flona Carajás; INPA • ♀; Rondônia; Ouro Preto do Oeste, Margem direita Rio Paraiso; M.F. Torres; 17.III.1985; MPEG 05017563 • 3♀; Ouro Preto d’Oeste, Projeto Polonoroeste; C. Elias leg.; 29.X and 18.XI.1987; DZUP 361568, 361573, 363492.
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on page 545, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Mictis, and Mictis profana

Mictis profana (Fabricius, 1803) NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — Australia • ♀; NHRS-GULI000004334 • ♀; Karijini NP, Dales Gorge (WA 22:28.5S 118:33 OE), Reid, Lassau & Donnelly AM Pibara Survey (Biomaps) shrubs/trees, 26.XI.2003; AMS K549154 • ♀; South Australia: 12km E of Copely, Filinders Range; 322 m; 30°32’19”S, 138°31’52”E; Cassis, Schuh, Schwartz; CA01L60; 07.XI.2001 • 2♂, 2♀; QLD: Balgal Beach; 19:01S 146:24E; L. Weight, 05.I.1992; AMS K163829, K163831, K163830, K163832 • ♂; Cunnamulla, Q., N. Geary; 10.X.38(1938?); AMS K163826 • ♂; Miranda N. S. W., R. Havnstein; 11.VI.61(1961?); AMS K163848 • ♂; Plantiful CK. Q., G. Moore; 29.I45(1945?); AMS K163817 • ♂, ♀; Mt White, nr Coen, N. Qld, M. S. & B.J. Moulds; 10.I.1988; AMS K163863 • ♀; N. S. W. Killara., N. E. Kent, 4.XI.1945; MCNZ Permuta BMNH 1950-317 • ♂; N. S. W. Casula, M. I. Nikitin; 7.XI.1958; MCNZ Permuta BMNH 1959-57, Newton, NSW, R. Browne; 24.V.1985; AMS K163818 • 2♀; 55km S. Mt. Magnet, WA, G. A. Holloway; 30.XIII.1981; AMS K163852, K163851 • ♂; Horrocks Pass, SE of Port Augusta, S.A., M. S. & B. J. Moulds, 20.XI.1985; AMS K163827 • ♂; Rose Bay, NSW, J. Watson, 4.IX.1965; AMS K163820 • ♂; Karratha, nr. Derby, W. A., G. Jones, 26.I.1978; AMS K163850 • ♂; Serpentine Falls, Darling Ranges, W. A., G. A. Holloway & H. Hughes, 20.I.1971; AMS K163824 • ♂; Coral Bay turnoff, S. of Exmouth, W. A., G. A. Holloway; 31.VII.1978; AMS K163847 • ♂; Birralong, N. S. W., A. B. Marlar, II.25(1925?), K51151; AMS K549152 • ♀, 2♂; Pilbara, Dist, Rhodes Ridge Camp; 23° 06’04.9”S, 119°21’13.6”E; 694m; Caesalpinaceae Senna artemisioides subsp. Oligophylla; Perth 5636450, Host WA99-H75, Cassis & Silveira L 36, 30.V.1999; AMS K549155, K549158, K549157 • ♀; Bondi Sjsnas (?), Austral NSW., V. R. Bejsák lgt., 11.IX.84(1984?); AMS K163822 • ♀; Bobbin Head, P. Epskaine, R. B. A., 4.XI.68(1968?); AMS K549156 • ♀; Glen Gerald Gorge, Rawlinson Ranges, W. A., G. A. Holloway; 16.V.1983; AMS K163825 • ♀; Powella, Aramac, C. Q., F. Bradshaw, VIII.1920; AMS K163815 • ♀; John Forrest Nat’I Park, Darling Ranges, W. A., g A. Holloway & H. Hugher, 23.I.1971; AMS K163821 • ♀, ♂; 28 km W. Yalgoo, W. A., G. A. Holloway, 1.IX.1981; AMS K163854, K163855. Vanuatu • 2♀; Anatom IS. Anlghowhat, Umetch, M. J. W. Cock, 24/ 26.XI.1983; MCNZ Permuta BMNH 83-426, 83-429, C.I. E.COLL.A. 15654. Unspecified Locality Data • ♂; Woodlank, Mulsant(?), ENT/ G 10460; NHRS-Guli 000047305.
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on pages 543-544, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Pachylis, and Pachylis acutangulus

Pachylis acutangulus Stål, 1858 [1859] stat. rev. Pachylis acutangulus Stål, 1858 [1859]: 439 (acutangula); 1862: 275; 1870: 132. — Walker 1871: 53. — Uhler 1886: 10. — Distant 1881: 108; 1892: 352. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 14. — Blöte 1938: 303. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Thasus acutangulus – Gibson & Carillo 1959: 23. — Aldrich & Blum 1978: 58. — Schaefer & O’Shea 1979: 521. — O’Shea 1980: 219. — Brailovsky et al. 1994b: 325. — Schaefer & Packauskas 1997: 206. — Arnett 2000: 256. — Forbes & Schaefer 2003: 240. — Packauskas 2010: 187. — Linares & Orozco 2017: 20. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — Mexico • 1♂; Baja Calif. Sur. 5 km. E San Antonio; R. L. Aalbu col.; VIII.[19]75; CAS • 3 ♀; Chiapas, N. slope of Cerro Bola N. Cerro Tres Picos; 1224-2134 m alt.; El Sumidero 18 km N. Tuxtla Gutier rez; alt. 1372 m; D. E. Breedlove, Carolyn Mullinex; 5.V/ 19.VIII.1972; CAS • 1♂; Vera Cruz, Koebele, Koebele Collection; CAS; Sta. Rosa, Toledo, Veracruz 1200 m, Pe. Moure & R. Ayah; 14.VIII.1982; DZUP361301. Guatemala • 1♀, 7♂; Panajachel, D. Q. Cavagnaro & M. E. Irwin Collectors; 19.VIII.63 [1963?].
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on page 521, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932
{"references":["STAL C. 1858 [1859]. - Hemipterologiska bidrag. Ofversigt af Konglika Vetenskaps-Akadamiens Forhandlingar 15: 433 - 454.","STAL C. 1862. - Hemiptera mexicana enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Stettin Entomologische Zeitung 23: 273 - 281.","STAL C. 1870 - 1876. - Enumeratio Hemipterorum Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska middelanden [1870, part 1, 9: 1 - 232; 1873, part. 3, 11 (2): 1 - 163]. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 938 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12549","UHLER P. R. 1886. - Check List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of North America. Brooklyn Entomological Society, Brooklyn, New York, 32 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12636","DISTANT W. L. 1881 - 1893. - Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera Heteroptera. Volume 1 - 3. Biologia Centrali Americana, London, 462 p.","LETHIERRY L. F. & SEVERIN G. 1894. - Catalogue general des hemipteres. Tome II Heteropteres: Coreidae, Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhociridae. Academie Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles, 227 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15830","BLOTE H. C. 1938. - Catalogue of the Coreidae in the Rijksmuseum van natuurlijke Historie. Part 4. Coreinae, Third part. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden 20: 275 - 308.","CoreoideaSF Team 2020. - Coreoidea Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Coreoidea. SpeciesFile. org / (junho / 2020).","GIBSON E. H. & CARILLO J. L. 1959. - Lista de insectos de la collecion entomologica de la officina de estudios especiales. S. A G. Folleto, Miscelaneo, 254 p.","ALDRICH J. R. & BLUM M. S. 1978. - Aposematic aggregation of a bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae): The defensive display and formation of aggregations. Biotropica 10 (1): 58 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2388106","SCHAEFER C. W. & O'SHEA R. 1979. - Host plants of three coreine tribes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72: 519 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 72.4.519","O'SHEA R. 1980. - A generic revision of the Nematopodini (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 15 (3 - 4): 197 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528009360574","BRAILOVSKY H., SCHAEFER C. W., BARRERA E. & PACKAUSKAS R. 1994 b. - A revision of the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Nematopodini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 102: 318 - 343.","SCHAEFER C. W. & PACKAUSKAS R. 1997. - Notes on the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 105: 206 - 214.","ARNETT R. H. 2000. - American Insects, A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press, Washington, 1003 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482273892","FORBES G. & SCHAEFER C. W. 2003. - Further notes on the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 111: 235 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.1664 / 0028 - 7199 (2003) 111 [0235: FNOTGT] 2.0. CO; 2","PACKAUSKAS R. 2010. - Catalog of the Coreidae, or Leaf-Footed Bugs, of the New World. Fort Hays State University (ser. 4, n. 5), Kansas, 270 p.","LINARES C. & OROZCO J. 2017. - The Coreidae of Honduras (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Biodiversity Data Journal 5: 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 5. e 13067"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Pachylis, and Pachylis argentinus

Pachylis argentinus Berg, 1879 Pachylis argentinus Berg, 1879: 64-66. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 13. — Pennington 1920: 15. — Bosq 1937: 116; 1940: 403. — Blöte 1938: 303. — Ruffinelli & Pirán 1959: 26. — Grazia-Vieira & Casini 1973: 61. — Schaefer & O’Shea 1979: 521. — O’Shea 1980: 211. — Packauskas 2010: 176. — Garcete-Barrett 2016: 129. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — Brazil • 2 ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguaiana; 23.IX.1993; João Cantarelli col.; MCTP 22915, 22906 • 1♂; 1.XI.1993; Roberto Vieira col.; MCTP 22922. Argentina • 2 ♂; Buenos Aires; sobre pileta natación; IX.1938; M. Viana col. • 1♂; San José (cufrá); 8.XII.91; 13C74a26; E. F. Acosta y Lara col. • 3 ♂; La Plata, jardin botânico, Facultad de Agronomia; 25.XI.1955; sobre Acacia cavenia; J. Marchioni col. • 1♂; Corrientes, São Roque; II.1980 • 1♀; Casco Urbana, La Plata, Ba, Aq.; I.17; Varela col.; MLPA • 2 ♂, 1♀; Tucuman, Capital; X.1938; IBSP 0006.835, 0006.827, 0006.804 • 1♂; IBSP 0006.831 • 1♀, 1♂; Cordoba, Capilladel Monte; XI.1943; MNHCI 10565, DZUP 361464.
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on page 521, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932
{"references":["BERG C. 1879. - Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas. X typographiae P. E. Coni, Bonariae, 316 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493","LETHIERRY L. F. & SEVERIN G. 1894. - Catalogue general des hemipteres. Tome II Heteropteres: Coreidae, Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhociridae. Academie Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles, 227 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15830","PENNINGTON M. S. 1920. - Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Primera parte Pentatomoidae - Coreidea. Buenos Aires, 16 p.","BOSQ J. M. 1937. - Lista preliminar de los Hemipteros (Heteropteros), especialmente relacionados com la agricultura nacional. Revista de Ia Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 9: 111 - 134.","BOSQ J. M. 1940. - Lista preliminar de los hemipteros (Heteropteros); especialmente relacionados con la agricultura nacional. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 10: 399 - 417.","BLOTE H. C. 1938. - Catalogue of the Coreidae in the Rijksmuseum van natuurlijke Historie. Part 4. Coreinae, Third part. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden 20: 275 - 308.","RUFFINELLI A. & PIRAN A. A. 1959. - Hemipteros Heteropteros del Uruguay. Boletin de la Facultad de Agronomia de Montevideo 51: 1 - 60.","GRAZIA- VIEIRA J. & CASINI C. E. 1973. - Lista preliminar dos heteropteros uruguaios da regiao Nordeste. Pentatomidae e Coreidae (Insecta; Heteroptera). Iheringia Serie Zoologia, 44: 55 - 63.","SCHAEFER C. W. & O'SHEA R. 1979. - Host plants of three coreine tribes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72: 519 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 72.4.519","O'SHEA R. 1980. - A generic revision of the Nematopodini (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 15 (3 - 4): 197 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528009360574","PACKAUSKAS R. 2010. - Catalog of the Coreidae, or Leaf-Footed Bugs, of the New World. Fort Hays State University (ser. 4, n. 5), Kansas, 270 p.","GARCETE- BARRETT B. 2016. - Catalogo Ilustrado De La Coleccion De Chinches De La Familia Coreidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Del Museo Nacional De Historia Natural Del Paraguay. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 20: 109 - 147.","CoreoideaSF Team 2020. - Coreoidea Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Coreoidea. SpeciesFile. org / (junho / 2020)."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Pachylis, and Pachylis gigas

Pachylis gigas Klug, 1835 in Burmeister (1835) stat. rev. Pachylis gigas Klug in Burmeister, 1835: 338. — Brullé 1835: 368. — Blanchard 1840: 121. — Dallas 1852: 383. — Stål 1862: 275; 1867: 158. — Walker 1871: 52. — Wilson 1909: 91. — Blöte 1938: 303. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Thasus gigas – Stål 1870: 132. — Distant 1881: 108; 1892: 351. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 14. — Gibson & Carrillo 1959: 24. — Schaefer & O’Shea 1979: 521. — O’Shea 1980: 219. — Schaefer & Mitchell 1983: 600. — Manna 1984: 194. — Henry & Froeschner 1988: 89. — Brailovsky et al. 1994b: 325; 1994a: 247; 1995: 73. — Schaefer & Packauskas 1997: 206. — Forbes & Schaefer 2003: 239. — Packauskas 2010: 188. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — Mexico • ♂; Aguascalientes Rincon de Romos, 6300’ rocks, Agave; R. L. Aalbu col.; 9.VII.82[1982?] • 3♂; 1♀; Cuernavaca, Crawfer; CAS • 1♂, 1♀; Querétaro St., Villa Bernal; 20°44’41”N, 99°56’22”W; 2060m a.s.l.; J. E. Eger & H. Brailovsky; 1.VII.2015; FSCA • 4 ♀; Zimapan; 26/29.VIII.41[1941?]; CAS • ♂; Estado de Morelos; 8 km S. of Cuernavaca; 1300m; Edward S. Ross; 6.IX.1980; CAS.
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on page 522, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932
{"references":["KLUG J. C. F. 1835. - Pachylis gigas. In BURMEISTER H. (ed) Handbuch der Entomologie. Gustav Reimer, Berlin, 400 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 35274","BURMEISTER H. 1835. - Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Ordnung. Rhynchota, Berlin, 400 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 35274","BRULLE A. 1835. - Histoire naturelle des insects (Coleopteres, Orthopteres et Hemipteres), traitant de leur organisation et de leurs moeurs en general part V. Volume 9. Audouin et comprenant leur classification et la description des especes part Brulle; Paris, 56 plates, 415 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 34228","BLANCHARD E. 1840. - Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres, Neuropteres, Hemipteres, Lepidopteres, et Dipteres. Hemipteres, Volume 3. Dumeril, Paris, 134 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59226","DALLAS W. S. 1852. - List of the specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Catalog of Hemiptera. Part 2. Taylor and Francis, London, 638 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 20373","STAL C. 1862. - Hemiptera mexicana enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Stettin Entomologische Zeitung 23: 273 - 281.","STAL C. 1867. - Analecta hemipterologica. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 10: 151 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18660100112","WILSON E. B. 1909. - Studies on Chromosomes, IV The \" acessory \" chromosome in Syromastes and Pyrrochoris with a comparitve review of the types of sexual differences of the chromosome groups. Journal of Experimental Zoology 6: 69 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jez. 1400060103","BLOTE H. C. 1938. - Catalogue of the Coreidae in the Rijksmuseum van natuurlijke Historie. Part 4. Coreinae, Third part. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden 20: 275 - 308.","CoreoideaSF Team 2020. - Coreoidea Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Coreoidea. SpeciesFile. org / (junho / 2020).","STAL C. 1870 - 1876. - Enumeratio Hemipterorum Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska middelanden [1870, part 1, 9: 1 - 232; 1873, part. 3, 11 (2): 1 - 163]. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 938 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12549","DISTANT W. L. 1881 - 1893. - Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera Heteroptera. Volume 1 - 3. Biologia Centrali Americana, London, 462 p.","LETHIERRY L. F. & SEVERIN G. 1894. - Catalogue general des hemipteres. Tome II Heteropteres: Coreidae, Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhociridae. Academie Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles, 227 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15830","SCHAEFER C. W. & O'SHEA R. 1979. - Host plants of three coreine tribes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72: 519 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 72.4.519","O'SHEA R. 1980. - A generic revision of the Nematopodini (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 15 (3 - 4): 197 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528009360574","SCHAEFER C. W. & MITCHELL P. L. 1983. - Food plants of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 76: 591 - 615. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 76.4.591","MANNA G. K. 1984. - Chromosomes in evolution in Heteroptera. Chapter 8 In SHARMA, A. K. (ed) Chromosomes in Evolution of Eukaryotic Groups. Volume II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 280 p.","HENRY T. J. & FROESCHNER R. C. 1988. - Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. Brill Academic Publishers, New York, 958 p.","BRAILOVSKY H., SCHAEFER C. W., BARRERA E. & PACKAUSKAS R. 1994 b. - A revision of the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Nematopodini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 102: 318 - 343.","BRAILOVSKY H., BARRERA E., MAYORGA C. & LEON G. O. 1994 a. - Estadios ninfales de los coreidos del valle de Tehuacan, Puebla. (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) I. Chelinidea staffilesi, C. tabulate y Narnia femorata. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico 65: 241 - 264.","BRAILOVSKY H., MAYORGA C., LEON G. O. & BARRERA E. 1995. - Estadios ninfales de los Coreidos del Valle de Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico (HemipteraHeteroptera) II. Especies asociados a huizachera (Acacia spp.) y mezquiteras (Prosopis spp.): Mozena lunata, Pachylis hector, Savius jurgiosus y Thasus gigas. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico 66: 57 - 80.","SCHAEFER C. W. & PACKAUSKAS R. 1997. - Notes on the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 105: 206 - 214.","FORBES G. & SCHAEFER C. W. 2003. - Further notes on the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 111: 235 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.1664 / 0028 - 7199 (2003) 111 [0235: FNOTGT] 2.0. CO; 2","PACKAUSKAS R. 2010. - Catalog of the Coreidae, or Leaf-Footed Bugs, of the New World. Fort Hays State University (ser. 4, n. 5), Kansas, 270 p."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Pachylis, and Pachylis heteropus

Pachylis heteropus (Latreille, 1811) stat. rev. Coreus heteropus Latreille, 1811: 189. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pachylis heteropus – Dallas 1852: 385. — Stål 1870: 132. — Walker 1871: 53. — Blöte 1938: 304. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Thasus heteropus – Lethierry & Severin 1894: 14. — O’Shea 1980: 219. — Froeschner 1981: 23. — Brailovsky et al. 1994b: 330. — Packauskas 2010: 188. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020.
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on page 522, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932
{"references":["LATREILLE P. A. 1811. - Insectes de l'Amerique Equinoxiale, recueillis pendant la voyage de MM, in HUMBOLDT A. & BONPLAND A. (ed.), Recueil d'Observations de Zoologie et d'anatomie comparee; Faites dans l'ocean Atlantique, dans l'interieur du nouveau continent et dans la mer du Sud, pendant le annees 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, et 1803. Gallica Bibliotheque Numerique, Paris, 416 p.","CoreoideaSF Team 2020. - Coreoidea Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Coreoidea. SpeciesFile. org / (junho / 2020).","DALLAS W. S. 1852. - List of the specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Catalog of Hemiptera. Part 2. Taylor and Francis, London, 638 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 20373","STAL C. 1870 - 1876. - Enumeratio Hemipterorum Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska middelanden [1870, part 1, 9: 1 - 232; 1873, part. 3, 11 (2): 1 - 163]. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 938 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12549","BLOTE H. C. 1938. - Catalogue of the Coreidae in the Rijksmuseum van natuurlijke Historie. Part 4. Coreinae, Third part. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden 20: 275 - 308.","LETHIERRY L. F. & SEVERIN G. 1894. - Catalogue general des hemipteres. Tome II Heteropteres: Coreidae, Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhociridae. Academie Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles, 227 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15830","O'SHEA R. 1980. - A generic revision of the Nematopodini (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 15 (3 - 4): 197 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528009360574","FROESCHNER R. C. 1981. - Heteroptera or true bugs of Ecuador: A partial catalog. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 322: 1 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.322","BRAILOVSKY H., SCHAEFER C. W., BARRERA E. & PACKAUSKAS R. 1994 b. - A revision of the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Nematopodini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 102: 318 - 343.","PACKAUSKAS R. 2010. - Catalog of the Coreidae, or Leaf-Footed Bugs, of the New World. Fort Hays State University (ser. 4, n. 5), Kansas, 270 p."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Pachylis, and Pachylis laticornis

Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798) (Figs 20-27) Lygaeus femoratus Lichtenstein, 1796: 107 (name unavailable, ICZN opinion 1820). Lygaeus laticornis Fabricius, 1798: 538; 1803: 208. — Latreille 1807: 121. — Thunberg 1823: 2. — Burmeister 1835: 339. — Amyot & Serville 1843: 194. — Stål 1870: 131. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pendulinus bidentatus Thunberg, 1825: 6. — Stål 1855: 347; 1870: 131. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pendulinus maculatus Thunberg, 1825: 5. — Stål 1855: 347 (larva); 1870: 132. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pendulinus gigas Thunberg, 1825: 7. — Stål 1855: 347; 1870: 131. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pendulinus grossus Thunberg, 1825: 7. — Stål 1870: 131. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pachylis laticornis – Le Peletier & Serville 1825: 62. — Laporte 1833: 29. — Herrich-Schaeffer 1836: 63-64; 1851: 259; 1853: 146. — Spinola 1837: 135. — Blanchard 1840: 122. — Westwood 1842: 4. — Dallas 1852: 384. — Stål 1855: 347; 1858: 29; 1867: 158; 1868: 46; 1870: 131. — Uhler 1869: 323. — Walker 1871: 52. — Berg 1879: 64. — Distant 1881: 107; 1901: 327. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 13. — Osborn 1904: 197. — Bergroth 1913: 144. — Torre-Bueno 1915: 218. — Pennington 1920: 13. — Campos 1925: 53. — Monte 1937: 70. — Blöte 1938: 303. — Schaefer & O’Shea 1979: 521. — O’Shea 1980: 211. — Froeschner 1981: 23. — Aldrich et al. 1982: 1369. — Schaefer & Mitchell 1983: 600. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pachylis rufitarsis Spinola, 1837: 136. — Stål (1870): 131. — Dallas 1852: 384. — Packauskas 2010: 177 (rufitarsusus). — CoreoideaSF Team 2020 (rufitarsus). Pachylis grossus Westwood 1842: 13. — Distant 1901: 327. Thasus grossus – Stål 1870: 133. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 14. — Distant 1901: 327. Pachylis serus Berg, 1881: 260-261. — Brailovsky & Guerrero 2014: 362. — Distant 1888: vii. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 14. — Pennington 1920: 13. — Grazia-Vieira & Casini 1973: 61. — Conceição & Viana Filho 1994: 149. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pachylis gigas – Ueshima 1979: 69. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pachylis laticornis var. annulipes Blöte, 1938: 303. — O’Shea 1980: 211. Pachylis furvus Brailovsky & Guerrero, 2014: 369. n. syn. Pachylis laticornis laticornis – Costa et al. 2021: 326. TYPE MATERIAL (PHOTOS). — Lygaeus laticornis Fabricius, 1798 – possible synotype ♂ “Amer. Merid. Schmidt Müs. Jond Lund Lygaeüs laticornis Fabr ”, “Male”, ZMUC 00513668 • Pachylis grossus Westwood, 1842 – lectotype ♂; OUMNH, labels: “Type. Westw. (HOPE) C. Hemipt. 1842 Part II, p. 13 Distant, P.Z.S., 1901, p. 325-335”, “hec.(?) femoratus(?) front(?) acuminat(?)”, “Type”, “ Pachylis laticornis Fabr. ”, “ Coreus heteropus det. Hum(?)...(?)”, “ Cimex femoratins”, “Type Hem: 309 Pachylis grossus Westwood HOPE DEP. OXFORD ” • Pachylis laticornis annulipes Blöte, 1938 – holotype ♀, RMNH, labels: “ Holotypus VAR.”, “v. Lansberge, Caracas.”, “Museum Leiden. Pachylis laticornis F. Det: Blöte”, “Museum Leiden. Pachylis laticornis F. v. annulipes Blöte Det:” • Pachylis furvus Brailovsky & Guerrero, 2014 – holotype ♂; FMNH, data from Brailovsky & Guerrero (2014): Colombia: Meta, Villavicencio, 18.VII.1938, H. Dybas. NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — Mexico • 1♂; Chiapas, S. slope of Cerro Vernal 13 mi. S. of Tonalá; alt. 610 m; 5.X.1974; D. E. Breedlove & J. A. Breedlove. Panama • 1 ♀; Fort Clayton, C. Z.; 15.III.45; K. E. Frick col.; CAS • 1♂; IV.44, K. E. Frick col.; CAS. Guiana • 1♂; Demerara; 24.IV.01; R. J. Crew; CAS. Peru • 1♀; Dept. Amazonas, Montenegro, forested, mtn. slopes; alt. 300 m; 22-25.I.1964; P. C. Hutchison and J. K. Wright col.; CAS • 1♀; Leoncio Prado, Tingo Maria, Monzon Valley; 10.XI.1954; E. I. Schlinger & E. S. Ross col.; CAS • 1♀; Satipo; VIII. 1944; P. Paprzyck [77256]; FIOC • 1♀; II.1944; P. Paprzyck [77255]; FIOC. Brazil • 1♂; Amapá, Serra do Navio, Rio Amapari, Diversitas Neotropica; 06.V.1994; Nr. Campo: 326; MZSP • 1♀; Amazonas, Alto Solimões; XII.1979; A. Lise leg. [14721]; MCNZ • 2 ♂; Amazonas; Benjamin Constant; Rio Javari; III.1961; Dirings; MZSP • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus, BR 174 km; 18, 26.II.1980; C. Fonseca; INPA • 1♂; Amazonas, Manaus; 18.II.1963; [2499]; INPA • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus; 17.XI.1978 (?1878); Cristovão; INPA • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus; I.N.P.M.; III-IV.76; Montouchet & Buhrnhein col. [1758]; ZUEC • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus; 17.XI.1978; Cristovão; INPA • 1♂; Amazonas, Manaus; 24.IV.76; Nilce; INPA • 1♂; Amazonas, Manaus, BR 174 km 45; V.82; E. Oliveira col.; INPA • ♂; Amazonas, Manaus; 27.II.1982; E. F. Ribeiro; INPA • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus; 18.III.1976; Paraluppi; INPA • 1♂; Amazonas, Manaus; 25.V.82; F.U.R., Latorre L. R.; INPA • ♂; Amazonas, Manaus, Est. Aleixo km 4; IV.1975; P. Ivo Braga col.; INPA • 1♀; Pará, Ananindeua; 28.IX.1997; Moacir Ribeiro, [05017941]; MPEG • 4 ♂; Pará, Baker; CAS • 1♂; Pará, Belém; 22.V.1983; A. L. Henriques; INPA • 1♀; Pará, Belém; 15.IV.1980; A. Barreto [05017129]; MPEG • 2 ♂; Pará, Serra Norte; 25.VI.1985; N. Bittencourt [05015855; 05015856]; MPEG • 1♀; Paraíba; João Pessoa; VII.1955; Pe. Pereira [1788]; MZSP • 1♂; Paraíba; João Pessoa; VII.1977; Victor Daniel; INPA • 1♀, 2 ♂; Distrito Federal; Brasília; 29.XI.65; D. Suere M. Becker [004719; 004720; 004721]; MCNZ • 3 ♀, 2 ♂; Distrito Federal, Brasília, Campus UnB; 27.X.65; D. Suere M. Becker [004727; 004723; 004745; 004747; 004748]; MCNZ • 1♂; Distrito Federal, Brasília, Campus UnB, sobre cretifera; 27.X.65; C. Alho [004732]; MCNZ • 1♀; Distrito Federal, Brasília, Campus UnB, sobre cretifera; 23.X.65; C. Alho [004734]; MCNZ • 2 ♀; Minas Gerais; Alpinópolis; II.1961; Claudionor Elias [361317; 361318]; DZUP • 1♀; Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Base da Serra do Curral; 19°57’20”S, 43°54’30”W; 15.IV.2017; H. N. Vasconcelos, N. N. Vasconcelos & M. F. Vasconcelos [H640] (ENT MCN PUC Minas • 1♀, 4 ♂; Minas Gerais; Ibiá; 11.X.1965; C. Elias leg. [361312; 361313; 361319; 361397; 361398]; DZUP • 1♀, 1♂; Minas Gerais; São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto; 18°07’07”S, 43°20’41”W; 28.V.2015; Moreira-Silva L. Paprocki H. [H973; H974]; ENT MCN PUC Minas • 1♀; Espírito Santo, Baixo Guandu; 23-31.XII.1970; C. Elias col. [361303]; DZUP • 1♀; Espírito Santo, Conceição da Barra; 26-30.XI.1968; Tadeu & C. Elias col. [363428]; DZUP • 1♂; Espírito Santo, Conceição da Barra; 24-30.IV.69; C. & C. T. Elias leg. [361441]; DZUP • 2 ♂; Espírito Santo, Linhares; 2-7.VIII.1974; C. Elias col. [363426; 363427]; DZUP • 2 ♀, 7 ♂; Espírito Santo, Santa Teresa; 7.XII.64; C. Elias leg. [361329; 361641; 361642; 361660; 361661; 361662; 361663; 361664; 361665]; DZUP • ♂; Rio de Janeiro, D.F. Corcovado; IX.1959; Alvarenga e Seabra [361330]; DZUP • 1♂; Rio de Janeiro, D.F. Corcovado; XII.1958; Alvarenga e Seabra [361394]; DZUP • 1♂; Rio D.F.; VIII.54; L. B. H.; MCNZ • 1♀; Rio de Janeiro, Manguinhos; I.86; Catharina M.E.G.F. [77253]; FIOC • 1♀; Rio de Janeiro; D. Mendes [0.006.828]; CEAH • 1♂; São Paulo, Campinas, Fazenda Santa Genebra; 17.XI.1977 [2387]; ZUEC • 1♂; São Paulo, Campinas, Santa Genebra; 20.X.2003; E. P.Teixeira col. [7778]; CEAH • 2 ♀; São Paulo, Guarulhos; I.1953; P. A. Blumer; MHNCI • 1♂; São Paulo, Ilha dos Búzios; 16.X-4. XI.1963 [1775]; MZSP • 1♂; São Paulo, Jundiaí; 28.X.1961; L. R. Silva col. [1777]; MZSP • 1♂; São Paulo, Jundiaí; 5.XII.1961; Werner col. [1783]; MZSP • 2 ♂; São Paulo, Mogi Guaçu, Faz. Campininha; 17-19.XI.1967; H. Reichardt col. [1784, 1785]; MZSP • 1♂; São Paulo, Represa R. Grande G.B.; 9.I.67; F. M. Oliveira leg. [361395]; DZUP • 1♀; São Paulo, Rio Claro, Lago Azul, leisure area hand collected; 25.X.2008; Cardoso, A. R. col.; FEIS • 1♂; São Paulo, Ypiranga; XI.19; Hempel [81045]; FIOC • 1♂; São Paulo, São Sebastião, Flamboyant; 29.III.89; Martines J. [0.006.834]; CEAH • 1♂; São Paulo, São Pedro, Cerrado; 18-25. IV.2002; Feitosa R. M. col.; MZSP • 2 ♀, 1♂; Paraná, Jaguariaíva, 3.XI.72, Pe. Moure leg. [361437; 361438; 361439]; DZUP • 1♂; Paraná, Jaguariaíva; 28.XII.66; F. Giacomel leg. [361331]; DZUP) • 2 ♂; Paraná, Jaguariaíva; 28.XII.1969; F. Giacomel leg. [361314; 361396]; DZUP • 1♀, 1♂; Paraná, Jaguariaíva; 2.IX.1974; Rosado Neto [361428; 361429]; DZUP • 1♂; Paraná, Ponta Grossa; XI.1942; MHNCI • 1♀, 1 ♂; Paraná, Ponta Grossa; XI.1945; MHNCI • 1♂; Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Pedreira; XI.43 [361316]; DZUP • 1♀, ♂; Tibagi, Salto da Conceição; XII.57 [361299; 361393]; DZUP • 1♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves; II.55; E. Viana leg. [004756]; MCNZ • 1♀, 1♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Canoas; 27.XI.58; D. C. Redaelli leg. [02965; 02967]; MCNZ • 1♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Lageado; I.65; H. Bofinen leg. [02964]; MCNZ • 1♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Montenegro [004743]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Montenegro; 1.XII.1977; A. Lise leg. [11505]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; 16.I.76; L. N. Ramos [04923]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; XII.73; F. Z. da Cruz [04937]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; 17.XII.1980; M. Anaide leg. [46425]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; 24.XI.1985; T. de Lema leg. [48574]; MCNZ • 2 ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; XII.1981; T. de Lema leg. [46321; 46322]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; 29.XI.1984; E. M. L. M. Santos leg. [48378]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre; 20.XII.1977; A. Pereira leg. [14714]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; 16.VIII.80; Antonio leg. [04924]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Verão 62/63 [004742]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Belém Novo; 6.XII.62 [04938]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Jardim Botânico; XI.1991; A. Pereira leg. [50441]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Jardim Botânico; 30.XI.1990 [50363]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, J. Botânico, XI.1991, A.Pereira leg. [50440]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Triunfo, 27.X.1977, M. E. Lanzer leg. [11503]; MCNZ • 1♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Viamão, Águas Claras; 27.XII.1987; A. P. Nunes leg. [49775]; MCNZ • 1♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Viamão; XI.56; M. Palova leg. [004740]; MCNZ. DIAGNOSIS. — Black to light brown, usually without evident bands or stains, except for antennomeres III, always with the basal articulation yellow. Antennomeres III expanded, the external expansion larger than the internal. Pronotum semitrapezoidal, with protruding humeral angles, not forming spines, and slightly sloping. Genital capsule with the expansion of the superior layer of ventral rim rounded or triangular; upper lateral process with rounded ventral margin. Proximal conduit of the spermatheca elongated with no more than three turns; spermathecal pump as wide as long. REDESCRIPTION Coloration General color. Black to light brown (Figs 20; 21). Head usually with bands and spots lighter than the general color, such as the union between the mandibular plates, maxillary plates, and clypeus, in addition to macules on the side of the ocelli. Black or light brown, with a light spot at the base and apex of labial segment II, occasionally the lateral margin of segment I is yellow. Antenniferous tubercles black, often with a lighter outer margin. Antennomeres I and II completely black, sometimes apical portion of antennomers II yellow; III with black apical half and yellow at base; IV yellow at base and all the rest black. Pronotum black to brown. Black scutellum and in some cases lighter, but not contrasting, lateral margins and apex. Ostioles and peritremes brown, lighter than the pleura. Hemelytral veins rarely lighter than the general color. Light brown coxae and femora, the latter distally black. Tibiae and trochanters usually black, sometimes with yellow tones in the proximal portion. Tarsomeres I and II with black ends and a larger, central yellow portion. Dorsal abdomen light brown, contrasting with the connexivum; abdominal glands scars usually yellow. Connexival segments usually with yellow spots on the central portion and the posterior margin; spiracles sometimes yellowish; abdominal sternites light brown and posterior margin usually yellow. Female sternite VII brown to reddish brown, with darker lateral margins and posterolateral angles; plica usually contrasting, yellow or black. Genital capsule dark reddish brown. Morphology Head. Subquadrangular, covered by tiny bristles, mainly in the dorsal surface and antennae. Deflected clypeus, extending beyond the antenniferous tubercles and mandibular plates. Deflected and concave mandibular plates. Antennomeres ratio: IV>I>II>III; antennomere I slightly more robust than II and IV; antennomere III usually expanded between the median portion and the apex, the external expansion larger than the internal, the latter grooved; antennomere IV fusiform. Thorax. Semitrapezoidal pronotum; collar marked dorsally, laterally not projected in relation to the head and posterior margin slightly concave; anterior pronotal angles subtly projected to the sides, without spine; smooth anterolateral margins, with tubercles close to the humeral angle; salient humeral angles, not forming a spine, in some specimens slightly sloping in posterior view; posterolateral margin truncated and smooth. Pronotal disc with tiny protrusions, usually imperceptible with the thin layer of bristles, which gives a velvety appearance to the surface; pronotal calli smooth, without bristles and not protruding; posterior portion of the pronotal disc deflected in relation to the central portion, giving the impression of a low carina. Scutellum as wide as long; wider than long in some females; generally with wrinkles irregularly distributed. Hemelytra reaching the last abdominal segment; corium covered by tiny bristles; hemelytral membrane with 4 to 5 basal cells followed by many parallel longitudinal veins. Pleura with few and sparse bristles; in some specimens, tufts of yellowish bristles lateral to the coxal sockets. Scent gland ostiole larger than peritreme; elongated peritreme, with the anterior portion larger than the posterior.Reduced prosternum, due to the closeness of the procoxae; meso- and metasternum smooth. Unarmed coxae and trochanters, except the male hind legs. Pro- and mesofemora with a pair of distal spines, positioned side by side and on two reduced carinas; smooth dorsal and lateral margins, including in the metafemora. Metafemora with 4-7 spines arranged in two rows, which may vary in the same individual; the male central and distal spines larger than the others, which may be greater in number than in females; when the female distal spine is robust, subsequent spines progressively smaller towards the femoral apex. Pro- and mesotibiae subtriangular in cross section, without spines, grooved dorsally and with thickened distally.Ventrally expanded metatibiae, the expansion reduced in the female; grooved anteriorly, longitudinally curved in the male and straight in the female; with a ventral row of 3-4 tiny apical spines, one of them larger in the male. Tarsomeres I and II triangular in cross section with numerous setae covering the ventral margin; tarsomere III club-shaped. Abdomen. Connexivum and sternites with few sparse bristles. Connexiva III-VII with apical spine, usually larger in the male and absent in the female connexivum VII. Spiracles III-VII large, elliptical, and with slightly projected margins. Grooves and punctures near spiracles III-VII.Posterior margin of male’s sternite VII uniformly convex, with a median longitudinal fissure. Posterior margin of female’s sternite VII strongly concave, with truncated posterolateral margins not extending beyond the posterior margin of valvifers VIII; presence of a longitudinal fissure with overlapping margins and with the posterior and central margins projected over valvifers VIII. Female plica concave to straight and anterior to the spiracles. Anterior margin of the female tergite IX projected anteriorly. Male genitalia (Figs 22-24 ). Genital capsule covered by bristles posteriorly (Figs 22; 23 A-C), piriform in dorsal and ventral views and rounded in posterior view; superior layer of ventral rim expanded in two rounded or triangular lateral projections (Figs 22; 23B: Vlp); posterior margin of the inferior layer of ventral rim straight to sinuous (Figs 22; 23B: Pls). Parameres not visible in rest position, thin and sclerotized; head hook-shaped, foot slightly wider than the body; inner margin grooved (probably the ‘inner camber’ by Tsai et al. (2011)) and covered by long bristles (Fig. 23D). Phallotheca markedly sclerotized ventrally (Fig. 24B: Ph). Ductus seminis long and not spiraled, completely enveloped by the membranous vesicle (Fig. 24A: Ds). Disticonjunctiva with an elongated and dorsally slender process (Fig. 24C: Dp); ventrolateral process truncated and striated (Fig. 24B: Vp); lateral inner process rounded (Fig. 24C: Bsp); upper lateral process larger than the others, with the dorsal margin hook-shaped and the ventral rounded and elongate
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on pages 527-536, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932
{"references":["FABRICIUS J. C. 1798. - Classis XII: Ryngota. Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae. Christ. Gottl. Proft, Copenhague, 552 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 122153","LICHTENSTEIN A. A. H. 1796. - Catalogus musei zoologici ditissimi Hamburgi, d. III. Februar 1796 auctionis lege distrahendi. Sectio tertia. Continens Insecta. 13. Schniebes, Hamburg, 224 p.","FABRICIUS J. C. 1803. - Systema Rhyngotorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonym is, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C. Reichard, Brunsvigae, 360 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11644","LATREILLE P. A. 1807. - Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita: iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Volume 3. Amand Koenig, Parisiis et Argentorati, Paris and Londres, 640 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5093","THUNBERG C. P. 1823. - Fauna Americae Meridionalis. Palmblad et C., Upsuala, 12 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 125519","BURMEISTER H. 1835. - Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Ordnung. Rhynchota, Berlin, 400 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 35274","AMYOT C. J. - B. & SERVILLE J. - G. A. 1843. - Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hemipteres. Librairie encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, France, 675 p.","STAL C. 1870 - 1876. - Enumeratio Hemipterorum Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska middelanden [1870, part 1, 9: 1 - 232; 1873, part. 3, 11 (2): 1 - 163]. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 938 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12549","PACKAUSKAS R. 2010. - Catalog of the Coreidae, or Leaf-Footed Bugs, of the New World. Fort Hays State University (ser. 4, n. 5), Kansas, 270 p.","CoreoideaSF Team 2020. - Coreoidea Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Coreoidea. SpeciesFile. org / (junho / 2020).","THUNBERG C. P. 1825. - Insectorum hemelytrorum tria genera illustrata. Palmblad et c., Upsala, 10 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8189","STAL C. 1855. - Entomologiska Notiser: Om Thunbergska Hemipterarter, pages 345 - 347). Ofversigt af Konglika Vetenskaps-Akadamiens Forhandlingar 12: 343 - 348.","LE PELETIER A. L. M. & SERVILLE J. G. A. 1825. - Hemiptera Heteroptera. In: Olivier, G. A. (ed). Encyclopedie Methodique. Agasse, Paris, 833 p.","LAPORTE C. 1833. - Essai d'une classification systematique de l'ordre des Hemipteres (Hemipteres Heteropteres, Latr.). Magasin de Zoologie 2: 1 - 88.","SPINOLA M. 1837. - Essai sur les genres d'Insectes appatenanta a l ' ordre des Hemipteres, Lin. ou Rhyngote, Fabricius et a Ia section de Heteropteres, Dufour. Chez Yves Gravier, Genes, 383 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65481","BLANCHARD E. 1840. - Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres, Neuropteres, Hemipteres, Lepidopteres, et Dipteres. Hemipteres, Volume 3. Dumeril, Paris, 134 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59226","WESTWOOD J. O. 1842. - A Catalogue of Hemiptera in the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope 2: 1 - 26.","DALLAS W. S. 1852. - List of the specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Catalog of Hemiptera. Part 2. Taylor and Francis, London, 638 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 20373","STAL C. 1858 [1859]. - Hemipterologiska bidrag. Ofversigt af Konglika Vetenskaps-Akadamiens Forhandlingar 15: 433 - 454.","STAL C. 1867. - Analecta hemipterologica. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 10: 151 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18660100112","STAL C. 1868 [1867]. - Bidrag till Hemipterernas systematik. Ofversigt af Konglika Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 24: 491 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61897","UHLER P. R. 1869. - Notices of the Hemiptera Obtained by the Expedition of Prof. James Orton in Ecuador and Brazil. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 12: 321 - 327.","BERG C. 1879. - Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas. X typographiae P. E. Coni, Bonariae, 316 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493","DISTANT W. L. 1881 - 1893. - Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera Heteroptera. Volume 1 - 3. Biologia Centrali Americana, London, 462 p.","DISTANT W. L. 1901. - Revision of the Rhynchota belonging to the family Coreidae in the Hope Collection at Oxford. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1: 325 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1901. tb 08549. x","LETHIERRY L. F. & SEVERIN G. 1894. - Catalogue general des hemipteres. Tome II Heteropteres: Coreidae, Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhociridae. Academie Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles, 227 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15830","OSBORN H. 1904. - Notes on South American Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Ohio Naturalist 5: 195 - 204.","BERGROTH E. 1913. - Supplementum Catalogi Heteropterorum Bruxellensis. IL Coreidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Colobathristidae, Neididae. Memoires de La Societe Entomologique de Belgique 22: 125 - 183.","TORRE- BUENO J. R. DE LA. 1915. - Appendix. IV. Heteroptera from the West coast of South America, in STRONG R. P., BRUES C. T., SELLARDS A. W. & GASTIABURU J. C. (ed). Report of First Expedition to South America 1913, Harvard School of Tropical Medicine, 344 p.","PENNINGTON M. S. 1920. - Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Primera parte Pentatomoidae - Coreidea. Buenos Aires, 16 p.","CAMPOS R. F. 1925. - Nueva contribucion al estudio de los rincotos Heteropteros. Revista de la Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte 7: 43 - 67.","MONTE O. 1937. - Notas Hemipterologicas. O Campo 8: 70 - 71.","BLOTE H. C. 1938. - Catalogue of the Coreidae in the Rijksmuseum van natuurlijke Historie. Part 4. Coreinae, Third part. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden 20: 275 - 308.","SCHAEFER C. W. & O'SHEA R. 1979. - Host plants of three coreine tribes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72: 519 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 72.4.519","O'SHEA R. 1980. - A generic revision of the Nematopodini (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 15 (3 - 4): 197 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528009360574","FROESCHNER R. C. 1981. - Heteroptera or true bugs of Ecuador: A partial catalog. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 322: 1 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.322","ALDRICH J. R., KOCHANSKY J. P., LUSBY W. R. & DUTKY S. R. 1982. - Volatile male-specific natural products of a coreid bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Journal of Chemical Ecology 8: 1370 - 1375. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01403100","SCHAEFER C. W. & MITCHELL P. L. 1983. - Food plants of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 76: 591 - 615. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 76.4.591","BERG C. 1881. - Sinonimia y Descripcion de algunos Hemipterros de Chile, del Brasil y de Bolivia. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 12: 259 - 272.","BRAILOVSKY H. & GUERRERO I. 2014. - Revision del genero Pachylis con descripcion de dos especies nuevas, sinonimias y datos de distribucion (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae: Nematopodini). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85 (2): 363 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.7550 / rmb. 41466","GRAZIA- VIEIRA J. & CASINI C. E. 1973. - Lista preliminar dos heteropteros uruguaios da regiao Nordeste. Pentatomidae e Coreidae (Insecta; Heteroptera). Iheringia Serie Zoologia, 44: 55 - 63.","CONCEICAO S. A. A. & VIANA FILHO P. 1994. - Ocorrencia e aspectos comportamentais de Pachylis serus B. (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Anais da Sociedad Entomologica do Brasil 23: 149 - 154.","UESHIMA N. 1979. - Hemiptera II: Heteroptera. Animal Cytogenetics 3: 1 - 117.","COSTA W. S., BARCELLOS A. & BRAILOVSKY H. 2021. - Cladistic analysis of Spartocerini Amyot & Serville 1843 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, Advance Articles 52: 298 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X-bja 10011","TSAI J. F., REDEI D., YEH G. - F. & YANG M. - M .. 2011. - Jewel bugs of Taiwan (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 309 p."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Pachylis, and Pachylis neocalifornicus

Pachylis neocalifornicus (Brailovsky & Barrera in Brailovsky et al. 1994b) n. comb. Pachylis gigas (misapplied name (CoreoideaSF Team 2020)) – Uhler 1875: 831; 1876: 295; 1877: 1325; 1886: 10; 1894: 232. — Torre- Bueno & Ambrose 1936: 184. — Blöte 1938: 303. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Thasus gigas (misapplied name (CoreoideaSF Team 2020)) – Glover 1876: 56. — Distant 1881: 108. — Van Duzee 1917: 92; 1923: 132. — Torre-Bueno 1942: 184; 1940: 102. — O’Shea 1980: 213. — Froeschner 1988: 89. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Thasus acutangulus (misapplied name (CoreoideaSF Team 2020)) – Torre-Bueno 1940: 45; 1941: 54; 1945: 83. — Slater & Baranowski 1978: 57. — O’Shea 1980: 218. — Arnett 2000: 256. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Thasus sp. – Jones 1993: 6. Thasus neocalifornicus Brailovsky & Barrera in Brailovsky et al., 1994b: 325. — Forbes & Schaefer 2003: 235. — Prudic et al. 2008: 734-741. — Packauskas 2010: 189. — Forthman et al. 2019: 529, 529; 2020: fig. 3. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — United States • 1♀; Dabrino Canyon D. Catalmambi, Arizona; F. M. Jones coll.; 24.IX.[?]23; CAS • 3 ♀, 3♂; Arizona, Madera Canyon, Pina County, 8 mi SE Continental; Montain View (Prosopis juliflora); JCS/MLP, R. L. Aalbu coll.; J. Helfer col.; D. B. Thomas coll.; coll. Steve Fend Saelon Renks 607; 3.X.1960; 20.VIII.1971; 7.VIII.1972, 16.VIII.[19?]76, 14.VIII.1981; CAS • ♀, ♂; Box / Madera Canyon AZ; 11.VIII. [19?]77 • 1♀, 1♂; Arizona, Patagonia, J. W. coll., E. R. Leach; VIII. [19?]38; 1.VIII.1940; CAS • 2 ♀, 2 ♂; Arizona, Cochise Co. Mule Mts, Mule Gulch, AZ80 & Dbl Adobe Rd; 31°26.5’N, 109°49.5’W; Desert grass land; 1400 m; Barrick Museum 0433, San Bernardino Ranch, WL Partt, P. R. Emrlich leg.; 30.VIII. [19?]61; 7.VIII.1995; CAS • 1♂; Arizona, Cochise Co. Benson; Richard M. Brown; 5.VIII.2001; CAS • 1♀; Santa Cruz Co., Tumacacori, AZ; IX.1993; CAS. Mexico • 4 ♂, 2 ♀; Baja Calif. Sur Miraflores; 5.0 km E San Antonio; H. G. Real & R. E. Main; R. L. Aalbu coll.; 8.VIII.1971 /23. VIII.75(1975?); CAS • 2 ♀, 2 ♂; Sonora 5min N. E. Santa Ana; R. L. Aalbu collr. 1.VIII.73(1973); CAS • 4 ♀, 1♂; Sinaloa, Rio Fuerte at Hwy. 15, Mazatlan; R. L. Aalbu collected at Blacklite; VIII.68(1968?), 17/30.VII.73(1973?); CAS • 1♀; Aguascalientes & Jalisco border on rt. 45 Acacia scrub 6500’; Rolf L. Aalbu coll., 9.VII.1982; CAS • 1♂; Michoacan 25min W La Barca nr. Lago de Chapala; Griswold & Jackson coll.; 11.IX.76(1976?); CAS. Unspecified Locality Data. 2 ♀, 1♂; Ariz. Snoru.; EPVanDuzee coll.; CAS.
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on page 522, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932
{"references":["BRAILOVSKY H., SCHAEFER C. W., BARRERA E. & PACKAUSKAS R. 1994 b. - A revision of the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Nematopodini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 102: 318 - 343.","CoreoideaSF Team 2020. - Coreoidea Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Coreoidea. SpeciesFile. org / (junho / 2020).","UHLER P. R. 1875. - Report on the collections of Hemiptera made in portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, during the years 1871 m 1873 and 1874. Report upon the United States Geological and Geographical Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundred Meridian, in Charge of First Lieut. George Montague Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army 5: 829 - 842.","UHLER P. R. 1876. - List of Hemiptera of the region West of the Mississippi River. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1: 269 - 361.","UHLER P. R. 1877. - Report upon the Hemiptera collected during the years 1874 and 1875, by Mr. P. R. Uhler, in WHEELER, G. M. (ed.), Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys (West of the One-hundredth Meridian) of the Chief Engineer for 1877. Appendix MN: 1322 - 1334.","UHLER P. R. 1886. - Check List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of North America. Brooklyn Entomological Society, Brooklyn, New York, 32 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12636","UHLER P. R. 1894. - Observations upon the heteropterous Hemiptera of Lower California, with description of new species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2: 223 - 295.","TORRE- BUENO J. R. DE LA. & AMBROSE W. G. 1936. - Effects of the protective vapors of the coreid bug Thasus gigas on a tarantula (Eurypelma sp.). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 31: 184.","BLOTE H. C. 1938. - Catalogue of the Coreidae in the Rijksmuseum van natuurlijke Historie. Part 4. Coreinae, Third part. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden 20: 275 - 308.","GLOVER T. 1876. - Manuscript notes from my journal or illustration of insects, native and foreign. Orden Hemiptera. Subordern Heteroptera or plant bugs. Written & Etched by Townend Glover, transferred to & printed from stone by J. C. Entwisle, Washington, 330 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12595","DISTANT W. L. 1881 - 1893. - Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera Heteroptera. Volume 1 - 3. Biologia Centrali Americana, London, 462 p.","VAN DUZEE E. P. 1917. - Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America North of Mexico, excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleurodidae. University of California Publications. Technical Bulletins, Berkeley, 974 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7789","VAN DUZEE E. P. 1923. - Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. The Hemiptera (True Bugs, etc.). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 12: 123 - 200.","TORRE- BUENO J. R. DE LA. 1942. - Note on distribution of Heteroptera. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 37: 183 - 185.","TORRE- BUENO J. R. DE LA. 1940. - Thasus gigas Burmeister, a correction. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 35: 102.","O'SHEA R. 1980. - A generic revision of the Nematopodini (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 15 (3 - 4): 197 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528009360574","FROESCHNER R. C. 1988. - Family Coreidae Leach, 1815, in HENRY, T. J. & FROESCHNER R. C. (eds), Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E. J. Brill, New York, 958 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781351070447 - 9","TORRE- BUENO J. R. DE LA. 1941. - A synopsis o f the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America north of Mexico. Part II. Families Coreidae, Alydidae, Corizidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thaumastotheriidae. Entomologica Americana, New Series 21: 41 - 122.","TORRE- BUENO J. R. DE LA. 1945. - Random notes on Thasus acutangulus. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 40: 83.","SLATER J. A. & BARANOWSKI R. 1978. - How to Know the True Bugs (Hemiptera- Heteroptera). The Picture Key Nature Series. William C Brown Pub, Dubuque, Iowa, 256 p.","ARNETT R. H. 2000. - American Insects, A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press, Washington, 1003 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482273892","JONES W. A. 1993. - New host and habitat associations for some Arizona Pentatomoidea and Coreidae. Southwestern Entomologist Supplement 16: 1 - 29.","FORBES G. & SCHAEFER C. W. 2003. - Further notes on the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 111: 235 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.1664 / 0028 - 7199 (2003) 111 [0235: FNOTGT] 2.0. CO; 2","PRUDIC K., NOGE K. & BECERRA J. 2008. - Adults and nymphs do not smell the same: the different defensive compounds of the giant mesquite bug (Thasus neocalifornicus: Coreidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 34: 734 - 741.","PACKAUSKAS R. 2010. - Catalog of the Coreidae, or Leaf-Footed Bugs, of the New World. Fort Hays State University (ser. 4, n. 5), Kansas, 270 p.","FORTHMAN M., MILLER C. & KIMBALL R. 2019. - Phylogenomic analysis suggests Coreidae and Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are not monophyletic. Zoologica Scripta 48: 520 - 534. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12353","FORTHMAN M., MILLER C. W. & KIMBALL R. T. 2020. - Phylogenomics of the leaf-footed bug subfamily Coreinae (Hemiptera: Coreidae): applicability of ultraconserved elements at shallower depths. BioRxiv (pre-print. March 20, 2020). https: // doi. org / 10.1101 / 2020.03.18.997569"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Pachylis, and Pachylis nervosus

Pachylis nervosus Dallas, 1852 Pachylis nervosus Dallas, 1852: 383. — Dohrn 1859: 30. — Stål 1870: 132. — Walker 1871: 52. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 13. — Van Duzee 1901: 346. — O’Shea 1980: 211. — Packauskas 2010: 178. — Linares & Orozco 2017: 16. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — México • 1♀; Yucatan; CAS • 3 ♀; Chiapas, S. slope of Cerro Vernal 13 mi. S. of Tonalá; alt. 610 m; 5.X.1974; D. E. Breedlove & J. A. Breedlove; CAS • 1♀, 1♂; Cuernavaca, Crawfor; CAS. Belize • 1♀; California Academy of Sciences Collection 180 Gift from Pomona College; CAS 4736. Costa Rica • 1♂; Mrs. E. L. Kerr coll.; 1.IX.1906. Panamá • 7 ♂, 5 ♀; Canal Zone, Fort Clayton, Paul W. Johnson Pres. to Calif. Acad. Sci. by David Johnson, Pres. by K. E. Frick coll.; IV.44(1944?); 25.IX.45(1945?), 23.VII/ 10.VIII.1956; CAS. Brazil • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus; INPA; E. F. Ribeiro; 12.III.1982; INPA. No Data • ♀; CAS.
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on pages 522-525, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932
{"references":["DALLAS W. S. 1852. - List of the specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Catalog of Hemiptera. Part 2. Taylor and Francis, London, 638 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 20373","DOHRN A. 1859. - Catalogus Hemipterorum. Entomologischer Verein in Stettin, Alemanha, 130 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8515","STAL C. 1870 - 1876. - Enumeratio Hemipterorum Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska middelanden [1870, part 1, 9: 1 - 232; 1873, part. 3, 11 (2): 1 - 163]. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 938 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12549","LETHIERRY L. F. & SEVERIN G. 1894. - Catalogue general des hemipteres. Tome II Heteropteres: Coreidae, Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhociridae. Academie Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles, 227 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15830","VAN DUZEE E. P. 1901. - Notes on some Hemiptera from British Guiana. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 27: 343 - 352.","O'SHEA R. 1980. - A generic revision of the Nematopodini (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 15 (3 - 4): 197 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528009360574","PACKAUSKAS R. 2010. - Catalog of the Coreidae, or Leaf-Footed Bugs, of the New World. Fort Hays State University (ser. 4, n. 5), Kansas, 270 p.","LINARES C. & OROZCO J. 2017. - The Coreidae of Honduras (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Biodiversity Data Journal 5: 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 5. e 13067","CoreoideaSF Team 2020. - Coreoidea Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Coreoidea. SpeciesFile. org / (junho / 2020)."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Pachylis, and Pachylis pharaonis

Pachylis pharaonis (Herbst, 1784) “Pharaos-Wantz” (vernacular name) Stoll, 1780: 19. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. “De Pharaos-Wantz” (vernacular name) Stoll, 1782: 75. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Cimex pharaonis Herbst, 1784: 258. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Cimex seriatus Reich, 1795: 133. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Lygaeus psotomphaneg Lichtenstein, 1796: 110. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Lygaeus pharaonis Fabricius, 1803: 208. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pendulinus bilineatus Thunberg, 1825: 4. — Stål 1855: 347. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pachylis fallax Stål, 1862: 276. — Stål 1870: 131. — Walker 1871: 53. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pachylis laticornis – Walker 1871: 52. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. Pachylis pharaonis – Burmeister 1835: 338. — Spinola 1837: 135. — Blanchard 1840: 122. — Westwood 1842: 13. — Amyot & Serville 1843: 194. — Herrich-Schaeffer 1851: 259. — Dallas 1852: 383. — Stål 1862: 276; 1868: 46; 1870: 131. — Mayr 1866: 91. — Walker 1871: 52. — Distant 1881: 107. — Berg 1892: 65-66. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 14. — Pennington 1920: 13. — Monte 1937: 70. — Blöte 1938: 303. — Piza 1945: 120. — Schaefer & O’Shea 1979: 521. — Ueshima 1979: 69. — O’Shea 1980: 211. — Froeschner 1999: 47. — Packauskas 2010: 178. — Garcete-Barrett 2016: 131. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020. TYPE MATERIAL (PHOTOS). — Synonym type • Lygaeus pharaonis, Fabricius, 1803 – types • 1♂; ZMUC 00101310, labels: “Amer. merid. Schmidl Mũs. de Sehestedl; Lygaeus pharaonis Fabr. ” • 1♀; ZMUC 00101311, labels: “ Amer. merid. Schmidl Mũs. de Sehestedl; Lygaeus pharaonis Fabr ”, “ Lygaeus pharaonis Herbst Syst. Rhyng. P. 208. 20 Leth. Et Serv. P. 14”, “De lo eks er kun typer for Lygaeus pharaonis sensu Frabricius. Ihhe for Herbest’s art.” NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — Colômbia • 1♂; Leticia, Amazonas, Com. Monilla Amela Km 9; Bo MSNM; BTF, Parcela, Alvarez Alfonso Garcia col., OCR-2003; MPUJ. Peru • Madre de Dios Tambopata, Reserve; 12°50’S, 69°17’W; 300 m; O. Mielke; 25.X.1991; DZUP 361470. Brazil • 2 ♂; Amazonas, Manaus; B. C. Ratcliffe; Rosa; 31.VI.1977, 20.XI.82; INPA (without number) • 1♀; Amazonas, Bairro de Petrópoles, Manaus; Jônathas Vieira da Silva; 13.I.78; INPA • 1♂; Pedro, Manaus; T. M. Morais; 2.VI.82; INPA • 1♀; Aleixo; R. Py- Daniel col.; X.82; INPA • 1♂; Benjamin Constant; Alto Amazonas; MZSP • 2 ♂; Roraima; F. da Beira, F. M. Oliveira; 7.XI.64; DZUP 361471, 363436 • 3 ♂; Vilhena, Polonoroeste; C. Elias leg.; 4, 26.IX, 17.XII.1986; DZUP 361302, 361432, 363436 • 1♂; Pará Óbidos, bx. 7 Amazonas; Museu Dirings; MZSP 1846 • 1♂; Obidos, baixo Amazonas, Dirings; MZSP 1842 • 1♀, 1♂; Óbidos, A. Maller; DZUP 363432, 361467 • 1♂; Tucurui, Remansão, er. Nunes de Mello; 11.VIII.1980; INPA 5619 • 1♀; Belém, Mocambo, W. L. Overal, I. VI.1981; MPEG 05017075 • 1♂; Monte Dourado, I. S. Gerayeb; 2.XI.1979; MPEG 05016488 • 1♂; Ouro Preto d’Oeste, Projeto Polonoroeste; C. Elias leg.; 18.X.1987; DZUP 361469 • 1♀; Maranhão: Rondônia; Iza, 27.XII.88; MZSP • 1♂; Mato Grosso; Cuiabé, M. Alvarenga; I.1963; DZUP 361455 • 1♂, 1♀; Cáceres, Polonoroeste; 4.XII.1984; C. Elias leg.; DZUP 361459, 361434 • 2 ♂, 2 ♀; Est. Fontanilha; R. Humbolt; J. B. Moraes col.; 8.XI.75; L. P. Albuq. and J. B. Hernes; INPA 0173; 3 without number • 1♀, 1♂; Aripuanã, A. B. Rylands; 22.IV.1979; INPA (two without number) • 3 ♂, 3 ♀; Chapada dos Guimarães, A. A. Lise; VII.92; MCTP 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737; 1738, 1739, 1740 • 2 ♀, ♂; Mato Grosso do Sul, Inocência, Campo Bom Farm Hand collected on bush Inhã, R. A. col., 14.X.2015 (FEIS three without number • ♂; Mato Grosso do Sul, (updated location) Faz. Dr José Mendes, Três Lagoas, Exp. Dept. Zool., 14-24.X.1964; MZSP 1825 • ♂; Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, O. Monte; IBSP 0.006.825 • 4 ♀, 1♂; Minas Gerais, Passos, C. Elias leg.; 20-25.XI.61; DZUP 361460, 361457, 361461, 361472; 361476 • 2 ♀; Minas Gerais, Araxá, C. T. & C. Elias leg.; 5.IX/29.XI.65; DZUP 361458, 361491 • 1♀; Minas Gerais, Varginha; M. Alvarenga; IX.61; DZUP 361462 • 8 ♀, 2 ♂; Minas Gerais, Corinto; C. Elias; 1-10.X.1979; DZUP 363422, 363423, 363424, 363425, 363430, 363431, 363433; 363434, 363435, 363483 • 1♀; Minas Gerais, Passos de Caldas, Claudionor Elias; XI.61; DZUP 361473 • 1♀, 1♂; Minas Gerais, Inbiá; C. T & C. Elias; 20.X.1965; DZUP 361480, 361482 • 1♂; Minas Gerais, Ibiraci; C. Elias leg.; X.61; DZUP 361454 • 8 ♀, 6 ♂; Espirito Santo, Santa Teresa; 5.II.64, 12/26/29.X.64, XI.64, 7.XII.64, 3/7/8.XII.64; C. T., C. Elias leg.; DZUP 361451, 361453, 361456, 361458, 361463, 361474; 361475, 361477, 361478, 361479, 361481, 361487, 361488, 361489; 363429 • 1♂; São Paulo; A. Montorse; 19.X.57; Coleção Ferraciolli, São Paulo-SP; MZSP • 1♂; São Paulo, Fazenda Angico, Atibaia, São Paulo, E. B. Montemor; 20.X.1979; ZUEC 3130 • 1♂, 1♀; São Paulo: Guarulhos, P. A. Blumer leg.; I.1955; MNHCI 15356, 15357 • 1♂; São Paulo, Jundiaí; N. Shiroma; 27.X.1978; ZUEC 2967 • 3 ♂, 2 ♀; Campinas; E. Fornini, F. Böhcher, V. Sanches; 10.VIII.76, 16.X.76, 06/ 18.XI.1977; ZUEC 1754, 1757, 1760, 2386, 2384 • 5 ♂, 2 ♀; Joaquim Egídio, Campinas; M. I. Faccioli, L. H. Allement, C. S. Flores, D. Pedroni, L. Q. Berian, M. A. Magnani; 20/21.X.79, 04.XI.1979; ZUEC 3120, 3122, 3123, 3124, 3125, 3126, 3127 • 1♂; Foz Rio das Pedras, Campinas; G. Merlin col. Coletado em tronco; 5.XI.75; ZUEC 1755 • 2 ♂; Rio Claro, Claretiano col.; 26.X.33; MHNCI 961, 962 • 1♀, 1♂; Paraná, Porecatu; 20.X.1970; Becker-Hatschback; DZUP 361435, 361449 • 1♂; Paraná, Foz do Iguaçu; XI.1969; Dr E. Cichovski leg.; DZUP 361436 • 1♀; Paraná; C. Mourão; I.52; DZUP 361452 • 1♂; Paraná, Campus do MPEG, Curitiba, Márcio Souza; 17.VI.1993; MPEG 05017788 • 1♂; Paraná, Jussara, H. Florestal; 340 m; Exp. Dept.o ZOO UFPr; DZUP 36433 • 1♂; Paraná, Jussara; H. Florestal 340 m; Exp. Dpto. Zoo. UFPr; 12-15.X.1974; DZUP 361440 • 1♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas, Oliveira; 15.XI.1979; MCTP 22910 • 1♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Campo Novo, Mielke and Mirra; 9.XI.1985; DZUP 361468. Argentina • 1♂; Missiones; XI. 1958; MLPA • ♂; no data; MLPA.
Published as part of S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), pp. 503-547 in Zoosystema 44 (21) on pages 525-527, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a21, http://zenodo.org/record/7341932
{"references":["HERBST J. F. W. 1784. - Kurze Einleitung zur Kenntniss der Insekten, fur Ungeubte und Anfanger, in BOROWSKI (ed) Gemeinnutzige Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, Berlin and Stralsund, 278 p.","STOLL C. 1780 - 1788. - Natuurlyke en naar ' t leven naauwkeurig gekleurde afbeldingen en beschryvingen der Wantzen in aller vier waerelds deelen Europa, Asia, Africa en America huishoudende [1780, 1 - 8 plates - 36 p.; 1872, 17 - 20 plates, 61 - 82, 22 p.; 1874, 25 - 28 plates, 97 - 116, 20 p.]. Jan Christiaan Sepp, Amsterdam, 200 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 34399","CoreoideaSF Team 2020. - Coreoidea Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Coreoidea. SpeciesFile. org / (junho / 2020).","REICH G. C. 1795. - Kurze Beschreibung verschiedener neuen, oder noch wenig bekannten Thiere, welche Herr Le Blond der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Paris aus Cayenne als Geschenk uberschikt hat. Magazin des Thierreichs 1: 128 - 134","LICHTENSTEIN A. A. H. 1796. - Catalogus musei zoologici ditissimi Hamburgi, d. III. Februar 1796 auctionis lege distrahendi. Sectio tertia. Continens Insecta. 13. Schniebes, Hamburg, 224 p.","FABRICIUS J. C. 1803. - Systema Rhyngotorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonym is, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C. Reichard, Brunsvigae, 360 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11644","THUNBERG C. P. 1825. - Insectorum hemelytrorum tria genera illustrata. Palmblad et c., Upsala, 10 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8189","STAL C. 1855. - Entomologiska Notiser: Om Thunbergska Hemipterarter, pages 345 - 347). Ofversigt af Konglika Vetenskaps-Akadamiens Forhandlingar 12: 343 - 348.","STAL C. 1862. - Hemiptera mexicana enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Stettin Entomologische Zeitung 23: 273 - 281.","STAL C. 1870 - 1876. - Enumeratio Hemipterorum Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska middelanden [1870, part 1, 9: 1 - 232; 1873, part. 3, 11 (2): 1 - 163]. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 938 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12549","BURMEISTER H. 1835. - Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Ordnung. Rhynchota, Berlin, 400 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 35274","SPINOLA M. 1837. - Essai sur les genres d'Insectes appatenanta a l ' ordre des Hemipteres, Lin. ou Rhyngote, Fabricius et a Ia section de Heteropteres, Dufour. Chez Yves Gravier, Genes, 383 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65481","BLANCHARD E. 1840. - Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres, Neuropteres, Hemipteres, Lepidopteres, et Dipteres. Hemipteres, Volume 3. Dumeril, Paris, 134 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59226","WESTWOOD J. O. 1842. - A Catalogue of Hemiptera in the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope 2: 1 - 26.","AMYOT C. J. - B. & SERVILLE J. - G. A. 1843. - Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hemipteres. Librairie encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, France, 675 p.","DALLAS W. S. 1852. - List of the specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Catalog of Hemiptera. Part 2. Taylor and Francis, London, 638 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 20373","STAL C. 1868. - Hemiptera Fabriciana. Fabricianska Hemipterarter, efter de i Kopenhamn och Kiel forvarade typexemplaren granskade och beskrifne. I. Kongliga Svenska VetenskapsAkademiens Forhandlingar 7: 1 - 148.","MAYR G. L. 1866. - Reise der Osterrechischen Fregatte Novara un die Erde en dem Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den refehlen des Commodore B. VonWiillerstorf-Urbair. Hemiptera. Imperial Royal Court e State Printe, Viena, 204 p.","DISTANT W. L. 1881 - 1893. - Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera Heteroptera. Volume 1 - 3. Biologia Centrali Americana, London, 462 p.","BERG C. 1892. - Nova Hemiptera Faunarum Argentinae et Uruguayensis. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 33: 65 - 72.","LETHIERRY L. F. & SEVERIN G. 1894. - Catalogue general des hemipteres. Tome II Heteropteres: Coreidae, Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhociridae. Academie Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles, 227 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15830","PENNINGTON M. S. 1920. - Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Primera parte Pentatomoidae - Coreidea. Buenos Aires, 16 p.","MONTE O. 1937. - Notas Hemipterologicas. O Campo 8: 70 - 71.","BLOTE H. C. 1938. - Catalogue of the Coreidae in the Rijksmuseum van natuurlijke Historie. Part 4. Coreinae, Third part. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden 20: 275 - 308.","PIZA S. DE- T. 1945. - Estudios citologicos em Hemipteros da Familia Coreidae. Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura \" Luiz de Queiroz \" 2: 119 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0071 - 12761945000100004","SCHAEFER C. W. & O'SHEA R. 1979. - Host plants of three coreine tribes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72: 519 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 72.4.519","UESHIMA N. 1979. - Hemiptera II: Heteroptera. Animal Cytogenetics 3: 1 - 117.","O'SHEA R. 1980. - A generic revision of the Nematopodini (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 15 (3 - 4): 197 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528009360574","FROESCHNER R. C. 1999. - True bugs (Heteroptera) of Panama: A synoptic catalog as a contribution to the study of Panamanian biodiversity. Volume 61. Memoirs of the American Entomological lnstitute 61: 1 - 393.","PACKAUSKAS R. 2010. - Catalog of the Coreidae, or Leaf-Footed Bugs, of the New World. Fort Hays State University (ser. 4, n. 5), Kansas, 270 p.","GARCETE- BARRETT B. 2016. - Catalogo Ilustrado De La Coleccion De Chinches De La Familia Coreidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Del Museo Nacional De Historia Natural Del Paraguay. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 20: 109 - 147."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Membracidae, Andinodarnis, and Andinodarnis pectoralis

Andinodarnis pectoralis (Stål, 1869) comb. nov. (Figures 1C–G, 2,3) Tomogonia pectoralis Stål 1869: 259 (Type locality: Bogota); Funkhouser 1927: 165; Goding 1929e: 234; Metcalf and Wade 1965: 683; McKamey 1998: 478. Diagnosis: Head and pronotum pale to ochraceous yellow. Forewing hyaline with macula on anterior area of apex. Pronotum with highest point of dorsal outline past mid-dorsum. Description: Color: Head ochraceous yellow, eyes silver to dark grey, ocelli ochraceous yellow. Pronotum entirely ochraceous yellow, bright green in live specimens (Fig. 1C, 1E). Labium, thoracic pleurites and sternites, coxae and base of metathoracic femur dark brown. Forewings fuscous hyaline, veins ochraceous yellow to brown, dark brown macula between apex of M basal cell, first discoidal cell, second and third apical cell and adjacent area of apical limbus. Pro- and mesothoracic femora, tibiae and tarsomeres ochraceous yellow to brown; apex of third tarsomeres brown. Abdomen ochraceous yellow to dark brown (Fig. 2). Abdomen: Female. Gonoplac with round apex in lateral view, ventral outline widely arched, basal half distinctly narrower than apical half. First valvula blade-shaped, slender, dorsal outline widely arched upward and then straight before apex; longitudinal dorsal axis on apical ¾ and apex ventrally ornate with oblique and lineal integumental processes, ramus extended up to apex, pores along ramus extension, ramus extended almost until apex with pores along, ventral sculptured area restricted to apex. Second valvula distinctly more sclerotized than first valvulae, dorsal outline widely arched, ramus extended almost until apex, canals at apical 1/3 extended toward rounded teeth which are only present on apical 1/3; two relatively more sclerotized teeth, one at base of apical 1/3 and the other before middle of apical 1/3, longitudinal ventral axis ornate basally with linear and oblique integumental processes, and apically with escamiform integumental processes (Fig. 3). Male and nymphs unknown. Measurements: Female (mm; n=2): Body length: 9.69, 10.1; forewing length: 8.25, 8.50; pronotal length: 8.17, 8.22; pronotum height: 2.39, 2.77; pronotal width: 4.5, 4.15; head width: 3.68, 3.63; vertex length: 1.63, 1.46. Distribution. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Belmira (2950 masl), Sonsón (2700 masl); Putumayo: San Rafael (2700 masl). ECUADOR: Pichincha: Nono-Tandayapa (1900 masl). PERU: Cuzco: Urubamba: Machupicchu (Fig. 8). This is the first record of the species A. pectoralis for Ecuador. Examined material. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Belmira: “ COLOMBIA. Antioquia, Belmira, Camino hacia el páramo de Santa Inés, 2900–3000 msnm \ Sep. 3/2017 \ leg. V. Correa, C. Flórez-V,A. Ospina, D. Taborda \ CBUCESF” (2 females in CBUCES); “ COLOMBIA. Antioquia, Sonsón, vereda Manzanares, Camino de Murringo, ~2700 msnm, Manual, en Piper, Mar. 08/ 2021., leg. D. Gómez; S. Montoya; F. Orozco; A. Ospina, CBUCES-F” (1 female in CBUCES; collected on Piperaceae: Piper sp.). Putumayo: San Rafael: “ COLOMBIA. Putumayo, San Rafael, Vía Mocoa-Sibundoy, 2700–2900 msnm, manual, bosque ripario, en Solanaceae cerca de agrupación de Alchisme grossa, May. 2018, leg. S. Carvalho, C. Flórez-V, M.J. Sanín, CBUCES-F” (1 female in CBUCES; collected on an undetermined species of Solanaceae). ECUADOR: Pichincha: “Nono-Tandayapa Road, 1900 m, Feb. 27/ 1983, leg. L. Huggert”, “ Tomogonia pectoralis \ Stål, 1869 \ det:A. M. Sakakibara”, “ Darnini [handwritten by Dr. Sakakibara]” (1 female in DZUP). PERU: Cuzco: Urubamba: “Machupicchu, 1969, leg. Bordón”, “ Tomogonia pectoralis \ Stål, 1869 \ det: A. M. Sakakibara”, “ Darnini [handwritten by Dr. Sakakibara]” (1 female in DZUP). Biology. Specimens were collected on Piperaceae (Piper) and Solanaceae (Fig. 1F), as outlined in the examined material. Additional field data is required to determine whether these were true host plants or if the association was transitory. In two instances, solitary females of A. pectoralis were observed near aggregations of other treehopper species that were displaying strong egg-guarding behavior. Solitary females were recorded feeding near aggregations of Aetalion cf. fissum Walker, 1851 and Alchisme grossa (Fairmaire, 1846) (in Belmira and San Rafael, respectively; Figs. 1C, F, G). Representatives of Andinodarnis gen. nov. might be more easily observed in, or even potentially benefit from, enemy-free space created by the females of unrelated treehopper species that aggressively protect their offspring from predators with a suite of defensive maternal traits. Remarks. Type specimens of T. pectoralis could not be located despite a thorough search of Membracidae holdings in major European institutions. No representatives were found at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (NHRS), which was originally designated as the repository institution (‘Mus. Holm.’, Stål 1869; Gunvi Lindberg, personal communication). In the absence of type specimens, the identity of the species was inferred based on the original description of Stål (1869), which offers sufficient information for accurate identification. For instance, the author mentions several distinguishing features, including color, vestiture, pronotal shape and forewing venation, which closely match the examined specimens. Identifications based on the original description are congruent, as exemplified by a previous determination label from A. M. Sakakibara in which he recognizes that A. pectoralis comb. nov. should be transferred to Darnini. This species can be readily distinguished from A. atromeris sp. nov. by the following features: head and pronotum entirely light to ochraceous yellow and forewings hyaline with a macula on anterior part of apex. The forewing s crossvein varies in position from distad to basad of r-m. Scattered distribution records show that A. pectoralis is found in the montane cloud forests of the Northern and Central Andes from Colombia to Peru (Fig. 8). All exemplars were collected above 1500 masl. Live specimens are bright green with a pale yellow metopidium (Fig. 1). Like many other insects, the green pigments fade to yellow in preserved specimens. Exemplars from Peru were generally lighter in coloration, while those from Colombia have a golden or amber tinge. A comparative analysis of a larger series may confirm whether this represents intraspecific color variation, as currently circumscribed, or indicates multiple cryptic taxa.
Published as part of Flórez-V, Camilo & Evangelista, Olivia, 2022, Andinodarnis gen. nov., a new treehopper genus from the Andes (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Darninae), pp. 37-50 in Zootaxa 5200 (1) on pages 40-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5200.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7251848
{"references":["Funkhouser, W. D. (1927) General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. Fascicle I. Membracidae. Smith College Press, Northampton, Massachusetts, 581 pp. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 29906 page / 3 / mode / 1 up]","Goding, F. W. (1929 e) The Membracidae of South America and The Antilles. IV. Subfamilies Hoplophorioninae, Darninae, Smiliinae, Tragopinae (Homoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 55 (3), 197 - 330.","Metcalf, Z. P. & Wade, V. (1965) General Catalogue of the Homoptera. A supplement to fascicle I - Membracidae of the General Catalogue of Hemiptera. Membracoidea. In Two sections. Section I. Part 1. Membracidae, Centrotinae, Platybelinae, Hoplophorioninae, Darninae. North Carolina State University at Raleigh, North Carolina, 743 pp. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 49432634 page / 3 / mode / 1 up]","McKamey, S. H. (1998) Taxonomic catalogue of the Membracoidea (exclusive of leafhoppers): second supplement to fascicle 1 - Membracidae of the general catalogue of the Hemiptera. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 60, 1 - 377."]}

Green stink bug Plautia affinis, ecology, ethology, control, mulberry varieties

Kolhapur is situated between 150 to 170 North latitude and 730to 740 East longitude with an average rainfall 1100 mm mostly covered by monsoon and therefore with very rich biodiversity. Mulberry Morus alba L. V1 and M5 varieties have been attacked by the green stink bug Plautia affinis Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) by sucking cell sap of leaves and other tender parts of the crop affecting nutritional quality of leaves of silk worm Bombyx mori L. The pest incidence was high during the months October- November and April- May on both varieties but, V1 was more susceptible than M5. Life cycle was completed within 34 days and 37.5days on V1 and M5 varieties respectively. Both sexes were polygamous, mated mostly at day with premating, copulation and post mating periods 4 days, 36 hr and 54 days respectively. In mating behavior receptive female displayed a chain of 8 steps. Oviposition showed a chain of behaviors viz., attraction of host, recognition antennal examination of host parts, up down movement of abdomen and actual oviposition. Barrel shaped eggs were laid on the undersurface of the mulberry leaves with clusters containing 7 to 19 eggs in each cluster. Preventive controls such as collection and destruction of egg clusters, nymphs and adults and clean cultivation found effective. Biocontrol agents Trichogramma sp., Trissolcus sp., Gryan sp. and Alophora sp. were also found effective in suppressing about 60% population of pest.0.2% DDVP or 0.01% Parathion were found suitable for control of P. affinis with safe periods 17 and 13days respectively. Key words:- Green stink bug Plautia affinis, ecology, ethology, control, mulberry varieties REFERENCES Atwal, A. S. The oviposition behavior of Bagrada Cruciferarum kirkaldy (Pentatomodae: Hemiptera) and the influence of temperature and humidity on the speed of development of eggs. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India. 25B. 65-67(1959). Azim, M. N. Taxonomic survey of stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of India, Halters, 3. 1-10 (2011). Bernon, G., Bernhard, K. M., Woebeke, E. R., Carter, M. E., Beanland, L. Halyomorpha halyx (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), the brown marmorated stink bug; Are trees the primary host for this new invasive pest? UTR-NE-332. Proceedings of the XVUSDA. Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy moth and other Invasive species 2004. USDA Northern Research Station (23 April 2013). (2014). Hebbalkar, D. S. and Sharma, R. N. Photoperiod linked patterns of daily mating behavior in the bug Dysdercus koenigii (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Curr. Sci. 57(9), 472-474 (1988). Hoebeke, E. R. and Carter, M. E. Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): a polyphagus plant pest from Asia newly detected in North America. Proc. Entomology. Soc. Wash, 105, 225-237( 2003). Kirkaldy, G. W. Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera). Cimicidae (Fell L. Dames: Berin) (1909). Kobayashi, T. The developmental stages of some species of the Japanese Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera) V. Trans. Shikoku. Ent. Soc. 4, 120-130 (1956). Mc Donald, F.J. D. The life history of Cosmopela bimaculata (Thomas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Alberta. Quaest. Ent, 4, 35-38 (1968). Mc Donald, F.J. D. Life cycle of the green stink bug Plautia affinis Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J. Aust. Ent. Soc. 10, 271-275(1971). Mc Pherson, J. E., Mc Pherson, R. M. Stink bugs of economic importance in America North of Mexico. CRC press. Boca Raton Florida, pp 129-139 (2000). Mizell, R. F. Monitoring stink bugs with the Florida stink bug trap. Insect traps and Sampling. http// ufinsect.ifas.uff. edu/ stick-bugs/stick-bugs htm(3 April 2008). Nathalie, L. M. F., Lisset, J. M. A. Consuleo, R. - I. Massuo, J. K. and Guillermo, E. D.- P. Insecticidal activity of Piper tuberculatum extracts on the cotton stainer bug, Dysdercus peruvianus G-M (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Academic J. of Ent. 6(3), 153-161 (2013). Neilsen, A. L. Hamilton, G. C. Seasonal occurrence and impact of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in tree fruit. J. Econ. Ent, 102, 113-140 (2009). Sahayraj, K. and Hyaraja, R. Ecology of Dysdercus cingulatus morphs. Egyptian J. of Biology, 10, 122-125(2008). Sathe, T. V. Sericultural crop protection. Asawari publication, Osmanabad. Pp. 1-121 (1998). Sathe, T.V. and Margaj, G. S. Cotton pests and biocontrol agents. Pp. 1-147. Daya publishing house, New Delhi (2001). Singh, M and Sharma, R. B. Observations on the life cycle and biology of Litchi bug, Chrysocoris stolli (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Indian J. Ent., 23, 214- 219 (1961). Smith, W. A. Tomato pest control. Qd. Agric. J. 83, 375-380 (1958).

reduviid bugs, enzymes, peptides, toxin, venomous saliva

While reduviids are a modestly well characterized group of insects, especially the blood sucking triatominae due to the medical implications of the Chagas disease, which is mainly transmitted by the infected bugs whose excrement contains Trypanosoma cruzi that enters the body through bruises or cuts in the skin of humans, their non-haematophagus counterparts are a forgotten lot and have not been thoroughly investigated. The venom in the saliva of the non-haematophagus reduviids has come into the spotlight in the last couple of decades due to the voracious predatory lifestyle that enable them to be used as biological control agents in subduing pests. But the biochemistry of reduviid venom, its action and subsequent effect on the prey, toxicity, enzymes, peptides present in the venom and their significance, the role of extra oral digestion facilitated by the venom for its predatory lifestyle have not been given much consideration. This review aims to summarize the existing body of literature regarding the venomous saliva of non-haematophagous reduviid bugs for the first time. REFERENCES Ambrose, D.P. (1999). Assassin bugs. New Delhi, India: Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd. Ambrose, D.P. (2004). The status of biosystematics of Indian Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). In: Perspectives on biosystematics and biodiversity. Rajmohana, K., Sudheer, K., Girish, P., Kumar, Santhosh, S., (Eds.). Harvest Media Services, Calicut, 441-459. Ambrose, D.P. and Kumaraswami, N.S. (1990). Functional response of the reduviid predator Rhinocoris marginatus Fabr. on the cotton stainer Dysdercus cingulatus Fabr. Journal of Biological Control. 4(1): 22-24. Ambrose, D.P. and Maran, S.P.M. (1999). Quantification of protein content and paralytic potential of saliva of fed and prey deprived reduviid Acanthapsis pedestris Stal. (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Reduviinae). Indian Journal of Environmental Science. 3(1): 11-16. Amino, R., Martins, R.M., Procopio, J., Hirata, I.Y., Juliano, M.A. and Schenkman, S. (2002). Trialysin, a Novel Pore-forming Protein from Saliva of Hematophagous Insects Activated by Limited Proteolysis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277(8): 6207-6213. Anand, G.B., Rizwana, F.A. and Prakash, S. (2010). Ecofriendly technology for the management of Brinjal pest using reduviids. International Journal on Applied Bioengineering. 4(2):15-18. Andersen, J.F., Francischetti, I.M.B., Jesus, G., Valenzuela, Schuck, P. and Ribeiro, J.M.C. (2003). Inhibition of Hemostasis by a High Affinity Biogenic Amine-binding Protein from the Saliva of a Blood-feeding Insect. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 4611-4617. Baptist, B.A. (1941). The morphology and physiology of the salivary glands of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Quart. J. Micros. Sci. 83: 91-139. Cheeseman, M.T. and Gillott, C. (1987). Organization of protein digestion in Calosoma calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae). J. Insect Physiol. 33:1-8. Claver, M.A., Muthu, M.S.A., Ravichandran, B. and Ambrose, D.P. (2004). Behaviour, prey preference and functional response of Coranus spiniscutis Reuter, a potential predator of tomato insect pests. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems. 10:19-27. Claver, M.A., Ramasubbu, G., Ravichandran, B. and Ambrose, D.P. (2002). Searching behaviour and functional response of Rhynocoris longifrons (Stål) (Heteroptera: Reduviidae), a key predator of pod sucking bug, Clavigralla gibbosa Spinola. Entomon. 27:339-346. Claver, M.A., Ravichandran, B., Khan, M.M. and Ambrose, D.P. (2003). Impact of cypermethrin on the functional response, predatory and mating behaviour of a non-target potential biological control agent Acanthaspis pedestris (Stål) (Het., Reduviidae). Journal of Applied Entomology. 127:18-22. Cobben, R.H. (1978). Evolutionary trends in Heteroptera: mouthparts, structure and feeding strategies. Mede, part 2. Cohen, A.C. (1984). Food consumption, food utilization and metabolic rates of Geocoris punctipes (Het.: Lygaeidae) fed Heliothis virescens (Lep.: Noctuidae) eggs. Entamophaga. 29: 361-367. Cohen, A.C. (1989). Ingestion and food consumption efficiency in a predacious hemipteran. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 82:495-499. Cohen, A.C. (1990). Feeding adaptations of some predateous hemiptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83(6):1215-1223. Cohen, A.C. (1993). Organization of digestion and preliminary characterization of salivary trypsin like enzymes in a predaceous heteropteran, Zelus renardii. J. Insect Physiol. 39: 823-829. Cohen, A.C. (1998). Biochemical and morphological dynamics and predatory feeding habits in terrestrial heteroptera. In Predatory Feeding Habits in Terrestrial Heteroptera, J.R. Ruberson and M. Coll. (Ed.) Thomas say pubs., Phoenix, Arizona. 21-32. Edwards, J.S. (1960). Spitting as a defensive mechanism in a predatory reduviid. In Proceeding of International Congress of Entomology, Vienna. 259-263. Edwards, J.S. (1961). The action and composition of the saliva of an assassin bug Platymeris rhadamanthus Gaerst. (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). J. Exp. Biology. 38: 61-77. Edwards, J.S. (1962). Observations on the development and predatory habit of two reduviid heteroptera, Rhinocoris carmelita Stäl and Platymeris rhadamanthus Gerst. In Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology. 3(7): 89–98. Evangelin, G., Bertrand, H., Muthupandi, M. and John William. (2012). Bioefficacy of Rhynocoris kumarii on the hemipteran pests of cotton (abstract). In Proceedings of the National conference on Climate change – a challenge to sustainable development, Andhra Pradesh, India, BEITR 22, 23. Foelix, R.F. (1982). Biology of Spiders. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. Forero, D., Choe, D.H. and Weirauch, C. (2011). Resin Gathering in Neotropical Resin Bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Functional and Comparative Morphology. 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Conotoxins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266(33):22067-22070. Patterson, J.(1999). A Morphometric Investigation of the Relationships between Triatoma rubrofasciata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), Old World Triatoma and Representatives of the New World Species. Ph.D. thesis, LSHTM, London. Rastogi, S.C. (1962). The salivary enzymes of some phytophagous and predaceous heteropterans. Sci. Cult. 28:479-480. Rees, A.R. and Offord, R.E. (1969). Studies on the protease and other enzymes from venom of Lethocerus cordofanus. Nature. 221:665-667. Rocha, L. and Redaelli, L.R. (2004). Functional response of Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus (Hem.: Reduviidae) to different densities of Spartocera dentiventris (Hem.: Coreidae) nymphae. Braz. J. Biol. 64(2):309-316. Ryckman, R.E. (1951). Recent observations of cannibalism inTriatoma(Hemiptera: Reduviidae).J Parasitol.37: 433-434. Sahayaraj, K. (1994). 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Mandible Fracture, Trauma, Maxillofacial trauma, and Trauma Score

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the clinical characteristics, the way the trauma occurred, the etiology, the status of the trauma in children and adults, the type, location, and number of the fracture, and the trauma (ISS) score of patients who applied to the emergency department due to mandibular trauma. Material-Method: The records of 188 patients who were admitted to the Dicle University Emergency Department between January 2017 and December 2021 due to mandibular fracture were reviewed retrospectively. SPSS v26.0 statistical program was used in the analysis of the obtained data. Results: 73% of the patients were male (n=138), 27% were female (n=50). 52% (n=97) were in the pediatric age group. Causes of traumas: 13% in-vehicle traffic accident (AITK), 9% non-vehicle traffic accident (ADTC), 12% assasults, 14% simple fall, 6% firearm injury (ASY), 28% fall from height. About half of the patients (49%) had isolated mandible fractures. In the remaining half, there was one or more accompanying pathologies with mandibular fracture. These are respectively; Facial trauma (28%), extremity trauma (23%), Chest trauma (22%), head and neck trauma (13%), abdominal trauma (7%), and other traumas (6%). 41% of patients had a single fracture. 40% had two fractures, 15% had three fractures, and 4% had four or more fractures. Mandibular fractures were most common in the condyle and parasymphis regions. These were followed by the corpus and angulus, and 80% were displaced fractures. The mean trauma score of the patients was recorded as 15.78 ± 13.92. Surgery was performed in 76% of the patients. Two patients died before they could be operated. Regression analysis revealed that WBC, ISS score, and displaced fractures were risk factors for going to surgery. Conclusion: Patients with higher ISS scores had higher morbidity, mortality, and surgical need. In cases where ISS score is high and there are multiple traumas, it should be alerted.
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Insecticide resistance, Kallar tract, Chemical control, Basmati rice, Brown planthopper, resistencia a insecticidas, tracto Kallar, control químico, arroz basmati, and chicharrita parda

Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is an economically important insect pest of rice crop worldwide including Pakistan. The use of chemicals insecticides to control the BPH population has been considered an effective strategy. However, long-term and intensive use of insecticides has resulted in resistance against this pest. In this study, six recommended insecticides were tested against BPH over the period of 2015-2019 to determine the susceptibility level. From 2015-19, susceptibility of BPH was reduced to all tested insecticides. Increasing trend of LC50 values was recorded in fipronil (18.23-35.11 mg/L), imidacloprid (64.22-128.8 mg/L), buprofezin (185.01-315.0 mg/L), chlorantranilipyrole (199.2-263.3 mg/L), pymetrozine (248.2-315.5 mg/L), and nitenpyram (21.07-34.3 mg/L) respectively from 2015 to 2019. Correlation coefficient values indicated a significant relation (P < 0.05) between fipronil, imidacloprid, and buprofezin. The study will be helpful for resistance management strategies to prevent the resistance development in BPH against insecticides.
El saltamontes marrón (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), es una plaga de insectos económicamente importante del cultivo de arroz en todo el mundo, incluido Pakistán. El uso de insecticidas químicos para controlarla ha constituido una estrategia eficaz; sin embargo, utilizarlos de forma prolongada e intensiva ha ocasionado que la plaga se vuelva resistente a dichos pesticidas. En este estudio se probaron seis insecticidas recomendados contra la BPH durante el periodo 2015-2019 para determinar el nivel de susceptibilidad. De 2015 a 2019, la susceptibilidad a la BPH se redujo a todos los insecticidas probados. Se registró una tendencia creciente de los valores de LC50 en fipronil (18.23-35.11 mg/l), imidacloprid (64.22-128.8 mg/l), buprofezina (185.01-315.0 mg/l), clorantranilipirol (199.2-263.3 mg/l), pimetrozina (248.2-315.5 mg/l) y nitenpiram (21.07-34.3 mg/l) respectivamente de 2015 a 2019. Los valores del coeficiente de correlación indicaron una relación significativa (P < 0.05) entre fipronil, imidacloprid y buprofezin. El estudio será útil tanto para llevar a cabo estrategias de manejo de la resistencia como para prevenir el desarrollo dicha resistencia de la BPH hacia los insecticidas.

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Tropiduchidae, Laberia, and Laberia palliata

Laberia palliata Stål, 1866 Figs 3–16 Perinetia reticulata Lallemand & Synave, 1954: 82; syn. nov. Aylaella reticulata – Demir & Özdikmen 2009: 271. Type material Holotype of Laberia palliata Stål, 1866 (Fig. 3) LOCALITY UNKNOWN • ♀; “ Mauri- / tius.”, “ Stevens.”, “Typus”, “140 / 64”, “ Laberia pallida Stål / Holotype (Flatidae)”, “ NHRS-GULI / 000006158 ”; NHRS. Holotype of Perinetia reticulata Lallemand & Synave, 1954 (Fig. 4) MADAGASCAR • ♂; “MADAGASCAR / Rég. Périnet / G. Olsoutiett col. 193”, “TYPE”, “ V. Lallemand et / H. Synave det., 195? / Perinetia g. n. / reticulata sp. n. ”, “Museum Paris / MNHN (EH) / 19341”; MNHN. Additional material examined MADAGASCAR – Alaotra-Mangoro Region, Moramanga District • 1 ♂; “ Analamazotra / Perinet, Madag / OЛСуФЪЕва XI.930”; ZIN • 1 ♀; “Périnet / Madagascar / Seyrig 12.II. 931”; ZIN • 1 ♀; “ Madagascar / province de Toamasina / Andasibe, 1049 m / S18°53,410, E48°22,881 ”, “Museum Paris / frt humid, brd piste nicke / 04-XI-2011 / Th. Bourgoin Rèc. ”, “Museum Paris / MNHN (EH) / 19347”; MNHN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Madagascar –CE / border of Andasibe N.P. / “Parc de Orchidés”/ at light; 3.-6. xi.2010 / P. Bănař & local coll. lgt.”, “Collectio / Moravské museum / Brno”; MMBC. – Analamanga Region, Manjakandriana District • 1 ♀; “ MADAGASCAR CENTRE / EST LAC MANTASOA / AMBOHIBOATAVO ”, “ III-1973 / A. Peyrieras ”, “Museum Paris / MNHN (EH) / 16576”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ MADAGASCAR CENTRE / EST LAC MANTASOA / AMBOHIBOATAVO ”, “ III-1973 / A. Peyrieras ”, “Museum Paris / MNHN (EH) / 16577”; MNHN. – Vatovavy Fitovinany Region, Ifanadiana District • 1 ♂; “ Madagascar –CE / Ranomafana N.P.; 11.– / 18.xi. 2010, 958m / S21°15′22.6″ E47°25′17.8″ / at light; P. Bănař lgt.”, “Collectio / Moravské museum / Brno”; MMBC. – Vatovavy Fitovinany Region: Ifanadiana District, Ranomafana commune • 1 ♀; “COLL. MUS. CONGO / Madagascar: Nandihizina / XII – 1937, J. Vadon ”, “ Laberia paliata Stål, det / RGFennah”; MRAC. Redescription MEASUREMENT. Total length 15–18 mm. HEAD. Head with compound eyes narrower than pronotum (Fig. 6A–B). Disc of vertex, pronotum and mesonotum in one plane (Fig. 7A). Vertex (Fig. 6A–D): ratio A/B = 1.0–1.1, with margins slightly elevated, carinate; anterior margin of vertex triangularly produced, apex of vertex obtusely angled; posterolateral margins of vertex slightly diverging posteriad; posterior margin distinctly triangularly incised, to the level of anterior margins of compound eyes; disc of vertex flat, without median carina, with incomplete furrow spreading from posterior margin to anterior ¼ of vertex length in mid line. Frons (Fig. 7C–D): ratio C/E = 0.41–0.49; D/E = 1.58–1.67; frons longer than wide, widest below level of antennal bases; anterior margin prolonged, lateral margins carinately elevate; disc of frons with three carinae, median carina reaching frontoclypeal suture, lateral carinae not exceeding level of lower margins of compound eyes, median and lateral carinae connected at base. Postclypeus with median and lateral carinae; anteclypeus medially carinate; anterior margin of preocular field covered with row of short setae (Fig. 7C–D). Rostrum reaching between metacoxae; apical segment shorter than subapical one. Compound eyes ellipsoidal, posteriorly with narrow callus. Ocelli distinct. Antennal fovea emarginate, posteriorly elevated, shifted to posterior margin of gena. Scape short, cylindrical. Pedicel bulbous, slightly longer than wide, arista about 3 times as long as pedicel; antennal plate organs evenly distributed on pedicel, organized in rows, reaching base of pedicel. Plate organs of crenelated plate type in the merged-tip type group, with ear-like lobes paired organized on the external circle of them, isolated in the internal area (Fig. 8). THORAX. Pronotum (Figs 6, 7E–F): ratio F/B = 0.44–0.54; disc of pronotum arcuate, with median carina and lateral impressions, lateral carinae not reaching posterior margin, anterior angle incised between compound eyes, exceeding anteriorly half of compound eyes length; posterior margin of pronotum widely triangularly incised, incision reaching level of posterior margins of compound eyes; lateral lobes with curved anteriad; distinctly elevated postocular carinae, not reaching posterior margin of pronotum; lateral carina and horizontal carina of side of pronotum absent. Mesonotum (Figs 6A–B, E–F, 7E–F): ratio G/F = 5.3–6.13, G/B+F = 1.80–2.08, G/H = 0.99–1.03; in mid line about as long as wide, diamond-shaped, with disc flat and lateral portions declivous, with five parallel carinae; median carina reaching almost to scutellum, lateral carinae reaching posterior margins, anterolateral carinae pronounced at base than obsolescent posteriad; mesoscutellar groove arcuate posteriad. Tegula with two parallel carinae (Fig. 9A). TEGMINA (Figs 9B–F, 10A–D). Ratio I/J = 1.86–2.02; membranous, with dense network of veins and veinlets. Costal margin curved at base, arcuate to anteroapical angle; anteroapical angle widely arcuate, posterior margin arcuate, posteroapical angle widely obtuse; tornus straight; apex of clavus reaching ⅔ of tegmen length. Costal area present, wide, with apex reaching almost to ⅔ of tegmen length, merely basad of apex of clavus; costal area with prominent, reticulate network of veinlets. Basal cell rounded, slightly longer than wide. Stems ScP+R, MP and CuA leaving basal cells separately, in ScP+R→MP→CuA forking sequence on corium. Stem ScP+R with short stalk, shorter than basal cell, both branches ScP+RA and RP with few furcations, together with veinlets resulting in reticulate pattern, ultimate terminal of RP reaching anteroapical angle. Common stalk of MP about as long as basal cell, both branches MP1+2 and MP 3+4 with number of furcations, together with veinlets resulting in reticulate pattern, the earliest terminal of MP1+2 reaching anteroapical angle, the ultimate terminal of MP3+4 exceeding posteroapical angle, reaching tornus. Common stem CuA distinctly longer than basal cell; branch CuA 1 weaker, with a few furcations, reaching tornus with three terminals, branch CuA 2 stronger, parallel to claval suture and vein CuP, reaching margin with single terminal. Claval suture and vein CuP distinct. Claval veins Pcu and A1 fused in basal half of clavus length, joined vein Pcu+A1 reaching apex of clavus; irregular veinlets between CuP and Pcu present. Costal cell narrow, with a few veinlets between stems Pc+CP and ScP+RA. Nodal line not materialized. Chitinized pterostigmal area absent. Veinlet icu present, connecting CuA 2 and apex of clavus. Veins with short, scarce setae on ventral surface. HIND WING. Membranous, costal margin slightly curved at base, then almost straight, slightly concave at level of wing coupling apparatus, anteroapical angle widely rounded, apical margin distinctly curved, posteroapical angle widely rounded, anal lobe widely rounded. Basal cell slightly longer than wide, stems ScP+R and M leaving basal cell with a short common stalk. Stem ScP+R forked at level of wing coupling apparatus, ScP+RA 1 reaching margin distinctly basad of anteroapical angle, with 3 terminals; single rarp veinlet present. RP forked apicad of transverse veinlet rp-mp, about at the level of ending RA vein; RP with 4–6 terminals reaching margin basad of and at anteroapical angle. Transverse veinlets rp-mp 3–4. Stem MP forked usually about level of first fork of RP, with 4–5 terminals, single imp vein present between MP 1+2 and MP 3+4. Stem CuA forked distinctly basad of stem ScP+R forking, before half of wing, multifurcation with 11–16 terminals and with 10–12 icu veins. Stem CuP single, stem Pcu subparallel to CuP in basal portion, apically curved towards CuP. Veins with short scarce setae on ventral surface. LEGS (Figs 10E–F, 11). Profemur slightly flattened, with rows of short setae along margins, subquadrate in cross section, with rows of short setae along margin; basiprotarsomere as long as midprotarsomere, apical protarsomere slightly longer than cumulative length of basi-and midprotarsomeres; tarsal claws distinct, arolium bilobate, wide. Mesofemur (Fig. 10E) slightly longer than profemur, subquadrate in cross section, with rows of short setae along margins, basimesotarsomere (Figs 10E, 11A) as long as midmesotarsomere, apical mesotarsomere slightly longer than cumulative length of basi-and midmesotarsomeres; tarsal claws distinct, arolium bilobate, wide. Metafemur (Fig. 11B) shorter than metatibia, metatibia with 5–7 lateral spines, subquadrate in cross sections, with margins covered with rows of short setae, with asymmetrical 8 apical teeth (Fig. 11B–D). Basimetatarsomere (Fig. 11C–D) long, about as long as cumulative length of mid- and apical metatarsomeres, apical margin incised, with 12 apical teeth, with subapical setae, except the external ones; midmetatarsomere long, lateral teeth distinct, ventromedian margin arcuately convex, with bunch of setae; apical metatarsomere with rows of longitudinal setae; tarsal claws distinct, arolium bilobate. MALE TERMINALIA (Figs 12–13). Anal tube (Figs 12A–C, 13A) tubular, slightly longer than wide with posterior margin concave in dorsal view, produced ventrally in lateral view. Pygofer (Figs 12A–B, 13C) with upper part distinctly wider than ventral, posterior margin strongly sinuated, without any processes. Corpus connectivi (Fig. 13D) short and robust; alae connectivi large, bearing well developed crista. Periandrium (Fig. 13D–F) covering half of aedeagus, slightly asymmetrical, with two pairs of broad spine-like processes; dorsal processes bigger than ventral ones; ventral basal spine-like process on right side and a short membranous bulb, covered with minute teeth. Aedeagus (Fig. 13G–H) distinctly longer than periandrium, long and narrow, apically, with a pair of dorsal sclerotized strong spines, surrounding a pair of hook-like longer processes. FEMALE TERMINALIA. Pregenital sternite (Figs 14A–D, 16A–B) well developed with posterior margin with huge submedian protruding lobes with margin between them weakly arcuate. Anal tube (Figs 14A, 15A–D, 16C–E) round, short: shorter than wide in dorsal view. Paraproct small, apical margin widely rounded, reaching posterior margin of anal tube. Epiproct slightly shorter than paraproctal lobe. Gonoplac (Figs 14A–B, 15E–F, 16F) quadrangular, slightly sclerotized. Gonospiculum bridge short and robust (Fig. 16I–K). Gonocoxa VIII (Fig. 16G–H) trapezoidal, with a deep concave incision on its anterior margin. Endogocoxal lobe (Fig. 16G–H) bearing a membranous endogonocoxal process with minute apical teeth, slightly shorter than the anterior connective lamina. Anterior connective lamina with some strong 5 subterminal and 3 apical well sclerotized teeth (Fig. 16G–H). Fibula anterior slightly curved. Gonapophysis IX elongated, membranous with median lobes united medially, straight, densely covered dorsally with minute, scale-like denticulations, almost as long as lateral lobes, which bear the posterior fibulae; lateral margin with a long, developed finger-like lobe, covered dorsally with minute, scale-like denticulations. COLORATION (Figs 3A–C, 4A–F, 5). General coloration green. In dry and older specimens, general coloration reddish-brown or brown. Hind wing membranous, transparent, with one dark, round spot on anal area. Abdomen in ʻfreshʼ specimens with orange tergites and sternites yellowish, yellowish-brown to brown in oldest specimens. Distribution (Fig 17A) Madagascar (East): Alaotra-Mangoro Region: Moramanga District: Andasibe commune; Analamanga Region: Manjakandriana District, Mantasoa commune; Haute Matsiatra Region: Ambohimahasoa District, Morafeno commune; Vatovavy Fitovinany Region: Ifanadiana District, Ranomafana commune. Note The genus Laberia was described by Stål (1866), based on single female specimen labelled as originating from Mauritius (Fig. 3D), as a new genus belonging to Ricaniidae. This seems to be a case of mislabelling, as since the original description it was never reported on Mauritius, and all specimens available came from Madagascar. Melichar (1898: 296) moved this genus to Nogodinidae, and Fennah (1978: 118) placed it in the tribe Bladinini Kirkaldy, 1907, subtribe Gaetulina Fennah, 1978. The subsequent changes in placement of Laberia in Tropiduchidae resulted from taxonomic views and opinions concerning Gaetuliini (see above). However, the type material of Laberia has never been re-examined since its description and its characters and taxonomic status needed to be reconciled with the taxonomic changes that took place around the families Nogodinidae-Tropiduchidae and their respective delimitation. A few additional specimens of the species were found dispersed in various collections enabling this revisionary study that led to our separation of the genus into a new tropiduchid Elicinae tribe, Laberiini trib. nov. Additionally, during this study, we also discovered that another ‘mythical’ taxon from Madagascar, Perinetia reticulata Lallemand & Synave, 1954, originally described as a species of a monotypic genus of the family Acanaloniidae Amyot & Serville, 1834, was conspecific with Laberia palliata Stål, 1866. The generic name Perinetia was proposed by various authors several times for various species of animals. Currently, all these usages have been replaced by new names. Hence, the generic name Perinetia becomes again available for the purposes of taxonomy. However, the oldest usage of this name for a genus is now believed to be a junior objective synonym. All subsequent proposals with Perinetia as generic name have already been replaced. The usages of the generic name Perinetia are presented below: 1936 Perinetia Collenette: 165 [Insecta: Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae]; type species: Perinetia leucocloea Collenette, 1936: 166, pl. 12, fig. 8; by original designation. Remark. Perinetia Collenette, 1936 has priority, while the other names should be treated as junior homonyms (Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature – ICZN 1999). Perinetia Collenette, 1936 is a junior subjective synonym of Stenaroa Hampson, 1910: 444 [Insecta: Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae]. 1952 Perinetia Seyrig: 193. [Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae]; type species: Perinetia nigrifacies Seyrig, 1952: 194; by original designation. Remark. This name was proposed to be replaced by Madagascesa Koçak & Kemal, 2008: 6. 1954 Perinetia Lallemand & Synave: 81 [Insecta: Hemiptera: Acanaloniidae]; type species: Perinetia reticulata Lallemand & Synave, 1954: 82. Remark. This name was proposed to be replaced by Aylaella Demir & Özdikmen, 2009: 271. 1959 Perinetia Barnard: 81 [Crustacea: Malacostraca: Philosciidae]; type species: Philoscia (Perinetia) reducta Barnard, 1958: 81. Remark. This name was proposed to be replaced by Barnardetia Xing & Chen, 2013: 399. 1964 Perinetia Descamps: 203, 206 [Insecta: Orthoptera: Eumastacidae]; type species: Perinetia annulipes Descamps, 1964: 208, figs 349–351; by original designation and monotypy. Remark. This name was proposed to be replaced by Perinetella Descamps & Wintrebert, 1965: 96. However, this name was preoccupied by Perinetella Synave, 1956: 211; type species: Perinetella nigroflava Synave, 1956: 2012, figs 9–10; by original designation and monotypy (Insecta: Hemiptera: Flatidae), and a new replacement name was proposed – Descampsiella Özdikmen, 2008: 67. 1988 Perinetia Domergue: 135 [Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae]; type species: Perinetia coulangesi Domergue, 1988; by original designation and monotypy. Remark. This name was proposed to be replaced by Brygophis Domergue & Bour, 1989: 805.
Published as part of Stroiński, Adam, Bourgoin, Thierry & Szwedo, Jacek, 2022, Laberiini, a new tribe of Tropiduchidae planthoppers from Madagascar (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea), pp. 23-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 836 (1) on pages 31-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.836.1913, http://zenodo.org/record/7051851
{"references":["Stal C. 1866. Hemiptera Homoptera Latr. Hemiptera Africana 4: 1 - 276.","Lallemand V. & Synave H. 1954. Homopteres nouveaux de Madagascar. Le Naturaliste malgache 6: 79 - 82.","Demir E. & Ozdikmen H. 2009. Two new replacement names for genera in Dictyopharidae and Acanaloniidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 111 (1): 271. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797 - 111.1.271","Melichar L. 1898. Monographie der Ricaniiden (Homoptera). Annalen des k. k Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 13: 197 - 359.","Fennah R. G. 1978. The higher classification of the Nogodinidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) with a description of a new genus and species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 113: 113 - 120.","Collenette C. L. 1936. New Lymantriidae from Madagascar. Novitates Zoologicae 40: 153 - 169.","ICZN. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London.","Hampson G. F. 1910. Descriptions of new African moths. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 5: 430 - 464, 465 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931008692804","Seyrig A. 1952. Les Ichneumonides de Madagascar. IV Ichneumonidae Cryptinae. Memoires de l'Academie malgache 19 (39): 1 - 213.","Kocak A. O. & Kemal M. 2008. Nomenclatural notes on the genus group names in the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Centre for Entomological Studies Miscellaneous Papers 144: 6.","Barnard K. H. 1958. Terrestrial isopods and amphipods from Madagascar. Memoires de l'Institut scientifique de Madagascar (serie A) 12: 67 - 111.","Descamps M. 1964. Revision preliminaire des Euschmidtiinae (Orthoptera-Eumastacidae). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Ser. A, Zoologie 30: 1 - 321.","Descamps M. & Wintrebert D. 1965. Contribution a l'etude des eumastacides malgaches (OrthopteraEumastacidae). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ser. A, Zoologie 34: 1 - 188.","Synave H. 1956. Les Flatidae de Madagascar (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Memoires de l'Institut des Sciences de Madagascar (Ser. E) 7: 197 - 217.","Ozdikmen H. 2008. Nomenclatural changes for some Orthoptera (Ensifera and Caelifera). Zootaxa 1763: 67 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1763.1.6","Domergue C. A. 1988. Notes sur les serpents de la region malgache. 8. Colubridae nouveaux. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle Sect. A Zoologie Biologie et Ecologie animales 10 (1): 135 - 146.","Domergue C. A. & Bour R. 1989. Brygophis nom nouveau pour Perinetia Domergue, 1988, preemploye (Reptilia, Colubridae). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle Sect. A Zoologie Biologie et Ecologie animales 10 (ser. 4): 805 - 806."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Miridae, Bothrophorella, and Bothrophorella nigra

Bothrophorella nigra (Stål, 1860) (Figs. 9, 47–48) Eccritotarsus niger Stål, 1860: 58 (original description). Eccritotarsus procurrens Distant, 1893: 442 (original description). Synonymized by Bergroth, 1922: 19. Bothrophorella procurrens: Reuter, 1907a: 41 (new combination). Bothrophorella nigra: Bergroth, 1922: 19. Material examined. COLOMBIA. Antioquia: 1 ♀, La Pintada, weeds, 1.x.1971 (R. Vélez) (MEFLG NC26692); Boyacá: 2 ♂, Maripí, Guadalito, 1440 m, 27.iv.1979 (I. de Arévalo) (ICN 092928, ICN 092929); Tolima: 1 ♀, Chaparral, Cgto. El Limón, Vda. Betania, Sitio La Angostura, 1300 m, 16.x.1993 (Camargo) (ICN 092930); Valle del Cauca: 1 ♂, Dagua, Cgto. Queremal, Malaise trap, 5.v.1993 (G. Andrade) (ICN 092931). Diagnosis. Body black, with brownish-orange areas.Antennal segment I and II white with black apex. Pronotum strongly punctate. Leg pale or whitish. Hemelytral membrane with proximal half black. Body length 3.20–4.50 mm. Right paramere (Fig. 47) with basal process slightly narrowed towards the paramere body curved, slightly concave; sensory lobe absent; apical process with small triangular projection truncate at the apex. Left paramere (Fig. 48) with basal process curved; body flattened, curved, and rotated on its axis; sensory lobe absent; apical process curved, directed towards the basal process and gradually terete. Associated/host plants. Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) (Coto et al. 1995) and Ipomoea batatas Lam. (Convolvulaceae) (Ferreira & Rossi 1979; Ferreira et al. 2001). Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama (Carvalho 1957), Surinam (Carvalho & Rosas 1965). Colombia (without details) (Carvalho 1957); new department records: Antioquia, Boyacá, Tolima, Valle del Cauca.
Published as part of Alvarez-Zapata, Alejandra, Ferreira, Paulo S. F. & Serna, Francisco, 2022, A taxonomic synopsis of the Eccritotarsini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae Bryocorinae) of Colombia, pp. 101-151 in Zootaxa 5178 (2) on pages 119-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7022163
{"references":["Stal, C. (1860) Bidrag Till Rio Janeiro-Traktens Hemipter-Fauna. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 2, 1 - 84.","Distant, W. L. (1893) Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. I. In: Godman and Salvin (Eds.), Biologia Centrali Americana. Published for the editors by R. H. Porter, London, pp. 329 - 462.","Reuter, O. M. (1907 a) Capsidae in Brasilia collectae in Museo I. R. Vindobonensi asservatae. Annalen des Naturhistorisches Hofmuseums Wien, 22, 33 - 80.","Coto, D., Saunders, J. L., Vargas, C. L. & King, A. B. (1995) Plagas invertebradas de cultivos tropicales con enfasis en America Central: un inventario. CATIE, Turrialba, 66 pp.","Ferreira, P. S. F. & Rossi, D. (1979) Catalogo das especies de Miridae (Hemiptera) de Vicosa, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. pdf. Experientiae, 35, 131 - 157.","Ferreira, P. S. F., Silva, E. R. da & Coelho, L. B. N. (2001) Miridae (Heteroptera) fitofagos e predadores de Minas Gerais, Brasil, com enfase em especies com potencial economico. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 91, 159 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212001000200022","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1957) A catalogue of the Miridae of the world. Part I. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 44, 1 - 158.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & Rosas, A. F. (1965) Mirideos neotropicais, XCV: Genero e especies nova do Suriname, com uma lista de especies coligidas em Paramarimbo (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 25, 207 - 210."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Miridae, Eccritotarsus, and Eccritotarsus nigrocruciatus

‡ Eccritotarsus nigrocruciatus Stål, 1860 (Figs. 16, 51–52) Eccritotarsus nigro-cruciatus Stål, 1860: 57 (original description). Eccritotarsus magnificus Distant, 1888: 82 (original description). Synonymized by Carvalho & China, 1951: 676. Material examined. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: 7 ♂ 1 ♀, Viçosa, 18.viii.1982 (Fiuza & Martins) (UFVB); 1 ♂, Viçosa, 14.iii.1933 (E. J. Hambleton) (UFVB); Rio Grande do Sul: 1 ♂, Putinga, 603 m, 29.x.2003 (UFVB). Diagnosis. Body white and black with yellow areas. Head in dorsal view, antennal segments I and II, pronotum and apex of cuneus black. Propleuron with anterior area to the coxal suture yellowish. Xyphus black and yellow. Corium with transverse stripe extending to the clavus and generally to the embolium. Body length 3.73–5.00 mm. Right paramere (Fig. 51) with basal process short and wide; body wide with median constriction; sensory lobe absent; apical process proximally elongate, apically sub-rectangular and transverse to the proximal part. Left paramere (Fig. 52) with basal process wider towards the body; body flattened and convex, wider medially; sensory lobe absent; apical process elongate, curved and truncate at the apex. Associated/host plants. Unknown. Distribution. Argentina (Carpintero & Carvalho 1993), Brazil (Carvalho & Afonso 1977), Ecuador (Carvalho 1957).— Colombia (Valle del Cauca) (Carvalho & Afonso 1977). Comments. Specimens of E. nigrocruciatus in literature ranged 3.85–5.00 mm long (Stål, 1860; Distant 1888, Ferreira &Henry 2011). Specimens in the present work are 3.73–3.80 mm; hence, length ranges are 3.73–5.00 mm.
Published as part of Alvarez-Zapata, Alejandra, Ferreira, Paulo S. F. & Serna, Francisco, 2022, A taxonomic synopsis of the Eccritotarsini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae Bryocorinae) of Colombia, pp. 101-151 in Zootaxa 5178 (2) on page 123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7022163
{"references":["Stal, C. (1860) Bidrag Till Rio Janeiro-Traktens Hemipter-Fauna. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 2, 1 - 84.","Distant, W. L. (1888) Enumeration of the Van Volxem Collection of Rhynchota contained in the Brussel's Museum. Part III. Comptes-rendus des seances de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 32, 78 - 83.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & China, W. E. (1951) LXIII. - Neotropical Miridae, XLII: On the Eccritotarsoid complex (Hemiptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 4, 672 - 697. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935108654194","Carpintero, D. L. & Carvalho, J. C. M. (1993) An annotated list of the Miridae of the Argentine Republic (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 53, 397 - 420.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & Afonso, C. R. D. S. (1977) Mirideos neotropicais, CCVIII: sobre uma colecao enviada para estudo pela academia de ciencias da California (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 37, 7 - 16.","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1957) A catalogue of the Miridae of the world. Part I. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 44, 1 - 158.","Ferreira, P. S. F. & Henry, T. J. (2011) Synopsis and keys to the tribes, genera, and species of Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Part I: Bryocorinae. Zootaxa, 2920 (1), 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2920.1.1"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Miridae, Parafurius, and Parafurius discifer

Parafurius discifer (Stål, 1860) (Figs. 33, 69–70) Eccritotarsus discifer Stål, 1860: 57. (original description). Parafurius discifer: Carvalho & China, 1951: 692 (new combination). Eccritotarsus holmbergi Berg, 1883: 26. Synonymized by Carvalho & China, 1951: 43. Neofurius amethystus Distant, 1884: 293. Synonymized by Carvalho & China, 1951: 43. Neofurius variabilis Distant, 1884: 292. Synonymized by Carvalho & China, 1951: 44. Neofurius infumatus Distant, 1884: 294. Synonymized by Carvalho & China, 1951: 43. Neofurius aurora Kirkaldy, 1902: 250. Synonymized by Carvalho & China, 1951: 43. Neofurius tethis Kirkaldy, 1903: 15. Synonymized by Carvalho & China, 1951: 44. Material examined. COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: 2♂ 1♀ 1?, Anolaima, 1.vi.1948 (MEFLG 3683-1, MEFLG 3683-2, MEFLG 3683-3, MEFLG 3683-4); 1?, Tocancipá, 2606 m, 4°58’N, 73°55’W (UNAB 626); Magdalena: 2 ♂, PNN Tayrona, Cañaveral, 70 m, 11º18’N, 73º56’W, Malaise trap, 07–­ 13.i.2003 (C. Sarmiento) (IAVH-E-164601, IAVH-E-164602); Santander: 1 ♂, Barbosa, 1588 m, 5°55’N, 73°37’W, 28.ix.2003 (C. Soto) (UNAB 626). Diagnosis. Body yellow to red. Posterior pronotal lobe in the middle, clavus (except base) and base of membrane reddish, brown or black. Corium with reddish, brown or black spot extending from the apical third of the embolium to claval commissure. Body length 3.50–5.00 mm (Carvalho & China 1951; Maldonado Capriles 1969; Ferreira & Henry 2011). Right paramere (Fig. 69) with basal process short with parallel sides; body elongate, bent in the middle so the proximal part is transverse to the distal part; sensory lobe absent; apical process curved, gradually terete, with blunt apex. Left paramere (Fig. 70) with basal process wide and short; body elongate, wider at base, apically rounded; sensory lobe absent; apical process small, gradually terete, transverse to the basal process. Associated plants. Zantedeschia aethiopica Spreng. (Araceae) (Carpintero & Carvalho 1993; Ferreira & Henry 2011), Dioscorea spp. (Dioscoreaceae) (Alvarez et al. 2013), Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) (Ferreira et al. 2001), Coffea sp. (Rubiaceae) (Carpintero & Carvalho 1993; Ferreira & Rossi 1979) and Smilax sp. (Smilacaceae) (Ferreira & Henry 2011). Distribution. Argentina, Brazil (Carvalho 1957), Costa Rica, Guatemala (Carvalho & Afonso 1977), Mexico, (Carvalho 1957), Nicaragua (Maes & Carvalho 1989), Panama (Maldonado Capriles 1976), Peru (Carvalho & Afonso 1977), Puerto Rico (Maldonado Capriles 1969), Surinam (Carvalho & Rosas 1965), and Venezuela (Carvalho 1957).— Colombia (Bolívar, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Sucre) (Alvarez et al. 2013; Gaviria-Rivera & Tapias-Múnera 2018); new department records: Magdalena, Santander. Comments. This species has been synonymized several times due to variations in the color pattern. Specimens from Colombia conform to the diagnosis provided.
Published as part of Alvarez-Zapata, Alejandra, Ferreira, Paulo S. F. & Serna, Francisco, 2022, A taxonomic synopsis of the Eccritotarsini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae Bryocorinae) of Colombia, pp. 101-151 in Zootaxa 5178 (2) on page 134, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7022163
{"references":["Stal, C. (1860) Bidrag Till Rio Janeiro-Traktens Hemipter-Fauna. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 2, 1 - 84.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & China, W. E. (1951) LXIII. - Neotropical Miridae, XLII: On the Eccritotarsoid complex (Hemiptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 4, 672 - 697. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935108654194","Distant, W. L. (1884) Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. I. In: Godman, F. du C. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali Americana. Published for the editors by R. H. Porter, London, pp. 265 - 304.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1902) Memoir upon the Rhyncotal family Capsidae Auctt. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1902, 243 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1902. tb 01384. x","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1903) Einige neue und wenig bekannte Rhynchoten. Entomologische Zeitung, 22, 13 - 16.","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1969) The Miridae of Puerto Rico (Insecta, Hemiptera). University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper, 45, 1 - 34.","Ferreira, P. S. F. & Henry, T. J. (2011) Synopsis and keys to the tribes, genera, and species of Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Part I: Bryocorinae. Zootaxa, 2920 (1), 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2920.1.1","Carpintero, D. L. & Carvalho, J. C. M. (1993) An annotated list of the Miridae of the Argentine Republic (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 53, 397 - 420.","Ferreira, P. S. F., Silva, E. R. da & Coelho, L. B. N. (2001) Miridae (Heteroptera) fitofagos e predadores de Minas Gerais, Brasil, com enfase em especies com potencial economico. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 91, 159 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212001000200022","Ferreira, P. S. F. & Rossi, D. (1979) Catalogo das especies de Miridae (Hemiptera) de Vicosa, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. pdf. Experientiae, 35, 131 - 157.","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1957) A catalogue of the Miridae of the world. Part I. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 44, 1 - 158.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & Afonso, C. R. D. S. (1977) Mirideos neotropicais, CCVIII: sobre uma colecao enviada para estudo pela academia de ciencias da California (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 37, 7 - 16.","Maes, J. M. & Carvalho, J. C. M. (1989) Catalogo de los Miridae de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 6, 7 - 36.","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1976) Two new genera and some records of Miridae (Hemiptera) from Panama. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78, 6 - 11.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & Rosas, A. F. (1965) Mirideos neotropicais, XCV: Genero e especies nova do Suriname, com uma lista de especies coligidas em Paramarimbo (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 25, 207 - 210.","Gaviria-Rivera, A. M. & Tapias-Munera, J. (2018) Museo Entomologico. Boletin del museo Entomologico Francisco Luis Gallego, 10, 1 - 41."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Hypoxys, and Hypoxys myrtacivorus

Hypoxys myrtacivorus sp. n. (Figures: 1, 6F, 7C, 8D, 9D, 10A–B, 12) Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the feeding plants of this species (family Myrtaceae). Holotype. PERU. Loreto: 1 ♂ Iquitos, 14.V.1992, G. Couturier Col./ Host Plant Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae) / Isla Mayuy INIAA/IVITA MNHN(EH) 25126 (MNHN). Paratypes (n=23). No data, 1 ♀ 3093, 72304 (MZUSP); PERU. Loreto: 2 ♂ and 3 ♀ Carretera Iquitos–Nauta, Estacion El Dorado INIAA Unamurú, IX–2006, J. Vasquez B., sobre Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae) “camu camu” MNHN (EH) 25130-25134 (MNHN); same data 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (UFPA); 1 ♂ Cocha Supay, Jenaro Herrero, 26.X.1988, 4° 55’S 73° 40’W, G. Couturier & H. Inga col., Plante–hote: Myrciaria dubia MNHN (EH) 25127 (MNHN); 1 ♂ Iquitos, 27. V.1991, G. Couturier Col., Host Plant Eugenia malaccensis L. (Myrtaceae) MNHN (EH) 25128 (MNHN); BRAZIL. Pará: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ Tucuruí, Rio Tocantins, Acamp. Bagagem, 03.VII.1984, coleta Noturna (MPEG); 1 ♂ Belém, Bairro Umarizal, XI. 2014 (UFPA); 1 ♀ Belém, ICB— UFPA Campus Guamá, 17.XI.2021, E. V. P. Cunha col., sobre Eugenia uniflora L., Obs.: indivíduo se alimentando no ramo (UFPA); 1 ♀ Belém, UFPA —Campus Guamá, 09.XII.2016, E. V. P. Cunha col.; Host Plant Eugenia malaccensis L. (Myrtaceae) (UFPA); 1 ♀ Santarém, E. le Moult. (RMNH); Amazonas: 1 ♂ Igarapé Tacana, Solimões, II.1962, Cândido & Dyrce (MNRJ); 1 ♀ Benjamin Constant, Rio Javari, II.1942, Pko. (MNRJ); Rondônia: 2 ♀ 62 km Ariquemes, nr Fazenda Rancho Grande, 8– 20.XI.1994, J. E. Eger & L. B. & C. W. O’Brien (JEE); SURINAME. Sipaliwini: 1 ♀ Kayser Gebergte, Exped. H. A. Beatty, 25.XI–14.XII.1960, Sergiman Moentari leg. (FMNH); GUIANA. Georgetown: 1 ♀ Belair, Y. VII.1931, R. T. Potts (USNM); VENEZUELA. Monagas: 1 ♀ Josepín, 50m, 27.IX.1955, F. Fernandez y C. J. Rosales (MBUC); COLOMBIA. Meta: 1 ♀ Peralonso, Caño Pachiaquiari, 4.IX.1965, J. A. Ramos Collector (USNM). Measurements. Total length 11.1–15.9; total width 6.2–8.5; head length 1.9–2.3; head width 2.9–3.4; interocular distance: 1.5–1.8; length of antennomeres I: 0.7–1.0; II: 0.9–1.5; III: 1.3–1.6; IV: 2,5–3,1; V: 2.5–3.4; pronotum length 2.4–3.8; pronotum width 7.7–9.3; scutellum length 5.9–7.8; scutellum width 4.4–5.4. Diagnosis. Antennomeres with increasing lengths progressively (IMale genitalia. Dorsal surface with dark spot occupying 1/3 of the length of the pygophore (Fig. 1A). Superior process of the genital cup long and narrow (Fig. 1B). Paramere with dorsal margin strongly concave; anterior lobe large, subrectangular, reaching dorsal rim; posterior lobe short, rectangular laterally directed (Figs. 1B, 1D). Proctiger strongly excavated laterally, excavation and posterior face covered by long and sparse setae; dorsal face tapering posteriorly; posterior face triangular, small, below the level of dorsal face and ventrally bent, lateral areas slightly swollen (Fig. 1D, 8D). Inner wall swollen area globose and close to posterolateral angles (Fig. 8D, black arrow). Ventral rim strongly excavated; bottom of median excavation convex (Fig. 1C). Phallus (Fig. 7C). Vesica (vs) half-moon-shaped in lateral view. Phallotheca (ph) slightly curved. Female genitalia (Figs. 1E). Valvifers VIII with rounded excavation; booth distal angles dentiform (Fig. 9, red arrow); inner angles reaching valvifers IX; mediolateral crest swollen along outer lateral margin (Fig. 9D, black arrow); mesial borders contiguous forming a spiniform projection (Fig. 9D). Valvulae IX (Va9) exposed and sclerotized. Pars intermedialis (pi) spherical medially (Fig. 6F). Capsula seminalis with three thick projections almost as long as capsula seminalis (Fig. 6F). Comments. This species was collected only on Myrtaceae plants, E. malaccensis (red jambo), E. uniflora (brazilian-cherry) and M. dubia (camu-camu). This species was observed feeding on branches from E. uniflora L., but in M. dubia it was observed feeding on fruits. Hypoxys myrtacivorus sp. n. was considered pest of camu-camu, M. dubia, in Peru, causing a transparent spot with a central red dot (Panduro et al. 2001). Hypoxys myrtacivorus sp. n. had nymphal stages and biological aspects described by Iannacone et al. (2007), identified as Edessa aff. aulacosterna Stål, 1872, but author mentioned that the species probably was new to science. Nevertheless, H. myrtacivorus sp. n. differs from Edessa aulacosterna by several aspects, but two are very conspicuous: humeral angles acute and slightly developed with apex brown to black (not developed, rounded and concolorous in E. aulacosterna); anterior arms of metasternal process swollen and tapering anteriorly (laterally compressed in E. aulacosterna). The shape of the paramere of this species resembles H. curvatus sp. n., but differ because the apex of the posterior lobe is acuminate in H. myrtacivorus sp. n. (in H. curvatus sp. n. the apices of the anterior and posterior lobes are rounded). Distribution (Fig. 12). PERU: Loreto; BRAZIL: Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia; SURINAME: Sipaliwini; GUIANA: Georgetown; VENEZUELA: Monagas; COLOMBIA: Meta.

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Hypoxys, and Hypoxys triangularis

Hypoxys triangularis (Dallas, 1851) (Fig. 9, 19E–F, 22— Nunes et al. (2020); 6D, 7A, 8A, 9A, 12) Edessa triangularis Dallas, 1851: 320 (original description). Edessa triangularis Walker, 1868: 425; Stål, 1872: 60; Lethierry & Severin, 1893: 195 (catalog); Kirkaldy, 1909: 165 (catalog) Edessa scabriventris Stål, 1859: 231; Stål, 1860: 28; Walker, 1868: 429; Stål, 1872: 56; Lethierry & Severin, 1893: 194 (catalog); Kirkaldy, 1909: 164 (catalog); Silva et al. 2018: 424 (checklist) Edessa leprosula Breddin, 1904a: 144; Bergroth, 1908: 179; Kirkaldy, 1909: 159 (catalog) Hypoxys triangularis (Dallas, 1851) Nunes et al. (2020): 420 (diagnosis and distribution). Diagnosis. See Nunes et al. (2020). Characteristic added here: Male genitalia. Dorsal surface with spot extending about ¼ of the length of the pygophore (9A— Nunes et al. (2020)). Inner wall with well-swollen area attached to dorsal rim (Fig. 8A, black arrow). Phallus (Fig. 7A). Vesica tapering dorsally in lateral view. Phallotheca curved. Female genitalia. Pars intermedialis subcylindrical medially (Fig. 6D). Capsula seminalis with three thick projections: one projection half the length of the others, the other two projections with half of the length of pars intermedialis (Fig. 6D). Distribution (Fig. 12): FRENCH GUIANA; BRAZIL: Pernambuco, Bahia, Alagoas, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul. Comments. The H. triangularis can be separated from the other species of the H. triangularis group by posterior stripe of pronotum reddish brown and body ventrally with large number of small yellow calli.
Published as part of Cunha, Eduardo Victor De Paiva & Fernandes, José Antônio Marin, 2022, New species of the Hypoxys triangularis group and the first contribution on the morphology of the internal genitalia of Hypoxys Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Edessinae), pp. 501-520 in Zootaxa 5168 (5) on pages 511-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6911501
{"references":["Nunes, B. M., Campos, L. D., Mendonca, M. T. S., Cunha, E. V. P. & Fernandes, J. A. M. (2020) Revision of Hypoxys Amyot & Serville, 1843 stat. res. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Zootaxa, 4742 (3), 445 - 470. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4742.3.1","Mendonca, M. T. S., Nunes, B. M. & Fernandes, J. A. M. (2021) Description of fifteen new species of the Hypoxys balteatus species group (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 61 (1), 289 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.37520 / aemnp. 2021.017"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Orthoptera, Diapheromeridae, Arumatia, and Arumatia dubia

Arumatia dubia (Caudell, 1904) gen. et comb. nov. Figs 1–13, 46, 52, 53A–D Bacunculus dubius Caudell, 1904: 186. Bacunculus fragilis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907: 336. Syn. nov. Echetlus evoneobertii Zompro & Adis, 2001: 294. Syn. nov. Heteronemia dubia – Zompro 2001: 223. — Otte & Brock 2005: 158. Heteronemia fragilis – Zompro 2001: 223. — Otte & Brock 2005: 158. Echetlus evoneobertii – Zompro 2004b: 138. — Otte & Brock 2005: 132. — Zompro & Domenico 2005: 257. — Zompro et al. 2006: 131 (specimen record for Australia in error, misidentification). Candovia evoneobertii – Brock & Hasenpusch 2007: 7, 70; 2009: 151. — Araujo & Garraffoni 2012: 235. Diagnosis Females From Arumatia fulgens gen. et comb. nov., A. dubia gen. et comb. nov. differs by the shorter subgenital plate not exceeding half the length of the tergum X, the slightly shorter cerci (not reaching the length of terga VIII–X combined) and the thinner body. From A. anyami gen. et sp. nov. it differs by the lack of a black spot on the ventral region of the prothorax, the longer median segment, equal in size to the metanotum (vs ¾ the length of metanotum), the shorter subgenital plate, larger epiproct, posterior margin of anal segment less emarginate, tergum VII having a widened and incurved posterior margin and shorter gonapophyses VIII, and narrower gonoplac. Some mouthparts differ between the two species, because A. dubia has a different microtrichia pattern as a band on the galea and not a circle, has less and stouter setae on the lacinia, a narrower galea and narrower labial palp segments than those of A. anyami. From A. crassicercata gen. et sp. nov. it differs by the lack of a praeopercular organ, the longer median segment, much longer cerci and thinner legs with less prominent keels. Arumatia dubia also has fairly less and stouter setae on the lacinia and shorter microtrichia of the galea than A. crassicercata, and the microtrichia are arranged in a band, not a circle. From A. aramatia gen. et sp. nov. it differs by the shorter, less elongate head, the more elongate galea, the longer median segment, as long as the metanotum, the shorter terga VIII–X, the emarginate posterior margin of tergum X, the slightly shorter subgenital plate, the lack of a praeopercular organ and the shorter gonapophyses VIII. From A. motenata gen. et sp. nov. and A. diamante gen. et sp. nov. it differs by the shorter, less elongate head, the more elongate galea, the shorter microtrichia of the galea, the longer median segment, as long as the metanotum, the presence of stronger spiniform setae on the carinae of the tarsi and on the apex of mid and hind tibiae, the absence of an apical sessile spine on the apex of the ventral, antero- and posteroventral carinae of the tibiae, the slightly longer cerci, the shorter epiproct, the longer subgenital plate, the absence of a praeopercular organ, the narrower gonoplac and the shorter gonapophyses VIII. Eggs The egg of Arumatia dubia gen. et comb. nov. has a smoother capsule than that of A. anyami gen. et sp. nov., and a lumpier and grosser texture (rather than finely punctuated) than that of A. motenata gen. et sp. nov. or A. crassicercata gen. et sp. nov. The egg also has a reticular, netted aspect of the keels of the capitulum rather than radial on the capitulum of the eggs of A. aramatia gen. et sp. nov., A. motenata and A. diamante gen. et sp. nov. as well as a widened posteriormost region of the micropylar plate and dorsal region less convex in lateral view than that of A. crassicercata. Type material PARAGUAY • 1 ♀, holotype of Bacunculus dubius; Sapucay; W.T. Foster leg.; “10-3[?]1/[?]”, “ Bacunculus dubia ♀ type. Caudell; Type No. 8027. U.S.N.M.”; USNM 8027 (examined from photo). SOUTH AMERICA • 1 ♀, holotype of Bacunculus fragilis; “America merid.” [South America]; Bol. leg.; MNMS (examined from photo). BRAZIL • 1 ♀, holotype of Echetlus evoneobertii; São Paulo, Boa Esperança do Sul; 18 Feb. 1998; J.A. Cerignoni leg.; MZUSP 0035 (examined) • 1 ♀, eggs, paratypes of Echetlus evoneobertii; São Paulo, Piracicaba, ESALQ / USP; Sep. 2000; “criado em laboratório em folhas de Eucalyptus ” [raised in lab with Eucalyptus leaves]; MZUSP 0036 (examined) • 1 ♀, paratype of Echetlus evoneobertii; same collection data as for preceding; MZUSP 0037 (examined) • 1 egg, paratype of Echetlus evoneobertii; same collection data as for preceding; ANIC (examined from photo) • 1 ♀, paratype of Echetlus evoneobertii; same collection data as for preceding; ANIC (not examined) • 5 ♀♀, paratypes of Echetlus evoneobertii; same collection data as for preceding; MZUSP (not traced) • 2 ♀♀, paratypes of Echetlus evoneobertii; São Paulo, Boa Esperança do Sul; 18 Feb. 1998; J.A. Cerignoni leg.; ZMUK 457-1, 457-3 (not traced) • 5 eggs, paratypes of Echetlus evoneobertii; same collection data as for preceding; ZMUK 457-7 (not traced). Other material examined BRAZIL – Paraná • 1 ♀; Londrina; 6 Apr. 1998; E.P. Frazão leg.; ESALQENT 000438. – Distrito Federal • 1 ♀; Brasília, urban area near Parque Olhos D’água; 15°44′56.6″ S, 47°53′25.1″ W; 2020; J. Góis and P. Souza leg.; MZUSP. – Mato Grosso do Sul • 2 ♀♀; Chapadão do Sul, margin of Sucuriú River; 19°28′31.3″ S, 52°32′17.7″ W; 30 Nov. 2020; E.B. Crispino and D. Castro-Pereira leg.; in cerradão [deciduous forest]; MZUSP V0534, V0535 • 2 ♀♀, nymphs, eggs; same collection data as for preceding; MZUSP. – Minas Gerais • 3 ♀♀; Paraopeba; 18 Jun. 1988; J.A. Cerignoni leg.; in Eucalyptus sp.; ESALQENT 000439, 000444, 000451 • 1 ♀; Delfinópolis, Pousada Cachoeira Paraíso, near Serra da Canastra; 20°20′35.5″ S, 46°47′14.0″ W; E.W. Engelking leg.; in cerrado [savannah formation]; UNESP • 1 ♀; Araguari, near Emborcação Dam; 18°27′23.0″ S, 48°00′40.7″ W; 20 Jan. 2021; V.M. Ghirotto leg.; in cerradão [deciduous forest]; MZUSP V0547 • eggs; same collection data as for preceding; from female V0547; MZUSP • 1 ♀, first instar nymph; Minas Gerais, Araguari; reared by V.M. Ghirotto 2021 from female V0547; MZUSP V0556 • 1 ♀, second instar nymph; same collection data as for preceding; MZUSP V0557 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; MZUSP V0676. – São Paulo • 1 ♀; Piracicaba, ESALQ; Jun. 1992; J.A. Cerignoni leg.; host plant Psidium guajava; Echetlus evoneobertii ♀ det. O. Zompro Nov. 2003; ESALQENT 000443 • 1 ♀; Piracicaba; Jun. 2001; S.S. Prado leg.; ESALQENT 000442 • 1 ♀; Piracicaba; 16 May 2000; R.A. Polanczyk leg.; ESALQENT 000436 • 1 ♀; Piracicaba, ESALQ; 18 May 1998; S.R. Magro leg.; ESALQENT 000450 • 1 ♀; Piracicaba, ESALQ, Dept. Entomology; 17 May 1998; V.D.A. dos Reis leg.; ESALQENT 000440 • 3 ♀♀; Limeira; 23 Jan. 2004; P. Milano leg.; ESALQENT 000446, 000447, 000448 • 1 ♀; Limeira; 10 Jun. 1999; “criação particular” [culture stock] P. Milano; ESALQENT 000445 • 1 ♀; Descalvado; 26 Apr. 1968; Renato leg.; ESALQENT 000441 • 1 ♀; “R. Preto” [Ribeirão Preto]; Lordello leg.; “4-51”; ESALQENT 000437 • 1 ♀; “Boa Esperança” [Boa Esperança do Sul]; 21 Apr. 1998; R.B.Q. Silva leg.; ESALQENT 000449 • 8 ♀♀; Ibaté; Jan.–Jul. 2019; reared by V.M. Ghirotto, culture obtained at ESALQ entomology lab; MZUSP 1222, 1224, 1227, V0314, V0315, V0333, V0415, V0503 • 1 ♀, first instar nymph; same collection data as for preceding; MZUSP V0272 • eggs; same collection data as for preceding; MZUSP • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 2021; MZUSP V0542, V0558 • eggs; same collection data as for preceding; MZUSP • 2 ♀♀; Assis, Campus UNESP; 22°39′00.2″ S, 50°26′18.8″ W; Aug. 2018; P.W. Engelking leg.; UNESP WE059 • 2 ♀♀; Echaporã, Trilha da cachoeira Stn Rosa; 22°25′23.8″ S, 50°11′60.0″ W; Sept. 2020; P.W. Engelking and G.A. Nunes leg.; UNESP WE060. Remarks The Australian specimen of Arumatia dubia gen. et comb. nov. reportedly housed at the Zoological Museum of the Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel in Germany (as Candovia evoneobertii) could not be traced (Thies Büscher, pers. comm., 2021) and no description or illustration of this specimen was provided by Zompro et al. (2006). It is very likely that this specimen was misidentified and represents some distinct species native to Australia (Paul Brock, pers. comm., 2021). Redescription Female MEASUREMENTS (in mm, N = 3). Body (without cerci) 69.1–72.4, head 4–4.1, antennae 43.5–48.5, pronotum 2.4–2.6, mesonotum 15.7–16.6, metanotum 4.5, median segment 4.5, abdomen (excluding median segment, with cerci) 37.6–39.4, cercus 4.7–5.0, profemur 15.9–16.4, protibia 16.5–17.2, mesofemur 11.2–11.8, mesotibia 10.8–11.6, metafemur 14.2–14.9, metatibia 15.5–16.9. COLOUR (Figs 1–2, 13). Body generally light to dark green, yellow, beige, salmon, orange, brown, grey or black with or without light granulations on body and legs (mostly femora) and with or without irregular stains of different tones (Fig. 13). Some individuals with longitudinal band running along entire body, slightly darker than body to black (Fig. 13A, F). Eyes same colour as rest of body but darker, or reddish brown. Antennae darker ventrally. Apical palp segments and other mouthparts in same colour as body or brownish to beige. HEAD (Figs 3–4). Elongate, smooth, with sparse setae mostly on dorsal region, vertex flat but gently convex at posterior margin to fit underneath the pronotum, frontal convexity developed and frontal suture round (Fig. 3A–D). Eyes small and slightly elongate, approximately 0.2× as long as head. Cervix covering more than half of head, cervical sclerites elongate and weakly sclerotized. Gula somewhat spatulate, bearing setae and covering ca more than half of cervix (Fig. 3D). Subgena narrow with posterior projection ca as high as eye. Submentum narrow and only slightly curved backwards, mentum simple, prementum somewhat wide. Glossa elongate and rounded, paraglossa larger, roundly falcate and almost reaching labrum. Lacinia with three distal teeth, one large medially and two smaller laterally, with mesal edge bearing bundles of ca 12 large setae from base to sclerotized portion (Fig. 4D). Lobe over base of lacinia almost indistinct, showing as small and gentle round bump. Galea elliptical and bearing long setae (Fig. 4F), apically with dense tuft of hairy, large microtrichia forming band along apical edge. Dorsally and posteriad to this patch ca 29 distinct circular granules of same size as base of setae (Fig. 4E). Galealobulus present, small and widely round, basally fused to galea (Fig. 4D, F). Palpal segments cylindrical. Clypeus wide, approximately elliptical, anterior surface with two parasagittal furrows and anterior margin medially with round, wide notch (Fig. 3C). Labrum strongly notched anteromedially, asymmetric with right lobe significantly larger than left one (Fig. 3C). Left mandible with two smooth and straight edges, dorsal one cutting and sharp, and ventral one blunt, mesal surface with convex globose protuberance near ventral cutting edge, and sinuous furrow between both edges (Fig. 4A, C). Right mandible with sharp dorsal cutting edge, straight but interrupted at border with ventral edge by round edge, ventral edge irregular, level and molariform with two larger projections, mesal surface without protuberances (Fig. 4A–B). Both mandibles with dense row of long setae at base of dorsal margin. Antennae filiform, extending approximately until posterior region of third abdominal segment and exceeding forelegs, scapus ca 1.9× as long as wide, basally constricted in dorsal view and slightly compressed dorsoventrally, pedicellus subglobose, large, more than half the length of scapus; composed of 68–72 segments. Antennomeres bear three types of setae (Fig. 3E–F), a very short, small and densely distributed one, a transparent and porrect one, and a black, slightly more elongate, straight one. From 47 th segment, smaller setae becoming sparser, on segments 62–67 smaller type very sparse and almost absent and on segments 67–72 absent. Other two types of setae gradually becoming thinner and more elongate towards last segments. Antennal bump very discrete on dorsal surface of posterior region of 12 th antennomere (Fig. 3F). THORAX (Figs 1–2, 5). Smooth with scattered setae inserted in paler small bumps. Pronotum slightly longer than wide and slightly constricted pre-medially, anteriorly and posteriorly convex in lateral view, transverse sulcus conspicuous and straight, gently curved in lateral edges, longitudinal median sulcus distinct. Paranota curved and ca 3× as long as wide, procoxopleurite apically round (Fig. 5A– B). Probasisternum tapering towards anterior, profurcasternum round (Fig. 5C). Mesothorax 6× as long as prothorax, as wide as prothorax anteriorly and slightly widening towards posterior region. Mesonotum with pair of distinct lateral carinae, mesepisternum lanceolate and regularly widening posteriorly, mesepimeron slightly elongate, pointing towards posterior and slightly exceeding end of mesothorax. Mesocoxopleurite indistinct, mesofurca Y-shaped. Metathorax continuing pair of lateral carinae of mesonotum, metepisternum long and similar to mesepisternum. Metepimeron extremely elongate, extending across entire length of median segment, posteriorly pointing and slightly exceeding posterior region of median segment. Metacoxopleurite very discrete but elongate, metafurca Y-shaped. Metanotum and median segment of about same length (Fig. 5E). Median segment anteriorly marked by two parasagittal ovoid stains (Fig. 5E), continuing pair of thoracic lateral carinae. Posterior margin of metanotum and anterior margin of median segment slightly widened (Figs 1, 13). LEGS (Figs 1–2, 6). Slender. Hindlegs slightly extending beyond epiproct but not cerci, anterior legs ca as long as hindlegs, midlegs distinctly shorter. Midlegs slightly longer in some individuals. Coxae smooth (Figs 5B–C, 6A). Profemora of around same length as mesothorax, mesofemora about 0.7 × as long as profemora and metafemora slightly shorter than mesothorax. Protibia varying from slightly shorter to longer than profemur, mesotibia ca as long as mesofemur, metatibia slightly longer than metafemur. Profemur with distinct basal curvature (Fig. 6A). Femora and tibiae with five carinae without setae between them (Fig. 6B). Carinae of profemora and protibiae distinctly keeled, mid and hind femora and tibiae weakly keeled. Antero- and posteroventral carinae of femora with apical toothed prominence. Carinae of all femora, tibiae and tarsi bear row of short setae, last two setae of all five carinae of meso- and metatibiae stouter and spiniform (Fig. 6B–F). In tarsi, setae on ventral carinae of probasitarsi longer (but not stouter), while setae on ventral, antero- and posteroventral carinae of meso- and metabasitarsi stouter and spiniform, distributed across entire length except for apex of mesobasitarsi and on basal half to three quarters of metabasitarsi, stronger on ventral carinae (Fig. 6D–F). Some individuals with weaker, not spiniform setae on antero-ventral carinae of metabasitarsi. All basitarsi very elongate, significantly longer than respective following tarsomeres combined (Fig. 6B–E), with hairy setae restricted to apical portion on ventro-lateral patches (Fig. 6C–D). Remaining tarsomeres with setae on ventro-lateral patches in portions not covered by euplantulae. Tarsomeres I–III with discrete dorsal round apical projection. Arolium round and broad, bearing setae dorsally. Pretarsal claws symmetrical with setae dorsally and laterally. Euplantulae well developed in all tarsomeres, composed of two symmetrical pads separated by median groove in tarsomeres I–III, of single pointing domed pad in tarsomeres IV and of single flattened lobed pad in tarsomeres V, present only apically at tarsomeres I–II, covering ca half length of tarsomeres III, covering two thirds length of tarsomeres IV and covering almost entire ventral surface of tarsomeres V (Fig. 6D). ABDOMEN (Figs 1–2, 7–8). External surface as in thorax, bearing few setae across its entire length. Median segment ca as long as metanotum (Fig. 5E). Combined length of segments II–X slightly longer than combined length of head, thorax and median segment. Terga II–VII and sterna II–VIII bearing discrete lateral carinae near lateral margins. All segments longer than wide (Fig. 1). Segment II as long as VII and slightly shorter than III, segments III–VI slightly increasing in size in relation to anterior segment, tergum VIII significantly shorter than preceding segment and slightly longer than IX, tergum X slightly longer than IX. Terga III–VI wider than II, VII and VIII. Terga IX and X slightly narrower than preceding segments. Lateral borders of tergum VII gradually widening and curving downwards and inwards near posterior margin (Fig. 7B–E). Tergum X conical in lateral view (Fig. 7B), in dorsal view just slightly narrower towards apex, posterior margin emarginate with broad round indent showing epiproct (Fig. 7A). Epiproct domed in dorsal view, dorsoventrally flattened, distinctly prominent, exceeding posteriormost margins of tergum X and visible dorsally and laterally (Fig. 7A–B). Paraprocts elongate, posteriorly acute, straight, setose on posterior margin, laterally bearing cerci and not concealing them from ventral or lateral view (Fig. 7C–E). Cerci extremely elongate, straight and basally narrower, fitting paraprocts, pointing to posterior, gradually tapering, slightly longer than terga IX, X and epiproct combined (Fig. 7). Cerci bearing four types of setae (as in nymphal stages, see Fig. 11F–G), three very similar to those of antennae, densely covered in very short, small setae similar to those of antennae, sparser transparent setae inclined towards posterior and black and slightly more elongate straight setae and with inner and ventral surfaces also bearing several sensory hairs significantly thinner than other setae. Praeopercular organ absent (see praeopercular region in Fig. 7C–E). Subgenital plate roundly lan
Published as part of Ghirotto, Victor Morais, Crispino, Edgar Blois, Engelking, Phillip Watzke, Neves, Pedro Alvaro Barbosa Aguiar, Góis, Júlia de & Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro Ivo, 2022, Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera, pp. 1-85 in European Journal of Taxonomy 827 (827) on pages 9-26, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.827.1849, http://zenodo.org/record/6795618
{"references":["Caudell A. N. 1904. On a collection of non-saltatorial Orthoptera from Paraguay. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 12: 179 - 188.","Brunner von Wattenwyl K. 1907. IX. Tribus Clitumnini, X. Tribus Lonchodini, XI. Tribus Bacunculini. In: Brunner von Wattenwyl K. & Redtenbacher J. (eds) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden: 181 - 338. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.","Zompro O. & Adis J. 2001. A new species of Phasmatodea of the genus Echetlus Stal. Revista de Agricultura (Piracicaba) 76: 291 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.37856 / bja. v 76 i 2.1303","Otte D. & Brock P. 2005. Phasmid Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the World. 2 nd Edition. The Insect Diversity Association and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.","Zompro O. & Domenico F. C. D. 2005. Catalogue of the type material of Phasmatodea (Insecta) deposited in Brazilian museums. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia 95: 255 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212005000300005","Zompro O., Adis J. & Berti-Filho E. 2006. The first Australian record of a species of Echetlus originally described from Brazil (Phasmatodea: Verophasmatodea: \" Anareolatae \"). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 41: 131 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520600688442","Brock P. D. & Hasenpusch J. W. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570 (1): 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1570.1.1","Araujo F. F. & Garraffoni A. R. S. 2012. Sinopse dos Phasmatodea (Insecta) descritos para o Brasil. EntomoBrasilis 5: 232 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 5 i 3.229","Ghirotto V. M. 2021. Unmasking a master of camouflage: the rich morphology, taxonomy, and biology of the Brazilian stick insect Canuleius similis (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae), with general considerations on phasmid genitalia. Zoologischer Anzeiger 292: 30 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2021.02.009","Batalha M. A. 2011. O cerrado nao e um bioma. Biota Neotropica 11: 21 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032011000100001","Vanzolini P. E. 1963. Problemas faunisticas do Cerrado. Simposio sobre o Cerrado. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo: 307 - 320.","Prado D. E. & Gibbs P. E. 1993. Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of South America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 902 - 927. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2399937","Collevatti R. G., Lima N. E. & Vitorino L. C. 2020. The diversification of extant angiosperms in the South America dry diagonal. In: Rull V. & Carnaval A. (eds) Neotropical Diversification: Patterns and","Estevan D. A., Vieira A. O. S. & Gorenstein M. R. 2016. Estrutura e relacoes floristicas de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, Londrina, Parana, Brasil. Ciencia Florestal 26: 713 - 725. https: // doi. org / 10.5902 / 1980509824195","Brock P. D. & Hasenpusch J. W. 2009. The Complete Field Guide to Stick and Leaf Insects of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton, Australia. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9780643097087","Uvarov B. P. 1944. A New Zealand phasmid (Orthoptera) established in the British Isles. In: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series B, Taxonomy 13 (7 - 8): 94 - 96. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1944. tb 00795. x","Myers S. S., Trewick S. A. & Morgan-Richards M. 2013. Multiple lines of evidence suggest mosaic polyploidy in the hybrid parthenogenetic stick insect lineage Acanthoxyla. Insect Conservation and","Berthold A. A. 1827. Latreille's naturliche Familien des Thierreichs. Aus dem Franzosischen. Mit Anmerkungen und Zusatzen. Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, Weimar. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11652","Scali V., Passamonti M., Marescalchi O. & Mantovani B. 2003. Linkage between sexual and asexual lineages: genome evolution in Bacillus stick insects. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 137 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1095 - 8312.2003.00172. x","Bedford G. O. 1978. Biology and ecology of the Phasmatodea. Annual Review of Entomology 23: 125 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 23.010178.001013"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Apiomerus, and Apiomerus maya

Apiomerus maya species group Figs 1–5 Diagnosis: Males are recognized from other species of Apiomerus by a combination of an arrow-shaped dorsal phallothecal sclerite, a pair of enlarged basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma, and longitudinal rows of peglike denticles (between 26–40 in total) on the dorsal surface of the endosoma. Also, the medial process of the pygophore is wide and its base indistinct, giving the appearance of the rami being inserted directly on the posterior margin of the pygophore. Both sexes are predominately black (or dark brown) with reddish-brown antennae and white or pale-yellow markings on the corial veins, thoracic venter, and connexiva. Description: Male: Macropterous, body elongate ovoid, 11.5–17 mm in length. COLORATION: Body overall predominantly black; antenna reddish-brown; anterior pronotal lobe black or dark brown; posterior pronotal lobe and lateral surfaces of the legs variable, often dark brown; venter of neck, margins of prosternal stridulatory groove, anterior coxal cavities, mesal surface of forecoxa, fore- and mid trochanter and femur, corial veins (partially or completely), anterior portion of connexiva 2–7, area around of abdominal spiracles 2–7, and pair of spots on venter of pygophore white to pale yellow (or tan in some older specimens); membrane of hemelytra either entirely brown or bicolored with basal portion darkened and distal portion hyaline. VESTITURE: integument generally densely setose; head with long thin black or white setae; pronotum, scutellum, corium, and pleura covered with short thick white setae interspersed with longer, less conspicuous black setae; fore and mid legs densely setose, hind tibia more sparsely covered and with a short metatibial comb; abdominal venter sparsely covered with long shiny setae; medial process of pygophore with dense patch of long black setae; mesal surface of paramere covered with short fine setae, apex with long erect setae. STRUCTURE: HEAD: longer than wide, elongate ovoid, anteocular and postocular region subequal in length, latter slightly convex in dorsal view; clypeus slender in dorsal view and apically blunt; labrum short and triangular; eye globular and weakly reniform in dorsal and lateral views, respectively; interocular sulcus deep and strongly curved; ocellus large, located on distinct tubercle, distance between ocelli greater than between anterior margin of ocellus and eye; antennifer near eye, short, and unarmed. Antenna: long, surpassing posterior margin of pronotum; scapus surpassing clypeus; pedicel subequal in length and diameter to scapus; basiflagellomere longer than distiflagellomere, diameters of both same as pedicel. Labium: segment 2 (first visible) short and stout, not reaching anterior margin of eye; segment 3 long and straight, reaching anterior margin of prosternum; segment 4 short and laterally compressed in cross section, reaching roughly to the middle of the stridulatory groove. THORAX: anterior pronotal lobe with rounded lateral margins, shorter and narrower than posterior lobe, vertex deeply sculpted with crescent-shaped furrow; longitudinal sulcus distinct, almost reaching anterior margin; posterior pronotal lobe smooth, disc slightly convex, humeral angle located anteriorly to posterior margin of pronotum, rounded, and the lateral margin of which forming an angle of roughly 90°; posterolateral margin of posterior pronotal lobe strongly keeled; scutellum triangular, margins rounded. Legs: coxa short and globular; trochanter subtriangular; femora cylindrical; fore- and mid tibiae thickened apically; foretarsus with two tarsomeres; mid and hind tarsus with three tarsomeres. Hemelytron: exceeding tip of abdomen by less than 1/4 of its length, corium well developed and leathery. ABDOMEN: strongly convex ventrally; connexivum expanded laterally beyond margin of hemelytron, abdominal sternites distinct. GENITALIA: base of the medial process of the pygophore wide and indistinct, rami inserted on posterior margin of pygophore, nearly vertical in lateral or caudal views; paramere thickened from base to 2/3 its length then weakly or strongly bent mesad, point of insertion is at the apical third of the pygophore, slightly hooked apically; inner margin of genital capsule (exterior rim of pygophore) with small protuberance; anterior opening of pygophore with smooth rim; tergite 9 divided into flat lateral sclerites and a medial membranous area; aedeagus elongate when inflated, with articulatory apparatus broad and triangular; dorsal phallothecal sclerite heavily sclerotized and arrow-shaped (with the exception of A. immundus which is subconical), apex reflexed and either slightly or deeply notched; phallosoma weakly sclerotized laterally and with transverse striations; endosoma with a pair of elongated basal dorsolateral sclerites, either flat or twisted apically; endosoma membranous and lightly striated; dorsal surface of endosoma with longitudinal rows of peg-like denticles (between 20–40 in total); Female: Larger than male, 11.5–19 mm in length, similar to male except for the following: COLORATION: usually lacking conspicuous white or pale-yellow markings on the mesal surfaces of the fore- and mid femur and lateral spots on abdominal sterna 3–5. VESTITURE: metatibial comb much longer than that of male; abdominal venter densely covered with stiff shiny setae. STRUCTURE: ABDOMEN: lateral margins of tergite 8 rounded and not produced as deflexed lobes. GENITALIA: syntergite 9/10 roughly trapezoidal, lateral margins rounded; gonocoxa 8 large, L-shaped to roughly quadrangular, posterior margin lined with 20-30 very short, stout setae; gonoplac mitten-shaped, lightly fused medially, each side bearing a thumb-like dorsal medial projection topped with roughly two setae, and a strongly sclerotized posteriorly projecting lobe covered with many setae. Discussion: In these taxa, the base of the medial process is greatly reduced giving the impression of the rami being inserted directly on the posterior rim of the pygophore (Fig. 2A–F). The rami are often broadly spaced from one another and render the medial process either V-shaped, as frequently observed in A. pipil (see Fig. 2C), or lyreshaped (most male A. venosus, Fig. 2E–F). Other than using coloration, females in this group are best diagnosed through association with males as their genital morphology appears to be less variable at the species-level. Identification key to the Apiomerus maya species group 1 Small species (11.5–12.5 mm), body and hemelytra predominantly dark brown, males with basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma short to moderate in length, broad, flat, and round or oblong.......................................... 2 - Medium to large species (14–19 mm), body and hemelytra variable in color (brown or black with light-colored markings on connexiva and corium, distal portion of membrane of hemelytra sometimes hyaline), males with basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma elongate, often slightly twisted apically, and paddle-shaped........................................ 3 2 Dorsal phallothecal sclerite of males without a pair of prominent triangular projections at its base, basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma of moderate length, oblong, and with fine sculpturing (Fig. 3A).......... A. immundus Bergroth, 1898 - Dorsal phallothecal sclerite of males with a pair of prominent triangular projections at its base (Figs 3B, F), basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma short, round, and smooth or subtly striated longitudinally (Fig. 3B)....... A. maya Dispons, 1971 3 Quadrate cell of corium of hemelytra weakly delineated and is not completely outlined by light coloration (Fig. 1C), medial process of pygophore of males V-shaped with narrowly separated rami (Fig. 2C), basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma relatively narrow and short, constricted at middle (Fig. 3C), dorsal endosomal surface with about 26 peg-like denticles (proximal denticles forming two orderly rows) (Fig. 3C)......................................... A. pipil Dispons, 1971 - Quadrate cell of corium of hemelytra outlined entirely (or strongly delineated on at least three sides) by light coloration (Fig. 1D), medial process of pygophore of males lyre-shaped with widely separated rami (Fig. 2E–F), basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma relatively broad throughout, not constricted at middle, dorsal endosomal surface with about 40 peg-like denticles (proximal denticles clustered) (Fig. 3D).................................................. A. venosus Stål, 1872
Published as part of Masonick, Paul & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the Apiomerus maya species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), pp. 537-556 in Zootaxa 5154 (5) on pages 539-541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6655680
{"references":["Bergroth, E. (1898) Description de deux Reduviides noveaux (Hemipt.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 67, 307 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1898.22241","Dispons, P. (1971) Notes sur quelques Apiomerus Hahn de L'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (HemipteraHeteroptera: Reduviidae, Apiomerinae). Bulletin de la l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 47, 1 - 12.","Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, Jemte Systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Miridae, Cyrtocapsus, and Cyrtocapsus caligineus

Cyrtocapsus caligineus (Stål) (Figs. 13, 14, 63, 64) Capsus caligineus Stål 1859: 258 (original description; San Francisco, California); Henry & Carvalho 1987: 290 (note, key); Schuh 1995: 542 (catalog); Perez-Gelabert 2008: 185 (checklist); Schuh 2002 –2013 (online catalog); Perez-Gelabert 2020: 243 (checklist) Cyrtocapsus andinus Carvalho, 1954: 13 (original description; Peru); Carvalho 1957: 95 (catalog); Carvalho & Ferreira 1972: 182 (list); Carvalho & Afonso 1977: 8 (list, distribution); Henry & Carvalho 1987: 292 (key); Schuh 1995: 541 (catalog), 2002–2013 (online catalog). New synonymy. Diagnosis. Cyrtocapsus caligineus (Figs. 13, 14) is recognized by the dark brown to black dorsum with the embolium paler yellowish brown, the pale yellowish-white antenna, the dark brown coxae, with only the apex of the front coxa sometimes paler, and the pale yellowish white femora and tibiae. This species is most similar to C. grenadensis (Figs. 29, 30) and C. pallipes (Figs. 44, 45) in having a mostly fuscous to black body, pale antennae, dark brown middle and hind coxae, and similar parameres (Figs. 63, 64). Cyrtocapsus grenadensis is distinguished from C. caligineus by the mostly dark embolium (except at base in some specimens) and the distinctly smaller size; C. pallipes differs by the uniformly black embolium and the pale or white front coxa (versus brown in C. caligineus and C. grenadensis). Description. Male (Fig. 13) (n =5, plus C. andinus holotype measurements in parentheses): Length to apex of membrane 4.00– 4.20 mm (4.04 mm), length to base of cuneus 2.52–2.60 mm (2.56 mm), widest width across hemelytra 1.63–1.82 mm (1.70 mm). Head: Width 0.91–0.94 mm (0.93 mm), interocular width 0.45–0.46 mm (0.45 mm). Labium: Length 0.96–1.04 mm (0.99 mm). Antenna: Segment I length 0.48–0.54 mm (0.53 mm); II, 0.66–0.72 mm (0.70 mm); III, 0.40–0.48 mm (0.45 mm); IV, 0.51–0.58 mm (0.58 mm). Pronotum: Median length 0.90–0.93 mm (0.90 mm), basal width 1.41–1.47 mm (1.46 mm). Coloration: Head with vertex and frons fuscous to black, clypeus dark brown, sides paler yellowish brown, and underside dark brown; eyes dark reddish brown. Labium pale yellowish brown, apex of segment IV darker brown. Antennal segments I–III uniformly pale yellow to yellowish white, with segment IV darker brown. Pronotum and scutellum uniformly black. Hemelytron with clavus and basal third of corium black, corium fading to dark brown apically, embolium pale yellowish brown; cuneus uniformly fuscous; membrane whitish, with veins and inside of areole fuscous. Ventral surface fuscous to black, male genital capsule dark brown. All coxae dark brown, except for the pale apex of the front coxa; remainder of legs pale yellowish white, with only tarsomere III and claws slightly darker yellowish brown. Texture and vestiture: Head weakly shiny, rugose, transversely striate on frons, with silvery sericeous setae, especially along midline and inner margins of eyes and across striations on frons. Pronotum weakly shiny, uniformly punctate, more coarsely so on disc; calli prominent, separated by a deep pit; with dense silvery sericeous setae on collar and calli and finer, silvery setae on disc. Scutellum finely punctate, with dense, silvery sericeous setae. Hemelytron dull, impunctate, with numerous, slender, silvery sericeous setae. Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 63) stout, compact C-shaped. Right paramere (Fig.64) elongate oval and weakly pointed apically. Female (Fig. 14) (n = 5, plus C. caligineus lectotype measurements in parentheses): Length to apex of membrane 3.88–4.12 mm (membrane damaged), length to base of cuneus 2.52–2.64 mm (2.60 mm), widest width across hemelytra 1.74–1.89 mm (hemelytra twisted). Head: Width 0.93–0.96 mm (0.88 mm), interocular width 0.46–0.48 mm (0.46 mm). Labium: Length 0.90–0.98 mm (0.93 mm). Antenna: Segment I length 0.50–0.54 mm (0.51 mm); II, 0.67–0.72 mm (0.67 mm); III, 0.40–0.46 mm (missing); IV, 0.61–0.66 mm (missing). Pronotum: Median length 0.88–0.93 mm (0.90 mm), basal width 1.44–1.52 mm (1.39 mm). Hosts. Although the specimen data below lists beans (Phaseolus sp.) and sunflowers (Helianthus sp.) as hosts, camote or sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. [Convolvulaceae], and other species of Convolvulaceae probably represent the primary hosts. Distribution. Cytocapsus andinus was described from Argentina and Peru (Carvalho 1954). Brazil, Ecuador, and Paraguay are new country records. All records of C. caligineus from other countries need confirmation, with most probably referring to C. grenadensis and C. pallipes. Discussion. Study of two Stål (1859) syntypes of C. caligineus labeled only as “California” shows that they are conspecific with what Carvalho (1954) described as C. andinus, a species known only from South America (Argentina, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru). Only one species of Cyrtocapsus barely occurs in southern California. I have examined one specimen of C. pallipes from the Channel Islands (Santa Cruz Island; Santa Barbara Co.) off the coast of southern California; no other species of the genus is known from the state, particularly as far north as “California (S:t. Franscisco),” as given in the original publication (Stål 1859). Therefore, it appears that Stål’s published locality data is incorrect and the specimens came from a collection made on an earlier part of the trip of the Swedish frigate “Eugenie” (Persson 1971), or there is another locality within the range of this species referred to as California. Consequently, C. andinus Carvalho must be considered a junior synonym of C. caligineus (Stål) and the species previously known as C. caligineus (of authors) takes the next available name, which is Pirithous pallipes Distant, previously synonymized under C. caligineus of authors. Type designation. To ensure nomenclatural stability, I designate a female syntype of Capsus caligineus in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, with the following labels as the lectotype: 1, “ California ”; 2, “Kinb.”; 3 (red label, clearly added after Stål), “Typus”; 4 (here added), “ LECTOTYPE: ♀, Capsus caligineus Stål, desig. by T.J. Henry ” (SMNH). Another specimen (with the abdomen embedded in glue) with the same label data (except the red label reads “ Paratypus ”) as for the lectotype is here labeled as a paralectotype (SMNH). Other type material examined. Holotype (of Cyrtocapsus andinus Carvalho) ♂: PERU: Cañete, 17 May 1941, C. P. Clausen, No. 208 (USNM). Paratypes (of C. andinus): ARGENTINA: 1 ♀, Missiones, Argentina, 18 July 1942, Lot 42-15204, H. L. Parker, swept (USNM). PERU: 2 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, same data as for holotype (USNM); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Cañete, Peru, 5 May 1942, E. J. Hambleton (USNM); 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀, Lima, Peru, J. E. Wille, on leaves of sweet potatoes and beans (USNM). Other specimens examined. BRAZIL: Distrito Federal: 1 ♀ [and three specimens without abdomens] from Distrito Federal, Brazil, 1–2–46, J.C.M. Carvalho (USNM). Minas Gerais: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 9–43, J.C.M. Carvalho (USNM). ECUADOR: 2 ♀♀, Portoviejo, 29 July 1954, H.R. Yust, on sunflower (USNM). PARAGUAY: 1 ♂, San Luis, Reimoser (USNM). PERU: 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Cañete, 5 May 1942, E.J. Hambleton (USNM); 1 ♀, Lima, 21 May 1969, V. Rázuri (USNM); 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Pucalá, 18 July 1966, Korykowski, ex camote (USNM).
Published as part of Henry, Thomas J., 2022, Revision of the New World Plant Bug Genus Cyrtocapsus (Heteroptera: Miridae Bryocorinae: Eccritotarsini), with New and Revised Synonymies, Lectotype Designations, and Descriptions of 12 New Species, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5154 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6646359
{"references":["Stal, C. (1859) Hemiptera. Species novas descripsit. Kongliga Svenska Fregattens Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden 3 (Zoologi, Insector), 219 - 298.","Henry, T. J. & Carvalho, J. C. M. (1987) A peculiar case history: Hemisphaerodella miriabilis Reuter is the nymphal stage of Cyrtocapsus caligineus (Stal) (Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 95, 290 - 293.","Schuh, R. T. (1995) Plant Bugs of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). Systematic Catalog, Distributions, Host List, and Bibliography. New York Entomological Society, New York, 1329 pp.","Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2008) Arthropods of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti): A checklist and bibliography. Zootaxa, 1831 (1), 1 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1831.1.1","Schuh, R. T. (2002 - 2013) On-line Systematic Catalog of Plant Bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / pbi / catalog / (last accessed 29 Dec. 2021)","Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2020) Checklist, bibliography and quantitative data of the arthropods of Hispaniola. Zootaxa, 4749 (1), 1 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4749.1.1","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1954) Neotropical Miridae, LXXI: Genus Cyrtocapsus Reuter with descriptions of four new species (Hemiptera). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 49, 12 - 17.","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1957) Catalogue of the Miridae of the world. Part I. Subfamilies Cylapinae, Deraeocorinae, Bryocorinae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 44, 1 - 158.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & Ferreira, P. S. F. (1972) Mirideos neotropicais, CXLV: Estudo de duas colecoes da Republica do Peru (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 32, 177 - 183.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & Afonso, C. R. S. (1977) Mirideos neotropicais, CCVIII: Sobre uma colecao enviada para estudo pela Academia de Ciencias da California (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 37, 7 - 16."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Miridae, Cyrtocapsus, and Cyrtocapsus elutipes

Cyrtocapsus elutipes (Bergroth), revised status (Figs. 20–22. 67, 68) Cyrtocapsus femoralis (of authors, in part): Carvalho 1954: 12 (in key), 1957: 96 (catalog); Ferreira & Rossi 1979: 133 (distribution, host); Henry & Carvalho 1987: 292 (key); Schuh 1995: 542 (catalog); Keller-Grein et al. 2000: 74 (host, damage); Schuh 2002 –2013 (online catalog); Ferreira et al. 2006: 9 (distribution); Ferreira & Henry 2011: 12 (distribution); Velez et al. 2020: 4 (distribution, hosts); Cazorla-Perfetti 2021: 13 (hosts, distribution). Miccus elutipes Bergroth, 1910: 66 (original description; French Guiana). Synonymized in error by Carvalho, 1954: 12. Cyrtocapsus nanus Carvalho 1954: 14 (original description; Panama), 1957: 96 (catalog); Carvalho & Rosas 1965: 210 (list, distribution); Henry & Carvalho 1987: 292 (key); Schuh 1995: 542 (catalog), 2002–2013 (online catalog). New synonymy. Diagnosis. Cyrtocapsus elutipes (Figs. 20–22) is distinguished by the relatively small size, black dorsum, pale yellowish-white antenna, whitish legs, including the coxae (with the bases of the middle and hind coxae sometimes brown), and the male parameres, particularly the broadly rounded right paramere (Fig. 68). It is most similar to C. mesoamericanus (Fig. 39) and C. rostratus (Figs. 49–51) in the overall dark color and pale yellowish-white antenna and legs. Cyrtocapsus mesoamericanus differs in the larger size, the stout, C-shaped left paramere (Fig. 85) and the basally broad right paramere (Fig. 86) that tapers to a point apically; C. rostratus differs in the larger size, the frequently paler posterior margin of the pronotum, triangular pale area at the apex of the corium, broader left paramere (Fig. 93), and apically truncate right paramere (Fig. 94). Description. Male (Fig. 20) (n = 5, plus holotype ♂ measurements of C. nanus in parentheses): Length to apex of membrane 2.59–3.48 mm (2.84 mm), length to base of cuneus 1.76–2.40 mm (1.92 mm), widest width across hemelytra 1.42–1.55 mm (1.41 mm). Head: Width 0.69–0.82 mm (0.75 mm), interocular width 0.37–0.45 mm (0.45 mm). Labium: Length 0.64–0.80 mm (0.64 mm). Antenna: Segment I length 0.35–0.46 mm (0.35 mm); II (n = 4), 0.37–0.61 mm (0.38 mm); III, 0.30–0.56 mm (0.34 mm); IV, shriveled or missing. Pronotum: Median length 0.67–0.91 mm (0.74 mm), basal width 1.04–1.31 mm (1.17 mm). Coloration: Head fuscous to black dorsally and ventrally, with sides and inner margins of eyes yellowish brown; eyes dark reddish brown. Labium pale yellow, sometimes strongly tinged with red. Antennal segments I and II pale yellow, segments III and IV darker brown. Pronotum uniformly black. Scutellum uniformly black. Hemelytron black, with apex of corium narrowly pale; cuneus black, narrowly pale at base; membrane translucent, veins and inside of areole fuscous to black. Ventral surface black. Coxae pale or whitish, with extreme bases of middle and hind coxae sometimes brown; remainder of legs whitish, with only tarsomere III and claws slightly darker brown. Texture and vestiture: Shiny, rugose, frons weakly transversely striate, with silvery, sericeous setae along base, inner margin of eyes, midline, and across striations. Pronotum shiny, evenly punctate, punctures on calli and collar smaller; calli prominent, separated by a deep pit; with dense silvery, sericeous setae across collar and calli and more scatter, slender, silvery setae on disc. Scutellum finely punctate, with dense silvery, sericeous setae. Hemelytron weakly shiny, with scattered silvery, sericeous setae. Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 67) elongate, somewhat S-shaped, tapering on apical third with a sharp hook at apex. Right paramere (Fig. 68) L-shaped in lateral aspect, narrow at base, main body evenly elongate and rounded apically. Female (Figs. 21, 22) (n = 5; plus lectotype ♀ measurements of C. elutipes in parentheses): Length to apex of membrane 2.66–3.60 mm (3.04 mm), length to base of cuneus 1.86–2.40 mm (2.14 mm), widest width across hemelytra 1.41–1.62 mm (1.38 mm). Head: Width 0.77–0.83 mm (0.75 mm), interocular width 0.40–0.45 mm (0.40 mm). Labium: Length 0.58–0.83 mm (0.62 mm). Antenna: Segment I length 0.38–0.45 mm (0.48 mm); II, 0.53–0.56 mm (0.45 mm); III, 0.43–0.54 mm (missing); IV, 0.72–0.74 mm (missing). Pronotum: Median length 0.83–0.90 mm (0.80 mm), basal width 1.15–1.33 mm (1.18 mm). Host. Keller-Grein et al. (2000) documented injury to pastures of Centrosema pubescens Benth. [Fabaceae] by C. elutipes (as C. femoralis) in Colombia, and Cazorla-Perfetti (2021) summarized the known host associations, including Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. [Convolvulaceae], Centrosema pubescens and C. acutifolium Benth, and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. [Fabaceae]; two other records from grasses (Vélez et al. 2020) undoubtedly are incidental. Six specimens in the material examined were taken on Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth. and three on C. acutifolium in Colombia and Panama. The relatively numerous specimen and literature records from beans, Centrosema spp., and V. unguiculata indicate these plants apparently are not accidental or incidental host occurrences, and that this species may be a legume specialist. More work is needed to determine the host specificity this species and others throughout the genus. Distribution. Cyrtocapsus elutipes was described from French Guiana (Bergroth 1910) and later incorrectly reported from Venezuela based on the original description of C. femoralis (Carvalho 1957), and junior synonym C. nanus was described from Panama and Trinidad (Carvalho 1954). This species also has been recorded from Colombia (as C. femoralis) (Keller-Grein et al. (2000). Records of C. femoralis of authors from Brazil (e.g., Ferreira & Rossi 1979, Ferreira & Henry 2011, Vélez et al. 2020) should be referred to C. rostratus. New country records based on verified specimens below are Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Suriname, and Venezuela. Discussion. I have studied a specimen (Figs. 23, 24) in the Helsinki Museum labeled in Reuter’s hand as “ Cyrtocapus femoralis n. sp. ” with the labels “Spec. typ.” from San-Esteban, French Guiana (the type locality of C. femoralis) and have determined that all workers since Reuter’s (1892) original description have misidentified C. femoralis (see C. femoralis in this paper), which has apical third or more of all femora dark brown. In addition, I have examined a female from “ Guiana gallica” clearly belonging the type series of Miccus elutipes, also deposited in the Helsinki Museum and labeled as Miccus elutipes Bergroth, which agrees in all respects with what authors since Reuter’s (1892) description have mistakenly called C. femoralis. Consequently, I am recognizing this specimen below as the lectotype of M. elutipes. I also have studied the holotype and a series of paratypes of C. nanus Carvalho and other specimens from Mexico and Central America and parts of northern South America and have concluded that all specimens previously identified as C. femoralis from these areas, including those of C. nanus Carvalho, are conspecific with C. elutipes. Type specimens of C. nanus and other material identified as this species have been selected primarily because of their small size, particularly the holotype. Carvalho (1954) indicated C. nanus was characterized by the short rostrum, short second antennal segment, small body size, and structure of the male genitalia. The length of the labium, however, is not unique for this species and the lengths of the antennal segments vary but segment II is always longer than segment I, including for the holotype. All other characters, including the small size and male genitalia, are within range of variability observed in the lectotype (of Miccus elutipes) and other specimens I have recognized as C. elutipes. As noted under the distribution above, specimens identified as C. femoralis from Brazil (e.g., Ferreira & Rossi 1979, Ferreira & Henry 2011, Vélez et al. 2020) should be referred to C. rostratus. Type designation. To ensure nomenclatural stability, I am designating the following female syntype in the Helsinki Museum as the lectotype of Miccus elutipes Bergroth: Label 1 (handwritten), “ Guiana gallica”; 2 (handwritten), “ Miccus elutipes Bergr. ”; 3, “Mus. Zool. H:fors Spec. type. No. 9831 Miccus elutipes Bergr. ”; 4 (red printed label, here added), “ LECTOTYPE: ♀ Miccus elutipes Bergroth, desig. by T.J. Henry ” (FMNH). Other type material examined. Holotype ♂ (of Cyrtocapsus nanus Carvalho): PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, C. Z., xii-1946, N.L.H. Krauss (USNM). Paratypes (of C. nanus): PANAMA: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Summit, Canal Zone, IX-1946, N.H.L. Krauss (USNM); 2 ♀♀, P[ort] of Spain, Trinidad, Oct. 1950, N.L.H. Krauss (USNM). Other specimens examined. BRAZIL: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Pará, 14 km S Vijia, 19 June 1973, R.T. & J.C. Schuh (AMNH); 1 ♂, Ceara: Barbalha, May 1969, F.M. Alvarenga (AMNH). COLOMBIA: 1 ♂, Finca San Luis, Lake El Carmelo, 3–5 Mar. 1975, R. Wilkerson, light trap (TAMU); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Meta Puerto Gaitan, Carimagua, 23 Nov. 1988, C.A. Garcia, ex Centrosema brasilianum (USNM); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Meta Carimagua, La Pista, 22 Oct. 1990, P. Hernandez, ex Centrosema brasilianum (USNM); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Meta Villavicencio la Libertad, 14 Feb. 1989, A.E. Acosta, ex Centrosema acutifolium (USNM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Tolima Dept., Venadillo, 3 Sept. 1959, M. Revlo, ex malezas (USNM); 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀, Córdoba Montería, 10–11 Oct. 1971, R.T. & J.C. Schuh, sweeping roadside vegetation (AMNH). COSTA RICA: 7 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Puntarenas Prov. Rincon de Osa, Osa Penisula, 14–26 Jul. 1969, Toby Schuh & Janet Crane (AMNH); 1 ♂, 3 mi. W Turrialba, 27 Aug. 1972, G.F. & S. Hevel (USNM). GUYANA: 1 ♂, Demerara, 1980 [no collector], on Ipomoea batatas (BMNH). HONDURAS : 2 ♀♀, La Celba, 25 Nov. 1978, Gary V. Manley (TAMU). JAMAICA: 1 ♀, St. Mary, 1 mi. S Oracabessa, 400’, 17 Mar. 1987, J.A. Shuey (TAMU). MEXICO: Chiapas: 1 ♂, Chiapas, Palenque, 10 Jul. 1974, W.F. Chamberlain (TAM). PANAMA: 1 ♂, Chir [iquí], Las Lagunas nr. El Hato del Volcan, 22 July 1976, W.E. Clark (USNM); 2 ♀♀, Darlen Prov., Garachine, 17–18 Feb. 1952, F.S. Blanton (USNM); 15 ♂♂, 24 ♀♀, Colón Pr., PNAR Lago Gatun, el 300 ft., 27 Jul. 1999, 09º20’08”N, 79º50’52”W, J.C. Schaffner (11 ♂♂, 20 ♀♀, TAMU; 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, USNM); 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Colón Prov., 2 km S Sabanitas, 9º19’19”N, 79º47’54”W, 23 June 1999, A.R. Gillogly (TAMU); 3 ♀♀, Panamá Prov., P.N. Soberaniá, Old Gamboa rd., el 40 m, 09º05’00”N, 79º40’22”W, 12 Aug. 1999, J. Schaffner (TAMU)); 3 ♀♀, Canal Zone, Gatun, 22 Aug. 1970, J. & M. Sedlacek (AMNH). SURINAME: 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Suriname Du Guiana, Rusten Werk, 15 May 1939, D.C. Geyskes, on Centrosema (USNM); 1 ♀, Paramaribo, 13–19 Apr. 1970, N. Nisser (USNM); 1 ♂, intercepted at Miami Intl. Airport from Suriname, 26 Feb. 2016, “in aircraft” (USNM). TRINIDAD: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Arma Valley, 800–1200 ft., 10–22 Feb. 1964, J.G. Rosen and P. Wygodzinsky (AMNH). VENEZUELA: 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Co. Mendoza, 1 April 1938, C.J. Ballou, on Ipomoea batatas (USNM); 1 ♀, El Valle, 26 Mar. 1938, C.H. Ballou, on Ipomoea batatas (USNM).
Published as part of Henry, Thomas J., 2022, Revision of the New World Plant Bug Genus Cyrtocapsus (Heteroptera: Miridae Bryocorinae: Eccritotarsini), with New and Revised Synonymies, Lectotype Designations, and Descriptions of 12 New Species, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5154 (1) on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6646359
{"references":["Carvalho, J. C. M. (1954) Neotropical Miridae, LXXI: Genus Cyrtocapsus Reuter with descriptions of four new species (Hemiptera). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 49, 12 - 17.","Ferreira, P. S. F. & Rossi, D. (1979) Catalogo das especies de Miridae (Hemiptera) de Vicosa, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Experientiae, 25, 131 - 157.","Henry, T. J. & Carvalho, J. C. M. (1987) A peculiar case history: Hemisphaerodella miriabilis Reuter is the nymphal stage of Cyrtocapsus caligineus (Stal) (Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 95, 290 - 293.","Schuh, R. T. (1995) Plant Bugs of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). Systematic Catalog, Distributions, Host List, and Bibliography. New York Entomological Society, New York, 1329 pp.","Keller-Grein, G., Schultz-Kraft, R., Franco, L. H. & Ramirez, G. (2000) Multilocational agronomic evaluation of selected Centrosema pubescens germplasm on acid soils. Tropical Grasslands, 34, 67 - 77.","Schuh, R. T. (2002 - 2013) On-line Systematic Catalog of Plant Bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / pbi / catalog / (last accessed 29 Dec. 2021)","Ferreira, P. S. F., Pires, E. M., de Paula, A. & Coelho, L. A. (2006) Geographic distribution of Miridae in Minas Gerais state, Brazil (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Zootaxa, 1123 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1123.1.1","Ferreira, P. S. F. & Henry, T. J. (2011) Synopsis and keys to the tribes, genera, and species of Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Part I: Bryocorinae. Zootaxa, 2920, 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2920.1.1","Velez, M., Coelho, L. A., Santos Martins, D. & Ferreira, P. S. F. (2020) Survey of the Heteroptera (Hemiptera) on pastures from Espirito Santo state, Brazil: New records, range extension, and notes of potential pests. EntomoBrasilis, 13, e 907. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 13. e 907","Cazorla-Perfetti, D. (2021) Listado comentado de Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha) de Venezuela. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 242, 1 - 91.","Bergroth, E. (1910) On some Miridae from French Guiana. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 54, 60 - 68.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & Rosas, A. F. (1965) Mirideos neotropicais, XCV: Genero e especie nova do Suriname, com uma lista de especies coligidas em Paramaribo (Hemiptera). Revista Brazileira de Biologia, 25, 207 - 210.","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1957) Catalogue of the Miridae of the world. Part I. Subfamilies Cylapinae, Deraeocorinae, Bryocorinae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 44, 1 - 158.","Reuter, O. M. (1892) Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 61, 391 - 402."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Miridae, Cyrtocapsus, and Cyrtocapsus pallipes

Cyrtocapsus pallipes (Distant), revised status and new combination (Figs. 44, 45, 89, 90) Pirithous pallipes Distant, 1884: 302 (original description; Guatemala); Carvalho & Dolling 1976: 803 (lectotype designation [as synonym of C. caligineus (Stål)]). Synonymized by Reuter, 1892: 393. Hemisphaerodella mirabilis Reuter, 1908b: 297 (original description; Cuba); Blatchley 1928: 13 (description, distribution); Maldonado Capriles 1969: 16 (description, distribution); Henry and Wheeler 1988: 266 (catalog). Synonymized with C. caligineus (Stål) by Henry & Carvalho, 1987: 292. Revised synonymy. Cyrtocapsus caligineus aureopubescens: Knight, 1926: 102 (original description; Florida); Henry & Wheeler, 1988: 266 (catalog); Schuh, 1995: 542 (catalog, as synonym). Revised synonymy. Lopesiella mirabilis Wygodzinsky, 1946: 335 (original description; Goiás, Brazil). Synonymized with Hemisphaerodella miriabilis Reuter by Carvalho, 1955: 223; synonymized with Cyrtocapsus caligineus (Stål) by Henry & Carvalho, 1987: 292. Revised synonymy. Cyrtocapus caligineus (of authors): Uhler, 1886: 19 (combination); Van Duzee, 1917: 359 (catalog); Blatchley 1926: 867 (description); Carvalho, 1957: 95 (combination, catalog); Maldonado 1969: 15 (description, host); Alayo 1974: 19 (diagnosis, distribution, host); Bruner et al. 1975: 287 (host); Henry & Carvalho, 1987: 292 (note, key); Henry & Wheeler, 1988: 265 (catalog); Maes & Carvalho 1989: 9 (distribution, host); Perez-Gelabert 2008: 185 (checklist); Schuh, 1995: 542 (catalog), 2002–2013 (online catalog); Wheeler 2001: 52, 152 (note, host); Perez-Gelabert 2020: 243 (checklist); Hernández & Henry 2010: 35 (diagnosis, hosts). Diagnosis. Cyrtocapsus pallipes (Figs. 44, 45) is recognized by the black body, whitish antenna, and the mostly whitish legs, with only the middle and hind coxae dark brown. It is most similar to C. caligineus (Figs. 13, 14) and C. grenadensis (Figs. 29, 30) in having a black body, whitish antenna, mostly whitish legs with brown middle and hind coxae, and generally similar male parameres. Cyrtocapsus caligineus differs from C. pallipes in having the embolium and apical third of the corium brownish yellow to brownish orange and the front coxa dark brown, and C. grenadensis differs by the distinctly smaller size, the partially brownish-orange embolium, and dark brown front coxa. Description. Male (Fig. 44) (n = 5): Length to apex of membrane 3.42–3.68 mm, length to base of cuneus 2.27–2.43 mm, widest width across hemelytra 1.41–1.65 mm. Head: Width 0.85–0.90 mm, interocular width 0.42– 0.45 mm. Labium: Length 0.85–0.90 mm. Antenna: Segment I length 0.45–0.48 mm; II, 0.67–0.70 mm; III (n = 3), 0.45–0.48 mm; IV (n = 3), 0.51–0.62 mm. Pronotum: Median length 0.85–0.91 mm, basal width 1.38–1.39 mm. Coloration: Head black dorsally and ventrally, pale brown on sides; eyes dark reddish brown. Labium yellowish white. Antennal segments I and II pale yellowish white to white, segments III and IV pale brown. Pronotum and scutellum uniformly black. Hemelytron black, with corium somewhat paler dark brown; membrane translucent white, veins and inside of areole fuscous. Ventral surface, including ostiolar auricle, fuscous to black. Hind and middle coxae dark brown, front coxa and remainder of legs pale yellowish white to white. Texture and vestiture: Head weakly shiny, rugose, and finely punctate, with dense silvery, sericeous setae, especially along inner margins of eyes and median line. Pronotum shiny, disc with large, dense punctures, collar and calli more finely punctate; calli prominent, separated by a deep pit; anterior third around calli and collar with dense silvery, sericeous setae, disc with a few clumps of silvery, sericeous setae, intermixed with more scattered setae. Hemelytron dull, impunctate, with numerous loose patches of silvery, sericeous setae. Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 89) stout, C-shaped. Right paramere (Fig. 90) oval and apically pointed. Female (Fig. 45) (n = 5): Length to apex of membrane 3.36–3.68 mm, length to base of cuneus 2.24–2.46 mm, widest width across hemelytra 1.54–1.70 mm. Head: Width 0.83–0.88 mm, interocular width 0.40–0.43 mm. Labium: Length 0.83–0.86 mm. Antenna: Segment I length 0.43–0.50 mm; II, 0.61–0.67 mm; III, 0.38–0.50 mm; IV, 0.66–0.77 mm. Pronotum: Median length 0.82–0.90 mm, basal width 1.31–1.41 mm. Host. This species (as C. caligineus by previous authors) has been listed from Convolvulus nodiflorus Desr. [Convolvulaceae] (Zayas (1989), Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamb. [Convolvulaceae] (Maldonado Capriles 1969), and Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. [Convolvulaceae] (Bruner et al. 1975). Mead (1988) reported it heavily infesting sweet potato, I. batatas, in a Brevard County, Florida, nursery. One collection from West Palm Beach, Florida, among specimens examined indicated it was “severe on morning glory.” Records from Ananas comosus Raf. [Bromeliaceae], Cucurbita maxima Duchesne [Cucurbitaceae] and inflorescences of Asteraceae (Bruner et al. 1945, 1975) were considered incidental by Hernández & Henry (2010). The record of four specimens from Miami-Dade Co., Florida, taken on Hamelia patens Jacq. (as H. erecta Jacq.) [Rubiaceaee] also is likely an incidental record, perhaps, with an Ipomoea sp. vine growing nearby. Distribution. Previously reported (as C. caligineus) from Brazil, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, and the United States (Florida) (Carvalho 1957), Nicaragua (Maes & Carvalho 1989), Puerto Rico (Maldonado Capriles 1969), Dominican Republic (Henry & Carvalho 1987), and Cuba (Hernández & Henry 2010). Records from Brazil, Paraguay (Carvalho 1957), and Peru (Schuh 2002 -2013) are referred the true C. caligineus. New country records include Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, and St. Croix, St. Kitts, and St. Vincent, West Indies. California and Texas are new U.S. state records. Discussion. The syntypes of Capsus caligineus Stål (1859) are conspecific with C. andinus Carvalho, not C. caligineus of authors. Both specimens are labeled as from “California.” Because this species is known from only South America (Argentina, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru), it seems clear that Stål’s (1859) notation that the specimens were from San Francisco, California (see Persson 1971 for documentation of “Eugenies resa” localities) is in error. The best explanation is that Stål (1859) incorrectly indicated the specimens were from “California (S:t. Franscisco),” and actually were collected during a different part of the expedition or taken at another locality with the name California. The next available name for C. caligineus of authors is Pirithous pallipes Distant, 1884, described from Guatemala. I also note that the male genitalia of C. caligineus, C. grenadensis, and C. pallipes are extremely similar. However, the shared dark brown front, middle, and hind coxae and partially to completely brownish-orange embolium of C. caligineus and C. grenadensis consistently distinguish them from C. pallipes that has pale or white front coxae and a uniformly black hemelytron. In addition, the larger size and entirely pale embolium and apical area of the corium separates C. caligineus from C. grenadensis. Nevertheless, our understanding of the relationships among the species of this complex would benefit from long host-associated series, combined with information gleaned from molecular-sequencing studies. Type material examined. Lectotype ♀ of Pirithous pallipes (left specimen of two on one card; paralectotype ♀ on right side): label 1) “ S. Geronimo, Guatemala. Champion”; label 2) “ B. C. A. Hem. Cyrtocapsus caligineus ”; 3) label 3 (handwritten) “ Pirithous pallipes Dist. ”; label 4 (circular label with blue ring) “ Paralectotype ”; label 5 (circular label with purple ring) “Lectototype” [in NMNH, London]. There are also 3 females on cards with the same data as for the lectotype and one carded possible female (abdomen difficult to see on card) from Bugaba, Panama. Paratype nymph of Lopesiella mirabilis Wygodzinsky: Label 1) “ Goias, Brasil, [one handwritten word illegible], Carvalho col.”; label 2, “Brit. Mus., 1946-348"; label 3 (red label) “ Paratype ”; label 4 (circular label with yellow ring) “ Paratype ”; label 5, “ Lopesiella mirabilis Wygodzinsky (handwritten). Wygodzinsky del. (printed)” [in BMNH, London]. Other specimens examined. BELIZE: 1 ♀, [as British Honduras] San Pedro Sula, Aug. 1975, N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH). COSTA RICA: 3 ♀♀, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, 3 Feb. 1935, C.H. Ballou, on Ipomoea tilacea (USNM); 4 ♀♀, Heredia, Sept. 1953, N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH); 1 ♀, San Jose, 1100–1200 m, Aug. 1980, N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH); 1 ♀, Guanacaste, Canus, 80–100 m, Jul. 1981, N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH). CUBA: 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, Soledad, nr. Cienfuego, 6–20 Aug., N. Banks (AMNH); 1 ♀, Soledad, 6 Jan. 27, C.T. Brues (AMNH). DOMINICA: 1 ♂, 7–30 1941, R.G. Fennah (USNM); 1 ♂, Oct. 1962, F. Bennett (NHM). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: 1 ♂, Espaillat Prov., 27 Aug. 1967, J.C. Schaffner (USNM); Espaillat Prov., 6 mi. N San Victor, 22 Aug. 1967, J.C. Schaffner (TAMU); 5 ♀♀, San Cristobal Prov., 3 mi. W Haina, 18–19 Aug. 1967, J.C. Schaffner (TAMU); 1 ♂, San Cristobal Prov., 14 Aug. 1967, J.C. Schaffner (TAMU); 1 ♂, San Cristobal Prov., Cambita Garabitos, 28 Aug. 1967, J.C. Schaffner (TAMU). 1 ♂, Pedernales Prov., 21 km N Cabo Rojo, bauxite rd., 1 July 1998, R.E. Woodruff, at black light (USNM). 1 ♀, San Juan Prov., 19 Oct. 1967 (NHM); 1 ♂, Stgo Caballeros, July 1969, M. Maldonado C. (NHM); 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, San Cristobal Prov., at Blanton mine N of San Christobal, 26, July 1916, H. Morrison (USNM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 3 miles west Haina, 18 Aug. 1967, J.C. Schaffner (USNM). EL SALVADOR: 1 ♀, Sta. Tecla, Oct. 1959, N.L.H. Krauss (USNM); 1 ♂, SC Porrillo, 5 June 1958, L.J. Bottimer (USNM). GUATEMALA: 1 ♀, El Jicaro, Verapaz [no date], Champion (NHM); 1 ♂, Cerro Zunil, Champion (NHM); 1 ♀, Coban, Aug. 1953, N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH); 1 ♀, Escuintla, 20 Aug. 1975, N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH). HAITI: 21 ♂♂, 30 ♀♀, Fond Parisien, 11–18 Feb. 1922, alt. 60 ft. [no collector] (AMNH); 1 ♂, Port au Prince & Vic., 6 Oct 1934, Darlington (AMNH). HONDURAS: 1 ♀, Aguan Valley, Culuco, 18 May 1978, G.V. Manley (TAMU). JAMAICA: 1 ♀, Kingston, Dec. 1967, N.L.H. Krauss (USNM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Moneqgue, Jan. 19, W. S. Brooks (AMNH); 1 ♀, Newcastle, 16–20 Feb., E /B/ Bryant (AMNH); 1 ♀, Whitefield Hall, Blue Tms., nr. 4200 ft, Aug. 13–20, Darlington (ANMH). MEXICO: Baja Sur: 2 ♀♀, Sierra de la Laguna, 6000’, La Laguna, 17.3 air mi. ENE Todos Santos, 14–16 Dec. 1979, M.S. Wasbaurer, Malaise trap (CSCD); 1 ♀, Los Barriles, 27–28 Apr. 1979, M.S. Wasbauer, Malaise trap (CSCD); 10 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Playa Los Cerritos, 8 Oct. 1983, F. Andrews & D. Faulkner (CSCA); 6 ♂♂, Ramal de Naranjas, 6 mi. W Hwy. 1, nr Santa Anita, 11 Oct. 1983, F. Andrews & D. Faulkner, blacklight (CSCD); 1 ♀, Candelaria, 19 Jul. 1990, R. Wharton (TAMU). Campeche: 1 ♀, Campeche, Champaton, Oct. 1954, N.L.H. Krauss (USNM); 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Campeche, 6 mi. N Escarcega, 9 Oct. 1976, Cate & Clark (TAMU). Chiapas: 2 ♂♂, 10 km NE of Tuxtla Gutierrez, 18 Aug. 1966, J. & W. Ivie (AMNH). Colima: 1 ♂, Colima, 9 mi. NW of Comala, 17–18 Jul. 1983, Kovarik, Harrison, & Schaffner (TAMU); 1 ♀, 10.6 mi. N Manzanillo, 4 Aug. 1988, Ferreira & Schaffner (TAMU). Guerrero: 3 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀, Guerrero, 4 km S Cacamhuamilpa-Taxco, 1200 m, 21 Nov. 2008, 18º39.1’N, 99.30.2’ W, T.J. Henry, H. Brailovsky, & L. Cervantes, ex Ipomoea sp. (USNM). Jalapa: 2 ♀♀, Jalapa, 1959, N.L.H. Krauss (USNM). Nayarit: 1 ♂, San Blas, Mantauchen Beach, 9 Sept. 1966, J. & W. Ivie (AMNH). Oaxaca: 1 ♀, Oaxaca, 5 mi. N of Candelaria Loxicha, 19 Jul. 1974, Clark, Murray, Ashe, & Schaffner (TAMU). San Luis Potosi: 2 ♀♀, San Luis Potosi, Tamazunchale, 7 Mar. 1946, J.C. Caldwell (USNM); 4 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀, San Luis Potosi, 7 mi. N San Vincente (S of Tamuin), 16 Jul. 1980, Schaffner, Weaver, & Firedlander (TAMU); San Luis Potosi, 8 mi. E Tamazuchale, 14–15 Mar. 1977, Gruetzmacher, Sweet, Jordon, & Schaffner (TAMU); 1 ♀, Mun Xilitla, Xilital, 700 m, 19 Mar. 1988, P. Kovarik, R.W. Jones, tropical evergreen forest (TAMU). Tabasco: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Tabasco, Teapa, Feb. & Mar., H.H. Smith (NHM); 2 ♀♀, 1 km E Xolol, between Ciudad Valles & Tamazunchale, ca 500 m, 18 Aug. 1978, Henry, Schaffner, & Schuh (AMNH). Tamaulipas: 5 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, Tamaulipas, Victoria, Nov. 1954, N.L.H. Krauss (USNM); 9 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀, Tamaulipas, 1.1 mi. W of Gomes Farias, 20 Mar. 1986, J.C. Schaffner (TAMU); 6 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀, Tamaulipas, 74 mi. S Cd. Victoris (W of Gomez Farias), 15 Nov. 1985, P. Koarik, R. Jones, and K. Hack (TAMU); 5 ♀♀, Tamaulipas, Gomez Farias, 13 Feb. 1986, R.W. Jones (TAMU); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Tamaulipas, 3.5 km W Gomez Farias, 550 m, (at blacklight), 24 May 1987, R.W. Jones (TAMU); 3 ♀♀, Tamaulipas, Mpio: Liera de Canales, 5 mi. N Encino, 8 Mar. 1986, 220 m, Jones, Kovarik, & Haack (TAMU); 3 ♀♀, 1 km E Gomez Farias, 20 Mar. 1987, P.W. Kovarik (TAMU); 1 ♀, Canon La Libertad, 6 mi. NW Cd. Victoria, 7 Mar. 1986, Jones, Haack, & Kovarik (TAMU). Veracruz: Cordoba, 22 Nov. 1953, July 1965, N.L.H. Kraus (USNM); 7♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Veracruz, Veracruz, Nov. 1954, N.L.H. Krauss (USNM); 1 ♂, Veracruz, 6 mi. N. Riconada, 25 Sept. 1976, W.E. Clark (TAMU); 1 ♀, Veracruz, env. of Catemaco, 27 Dec. 979, P.W. Kovarik (TAMU); 6 ♀♀, Veracruz, 3 km S of Coatepec, 1300 m, 19º27’N, 97º00.7’W, 17 Nov. 2003, T.J. Henry & E. Barrera, ex Ipomoea sp. (USNM). 1 ♀, Yucatan, Merida, Nov. 1961, N.L.H. Krauss (USNM). NICARAGUA: 1 ♂, Los Brasiles, Mangua, 22–23 Jul. 1970, L.H. Rolston (TAMU); 1 ♂, Esteli, 13.4 mi. NW Sabaco, 17 June 1972, R.R. & M.E. Murray (TAMU). Yucatan: 1 ♀, Chichen Itza, 13 Sept. 1952, J. & D. Pallister (AMNH). PANAMA: 5 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀, Chiriqui Pr., Cerro Horqueta Rd., 1 km N Boquete, elev. 1300 m, 2 Jul. 1996, Gillogly & Schaffner (TAMU); 7 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀, Chiriqui Pr., 7 km W Boquete, 1600 mm, 9 Sept. 1998, Gillogly & Stockwell (TAMU); Chiriqui Prov., 5 km NW Hornito, 08º41’08”N, 82º15’17”W, el. 3160 ft., 7 Aug. 1999, J.B. Woolley (TAMU); 1 ♀, Chiriqui Pr., Finca La Suiza, 1 km SE Hornito, 8 May 1993, A.R. Gilllogy, UV light (TAMU); 1 ♂, Chiriqui Prov., 2 km S Hornito, 20 June 1995, el. 1100 m, A.R. Gillogly, on mistletoe (TAMU. PUERTO RICO: 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Arecibo, 1–4 Mar. 1914 [no collector] (AMNH); 2 ♀♀, Parkhurst Grove, Bayamon, 26 June 1917, H. Morrison (USNM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Rio Piebras, 16 Mar. 1932, Anderson, on sweet potato (USNM); 1 ♀, San Juan, 9–12 Jul. 1914 [no collector] (AMNH); 2 ♂♂, Quebradillas, Apr. 1960, J. Maldonado C., on Ipomoea (USNM); 1 ♂, El Verde, June 1967, J. Maldonado C. (USNM); 15 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀, 10 nymphs, Isabela, 10 Mar. 1970, J. Maldonado C. (USMM). USA: California: 1 ♂, Santa Barbara Co., Santa Cruz Isl., 30 Oct. 1960, Keenan & Robinson (CSCA). Florida: 1 ♂, Broward Co., 29 mi. S South Bay, 13 Dec. 1985, R.S. Miller (TAMU). 1 ♀, Hendry Co., LaBelle, 16 Jul. 1939, P. Oman (USNM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Florida, Indian River Co., Vero Beach, 13 Jan. 1944, [no collector], on Ipomoea batatas (USNM) 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, 2 nymphs, Lee Co., Royal Palm Park, March 1930, W.S.B. (NHM); 1 ♂, Ft. Myers, 18 Sept. 1957, JPK, at light (USNM). 3 ♀♀, [Miami-Dade Co.] Bisc. Bay, Mrs. A.T. Slosson [no date] (AMNH); 2 ♂♂, Miami-Dade Co., Coconut Grove, 20 May 1944 [no collector], on Ipomoea sp. (USNM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Miami, 5 Nov. 1911, [no collector] (AMNH); 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Miami-Dade Co., Naranja, 9 May 1945, [no collector], on Hamelia erecta (USNM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Paradise Key, Feb.-Mar. 1919, Schwartz & Barber (USNM). 1 ♀, Okeechobee Co., Ft. Drum, 12 Sept.?1908, A. Fredholm (USNM). 1 ♂, Orange Co., 11 Jan. 1930, Florida Fruit Fly Trap Survey, J.E. Sadler (USNM). 1 ♀, Palm Beach Co., Lake Worth, 2/6 [18]87, O. Heidemann (USNM); 1 ♀, 4 fifth-instar nymphs, West Palm Beach, 11 Sept. 1961, W.E. Browning, “severe” on morning glory (USNM). 4 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, Pinellas Co., Dunedin, 7 Mar. 1927, W.S. Blatchley (USNM). 2 ♀♀, Seminole Co., Sanford, 9 Apr. 1928, E.D. Ball (USNM). 3 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀, St. Lucie Co., Ft. Pierce, 11 Dec. 1943, [no collector] on Ipomoea batatas (USNM); 1 ♀, Lakewood, 1 Oct. 1987, E.W. Campbell (USNM). 1 ♂, Sumpter Co., Fruit Fly Trap Survey, 17 Feb. 1930, O.C. Tigner (USNM). Texas: 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 2 nymphs, Cameron Co., Brownsville, 11–10–44, [no collector], on morning glory leaves (USNM); 6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀, Cameron Co., Brownsville, 8 June–11 July 1970, V. V. Board, Gates, & Hafernik (TAMU). 3 ♀♀, one nymph, Hidalgo Co., Thayer, 13 Dec. 1939, on weeds (USNM). ST. CROIX: 8 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, 11 Mar. 1920, G.E. Wilson, on sweet potato (USNM). ST. KITTS: 5 ♀♀, 10 Sept. 1943, R.G. Fennah, on sweet potato (USNM). ST. VINCENT: 2 ♀♀, H.H. Smith, 95-306 (NHM).
Published as part of Henry, Thomas J., 2022, Revision of the New World Plant Bug Genus Cyrtocapsus (Heteroptera: Miridae Bryocorinae: Eccritotarsini), with New and Revised Synonymies, Lectotype Designations, and Descriptions of 12 New Species, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5154 (1) on pages 30-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6646359
{"references":["Carvalho, J. C. M. & Dolling, W. R. (1976) Neotropical Miridae, CCV: Type designations of species described in the \" Biologia Centrali Americana \" (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 36, 789 - 810.","Reuter, O. M. (1892) Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 61, 391 - 402.","Reuter, O. M. (1908 b) Hemisphaerodella mirabilis n. gen. et sp., eine merkwurdige Capsiden-Gattung aus den Antillen. Entomologische Zeitung, 27, 297 - 298.","Blatchley, W. S. (1928) Notes on the Heteroptera of eastern North America with descriptions of new species, I. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 36, 1 - 23.","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1969) The Miridae of Puerto Rico (Insecta, Hemiptera). University of Puerto Rico, Agricultural Experiment States Technical Paper 45, 133 pp.","Henry, T. J. & Wheeler, Jr., A. G. (1988) Family Miridae Hahn, 1833 (= Capsidae Burmeister, 1835). The plant bugs. In: Henry, T. J. and R. C. Froeschner [Eds.], Catalog of the Heteroptera or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States. E. J. Brill, Leiden and New York, pp. 251 - 507. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781351070447 - 24","Henry, T. J. & Carvalho, J. C. M. (1987) A peculiar case history: Hemisphaerodella miriabilis Reuter is the nymphal stage of Cyrtocapsus caligineus (Stal) (Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 95, 290 - 293.","Knight, H. H. (1926) Descriptions of nine new species of Bryocorinae (Hemiptera, Miridae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 21, 102 - 108.","Schuh, R. T. (1995) Plant Bugs of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). Systematic Catalog, Distributions, Host List, and Bibliography. New York Entomological Society, New York, 1329 pp.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1946) Sobre um novo genero e uma nova especie de \" Microphysidae \" do Brazil (Cimicoidea, Hemiptera). Revista Brazileira de Biologia, 6, 333 - 340.","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1955) Analecta miridologica: Miscellaneous observations in some American museums and bibliography. Revista Chilena Entomologica, 4, 221 - 227.","Uhler, P. R. (1886) Check-list of the Hemiptera Heteroptera of North America. Brooklyn Entomological Society, Brooklyn, New York, iv + 32 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12636","Van Duzee, E. P. (1917) Catalog of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleurodidae. University of California Publications, Technical Bulletins, Entomology, 2, i - xvi + 902 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 29381","Blatchley, W. S. (1926) Heteroptera or True Bugs of Eastern North America with Especial Reference to the Faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis, 1116 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6871","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1957) Catalogue of the Miridae of the world. Part I. Subfamilies Cylapinae, Deraeocorinae, Bryocorinae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 44, 1 - 158.","Alayo, P. D. (1974) Los hemipteros de Cuba (Parte XII). Familia Miridae. Torreia, nueva serie 32, 3 - 41.","Bruner, S. C., Scaramuzza, L. C. & Otero, Y. A. R. (1975) Catalog de los Insectos que Atacan a las Platas Economicas de Cuba. Segunda edicion revisada y aumentada. Instituto de Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Habana, 401 pp.","Maes, J. - M & Carvalho, J. C. M. (1989) Catalogo de los Miridae (Heteroptera) de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 6, 7 - 36.","Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2008) Arthropods of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti): A checklist and bibliography. Zootaxa, 1831 (1), 1 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1831.1.1","Wheeler, A. G., Jr. (2001) Biology of the Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae). Pests, Predators, Opportunists. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 507 pp.","Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2020) Checklist, bibliography and quantitative data of the arthropods of Hispaniola. Zootaxa, 4749 (1), 1 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4749.1.1","Hernandez, L. M. & Henry, T. J. (2010) The Plant Bugs, or Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Cuba. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia. 212 pp.","Mead, F. W. (1988) A plant bug, Cyrtocapsus caligineus (Stal). Tri-ology (Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bureau of Plant Industry), 27 (9), 5.","Bruner, S. C., Scaramuzza, L. C. & Otero, Y. A. R. (1945) Catalog de los Insectos que Atacan a las Platas Economicas de Cuba. Estacion Experimental Agronomica Bulletin 63. Santiago de las Vegas, Habana, 246 pp.","Schuh, R. T. (2002 - 2013) On-line Systematic Catalog of Plant Bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / pbi / catalog / (last accessed 29 Dec. 2021)","Stal, C. (1859) Hemiptera. Species novas descripsit. Kongliga Svenska Fregattens Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden 3 (Zoologi, Insector), 219 - 298."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Miridae, and Cyrtocapsus

Cyrtocapsus Reuter Cyrtocapsus Reuter 1876: 70. Type species: Cyrtocapsus caligineus Stål, 1859, by monotypy. Pirithous Distant 1884: 302. Type species: Pirithous pallipes Distant, 1884, by monotypy. Synonymized by Reuter 1892: 393. Hemisphaerodella Reuter 1908b: 297. Type species: Hemisphaerodella mirabilis Reuter, 1908b, by original designation. Synonymized by Henry & Carvalho 1987: 291. Miccus Bergroth 1910: 65. Type species: Miccus elutipes Bergroth, 1910, by original designation. Synonymized by Carvalho 1951: 55. Lopesiella Wygodzinsky 1946:334. Type species: Lopesiella mirabilis Wygodzinsky, 1946, by original designation. Synonymized with Hemisphaerodella by Carvalho 1955: 223. Diagnosis. Recognized by the relatively small size (2.50–4.90 mm); prominent eyes extending laterally beyond the anterior angles of the pronotum (e.g., Figs. 3, 10, 17); protruding, apically acute clypeus; rugose and transversely striate frons (Figs. 3, 4); distinctly punctate pronotum; prominent calli separated by a wide, deep puncture or pit (Fig. 3); dull, impunctate hemelytron, with a single cell on the membrane; extensive silvery, sericeous setae dorsally and laterally on thorax; and mostly C-shaped left parameres (e.g., Figs. 61, 63, 73) and oval to more elongate (Figs. 64, 90) and sometimes L-shaped right parameres (e.g., Figs. 68, 84). Description. Male: Macropterous, small, elongate oval species. Total length of included species from apex of clypeus to apex of hemelytral membrane 2.50–4.32 mm; length from apex of clypeus to cuneal fracture 1.80–2.76 mm; widest point across hemelytra 1.23–1.82 mm. General coloration pale yellowish brown to black, often with paler areas on head, pronotum, and hemelytron. COLORATION. Head: Yellowish brown to uniformly black; frons yellowish brown, sometimes with median line dark brown or black, with inner margin along eyes paler; clypeus usually dark; sides and undersurface often paler yellowish brown to white; labium pale yellowish white to white, sometimes tinged with red; antenna pale yellowish white, white, to black. Pronotum: Yellowish brown, brownish orange, dark brown to uniformly black; basal margins on dark brown to black species sometimes paler brown to brownish orange. Hemelytron: Brownish orange to black; often with the embolium and apical half of corium paler yellowish brown to brownish orange. Legs: Pale yellow, yellowish white, white, or black; coxae pale to dark brown; femora pale to nearly uniformly dark; tibiae pale, dark at only bases, to uniformly black. SURFACE AND VESTITUTRE. Head: Rugose to finely punctate; frons often with rows of transverse striations; usually with rows of silvery sericeous setae along basal margin and median line, inner margins of eyes, and across transverse striations. Pronotum: coarsely punctate on disc, more finely punctate on collar and across calli; silvery sericeous setae dense across calli and collar, less dense and usually finer on disc. Hemelytron: Impunctate, dull; with scattered silvery sericeous setae, often with distinct clusters forming loose patterns and a glabrous spot at middle of clavus. Ventral surface: Pleural areas of thorax and basal areas of abdomen usually with clusters of silver sericeous setae. STRUCTURE. Head: Somewhat triangular, clypeus apically acute; eyes prominent, extending laterally just beyond anterior angles of pronotum. Pronotum: Trapeziform, anterior margin much narrow than posterior margin; laterally straight to concave, with posterior angle flaring, margin with or without a carina lateral to calli; posterior margin nearly straight to weakly convex; calli prominent and separated by a deep, wide puncture or pit. Hemelytron: Macropterous, usually strongly bent downward at cuneal fracture; membrane entire with a single large areole. Legs: Slender, lacking tibial spines. Male genitalia: Left paramere varying from a stout and strongly C-shaped (e.g., Figs. 63, 75, 77) to a more slender, elongate, open C-shape, often with an apical hook (e.g., Figs. 58, 71, 82). Right paramere varying from oval (e.g., Figs. 64, 76, 90), broadly rounded (e.g., Figs. 79, 98), to elongate, sometimes becoming somewhat L-shaped and apically rounded or truncate (e.g., Figs. 60, 68, 84). The endosoma, as in most Bryocorinae, is comprised of a simple, sclerotized tube-like aedeagus, lacking any accessory spicules or sclerites, encased in membrane (e.g., Figs. 59, 78, 83), varying only slightly at the apex. The parameres are distinctive for certain species, such as C. atrametatibialis with an open C-shape left paramere (Fig. 61) and an elongate, apically rounded right paramere (Fig. 62); C. haitianus with a mitt-shaped right paramere (Fig. 79); or C. spatulatus with a broad, paddle-shaped right paramere (Fig. 98). Other species have quite similar parameres, such as C. caligineus (Figs. 63, 64), C. grenadaensis (Figs. 75, 76), and C. pallipes (Figs. 89, 90), making it necessary to use external morphology in combination with genitalia to distinguish species. Female: Similar to male in color, texture, and vestiture. Cyrtocapsus atrametatibialis is the one exception, with sexually dimorphic females having entirely pale yellowish-white hind legs, whereas males have the apical third of the hind femur and the entire hind tibia fuscous to black. Total length of included species from apex of clypeus to apex of hemelytral membrane 2.60–4.90 mm; length from apex of clypeus to cuneal fracture 1.80–2.73 mm; widest point across hemelytra 1.23–1.89 mm. Female genitalia: Labiate plate (Figs. 99, 101). Posterior wall (Figs. 100, 102). The female genitalia are simple and do not appear to have any characters useful in distinguishing species. Discussion. The descriptions of the genera Pirithous Distant (1884) and Miccus Bergroth (1910) reflect the confusion previous authors faced in placing species now included in Cyrtocapsus, suggesting they overlooked Reuter’s (1876) original description. Pirithous is not only a junior synonym of Cyrtocapsus, but also a junior homonym of Pirithous Keyserling, 1883 (Arachnida). Miccus, with M. elutipes as the type species, is a junior synonym. Hemisphaerodella and Lopesiella were based on the nymphal stages of what Henry & Carvalho (1987) considered as C. caligineus and what I now show is C. pallipes, based primarily on distribution. I have maintained a rather broad definition of the genus for the included species, with the realization that several of them may eventually be placed in new or separate genera following eventual phylogenetic analyses. For the time being, however, I think it is best to maintain a conservative interpretation until more specimens of the more poorly known species are discovered and additional information on hosts and biology are available to help interpret relationships. The relationship of Cyrtocapsus with other genera within the Eccritotarsini is unclear. Numerous genera have a distinct puncture or pit between the calli. The overall elongate-oval body, extended head with a prominent clypeus, punctate pronotum, and impunctate hemelytra are superficially similar to species of the genera Eurychilella Reuter, Pachymerocerista Carvalho, Pycnoderes Guérin-Menèville, and Sixeonotus Reuter. The silvery sericeous setae on the head, pronotum, and hemelytra, however, are found in only a few genera, including Eurychilella, Pycnoderes, and Sixeonotus. Even so, the setae in these genera are much finer and do not form the distinct patterns or patches found in most species of Cyrtocapsus. A cursory review of the male genitalia of the species in these genera showed that they are quite different from those found in species of Cyrtocapsus, though a much broader survey of the tribe is to needed to better understand the genitalic affinities and resolve the phylogenetic placement of this genus. Ferreira and Henry’s (2011) key to the eccritotarsine genera of Minas Gerais will distinguish Cyrtocapsus from all similar Neotropical genera. The following key is completely revised from previous versions provided by Carvalho (1954, 1985) and Henry & Carvalho (1987). I note that Henry & Carvalho (1987) erred in couplet 9 of their key. The first rung (running to C. andinus Carvalho [now C. caligineus in this work]) should read “Second antennal segment 0.70 mm long...,” not “ 2.2 mm.” The second rung (running to C. grenadensis Carvalho) should have read “Second antennal segment less than 0.50 mm long...,” not “2.00 mm.” That key, however, is now obsolete because of the new species and the numerous nomenclatural changes presented in this paper and should not be followed. Key to the species of Cyrtocapsus Reuter 1. Hind femur brown to black, at least on apical third (and sometimes paler ventrally); tibiaefully or in part pale or all dark brown to black............................................................................................. 2 – Hind femur pale yellow to yellowish white with, at most, a short fuscous streak on either side near apex; tibiae pale....... 9 2. Only hind femur with brown or black areas................................................................. 3 – All femora with brown or black areas..................................................................... 5 3. Dorsal apical half of hind femur and entire hind tibia fuscous or black (male); distribution: Bolivia.................................................................................... C. atrametatibalis Henry, n. sp. (Figs. 10, 11) – Hind femur partially to entirely black; hind tibia uniformly pale or fuscous only at base …............................4 4. Body uniformly black; hind femur uniformly fuscous or black; hind tibia pale; distribution: Colombia...................................................................................... C. columbiensis Carvalho (Figs. 15, 16) – Body dark brown, with inner margins of eyes, basal margin of pronotum, embolium, and apex of corium yellowish brown; apical third of hind femur and base of hind tibia fuscous or black; distribution: Costa Rica and Mexico............................................................................... … C. metafemoratus Henry, n. sp. (Figs. 40, 41) 5. Middle and hind coxae dark brown; calli shiny, impunctate, glabrous............................................ 6 – Middle and hind coxae pale yellow to yellowish white; calli punctate, covered with silvery sericeous setae.............. 7 6. Large species, male length 3.72–4.08 mm; females, 3.80–4.16 mm; hind femur fuscous mostly on sides of apical two thirds, with dorsal and ventral surfaces frequently paler; distribution: Panama........... C. schaffneri Henry, n. sp. (Figs. 52–54) Small species, male lengths 2.85–2.94 mm (females unknown); hind femur entirely dark brown to fuscous; distribution: Costa Rica................................................................ C. glabratus Henry, n. sp. (Figs. 27, 28) 7. Antennal segment II dark brown or black; hind tibia uniformly fuscous, sometimes paler at apex; distribution: Bolivia and Pará, Brazil................................................................. C. paraensis Carvalho (Figs. 46, 47) – Antennal segment II uniformly pale; apical halves of all tibiae pale or white....................................... 8 8. Hemelytron black, with embolium only slightly paler; distribution: Tabasco, Mexico...................................................................................................... C. marginatus (Distant) (Figs. 36, 38) – Hemelytron dark brown, with embolium contrasting yellowish brown to brownish orange; distribution: Mexico (Veracruz) and Venezuela................................................................ C. femoralis Reuter (Figs. 23, 24) 9. Pronotum and hemelytron predominately dark brown, fuscous, or black......................................... 10 – Pronotum and hemelytron yellowish brown or brownish orange, if dark brown then embolium contrastingly paler yellowish brown or brownish orange............................................................................. 22 10. All coxae pale yellowish white, or white, with bases of middle and hind coxa sometimes dark brown.................. 11 – Only front coxa at least partially yellowish white to white, middle and hind coxae uniformly dark brown............... 20 11. Antennal segments I and II uniformly or in large part fuscous or black; hind femur sometimes with a fuscous streak on either side near apex....................................................................................... 12 – Antennal segment I white; segment II white, sometimes with apex fuscous; hind femur without a fuscous streak near apex..................................................................................................... 14 12. Antennal segments I–III uniformly black or reddish brown; underside of head white, contrasting with fuscous clypeus; veins on hemelytral membrane with silvery sericeous setae; hind femur with a fuscous streak on inner and outer surface of apical half; right paramere mitt-shaped (Fig. 79); distribution: Dominican Republic and Haiti......................................................................................................... C. haitianus Carvalho (Figs. 32, 33) – Antennal segment I pale, with apical third dark brown or fuscous; segment II largely fuscous, with only base pale; underside of head fuscous to brownish orange; veins on hemelytral membrane lacking silvery sericeous setae; femora with or without a fuscous streak........................................................................................13 13. Pronotum uniformly black; hind femur pale yellowish white, without fuscous markings; right paramere (Fig. 98) broadly rounded; distribution: Bolivia and Brazil..................................... C. spatulatus Henry, n. sp. (Fig. 55) – Pronotum dark brown through middle, pale yellowish brown laterally; hind femur with a brown streak on either side of apical fourth; right paramere elongate and slender; distribution: Goiás, Brazil............. C. discalis Henry, n. sp. (Figs 18, 19) 14. Basal halves of middle and hind coxae brown; apical third of antennal segment II fuscous; distribution: Peru.................................................................................... C. apicalis Henry, n. sp. (Figs. 8, 9) – All coxae uniformly pale or white, with only bases of middle and hind coxae sometimes narrowly brown; antennal segment II uniformly pale or white............................................................................... 15 15. Hemelytron fuscous or black, with contrastingly pale brownish-orange embolium; apical two thirds of hind tibia brown; distribution: Peru.......................................................... C. costatus Henry, n. sp. (Fig. 17) – Hemelytron uniformly fuscous or black; hind tibia pale...................................................... 16 16. Lower half of head, apical third of cuneus, and usually last female genital segment and ovipositor white; distribution: British Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands................................ C. lazelli Henry, n. sp. (Figs. 35, 36) – Lower half of head pale brown or brownish orange but never white; cuneus, female genital segment, and ovipositor fuscous or black............................................................................................. 17 17. Lateral margin of pronotum lacking a distinct carina adjacent to calli; distribution: Bolivia (female)...................................................................................... C. atrametatibialis Henry, n. sp. (Fig. 12) – Lateral margin of pronotum with a distinct carina lateral to calli............................................... 18 18. Apex of corium with a triangular yellowish-white area bordering cuneus; basal margin of pronotum usually paler dark yellowish brown or brownish orange; distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay........ … C. rostratus Reuter (Figs. 49–51) – Paler area at apex of corium narrow, not well-defined or absent; pronotum uniformly fuscous to black................. 19 19. Small species, male lengths 3.04–3.48 mm, bases of middle and hind coxae often narrowly brown; left paramere (Fig. 67) broad through middle and apically hooked; right paramere (Fig. 68) L-shaped, elongate, and apically rounded or truncate; distribution: northern South America, Central America, Mexico, and Jamaica.......... C. elutipes (Bergroth) (Figs. 20–22) – Larger species, male lengths 3.49–4.12 mm, coxae uniformly white; left paramere (Fig. 85) stout, C-shaped; right paramere (Fig. 86) elongate, thickened through main body, narrowing and pointed apically; distribution: Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama.................................................................. C. mesoamericanus Henry, n. sp. (Fig. 39) 20. Anterior coxa entirely pale or white; embolium black; distribution: North, Central, and South America, and West Indies............................................................................. C. pallipes (Distant) (Figs. 44, 45) – Anterior coxa brown, except narrowly at apex; embolium paler brown, at least basally............................. 21 21. Larger species, length 3.90 mm or more; antennal segment II long, length 0.66–73 mm; embolium and apical half of corium yellowish brown; distribution: Argentina, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru................. C. caligineus (Stål) (Figs. 13, 14) – Smaller species, length 3.50 mm or less, antennal segment II shorter, length 0.56–0.59 mm; hemelytra, including corium, uniformly dark brown, embolium entirely to pale on basal half only; distribution: Costa Rica, Dominica, Grenada, and Mexico............................................................... C. grenadensis Carvalho (Figs. 29, 30) 22. Pronotum yellowish brown to brownish orange, calli sometimes fuscous........................................ 23 – Pronotum, including calli, reddish brown to dark brown, disc sometimes with basal margin paler yellowish brown....... 26 23. Area across collar and calli fuscous to black, contrasting with brown to brownish-orange disc........................ 24 – Area across collar and calli yellowish brown or brown orange, concolorous with disc, at most with median line fuscous... 24
Published as part of Henry, Thomas J., 2022, Revision of the New World Plant Bug Genus Cyrtocapsus (Heteroptera: Miridae Bryocorinae: Eccritotarsini), with New and Revised Synonymies, Lectotype Designations, and Descriptions of 12 New Species, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5154 (1) on pages 5-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6646359
{"references":["Reuter, O. M. (1876) Capsinae ex America boreali in Museo Holmiensi asservatae, descriptae.","Stal, C. (1859) Hemiptera. Species novas descripsit. Kongliga Svenska Fregattens Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden 3 (Zoologi, Insector), 219 - 298.","Reuter, O. M. (1892) Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 61, 391 - 402.","Reuter, O. M. (1908 b) Hemisphaerodella mirabilis n. gen. et sp., eine merkwurdige Capsiden-Gattung aus den Antillen. Entomologische Zeitung, 27, 297 - 298.","Henry, T. J. & Carvalho, J. C. M. (1987) A peculiar case history: Hemisphaerodella miriabilis Reuter is the nymphal stage of Cyrtocapsus caligineus (Stal) (Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 95, 290 - 293.","Bergroth, E. (1910) On some Miridae from French Guiana. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 54, 60 - 68.","Carvalho, J. C. M. & China, W. E. (1951) Neotropical Miridae, 42: On the eccritotarsoid complex (Hemiptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (12) 4, 672 - 697. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935108654194","Wygodzinsky, P. (1946) Sobre um novo genero e uma nova especie de \" Microphysidae \" do Brazil (Cimicoidea, Hemiptera). Revista Brazileira de Biologia, 6, 333 - 340.","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1955) Analecta miridologica: Miscellaneous observations in some American museums and bibliography. Revista Chilena Entomologica, 4, 221 - 227.","Ferreira, P. S. F. & Henry, T. J. (2011) Synopsis and keys to the tribes, genera, and species of Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Part I: Bryocorinae. Zootaxa, 2920, 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2920.1.1","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1954) Neotropical Miridae, LXXI: Genus Cyrtocapsus Reuter with descriptions of four new species (Hemiptera). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 49, 12 - 17.","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1985) Mirideos neotropicais, CCXLVII: Descricoes de um genero e trinta e quatro especies novas da tribo Bryocorini Douglas & Scott (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 44, 267 - 294."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Miridae, Cyrtocapsus, and Cyrtocapsus rostratus

Cyrtocapsus rostratus Reuter (Figs. 49–51, 93, 94) Cyrtocapsus rostratus Reuter 1908a: 181 (original description; Chile); Carvalho 1954: 13 (key), 1957: 96 (catalog); Henry & Carvalho 1987: 292 (key); Carvalho 1980: 646 (diagnosis); Schuh 1995: 542 (catalog), 2002–2013 (online catalog). Cyrtocapsus femoralis (of authors, in part): Ferreira & Rossi 1979: 133 (distribution), Ferreira & Henry 2011: 12 (distribution), Vélez et al. 2020: 4 (distribution). Diagnosis. Cyrtocapsus rostratus (Figs. 49–51) is distinguished by the overall dark brown to fuscous dorsum, the often narrowly brownish-orange basal area of the pronotum, the triangular pale area at the apex of the corium, and the pale yellowish-white antenna and legs. It is most similar to C. elutipes (Figs. 20–22) in the overall dark dorsal coloration, pale legs, and similar parameres, but is distinguished by the larger size, the longer antennal segment II, the frequently paler brownishorange basal margin of the pronotum, and the distinctive pale triangular mark at the apex of the corium bordering the cuneus. Description. Male (Fig. 49) (n = 5): Length to apex of membrane 2.98–3.49 mm, length to base of cuneus 2.08– 2.43 mm, widest width across hemelytra 1.41–1.47 mm. Head: Width 0.75–0.80 mm, interocular width 0.40–0.43 mm. Labium: Length 0.96–1.00 mm. Antenna:; eyes Segment I length 0.54–0.60 mm; II, 0.68–0.70 mm; III (n = 3), 0.50–0.56 mm; IV (n = 1), 1.12 mm. Pronotum: Median length 1.00– 1.10 mm, basal width 1.52–1.66 mm. Coloration: Head fuscous to black, clypeus dark brown becoming fuscous apically, inner margins of eyes and sides paler brown; eyes brownish red. Labium yellowish white, apex of segment IV darker brown; labrum often tinged with red. Antenna yellowish white. Pronotum fuscous to black, with posterior margin often narrowly paler brown to brownish orange. Scutellum black. Hemelytron fuscous to black, apical half of corium becoming dark brown, apex of corium adjacent to base of cuneus with a pale, yellowish-brown to yellowish-white triangular area; cuneus uniformly dark brown to fuscous; membrane whitish, veins dark brown. Ventral surface, including ostiolar auricle, fuscous to black. Legs, including coxae, uniformly yellowish white to white. Texture and vestiture: Head shiny, weakly rugose, finely punctate, frons with fine transverse striations; inner margins of eyes, median line, and transverse striations with silvery, sericeous setae. Pronotum shiny, disc uniformly and deeply punctate, collar more finely punctate; calli prominent, separated by a deep pit, mostly impunctate with only a few fine punctures; anterior third around collar and calli with dense, silvery, sericeous setae, setae on disc finer and more scattered. Hemelytron dull, impunctate, with scattered and patches of silvery, sericous setae. Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 93) narrow at base, broadened through main body, and narrowing to a hook apically. Right paramere (Fig. 94) somewhat L-shaped, main body evenly broad and apically truncate. Female: (Figs. 50, 51) (n = 5): Length to apex of membrane 3.07–3.36 mm, length to base of cuneus 2.21– 2.34 mm, widest width across hemelytra 1.39–1.50 mm. Head: Width 0.78–0.80 mm, interocular width 0.42 mm. Labium: Length 0.75–0.82 mm. Antenna: Segment I length 0.42–0.45 mm; II, 0.50–0.59 mm; III, 0.34–0.42 mm; IV 0.56–0.62, mm. Pronotum: Median length 0.85–0.90 mm, basal width 1.20–1.25 mm. Length and width as given in original description (Reuter 1908a): Length 2.5 mm; width 1.5 mm. Host. Ipomoea sp. [Convolvulaceae]. This species was common on Ipomoea spp. in Jujuy and Salta provinces, Argentina. Distribution. Described and previously known from only Tambillo, Chile (Reuter 1908a). Based on the material examined, new country records are Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Records of C. femoralis (of authors) from Brazil (e.g., Ferreira & Rossi 1979, Ferreira & Henry 2011, Vélez et al. 2020) should be referred to C. rostratus. Discussion. Although I have examined only dorsal and lateral images of the lectotype (designated below) of C. rostratus, the narrow brownish-orange basal margin of the pronotum and the pale triangular mark at the apex of the corium are distinctive for many specimens of this species, though more uniformly dark individuals are common. The characters in this diagnosis are consistent with the many specimens I have studied from northern Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. It is possible that once more material, including males, is discovered in Chile, C. rostratus will prove distinct from the specimens I am including under it from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Type designation. It is not clear how many specimens Reuter (1908a) had before him when describing C. rostratus; therefore, the single female (Figs. 50, 51) in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (NMW) is considered a syntype. To ensure nomenclatural stability, I designate this specimen as the lectotype for C. rostratus: [CHILE] label 1 (handwritten), “Otto. 1895, Tambillo”; 2 (handwritten) “ Cyrtocapsus rostratus n. sp. det. O. M. Reuter”; 3 (red handwritten), “ Syntypus ”; 4 (here added), “ LECTOTYPE: ♀ Cyrtocapsus rostratus Reuter, desig. by T.J. Henry.” Other material examined. ARGENTINA: Jujuy Prov.: 2 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀, Jujuy Prov., Prov. Rd. 1, 3 km E of Natl. Rd. 34, 23º02.431’S, 64º, 56.223’W, 450 m, 12 Feb. 2016, T.J. Henry & P.M. Dellapé, ex Ipomoea sp. (USNM). Salta Prov.: 18 ♂♂, 19 ♀♀ (and nymphs), Salta Prov., N. of Oran, Hwy 50, NW on rd to Abra Grande, 22º59.063’S, 64º72.425’W, 7 Feb. 2016, T.J. Henry & P.M. Dellapé, ex Ipomoea sp. (4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, MLP; 14 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀ USNM); 7 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Salta Prov., Hwy. 50, 8 km S of Oran, 23º13.534’S, 64º17.219W, 8 Feb. 2016, T.J. Henry & P.M. Dellapé (USNM); 1 ♀, Salta Prov., Pichanal, jct. Prov. Rd. 50 & 34, 375 m, 23º18.415’S, 64º13.114’W, 9 Feb. 2016, T.J. Henry and P.M. Dellapé (USNM). BRAZIL: Bahia: 1 ♀, Bahia, Entre Rios, 4 June 1908 [no collector] (USNM). Goias: 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (four points on one pin), Goias, Aragarças, J.C.M. Carvalho [no date] (USNM). Minas Gerais: 1 ♀, Minas Gerais, Viçosa, 13 Oct.–1 Nov. 1985, T.J. Henry & P.S. Fiuza F. (USNM). PARAGUAY: 1 ♂, Dept. Canindeyu, Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú, 19–22 Nov. 2016, J.E. Eger (USNM).
Published as part of Henry, Thomas J., 2022, Revision of the New World Plant Bug Genus Cyrtocapsus (Heteroptera: Miridae Bryocorinae: Eccritotarsini), with New and Revised Synonymies, Lectotype Designations, and Descriptions of 12 New Species, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5154 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6646359
{"references":["Reuter, O. M. (1908 a) Capsidae quinque novae in Tombilla (Chile) lectae. Annalen des Naturhistorisches Hofmuseums Wien, 22, 180 - 182. [1907]","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1954) Neotropical Miridae, LXXI: Genus Cyrtocapsus Reuter with descriptions of four new species (Hemiptera). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 49, 12 - 17.","Henry, T. J. & Carvalho, J. C. M. (1987) A peculiar case history: Hemisphaerodella miriabilis Reuter is the nymphal stage of Cyrtocapsus caligineus (Stal) (Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 95, 290 - 293.","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1980) Analecta miridologica, III: Observations on type specimens in the Natural History Museums of Wien and Genova (Hemiptera, Miridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 40, 643 - 647.","Schuh, R. T. (1995) Plant Bugs of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). Systematic Catalog, Distributions, Host List, and Bibliography. New York Entomological Society, New York, 1329 pp.","Ferreira, P. S. F. & Rossi, D. (1979) Catalogo das especies de Miridae (Hemiptera) de Vicosa, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Experientiae, 25, 131 - 157.","Ferreira, P. S. F. & Henry, T. J. (2011) Synopsis and keys to the tribes, genera, and species of Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Part I: Bryocorinae. Zootaxa, 2920, 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2920.1.1","Velez, M., Coelho, L. A., Santos Martins, D. & Ferreira, P. S. F. (2020) Survey of the Heteroptera (Hemiptera) on pastures from Espirito Santo state, Brazil: New records, range extension, and notes of potential pests. EntomoBrasilis, 13, e 907. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 13. e 907"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Tingidae, and Cysteochila

Genus Cysteochila Stål, 1873 Cysteochila Stål, 1873: 121. Type species by subsequent designation (Distant 1903a: 138): Monanthia? tingoides Motschulsky, 1863. Bredenbachius Distant, 1903b: 50. Type species by subsequent designation (Distant 1903a: 139): Bredenbachius pictus Distant, 1903. Synonymized by Bergroth (1921: 104). Diagnosis. Recognized among other tingid genera by a combination of the following characters: body oblong; maximum width across hemelytra narrower than maximum width across paranota; head shorter than its maximum width across compound eyes, with five spines; antennal segments I close to each other at their bases; bucculae contiguous with each other at anterior ends; rostrum not reaching abdominal sternite IV; pronotum convex in anterior part, tricarinate; lateral margin of pronotum emarginate in anterior part; hood roof-shaped, lower than pronotal disc at highest part; pronotal carinae carinate; paranotum reflexed, expanding inward, without longitudinal ridge, not bulged upward in posterior part, not forming a cyst; outer margin of paranotum resting on pronotal disc in its entire length; posterior process well-developed; anterior margins of hemelytra not parallel to each other at rest; costal area distinct; subcostal area subvertical; discoidal area flat; Cu (cubital) and R+M (radiomedial) veins carinate; hypocostal lamina with a single row of areolae in its entire length; ostiolar peritreme well-developed; metasternum wider than mesosternum; metasternal laminae continuous each other at posterior ends; abdominal sternites IV–VIII in male and IV–VII in female each with a transverse furrow throughout their width; pygophore elevated at center of venter; ovipositor with well-developed ovivalvula at base; and paratergite IX in female unilobed. Remarks. The genus Cysteochila comprises 128 species from the Old World (Drake & Ruhoff 1965a, 1965b; Linnavuori 1977; Duarte Rodrigues 1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1982d, 1983, 1988, 1990, 1992; Péricart 1982, 1983, 1985b; Péricart & Golub 1996; Guilbert 2001, 2002, 2006, 2008; Deckert & Göllner-Scheiding 2006; Aukema et al. 2013; Guilbert & Heiss 2016). In Japan, four species, namely, C. chiniana, C. consueta, C. monstrosa, and C. vota, have been recorded to date (Scott 1874, 1880; Drake 1942, 1948b; Drake & Ruhoff 1965a; Miyamoto & Yasunaga 1989; Yamada & Tomokuni 2012; Yamada & Ishikawa 2016). Here, we identified two species of Cysteochila from Japan. Although a key to the Japanese species of the genus has been provided by Yamada & Tomokuni (2012), we provide a key to these two species. Cysteochila and Physatocheila are closely related to each other, and their delimitation has been discussed by Péricart (1979, 1982, 1983, 1992). According to this author, Cysteochila can be distinguished from Physatocheila by the following characteristics: paranotum bulged upward in posterior part, forming a cyst; outer margin of paranotum not resting on pronotal disc in its entire length; metasternum wider than mesosternum; metasternal lamina curved outward; and ovipositor without ovivalvula at base. However, the type species of the genus, C. tingoides (Motschulsky, 1863) (Fig. 3A–D), does not match the definition of Cysteochila provided by Péricart (1979) in the paranotum being not bulged upward in the posterior part, not forming a cyst, and the outer margin resting on the pronotal disc in its entire length. In addition, based on the comparison of C. tingoides and P. costata (Fabricius, 1794) (Fig. 15A–D), Cysteochila and Physatocheila can be easily differentiated based on the following three major characteristics: maximum width across hemelytra narrower than maximum width across paranota; lateral margin of pronotum emarginate in anterior part; and metasternal laminae continuous each other at posterior ends. Therefore, we redefined the morphological characteristics shared by Cysteochila species, as described in the Diagnosis section above. Cysteochila resembles Baeochila Drake & Poor, 1937 in general appearance but differs in the following characteristics: lateral margin of pronotum emarginate in anterior part; hood roof-shaped, lower than pronotal disc at highest part; anterior margins of hemelytra not parallel to each other at rest; and metasternal laminae continuous each other at posterior ends. In contrast, Baeochila presents the following characteristics: lateral margin of pronotum not emarginate in anterior part; hood semi-globose or semi-ellipsoid, higher than pronotal disc at highest part; anterior margins of hemelytra nearly parallel to each other at rest; and metasternal laminae separated from each other at posterior ends.
Published as part of Souma, Jun & Ishikawa, Tadashi, 2022, Taxonomic review of the tingine genera Cysteochila, Hurdchila, Physatocheila, and Xynotingis from Japan, with description of a new genus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae), pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 5150 (1) on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6609961
{"references":["Stal, C. (1873) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. 3. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Neue Folge, 11 (2), 1 - 163.","Distant, W. L. (1903 a) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota. - Vol. II. (Heteroptera). Part 1. Taylor and Francis, London, 242 pp.","Distant, W. L. (1903 b) Contributions to a knowledge of the Rhynchota. Annales de la Societ Entomologie de Belgique, 47, 43 - 65.","Bergroth, E. (1921) On the types of the exotic Hemiptera Heteroptera described by V. Motschulsky. Revue Russe d'Entomologie, 17, 96 - 109.","Drake, C. J. & Ruhoff, F. A. (1965 a) Lacebugs of the world, a catalog (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 243, i - viii + 1 - 634, pls. frontis piece + 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.243.1","Drake, C. J. & Ruhoff, F. A. (1965 b) Lacebugs from New Guinea, Borneo, Solomons, and other islands of the South Pacific and Indian oceans (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Pacific Insects, 7 (2), 243 - 290.","Linnavuori, R. (1977) Hemiptera of the Sudan, with remarks on some species of the adjacent countries 5. Tingidae, Piesmidae, Cydnidae, Thaumastellidae and Plataspidae. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 147 1 - 81.","Duarte Rodrigues, P. (1982 a) African Tingidae, XVII: Eleven new species, new synonyms and new data of Cysteochila Stal (Heteroptera). Eos, 57, 69 - 90.","Duarte Rodrigues, P. (1982 b) African Tingidae, XXI: Lacebugs in the British Museum (Natural History) (Heteroptera). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, Serie C, Suplementos, 1 (5), 134 - 199.","Duarte Rodrigues, P. (1982 c) African Tingidae, XXII: Lacebugs in the Plant Protection Research Institute (Pretoria) (Heteroptera). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, Serie C, Suplementos, 1 (6), 201 - 253.","Duarte Rodrigues, P. (1982 d) African Tingidae, XXIV, Some Lacebugs in the Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, with the description of five new species (Heteroptera). Revue de zoologie africaine, 96 (3), 570 - 590.","Duarte Rodrigues, P. (1983) Lacebugs from Ghana and Congo-Brazzaville in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Heteroptera) African Tingidae. XXXIX. Folia entomologica Hungarica Rovartani kozlemenyek, 4 (2), 299 - 301.","Duarte Rodrigues, P. (1988) African Tingidae, XXVIII: New species and new data from South and South West Africa (Heteroptera) Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia 67, 493 - 514.","Duarte Rodrigues, P. (1990) African Tingidae, XLVII: Nine new species and new data from Southern Africa (Heteroptera). Arquivos do Museu Paranaense, Nova Serie, 1 (44), 625 - 659.","Duarte Rodrigues, P. (1992) Insectes Heteropteres Tingidae. Faune de Madagascar, 78, 1 - 94. [in French]","Pericart, J. (1982) Revision systematique des Tingidae Ouest-palearctiques (Hemiptera). 9. Complements et corrections. Annales de la Societ Entomologique de France, New Series, 18, 349 - 372. [in French, English summary]","Pericart, J. (1983) Hemipteres Tingidae euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France, 69, 1 - 620. [in French]","Pericart, J. (1985 b) Insects of Saudi Arabia. Hemiptera: Fam. Tingidae (Part 2). Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 6, 210 - 218.","Pericart, J. & Golub, V. B. (1996) Superfamily Tingoidea Laporte, 1832. In: Aukema, B. & Rieger, C. (Eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 2, Cimicomorpha I. The Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, pp. 3 - 78.","Guilbert, E. (2001) Western Pacific Tingidae (Heteroptera): New species and new records. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 46 (2), 543 - 554.","Guilbert, E. (2002) New data on New Caledonian Tingidae (Hemiptera). In: Grandcoras, P. & Najt, J. (Eds.), Zoologia Neocaledonica 5. Systematique et endemisme en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, pp. 133 - 160.","Guilbert, E. (2006) New species and new records of Tingidae (Insecta: Heteroptera) of New Guinea. Zootaxa, 1117 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1117.1.3","Guilbert, E. (2008) New data on the Tingidae from Gabon (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 48 (2), 491 - 495.","Deckert, J. & Gollner-Scheiding, U. (2006) Lace bugs of Namibia (Heteroptera, Tingoidea, Tingidae). In: Rabitsch, W. (Ed.), Hug the bug - For love of true bugs. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Ernst Heiss. Denisia, 19, pp. 823 - 856.","Aukema, B., Rieger, C. & Rabitsch, W. (2013) Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 6, Supplement. The Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, xxiv + 629 pp.","Guilbert, E. & Heiss, E. (2016) First fossil records of Tingidae from Madagascan Copal with description of two new species (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Linzer biologische Beitrage, 48 (2), 1081 - 1090.","Scott, J. (1874) On a collection of Hemiptera Heteroptera from Japan. Descriptions of various new genera and species [part 1]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 14 (82), 289 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937408680968","Scott, J. (1880) On a collection of Hemiptera from Japan. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1880, 305 - 317. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1880. tb 02032. x","Drake, C. J. (1942) New Tingitidae (Hemiptera). Iowa State College Journal of Science, 17, 1 - 21.","Drake, C. J. (1948 b) Some Tingidae (Hemiptera) from China, Japan and India. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise, 12 (1), 1 - 9.","Miyamoto, S. & Yasunaga, T. (1989) Heteroptera. In: Hirashima, Y. (Ed.), A Check List of Japanese Insects. I. Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, pp. 151 - 188. [in Japanese]","Pericart, J. (1979) Insects of Saudi Arabia. Hemiptera: Fam. Tingidae. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 1, 105 - 114. [in French, English summary]","Pericart, J. (1992) Tingidae (Tinginae) d'Arabie, de la region Orientale et d'Australie, avec la description d'un genre nouveau et de 14 especes nouvelles (Hemiptera). Entomologica Basiliensia, 15, 45 - 86. [in French, English summary]"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Cixiidae, Oecleus, and Oecleus dormido

Oecleus dormido Bahder & Bartlett sp. n. (Figures 2–6) Type locality. Tortuguero, Limón Province, Costa Rica Diagnosis. Moderate sized (~ 6 mm) species with five carinae on the mesonotum and head slightly projecting beyond the eyes with a golden-brown coloration. Forewing vein CuA forked close to claval margin, anastomosing to form a small closed C5 (‘procubital cell’). Male terminalia with elongate pygofer bearing a broad, rounded medioventral process situated between a pair of upturned rounded lobes, endosoma strongly contorted, forming distinct helix, with two processes (one exceeding endosomal apex), aedeagus with two long, slender processes and endosoma with two long, slender processes (in ventral view, right process nearly straight, much longer than left). Anal tube, in lateral view convex ventrally forming large, quadrangular lobes. Description. Color. General body color in males pale orange-brown, darkly infuscated in concavities (Fig. 2). Frons and genae dark brown, clypeus dark brown below antennae, otherwise paler; lateral ocelli reddish. Metanotum with carinae of mesonotum stramineous, region between lateral and intermediate carinae strongly infuscate. Structure. Body length males (n = 4): 6.02–6.05 mm with wings; 4.22–4.25 mm without wings (Table 3). Head. Anterior margin (lateral view, Fig. 2A) of head rounded (with slight keel on fastigium corresponding in transverse carina), head weakly projected in front of eyes, vertex and face (below fastigium) weakly convex. Vertex very narrow (Figs 2B, 3C, median carina absent), broadest at fastigium, narrowed posteriorly, lateral keels foliate, nearly in contact at posterior margin. Frons in frontal view (Fig. 3A) foliately keeled on lateral margins, median carina distinct, becoming obsolete near fastigium, dorsal margin “V-shaped”, lateral margins sinuate, narrowest between eyes, distinctly expanding at level of antennae, widest just above frontoclypeal suture; median ocellus distinct just above frontoclypeal suture; frontoclypeal suture approximately straight, clypeus triangular with distinct median carina. Antennae bulbous with scape ring-like and very short (Figs. 3A, B), pedicle rounded (as wide as tall) bearing many sensory plaques, flagellum elongate, bristle-like with bulbous base. Lateral ocelli distinct below compound eye, anterior to antenna. Thorax. Pronotum short in dorsal view (Fig 2B, 3C), anterior margin hidden by head, posterior margin concave; disc with median carina near obsolete laterally flanked with serpentine oblique carinae, lateral margins with carinae between tegula and eye; in lateral view (Fig. 3B), paradiscal region broad forming rough parallelogram between ventral margin and lateral carina. Mesonotum longer at midlength then vertex plus pronotum combined (Fig. 3C), disc bearing five carinae, lateral and intermediate carinae subparallel, slightly sinuate. Wings transparent (Fig. 4), inconspicuous setae-bearing pustules along veins, forewings with a distinct stigma. Forewings elongate with leading and trailing sides approximately parallel-sided (leading margin weakly arched); apex of clavus past forewing midlength, Pcu+A1 fused before midlength of clavus (at about 1/4 forewing length), composite vein reaching wing margin well before CuP, combined vein stem ScP+R+MP forming long stem from basal cell, fork of MP from ScP+R at level with fusion of Pcu+A 1; fork of RP from ScP+RA near wing midlength; CuA forked close to claval margin distal. Branching pattern: RA 1-branched, RP 4-branched, MP 5-branched; CuA 2-branched (distally anastamosed in CuA 1 +CuA 2 forming small closed ‘procubital cell’ [i.e., Emeljanov 1996]); crossveins ir, r-m, im, m-cu and icu present (Fig. 4). Terminalia. Terminalia approximately bilaterally symmetrical. Pygofer in lateral view broad (Fig. 5A), narrowest and roundly projected at dorsal margin, greatly expanded ventrally, ventral margin irregularly sinuate, with strong invagination just prior to medioventral process, posterior margin convex, anterior margin concave, irregularly sinuate. In ventral view (Fig 5B), medioventral process rounded, slightly longer than wide, attached to a trapezoidal base bearing lateral rounded lobes, appearing “crown-like”. Gonostyli in lateral view (Fig 5A) slender, expanded in distal half, dorsal margin bearing triangular projection, apex rounded; in ventral view (Fig. 5B), margins subparallel, curving mesad, forming subtriangular apices, inner margins hooked subapically, curving basad. Aedeagus slender (Fig. 6), two slender subapical retrorse processes (A1 & A2) on lateral margins, right lateral process (A1) elongate, nearly reaching base, slightly curved distad, left lateral process (A2) approximately half the length of A1, curved distad. Endosoma complex, with two large processes (E1 & E2); E1 arising on dorsal margin, angled dorsad, nearly reaching apex of flagellum, E2 arising subapically on left lateral margin, curved ventrad, nearly reaching base of aedeagus, flagellum strongly helical, completing 1.75 rotations around axis from base to apex (Fig. 6D). Anal segment in lateral view (Fig. 5A) expanded distally and strongly downcurved (forming pair of quadrangular lateral flanges), basis narrow. In dorsal view (Fig. 5C), tear-drop shaped, narrowed distally; paraproct lingulate. Plant associations. Unknown; collected sweeping edge habitat, predominantly grasses. Distribution. Tortuguero, Limón Province, Costa Rica. Etymology. The specific epithet is the Spanish slang for sleepy. Material examined. Holotype male “ Costa Rica, Limón Pr. / Tortuguero / 13.V.2018 / Coll.: M.A. Echavarria // Holotype / Oecleus dormido ♂ ” (FLREC); Paratypes 2 males, 2 females, same data as holotype (FSCA). Sequence data. For the COI locus, a 545 bp product was generated (GenBank Accession No. OM 264283), for the 18S locus, a 1,349 bp product was generated (GenBank Accession No. OM 258693), and for the H3 locus, a 280 bp product was generated (GenBank Accession No. OM 262392). Based on the phylogenetic analyses of the COI, 18S, and H3 loci and the consensus analysis (Fig. 7D), Oecleus dormido sp. n. resolves adjacent to O. borealis (Fig. 8). Based on the consensus tree, Oecleus (assessing the three taxa available here) is monophyletic with strong bootstrap support (95). This is also seen in the 18S phylogeny (94 bootstrap support) (Fig. 7B). There is weak bootstrap support for this based on H3 (18, Fig. 7C) and Oecleus is not monophyletic based on COI (Fig. 7A). In all analyses except for H3 (which is based on 280 bp), the genera Nymphomyndus and Nymphocixia are sister groups. The strong phylogenetic bootstrap support (99) for these two genera as a clade. Based on the pairwise comparison of the 18S gene for taxa assessed, the average variability within genus is 0.4% (±0.1), 0.6% (±0.3), 0.7% (±0.2) for Oecleus, Myxia, and Haplaxius respectively (Table 4), while the variability among genera is an average of 2.2% (±0.04). Oecleus dormido sp. n. differs from O. borealis and O. mackaspringi by 0.2% and 0.5%, respectively. The difference between Nymphomyndus and Nymphocixia is 0.98% at the 18S locus Remarks Oecleus dormido sp. n. is placed in Oecleus based on both morphological (lacking spines on hind tibia, trough-like vertex, head slightly projecting, and five longitudinal carinae on mesonotum) and molecular features based on analysis of three independent loci (see below). In Kramer’s (1977) key to US species (treating 40 species north of Mexico), Oecleus dormido sp. n. appears to trace to couplet 28–29 (viz. O. jenniferae Kramer, O. excavatus Ball, O. palton Kramer) based on the following features used in the key: aedeagal shaft with 2 processes (shaft without acute projection near midlength or base), aedeagal shaft without expansion on dorsal margin, anal tube not triangular (anal tube in lateral view ventrally strongly convex and lobed); endosoma with 2 processes (proximal process [E1] not strongly recurved [viz. couplet 16] or minute [viz. couplet 26]), right aedeagal process [A1] in lateral view more than half length of shaft, not strongly bowed and protruding beyond flagellum. Of these species Oecleus dormido sp. n. has terminalia most similar to O. jenniferae but has only one (not both) flagellar processes shorter than the flagellum, and the shape of the medioventral process of the pygofer is different (rounded, slightly longer than wide in O. dormido sp. n., versus ovately produced from subtriangular base, Kramer 1977, fig. 91). Oecleus dormido sp. n. differs from both O. excavatus and O. palton in having one of the endosomal processes shorter than the endosoma (vs. both longer) and the shape of the medioventral process (more elongate in both O. excavatus and O. palton), and also the shape of the anal tube (see Kramer 1977, figs 85–87 and 94–96). Oecleus dormido sp. n. appears unique among its congeners by have a strongly helical endosoma. Aside from species treated in Kramer (1977), 18 species of Oecleus were described or redescribed (with terminalia illustrated) by Caldwell (1944), O’Brien (1982), Emeljanov (2007), Bartlett et al. (2018), and Myrie et al. (2019) all of which differ from Oecleus dormido sp. n. based on male terminalia (especially the shape of the anal tube and the medioventral pygofer process). Of the remaining eight species, seven from Mexico are treated by Fowler (1904, table 10, figs. 3–13) and differ from the new species in coloration and or shape of the head (although Kramer 1977: 379–380 notes that Oecleus decens Stål is an ‘unrecognizable species’ based on ‘ one female from an unspecified locality in Mexico’), and finally, Oecleus monilipennis Van Duzee (from ‘Ceralbo Island’, now Isla Jacques Cousteau, in the Gulf of California) as described by Van Duzee (1923: 190–191) as close to Oecleus fulvidorsum Ball (see Kramer 1977, figs 28–30), except with a ‘subtriangular’ medioventral process of the pygofer and the anal tube ‘scarcely surpassing’ the gonostyli. From these observations, we conclude that that Oecleus dormido sp. n. is an undescribed species.
Published as part of Barrantes Barrantes, Edwin A., Zumbado Echavarria, Marco A., Bartlett, Charles R., Helmick, Ericka E. & Bahder, Brian W., 2022, A new species of Oecleus (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae) from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica and a reassessment of the generic status of Nymphomyndus, pp. 509-526 in Zootaxa 5133 (4) on pages 513-519, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6531072
{"references":["Kramer, J. P. (1977) Taxonomic study of the planthopper genus Oecleus in the United States (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 103 (2), 379 - 449.","Caldwell, J. S. (1944) Notes on Oecleus Stal (Homoptera: Cixiidae). Entomological News, 8, 174 - 176 + 198 - 202","O'Brien, L. B. (1982) Two new species of Oecleus from Texas and Arizona (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae). Southwestern Entomologist, 7 (4), 252 - 254.","Emeljanov, A. F. (2007) New and little known taxa of the family Cixiidae (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea). Entomological Review, 87, 287 - 308. [English translation from Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 86 (1), 107 - 131 (2007, in Russian)] https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873807030062","Bartlett, C. R., Dos Passos, E. M., Da Silva, F. G., Diniz, L. E. C. & Dollet, M. (2018) A new species of Oecleus Stal (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae) from coconut in Brazil. Zootaxa, 4472 (2), 358 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4472.2.8","Myrie, W., Helmick, E. E., Bartlett, C. R., Bertaccini, A. & Bahder, B. W. (2019) A new species of planthopper belonging to the genus Oecleus Stal, 1862 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae) from coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L) in Jamaica. Zootaxa, 4712 (1), 127 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4712.1.9","Fowler, W. W. (1904) Order Rhynchota. Suborder Hemiptera-Homoptera. (Continued). Biologia Centrali-Americana; contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America, 1, 85 - 124.","Van Duzee, E. P. (1923) Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921 - The Hemiptera (True Bugs, etc.). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 12, 123 - 200."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Alydidae, and Megalotomus

Genus Megalotomus Fieber, 1860 Megalotomus Fieber, 1860: 58. Type species by subsequent designation (Oshanin, 1912: 24): Alydus limbatus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835 (= Cimex junceus Scopoli, 1763). Ghauri, 1972: 285–287; Hsiao, 1977: 276–277; Nonnaizab, et al., 1986: 305–313; Moulet, 1995: 272–273; Liu & Liu, 1998: 41–43; Dolling, 2006: 38. Huphus Mulsant & Rey, 1870: 157–158 (Synonymized by Puton, 1872: 311). Type species by subsequent designation (Kerzhner, 2003: 103): Alydus sareptanus Baerensprung, 1859 (= Alydus ornaticeps Stål, 1858). Diagnosis. Megalotomus differs from other genera of the family Alydidae by the combination of the following characters: body slender, small to large sized, body length range 10.0–17.0 mm, body colour from yellow to black; head almost triangular, slightly narrower than pronotum; antennal segment I longer than or equal length to segment II; posterior angles of pronotum prominent, slightly raised, always pointed; femur and tibiae straight with no curving, tibiae longer than femur, femora with 3–8 spines, inner surface with plectrum; genital capsule with a pair of surcapsular spines, never crossing over, parameres elongate, slender and curved; posterior margin of female abdominal sternite VII split longitudinally in middle [valid only if specimens of female Megalotomus quinquespinosus (Say, 1825) are examined and confirmed]. Distribution and diversity. This genus is distributed in the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions, and according to the literature (Dolling 2006) and the results presented herein contains eight species: Megalotomus junceus (Scopoli, 1763); Megalotomus quinquespinosus (Say, 1825); Megalotomus ornaticeps (Stål, 1858); Megalotomus costalis Stål, 1873; Megalotomus castaneus Reuter, 1888; Megalotomus angulus (Hsiao, 1965); Megalotomus zaitzevi Kerzhner, 1972; Megalotomus acutulus Liu & Liu, 1998. Among these, seven species occur in the Palaearctic Region, with only M. quinquespinosus (Say, 1825) recorded from the Nearctic Region. A new combination transferred from Alydus to Megalotomus and a new junior synonym are proposed below.
Published as part of Yi, Wenbo, Wang, Shijun, Zhang, Hufang & Bu, Wenjun, 2022, Notes on Megalotomus Fieber, 1860 in the Palaearctic Region (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Alydidae), pp. 211-224 in Zootaxa 5128 (2) on page 212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6479798
{"references":["Fieber, F. X. (1860) Die europaischen Hemiptera Halbflugler. (Rhynchota Heteroptera). Gerold's Sohn, Wien, 112 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 47533","Oshanin, B. (1912) Katalog der palaarktischen Hemipteren (Heteroptera, Homoptera-Auchenorrhyncha und Psylloideae). Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 187 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13940","Scopoli, J. A. (1763) Entomologia carniolica exhibens Insecta Carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietatis. Methodo Linnaeana. Trattner, Vindobonae, xxxvi + 420 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119976","Ghauri, M. S. K. (1972) Notes on the Hemiptera from Pakistan and adjoining areas. Journal of Natural History, 6 (3), 279 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937200770271","Hsiao, T. Y. (1977) Alydinae. In: Hsiao, T. Y., Ren, S. Z. & Zheng, L. Y. (Eds.), A handbook for the determination of the Chinese Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. 1. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 276 - 277, pls. 49 - 50. [in Chinese, English summary]","Moulet, P. (1995) Hemipteres Coreoidea (Coreidae, Rhopalidae, Alydidae), Pyrrhocoridae, Stenocephalidae euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France 81. France et regions limitrophes. Federation francaise des Societes de Sciences Naturelles, Paris, pp. 245 - 273. [in French]","Liu, G. Q. & Liu, Q. (1998) On the genus Megalotomus Fieber from China (Heteroptera: Alydidae). Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam, 58 (3), 41 - 44.","Dolling, W. R. (2006) Family Alydidae Amyot & Serville, 1843. In: Aukema, B. & Rieger, C. (Eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 5. Pentatomomorpha II. The Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, pp. 34 - 38.","Mulsant, E. & Rey, C. (1870) Histoire naturelle des punaises de France. Coreides, Alydides, Berytides, Stenocephalides. Deyrolle, Paris, 250 pp.","Puton, A. (1872) Bibliographie. Les Coreides de MM. Mulsant et Rey. Etude sur cette famille. Annales de la Societe Ento- mologique de France, 5 e Serie, 1 (1871), 303 - 314.","Kerzhner, I. M. (2003) Notes on synonymy, nomenclature and distribution of some Palaearctic Coreoidea and Pentatomoidea (Heteroptera). Zoosystematica Rossica, 12 (1), 101 - 107.","Baerensprung, F. von (1859) Neue und seltene Rhynchoten der europaischen Fauna. Zweites Stuck. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 3, 329 - 338. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18590030406","Stal, C. (1858) Orthoptera och Hemiptera fran sodra Afrika. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 15, 307 - 320.","Reuter, O. M. (1888) Hemiptera Sinensia Enumeravit ac novas species descripsit. Revue d'Entomologie, VII, 63 - 69.","Hsiao, T. Y. (1965) New Coreids from China (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) IV. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 17 (4), 421 - 434. [in Chinese, with English summary]","Kerzhner, I. M. (1972) New and little-known Heteroptera from Mongolia and from adjacent regions of the USSR. I. Nasekomye Mongolii, 1, 349 - 379. [in Russian]"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Alydidae, Megalotomus, and Megalotomus ornaticeps

Megalotomus ornaticeps (Stål, 1858) (Figs. 11–13, 29–31, 44) Alydus ornaticeps Stål, 1858: 178. Syntypes: ♂, ♀, Russia (East Siberia), Irkutsk; NHRS. Alydus sareptanus Baerensprung, 1859: 334 (syn. Stål, 1872: 54). Lectotype (Deckert, 2001: 406): ♂, Russia (Syntype), Sarepta [= Krasnoarmeysk nr Volgograd]; ZMHB. Megalotomus ornaticeps (Stål, 1858): Hsiao, 1977: 276–277; Nonnaizab et al., 1986: 305–313; Liu & Liu, 1998: 41–43; Nonnaizab, 1999: 76–77; Dolling, 2006: 38; Dursun et al., 2010: 487–496; Yildirim et al., 2011: 1628. Diagnosis. This species is recognized within the genus Megalotomus by a combination of the following characters: body size relatively moderate, 13.5–15.0 mm in length, brownish, with conspicuous, light-coloured spots on the forewings, somewhat like a split arrow; posterior angle of pronotum acute, but not ending in a sharp spine; surcapsular spines of the genital capsule slightly curving, weakly S-shaped, without any sub-structure; parameres elongate, strongly curving at midpoint, with apex palmate, and 5–8 small spines along periphery. Material examined. Type materials. Syntype, 1 ♂, Russia (East Siberia), Irkutsk; NHRS-GULI 000001716; (NHRS) (other information unknown). Other specimens. China: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: 1 ♀, Tacheng County, Yemenle Town, 25- July-2002, Weibing Zhu leg.; 4 ♀♀, same locality, 26-July-2002, Weibing Zhu leg.; 7 ♂♂, same locality, 24-July-2002, Weibing Zhu leg.; 1 ♂, same locality, 24-July-2002, Jun Lv leg.; 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Yili, Yi’ning Aviation Park, 7-August-2002, Weibing Zhu leg.; 1 ♂, same locality, 12-August-2002, Weibing Zhu leg.; 1 ♂, same locality, 7-August-2002, Yunling Ke leg.; 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, same locality, 7-August-2002, Jun Lv leg.; 1 ♂, same locality, 12-August-2002, Jun Lv leg.; 1 ♀, Yili Prefecture, Xinyuan County, 8-August-2010, Yiran Mu, Qiang Mu leg. (All above specimens were housed in NKUM.). Distribution. Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), Kazakhstan (Asian part), Georgia, Mongolia, Russia (East Siberia, West Siberia); Europe: Kazakhstan (European part), Russia (South European Territory), Ukraine. Remarks. This species most closely resembles M. acutulus in body color, surface, and vestiture, and the posterolateral angles of the pronotum. The two species can be separated from each other by the following differences: M. ornaticeps is relatively larger than M. acutulus, the light-colored spots on the forewings are larger and more conspicuous in M. ornaticeps than in M. acutulus, and the genital capsule and parameres are also different from each other.
Published as part of Yi, Wenbo, Wang, Shijun, Zhang, Hufang & Bu, Wenjun, 2022, Notes on Megalotomus Fieber, 1860 in the Palaearctic Region (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Alydidae), pp. 211-224 in Zootaxa 5128 (2) on pages 216-218, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6479798
{"references":["Stal, C. (1858) Orthoptera och Hemiptera fran sodra Afrika. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 15, 307 - 320.","Baerensprung, F. von (1859) Neue und seltene Rhynchoten der europaischen Fauna. Zweites Stuck. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 3, 329 - 338. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18590030406","Stal, C. (1872) Genera Coreidarum Europae disposuit. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 29 (6), 49 - 56.","Deckert, J. (2001) Lebensdaten und Heteroptera-Sammlung des Felix von Baerensprung (1822 - 1864). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 51, 401 - 409. https: // doi. org / 10.21248 / contrib. entomol. 51.2.401 - 409","Hsiao, T. Y. (1977) Alydinae. In: Hsiao, T. Y., Ren, S. Z. & Zheng, L. Y. (Eds.), A handbook for the determination of the Chinese Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. 1. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 276 - 277, pls. 49 - 50. [in Chinese, English summary]","Nonnaizab, Liu, Q., Yan, D. P. & Fan, X. F. (1986) In: Nonnaizab (Ed.), Fauna of Inner Mongolia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Vol. I. Book 1. Inner Mongolia People's Press, Huhehot, pp. 305 - 313. [in Chinese, English summary]","Liu, G. Q. & Liu, Q. (1998) On the genus Megalotomus Fieber from China (Heteroptera: Alydidae). Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam, 58 (3), 41 - 44.","Nonnaizab, (1999) Insects of Inner Mongolia. Inner Mongolia People's Press, Huhehot, 506 pp.","Dolling, W. R. (2006) Family Alydidae Amyot & Serville, 1843. In: Aukema, B. & Rieger, C. (Eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 5. Pentatomomorpha II. The Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, pp. 34 - 38.","Dursun, A., Kacar, G. & Ulusoy, M. R. (2010) The Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreoidea) of Turkey: a key to the genera, new records and a species checklist. Entomological News, 121 (5), 487 - 497. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 021.121.0512","Yildirim, E., Yazici, G. & Linnavuori, R. (2011) Contribution to the knowledge of Alydidae, Coreidae, Rhopalidae and Stenocephalidae (Coreoidea: Heteroptera: Hemiptera) fauna of Turkey. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 43 (2), 1625 - 1639.","Scopoli, J. A. (1763) Entomologia carniolica exhibens Insecta Carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietatis. Methodo Linnaeana. Trattner, Vindobonae, xxxvi + 420 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119976","Reuter, O. M. (1888) Hemiptera Sinensia Enumeravit ac novas species descripsit. Revue d'Entomologie, VII, 63 - 69."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Fulgoridae, Pyrops, and Pyrops lathburii

Pyrops lathburii (Kirby, 1818) Figs 6–8, 14 Fulgora lathburii Kirby, 1818: 450 (described, compared with Pyrops rogersi (Distant, 1906)) [type in BMNH]. Fulgora astarte Distant, 1914: 409 (described) [type in BMNH]. syn. nov. Fulgora lathburii – Guérin-Méneville 1829: pl. 58 fig. 2 (illustrated). — Latreille 1837: pl. 68 fig. 2 (illustrated). — Spinola 1839: 234 (as “ Fulgora lathburyi ”, treated as a dark form of Pyrops candelaria Linné, 1758 (error!)). — Westwood 1839: 139 (described). — Comte 1840: pl. 68 (listed, illustrated). — Guérin-Méneville 1844: 357 (notes), pl. 58 fig. 2 (illustrated). — White 1844: 425 (recorded from Hong-Kong). — Burmeister 1845: unnumbered page, under genus Fulgora, subgenus Pyrops (as a variety of Fulgora (Pyrops) candelaria (error!)). — Guérin-Méneville 1845: xcvi (as “ Fulgora lothburii ”, close to Pyrops cyanirostris Guérin-Méneville, 1845). — Stål 1870: 741 (as “ Fulgora lathburi ”, compared with Pyrops philippinus Stål, 1870). — Butler 1874: 97 (listed with species with orange posterior hind wings). — Gadeau de Kerville 1881: 43 (listed as “ Fulgora lalhburi ” in “Série I”, species with orange wings, in a census of light-emitting insects). — Atkinson 1885: 129 (described). — Distant 1906: 186 (keyed, nomenclature, described, as “ Fulgora lathburi ”). — Schmidt 1911: 161 (as “ Fulgora lathburi ”, compared with Pyrops peguensis Schmidt, 1911). — Schmidt 1919: 126 (as “ Fulgora lathburi ”, listed from Canton (= Guangzhou)). — Baker 1925: 349 (keyed inside the candelaria species group), 351 (notes), pl. 3 fig. 2 (dorsal habitus), pl. 4 fig. 6 (lateral habitus). — Lallemand 1963: 86 (transferred to the pyrorhynchus species group, keyed, described), pl. xi figs 1–3 (male terminalia). Flata lathburii – Germar 1830: 46 (described). Hotinus lathburii – Amyot & Audinet-Serville 1843: 491 (transferred to Hotinus Amyot & Audinet- Serville). — Walker 1851: 266 (listed, recorded from Silhet (= Sylhet, Bangladesh)). — Dohrn 1859: 57 (listed in catalogue as “ Hotinus lathburi ”). — Girard 1885: 859 (as “ H. lathburi ”, described). Pyrops lathburii – Schaum 1850: 64 (transferred to Pyrops Spinola, 1839). — Nagai & Porion 1996: 25 (catalogued, recorded from Assam and Thailand), figs 194, 196, 198 (dorsal habitus). — Liang 1998: 43 (listed). — Pham 2011: 318 (recorded from Vietnam). — Constant 2015: 9 (note on intraspecific colour variation) — Constant et al. 2016: 15 (in list of species to look for in Cambodia). — Constant & Pham 2017: 18 (host plant). — Wang et al. 2018: 297 (keyed), 301 (nomenclature, measurements, description of male genitalia, diagnostic characters; records in China), figs 18–29 (colour variation, details of head, male terminalia). — Constant 2021: 14 (compared with Pyrops philippinus (Stål, 1870)). — Jiaranaisakul & Constant 2021: 18 (in list of species to look for in Khao Krachom Mountain, Thailand). Laternaria lathburii – Metcalf 1947: 197 (transferred to Laternaria Linné, 1964, catalogued). Fulgora astarte – Distant 1918: 198 (listed from Indochina), 199 (allied to Pyrops vitalisius Distant, 1918). — Lallemand 1963: 85 (placed in the pyrorhynchus species group, keyed, described). Laternaria astarte – Metcalf 1947: 186 (transferred to Laternaria Linné, 1964, catalogued). Pyrops astarte – Nagai & Porion 1996: 25 (transferred to Pyrops, catalogued, recorded from Vietnam and Thailand), figs 195, 197, 199 (dorsal habitus). — Pham & Ta 2004: 58 (in key to Fulgoridae of Vietnam). — Liang 1998: 42 (listed). — Pham 2011: 318 (record from Vietnam). — Constant 2021: 14 (compared with Pyrops philippinus (Stål, 1870)). Note: Wang et al. (2018) erroneously mentioned that the species was attributed to the pyrorhynchus group in Constant & Pham (2017). Material examined Lectotype of Fulgora lathburii Kirby, 1818 (Fig. 6), here designated to provide a stable reference for the taxonomy of the group CHINA • ♀; [China]; [D. Lathbury leg.]; “63 / 41”, “Lathburii K in L. Tr.”, “Kirby.”; BMNH. Note: The specimen was collected in China by D. Lathbury according to Kirby (1818). The code “63 / 41” refers to an entry in the Accession Register in BMNH starting on page 803 of the register and bearing a comment “These insects are the types of Mr Kirby’s Century of Insects [...]” (V. Lemaître pers. com., Jul. 2021). Holotype of Fulgora astarte Distant, 1914 (Fig. 7) VIETNAM • ♀; Indochina, [Lào Cai]; R. Vitalis leg.; “Indo-China (R. Vitalis)”, “ Fulgora astarte Type Dist.”, “Type H.T.”; BMNH. Note: The specimen was collected in Laokay (= Lào Cai) in North Vietnam according to Distant (1914). Additional material LAOS • 1 ♀; Vientiane; [17°58′ N, 102°36′ E]; I.G. 23.993; RBINS. THAILAND • 1 ♀; Phrae Province; May 2004; ex coll. Neef de Sainval; I.G. 30.731; RBINS • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Chiang Rai Province; Wiang Pa Pao; [19°20′54″ N, 99°30′24″ E]; 10–15 Apr. 2008; ex coll. A. Chaminade; I.G. 31.467; RBINS. VIETNAM • 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Cao Bang Province, Phia Den; [22°34′26″ N, 105°52′29″ E]; 8 Aug. 2010; J. Constant and P. Limbourg leg.; day time; I.G. 31.668; RBINS • 5 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve; 21°11′10″ N, 106°43′25″ E; 7–11 Jul. 2013; J. Constant and J. Bresseel leg.; I.G. 32.454; RBINS • 3 ♂♂; Bac Giang Province, Tay Yen Tu NR, Tram Dong Thong; 3 Jul. 2010; H.T. Pham leg.; VNMN • 1 ♀; [Hai Phong Province], Cat Ba National Park; 20°48′00″ N, 107°00′20″ E; 12–16 Jul. 2013; J. Constant and J. Bresseel leg.; day time; I.G. 32.454; RBINS • 5 ♀♀; [Vinh Phuc Province], Me Linh Biodiversity Station; [21°23′04″ N, 105°42′44″ E]; 20–24 Aug. 2010; J. Constant and P. Limbourg leg.; I.G. 31.668; RBINS • 1 ♀; [Vinh Phuc Province], Me Linh Biodiversity Station; [21°23′04″ N, 105°42′44″ E]; 29 Aug. 2010; J. Constant and P. Limbourg leg.; I.G. 31.668; RBINS • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Dao Tru, Lap Thach; 17 May 2001; V.T. Hoang leg.; VNMN • 3 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 24 Apr. 2001; V.T. Hoang leg.; VNMN • 2 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 26 May 2001; V.T. Hoang leg.; VNMN • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 23 Apr. 2007; H.T. Pham leg.; VNMN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 30–31 May 2007; H.T. Pham leg.; VNMN • 7 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 26 Jul. 2008; H.T. Pham leg.; VNMN • 2 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 11 Jun. 2009; H.T. Pham leg.; VNMN • 1 ♂, 10 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 21 May 2010; H.T. Pham leg.; VNMN • 13 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 22 May 2010; H.T. Pham leg.; VNMN • 3 ♂♂, 27 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 4–5 Jun. 2010; H.T. Pham leg.; VNMN • 9 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 10 Aug. 2011; V.T. Hoang leg.; VNMN • 1 ♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 1 Jun. 2012; V.T. Hoang leg.; VNMN • 8 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 9–10 Jun. 2012; V.T. Hoang leg.; VNMN • 4 ♀♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Me Linh; 12 Aug. 2011; V.T. Hoang leg.; VNMN • 1 ♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Tam Dao N.P.; May 1998; V.T. Hoang leg.; VNMN • 1 ♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Tam Dao N.P.; Apr. 1999; V.T. Hoang leg.; VNMN • 1 ♀; Vinh Phuc Province, Tam Dao N.P.; May 2003; H.T. Pham leg.; VNMN • 1 ♀; Hanoi, Hoan Kiem; 20 Aug. 2003; V.T. Hoang leg.; VNMN • 2 ♀♀; Thua Thien-Hue Province, Phong Dien, near VNMN station; 16°35′12″ N, 107°20′31″ E; 8–9 Apr. 2017; J. Constant and J. Bresseel leg.; I.G. 33.447; RBINS • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Quang Ninh Province, Dong Son-Ky Thuong nature reserve; 21°11′00.4″ N, 107°07′23.8″ E; 575 m a.s.l.; 26 Jul. 2020; H.T. Pham leg.; VNMN. Remark Intraspecific colour variation of the disc of the hind wings exists in this species, with specimens showing bright yellow hind wings and others, milky white. The colour of the tegmina also varies to a great extent, from very dark forms, nearly black with yellow spots ringed with white, to very pale forms, nearly white with yellow spots or even nearly white with cloudy darker, brownish markings in place of the yellow spots. Conspecificity of the different forms was confirmed by the study of the male genitalia and corroborated by the fact that the different forms are sympatric, as illustrated by a series from Chiang Mai collected in June 1992 in Nagai & Porion (1996: figs 194–199). The comparison of the illustrations of the types specimens (Figs 6A, 7A) with the line illustration of Guérin-Méneville (1829) (Fig. 8) which matches both type specimens is also very convincing. Distribution Northeastern India, southern China, northern Thailand, Laos, North and Central Vietnam. The species is recorded here from Laos for the first time. Checklist of the Vietnamese species of Pyrops Spinola, 1839 Pyrops atroalbus (Distant, 1918) Pyrops buomvoi sp. nov. Pyrops candelaria (Linné, 1758) Pyrops clavatus (Westwood, 1839) Pyrops coelestinus (Stål, 1863) Pyrops condorinus (Lallemand, 1960) Pyrops ducalis (Stål, 1863) Pyrops itoi (Satô & Nagai, 1994) Pyrops lathburii (Kirby, 1818) Pyrops spinolae (Westwood, 1842) Pyrops viridirostris (Westwood, 1848) Pyrops vitalisius (Distant, 1918) Identification key to the species of Pyrops of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Southern Continental China 1. Cephalic process strongly inflated apically (Figs 9–11)................................................................... 2 – Cephalic process not strongly inflated apically (Figs 12–19)........................................................... 3 2. Abdomen black ventrally (Fig. 9B); tegmina pale yellow-white on disc and with 3 black spots in costal area before nodal line (Fig. 9A); cephalic process yellow (Fig. 9).................................................................................................................................................. Pyrops atroalbus (Distant, 1918) – Abdomen red ventrally (Figs 10B, 11B); tegmina largely black on disc (Fig. 10A), or in the pale forms, bluish white on disc and without black spots in costal area (Fig. 11A, F); cephalic process red-brown to black (Figs 10–11)................................................. Pyrops clavatus (Westwood, 1839) 3. Head entirely green, hind wings bright yellow basally or entirely yellow-orange (Figs 12–13)..... 4 – Head not entirely green, hind wings yellow, white or blue basally (Figs 14–19)............................ 5 4. Hind wings bright yellow with apical third black (Fig. 12A); ground colour of distal half of tegmina black (Fig. 12A); anterior and median legs largely black (Fig. 12A–C)............................................................................................................................................ Pyrops viridirostris (Westwood, 1848) – Hind wings entirely bright yellow-orange (Fig. 13A); ground colour of distal half of tegmina green (Fig. 13A); anterior and median legs green (Fig. 13A–C)............ Pyrops itoi (Satô & Nagai, 1994) 5. Cephalic process black or brown-black dorsally, yellowish ventrally (Figs 4–5, 14–15); pro- and mesonotum with median black or dark brown markings (Figs 4–5, 14–15).................................... 6 – Cephalic process yellow-red to red-brown dorsally, paler, yellow to dark red ventrally (Figs 16–19); pronotum unicolourous, mesonotum sometimes with small brown-black markings on sides (Figs 16– 19)..................................................................................................................................................... 8 6. Apex of cephalic process coloured like the rest of the process (Figs 4–5, 15)................................. 7 – Apex of cephalic process yellow to orange-red, strongly contrasting (Figs 6–7, 14).................................................................................................................................... Pyrops lathburii (Kirby, 1818) 7. Tegmina narrower: LTg/BTg = 2.9 (Figs 4A, 5A); spots on basal half of tegmina not fused into bands (Figs 4A, 5A); cephalic process narrower (LPr/BPrH> 9) (Figs 4–5); hind wings bright yellow (Fig. 4A) or white basally (Fig. 5A)...................................... Pyrops condorinus (Lallemand, 1960) – Tegmina broader: LTg/BTg = 2.53 (Fig. 15A); spots on basal half of tegmina fused into transverse bands (Fig. 15A); cephalic process broader (LPr/BPrH Pyrops spinolae (Westwood, 1842) 8. Hind wings white with sutural margin bordered with black up to the anal lobe (Fig. 1A); cephalic process very narrow (LPr/BPrH = 19) (Fig. 1)............................................ Pyrops buomvoi sp. nov. – Hind wings white, bright yellow or blue with only apical third black (Figs 16A, 17A, 18A, 19A); cephalic process broader (LPr/BPrH Pyrops candelaria (Linné, 1758) – Hind wings white or blue basally (Figs 17A, 18A, 19A); cephalic process dark red-brown and dark red ventrally or dark red, orange ventrally and at apex (Figs 17–19); yellow spots on membrane of tegmina (Figs 18–19) or not (Fig. 17)............................................................................................ 10 10. Tegmina without yellow spots on membrane (Fig. 17A); cephalic process dark red, orange ventrally and at apex (Fig. 17); hind wings pale blue to white basally (Fig. 17A); basal half of tegmina whitish with white-margined green spots in transverse rows, sometimes fused in bands (Fig. 17A)............................................................................................... Pyrops ducalis (Stål, 1863) – Tegmina with yellow spots on membrane (Figs 18A, 19A); cephalic process dark red-brown, dark red ventrally (Figs 18–19); hind wings white or blue basally; basal half of tegmina dark green or dark blue-green with yellow spots (Figs 18A, 19A)................................................................................11 11. Hind wings blue basally (sometimes faded to nearly white in collections specimens) (Fig. 18A); cephalic process very elongate and strongly curved dorsad (Fig. 18); ground colour of tegmina dark blue-green (Fig. 18A)....................................................................... Pyrops coelestinus (Stål, 1863) – Hind wings white basally (Fig. 19A); cephalic process very elongate and curved dorsad (Fig. 19); ground colour of tegmina green (Fig. 19A).................................... Pyrops vitalisius (Distant, 1918) Identification key to the species of Pyrops of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Southern Continental China 1. Cephalic process strongly inflated apically (Figs 9–11)................................................................... 2 – Cephalic process not strongly inflated apically (Figs 12–19)........................................................... 3 2. Abdomen black ventrally (Fig. 9B); tegmina pale yellow-white on disc and with 3 black spots in costal area before nodal line (Fig. 9A); cephalic process yellow (Fig. 9).................................................................................................................................................. Pyrops atroalbus (Distant, 1918) – Abdomen red ventrally (Figs 10B, 11B); tegmina largely black on disc (Fig. 10A), or in the pale forms, bluish white on disc and without black spots in costal area (Fig. 11A, F); cephalic process red-brown to black (Figs 10–11)................................................. Pyrops clavatus (Westwood, 1839) 3. Head entirely green, hind wings bright yellow basally or entirely yellow-orange (Figs 12–13)..... 4 – Head not entirely green, hind wings yellow, white or blue basally (Figs 14–19)............................ 5 4. Hind wings bright yellow with apical third black (Fig. 12A); ground colour of distal half of tegmina black (Fig. 12A); anterior and median legs largely black (Fig. 12A–C)............................................................................................................................................ Pyrops viridirostris (Westwood, 1848) – Hind wings entirely bright yellow-orange (Fig. 13A); ground colour of distal half of tegmina green (Fig. 13A); anterior and median legs green (Fig. 13A–C)............ Pyrops itoi (Satô & Nagai, 1994) 5. Cephalic process black or brown-black dorsally, yellowish ventrally (Figs 4–5, 14–15); pro- and mesonotum with median black or dark brown markings (Figs 4–5, 14–15).................................... 6 – Cephalic process yellow-red to red-brown dorsally, paler, yellow to dark red ventrally (Figs 16–19); pronotum unicolourous, mesonotum sometimes with small brown-black markings on sides (Figs 16– 19)..........................................................................................................................
Published as part of Constant, Jérôme & Pham, Hong Thai, 2022, The Lanternfly genus Pyrops in Vietnam: A new species from Central Vietnam, taxonomic changes, checklist, identification key (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), pp. 123-154 in European Journal of Taxonomy 813 (1) on pages 131-139, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.813.1741, http://zenodo.org/record/6468100
{"references":["Kirby W. F. 1818. A century of insects, including several new genera described from his cabinet. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Second series. Zoology 12 (2): 375 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1817. tb 00239. x","Distant W. L. 1906. Rhynchota Vol. 3. Heteroptera-Homoptera. In: C. T. Bingham (ed.) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 48423","Distant W. L. 1914. Some additions to the genera and species in the Homopterous family Fulgoridae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London. (Ser. 8) 13: 409 - 424. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693503","Guerin-Meneville F. E. 1829. Homoptera. In: Cuvier G. L. C. F. D. 1829 Iconographie du regne animal: 58 - 59. Chez J. B. Bailliere, Paris.","Latreille P. A. 1837. The Crustacea, Arachnides & Insecta. In: Cuvier G. L. C. F. D. 1837. The Animal Kingdom, Arranged According to its Organization, Serving as a Foundation for the Natural History of Animals: and an Introduction to Comparative Anatomy. Volume 4. G. Henderson, 1834 - 1837, London. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 89417","Spinola M. 1839. Essai sur les Fulgorelles, sous-tribu de la tribu des Cicadaires, ordre des Rhyngotes. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 8: 133 - 337. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 33710046 [accessed 17 Mar. 2017].","Westwood J. O. 1839. On the family Fulgoridae, with a monograph of the genus Fulgora of Linnaeus. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Second series. Zoology 18: 133 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1838. tb 00167. x","Comte J. A. 1840. Regne animal dispose en tableaux methodiques. Fortin Masson et Cie, Paris.","Guerin-Meneville F. E. 1844. Insectes. In: Cuvier G. L. C. F. D. 1844 Iconographie du regne animal: 355 - 370. Chez J. B. Bailliere, Paris.","White A. 1844. Descriptions of some new species of Coleoptera and Homoptera from China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14: 422 - 426. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 037454809495213","Burmeister H. C. C. 1845. Rhynchota. No. 8. Fam. Fulgorina Gen. Fulgora. In: Burmeister H. C. C. 1838 - 1846 Genera quaedam insectorum. Iconibus illustravit et descripsit Vol. 1. Sumtibus A. Burmeister, Berlin (Germany). https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8144","Guerin-Meneville F. E. 1845. (Fulgora cyanirostris. Guer.). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France. (Ser. 2) 3: xcvi.","Stal C. 1870. Hemiptera insularum Philippinarum. Bidrag till Philippinska oarnes Hemipter-fauna. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar. Stockholm 27: 607 - 776. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61898","Butler A. G. 1874. List of the species of Fulgora, with description of new forms in the collections of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 97 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1874. tb 02457. x","Gadeau de Kerville H. 1881. Insectes Phosphorescents. Leon Deshays, Rouen.","Atkinson E. T. 1885. Notes on Indian Rhynchota. No. 4. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta 54: 127 - 158.","Schmidt E. 1911. Neue Fulgoriden. Zoologischer Anzeiger 38: 161 - 171.","Schmidt E. 1919. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Zikadenfauna von Canton (China). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 85 (7): 121 - 128. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 47756 (accessed 8 Mar. 2022).","Baker C. F. 1925. Remarks on certain Indo-Malayan Fulgora, with special reference to Philippines species. Philippines Journal of Science 28: 343 - 364.","Lallemand V. 1963. Revision des Fulgoridae (Homoptera). Deuxieme partie. Faunes asiatique et australienne. Memoires de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (2 e serie) 75: 1 - 99.","Lallemand V. 1960. De quibusdam Fulgoris. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatsinstitut und Zoologischen Museum Hamburg 24: 1 - 7.","Germar E. F. 1830. Species Cicadarium enumeratae et sub genera distributae. Thon's Entomologisches Archiv 2 (2): 1 - 57.","Amyot C. & Audinet-Serville J. 1843. Deuxieme partie. Homopteres. Homoptera Latr. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Hemipteres. Librairie encyclopedique de Roret, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8471","Walker F. 1851. List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Vol. 2: 261 - 636. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.","Dohrn F. A. 1859. Homoptera. Catalogus Hemipterorum. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin 1859: 56 - 93.","Girard M. 1885. Traite elementaire d'Entomologie. Vol. 3. J. - B. Bailliere, Paris.","Schaum H. R. 1850. Fulgorellae. Erster Section A - G. In: Ersch I. S. & Gruber I. G. (eds) Allgemeine Encyklopadie der Wissenschaften und Kunste in alnhaberischen folge von Genannten Schriftstellern bearbeitet und herausgegeben 51: 58 - 73. Brockhaus Verlag, Mannheim.","Nagai S. & Porion T. 1996. Fulgoridae 2: Catalogue illustre des Faunes asiatique et australienne. Sciences Nat, Compiegne.","Liang A. P. 1998. Nomenclatorial notes on the Oriental lantern fly genus Pyrops Spinola (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Fulgoridae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 23 (1): 41 - 47.","Pham H. T. 2011. A checklist of the family Fulgoridae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea) from Vietnam. In: Proceedings of the 3 rd National Scientific Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources Hanoi, 22 October 2009: 317 - 321. [In Vietnamese.]","Constant J. 2015. Review of the effusus group of the Lanternfly genus Pyrops Spinola, 1839, with one new species and notes on trophobiosis (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 128: 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2015.128","Constant J., Phauk S. & Bourgoin T. 2016. Updating lanternflies biodiversity knowledge in Cambodia (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) by optimizing field work surveys with citizen science involvement through Facebook networking and data access in FLOW website. Belgian Journal of Entomology 37: 1 - 16.","Constant J. & Pham H. T. 2017. Review of the clavatus group of the lanternfly genus Pyrops (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 305: 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2017.305","Wang W. Q., Xu S. - L. & Qin D. - Z. 2018. The lanternfly genus Pyrops Spinola (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) from China with description of a new species. Entomotaxonomia 40 (4): 296 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.11680 / entomotax. 2018031","Jiaranaisakul K. & Constant J. 2021. The lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoridae) of Khao Krachom Mountain, Thailand. Far Eastern Entomologist 435: 7 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.25221 / fee. 435.2","Metcalf Z. P. 1947. General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fascicle IV Fulgoroidea. Part 9 Fulgoridae. North Carolina State College, Raleigh (USA).","Distant W. L. 1918. The Homoptera of Indo-China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 9) 1: 196 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931808562301","Pham H. T. & Ta H. T. 2004. Key to the species of the family Fulgoridae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea) in Vietnam. Journal of Biology 26 (3 A): 57 - 60. [In Vietnamese.]"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Reduviidae, and Diarthrotarsus

Diarthrotarsus Bergroth, 1905 Lycimna St��l, 1872 was described by St��l (1872) to include L. annulosa St��l, 1872 from Colombia. Because this genus name was preoccupied by Lycimna Walker, 1860 (Lepidoptera), Bergroth (1905) proposed Diarthrotarsus as a new name for it. Wygodzinsky (1948) described three new species of the genus, two from Brazil (D. malaisei Wygodzinsky, 1948 and D. travassosi Wygodzinsky, 1948) and one from Bolivia (D. stali Wygodzinsky, 1948). Maldonado (1955) described D. marahuacensis Maldonado, 1955 from Venezuela, totaling a current number of five species included in Diarthrotarsus (Maldonado 1990). Diarthrotarsus annulosus probably, and all other species of the genus certainly were described based on only one (type) specimen each (St��l 1872, Wygodzinsky 1948, Maldonado 1955). Additionally, with the exception of D. annulosus, described based on at least partly male(s), all other species were described based on females. St��l (1872) and Wygodzinsky (1948) provided detailed descriptions of the genus, while the latter author redescribed D. annulosus based on its type specimen deposited in NHRS. Diarthrotarsus can be separated from other New World genera of Harpactorini by their two-segmented tarsi and the closed posterior portion of fore acetabula (St��l 1872). Their species are quite similar, with a small set of differences to separate each of them (Wygodzinsky 1948, Maldonado 1955). Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, French Guiana (new record), Venezuela.
Published as part of Gil-Santana, H��lcio R., 2022, New records, taxonomic notes, and the description of a new species of Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from French Guiana, pp. 381-400 in Zootaxa 5105 (3) on page 385, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5105.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6332716
{"references":["Bergroth, E. (1905) Rhynchota Neotropica. Revue D'Entomologie, 24 (5 - 6), 104 - 112.","Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en foreteckning ofver alla hittils kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1948) El genero \" Diarthrotarsus \" Bergroth, 1905 (Harpactorinae, Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 6, 201 - 211.","Maldonado, J. C. (1955) Four new Venezuelan reduviid bugs. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 104 (3340), 105 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.104 - 3340.105","Maldonado, J. C. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No. 1. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, 694 pp."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Reduviidae, and Graptocleptes

Graptocleptes St��l, 1867 Graptocleptes was included among ���the group of Neotropical wasp-mimetic harpactorine genera��� by Maldonado & Lozada (1992), which, according with these authors, although it is a somewhat artificial way of grouping genera, helps to sort out specimens quickly from unidentified material. The species included in these genera are mimetic of Braconidae and/or Ichneumonidae and in need of a comprehensive revision in order to clarify their systematics (Gil-Santana et al. 2015). An updated key to the wasp-mimicking genera of Neotropical Harpactorini was presented by Gil-Santana (2015). Ten species are currently included in Graptocleptes (Maldonado 1990, Gil-Santana et al. 2013). They can be recognized by consulting St��l (1872), who provided a synopsis of the characteristics of eight species, and the subsequent descriptions of G. varians Champion, 1899 (Champion 1899) and G. formosus Miller, 1951 (Miller 1951). Champion (1899) stressed the fact that G. varians is extremely variable in color, while St��l (1872) recognized morphological and color variation in G. bicolor (Burmeister, 1838), recorded with more details by Gil-Santana et al. (2013).
Published as part of Gil-Santana, H��lcio R., 2022, New records, taxonomic notes, and the description of a new species of Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from French Guiana, pp. 381-400 in Zootaxa 5105 (3) on page 389, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5105.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6332716
{"references":["Stal, C. (1867) Bidrag till Reduviidernas kannedom. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 235 - 302.","Maldonado, C. J. & Lozada, R. P. W. (1992) Key to the group of Neotropical wasp-mimetic harpactorine genera and the description of a new species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 94, 162 - 165.","Gil-Santana, H. R., Forero, D. & Weirauch, C. (2015) Assassin bugs (Reduviidae excluding Triatominae). In: Panizzi, A. R. & Grazia, J. (Eds.), True bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics, Entomology in Focus 2. Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht, pp. 307 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 9861 - 7 _ 12","Maldonado, J. C. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No. 1. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, 694 pp.","Gil-Santana, H. R., Davranoglou, L. - R., Neves, J. A. (2013) A new synonym of Graptocleptes bicolor (Burmeister), with taxonomical notes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorini). Zootaxa, 3700 (3), 348 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3700.3.2","Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en foreteckning ofver alla hittils kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159.","Champion, G. C. (1899) [Printing sheet 36, containing pp. 281 - 289, pl. XVII]. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali Americana. Insecta Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. II (1897 - 1901). Taylor & Francis, London, pp. i - xvi + 1 - 416, pls. 1 - 22.","Miller, N. C. E. (1951) New Reduviidae in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). - V. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12 (4), 465 - 480. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935108654173","Burmeister, H. (1838) Some account of the Genus Myocoris, of the Family Reduvini. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 2, 102 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1836. tb 00303. x"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, and Reduviidae

Tribe Harpactorini Harpactorini is the most diverse group within Reduviidae, with about 53 genera in the Neotropics (Forero 2011, Gil-Santana et al. 2015, 2017). The only key to separate the genera, provided by St��l (1872), is now badly outdated (Forero 2011). Only a few Neotropical genera have been revised taxonomically or redescribed (Forero et al. 2008, Gil-Santana & Webb 2019). A summary of publications containing descriptions and revisions within Neotropical Harpactorini were supplied by Forero et al. (2008) and Forero (2011); the latter author provided a checklist of Neotropical genera of Harpactorinae. Several further contributions have been published on the group (e.g. McPherson & Ahmad 2011, Forero 2012, Swanson 2012, Gil-Santana 2015, Zhang et al. 2016, Lapischies et al. 2019, Swanson 2021).
Published as part of Gil-Santana, H��lcio R., 2022, New records, taxonomic notes, and the description of a new species of Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from French Guiana, pp. 381-400 in Zootaxa 5105 (3) on page 385, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5105.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6332716
{"references":["Gil-Santana, H. R., Forero, D. & Weirauch, C. (2015) Assassin bugs (Reduviidae excluding Triatominae). In: Panizzi, A. R. & Grazia, J. (Eds.), True bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics, Entomology in Focus 2. Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht, pp. 307 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 9861 - 7 _ 12","Gil-Santana, H. R., Salomao, A. T. & Oliveira, J. (2017) First description of the male and redescription of the female of Parahiranetis salgadoi Gil-Santana (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae). Zookeys, 671, 19 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 671.11985","Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en foreteckning ofver alla hittils kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159.","Forero, D., Gil-Santana, H. R. & Doesburg, P. H. van (2008) Redescription of the Neotropical genus Aristathlus (Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae). In: Grozeva, S. & Simov, N. (Eds.), Advances in Heteroptera research: festschrift in honor of 80 th anniversary of Michail Josifov. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow, pp. 85 - 103.","Gil-Santana, H. R. & Webb, M. D. (2019) Transfer of the assassin bug Helonotus pallidulus Walker to the genus Heza Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae, Harpactorini). ZooKeys, 872, 91 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 872.35137","McPherson, J. E. & Ahmad, I. (2011) Parasinea, a new genus of assassin bug, with description of a new species from Colombia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104, 1285 - 1291. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / AN 11128","Swanson, D. R. (2012) A new synonymy in the Harpactorinae of the New World (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 114 (2), 250 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.114.2.250","Zhang, G., Hart, E. R. & Weirauch, C. (2016) A taxonomic monograph of the assassin bug genus Zelus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): 71 species based on 10,000 specimens. Biodiversity Data Journal, 4, e 8150. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 4. e 8150","Lapischies, R., Forero, D., Barcellos, A. & Salomao, R. P. (2019). A new species of Pyrrhosphodrus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from the Caatinga ecosystem in Brazil, with notes on the genus. Zootaxa, 4543 (3), 388 - 400. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4543.3.4","Swanson, D. R. (2021) Four new species of Heza Amyot & Audinet-Serville (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from the Neotropics. Zootaxa, 4958 (1), 366 - 379. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4958.1.23"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Belostomatidae, Belostoma, and Belostoma plebejum

Belostoma plebejum (St��l, 1860) Zaitha plebeja St��l, 1860: Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., 83���84. Belostoma plebejum: Kirkaldy & Torre-Bueno, 1909: Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 192. Material examined. San Ignacio RS: 1 ♂, 2���5.iii.2015. San Nicol��s RS: 1♂, 13���15.xii.2013. Yahaver�� RS: 1 ♀, Trin Lagoon, 12.xii.2014. General distribution. Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay (Moreira et al. 2011b). Habitat. Belostoma plebejum has been found in urban rain pools (without aquatic vegetation), ponds (densely vegetated), lakes, lagoons (in vegetated margins), bogs, reservoirs, and in quiet edges of streams and rivers (Ribeiro 2005; Est��vez & Polhemus 2007; Arm��a de Reyes & Kehr 2008; Fontanarrosa et al. 2009; Almeida et al. 2019). At the INR, B. plebejum was collected from the margins of the Iber�� Lagoon in shallow waters with emergent and floating vegetation (Est��vez et al. 2003). During the present study, this species was collected from the margins with dense floating, emergent, and submerged vegetation in lentic habitats and in standing water of lotic habitats.
Published as part of Mazzucconi, Silvia Ana, Reyes, Cristina Arm��a De & Est��vez, Ana L��a, 2022, Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) from Iber�� Natural Reserve (Corrientes Province, Argentina), pp. 451-505 in Zootaxa 5104 (4) on page 477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6332126
{"references":["Stal, C. (1860) Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-Traktens Hemipter-fauna. Part I. Svenska Vetenskaps - Akademiens Handlingar, 2, 1 - 84.","Kirkaldy, G. W. & Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la (1909) A catalogue of American aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 10, 173 - 215. [1908]","Moreira, F. F. F., Barbosa, J. F., Ribeiro, J. R. I. & Alecrim, V. P. (2011 b) Checklist and distribution of semiaquatic and aquatic Heteroptera (Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha) occurring in Brazil. Zootaxa, 2958 (1), 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2958.1.1","Ribeiro, J. R. I. (2005) Familia Belostomatidae Leach, 1815 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera): chave e catalogo de identificacao para as especies ocorrentes no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 63, 247 - 262.","Estevez, A. L. & Polhemus, J. T. (2007) The small species of Belostoma (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae): Revision of plebejum group. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 55, 147 - 155.","Armua de Reyes, C. & Kehr, A. I. (2008) Ecologia de comunidades: diversidad, asociaciones y covariaciones interespecificas entre las especies del genero Belostoma en ambientes acuaticos de la provincia de Corrientes. Instituto Superior de Correlacion Geologica, Miscelanea INSUGEO, 17, 355 - 366.","Fontanarrosa, M. S., Collantes, M. B. & Bachmann, A. O. (2009) Seasonal patterns of the insect community structure in urban rain pools of temperate Argentina. Journal of Insect Science, 9, 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1673 / 031.009.1001","Almeida, T. M. de, Stefanello, F. & Hamada, N. (2019) Belostomatidae (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) held in the invertebrate collection of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil: inventory and new distributional records. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 59, e 20195906. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / 1807 - 0205 / 2019.59.06"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Nepidae, Curicta, and Curicta borellii

Curicta borellii Montandon, 1903 Curicta borellii Montandon, 1903b: Bull. Soc. Sci. Bucarest, 100���101. Material examined. Itat�� RS: 1 ♂, Estancia El Dorado, artificial pond, 28��45.60���S, 58��7.23���W, 28.iii.2014. San Ignacio RS: 1 ♀, vehicle path, roadside marshland and ditches, 27��54.551���S, 56��53.254���W, 3.iii.2015. General distribution. Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina (Moreira et al. 2011b). Habitat. Little information exists regarding the habitat associations of C. borellii. This species has been collected from lagoons, streams and rivers (Keffer 1997 ). It has been reported living at the margins of unshaded ponds and marshlands with muddy bottoms and with dense vegetation and plant debris (Torres et al. 2007). At the INR, specimens were found at the margins of ponds, marshlands, and ditches, exposed to sunlight and with dense emergent and floating vegetation. Remarks. This is the first record of C. borellii from INR. This species was previously recorded from Corrientes Province by Keffer (1997), as Curicta carinata De Carlo, 1951 by De Carlo (1951), and as Curicta sanmartini De Carlo, 1958 by De Carlo (1958) and Bachmann (1999).
Published as part of Mazzucconi, Silvia Ana, Reyes, Cristina Arm��a De & Est��vez, Ana L��a, 2022, Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) from Iber�� Natural Reserve (Corrientes Province, Argentina), pp. 451-505 in Zootaxa 5104 (4) on page 471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6332126
{"references":["Montandon, A. L. (1903 b) Hemipteres aquatiques. Notes synonymiques et geographiques, descriptions d'especes nouvelles. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences de Bucarest, Roumanie, 12, 97 - 121.","Moreira, F. F. F., Barbosa, J. F., Ribeiro, J. R. I. & Alecrim, V. P. (2011 b) Checklist and distribution of semiaquatic and aquatic Heteroptera (Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha) occurring in Brazil. Zootaxa, 2958 (1), 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2958.1.1","Keffer, S. L. (1997) Systematics of the New World waterscorpion genus Curicta Stal (Heteroptera: Nepidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 104 (3 - 4), 117 - 215. [1996]","Torres, P. L. M., Mazzucconi, S. A. & Michat, M. C. (2007) Los coleopteros y heteropteros acuaticos del Parque Nacional El Palmar (Provincia de Entre Rios, Argentina): lista faunistica, diversidad y distribucion. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 66, 127 - 153.","De Carlo, J. A. (1951) Nepidos de America (Hemiptera, Nepidae). Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoologicas, 1 (9), 385 - 421.","De Carlo, J. A. (1958) Nuevas especies de los generos Curicta Stal y Telmatotrephes Stal (Nepidae, Hemiptera). Boletin del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \" Bernardino Rivadavia \" e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, 1, 1 - 6. [1956]","Bachmann, A. O. (1999) Catalogo de los tipos de Heteroptera (Insecta) conservados en el Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Nueva Serie, 1, 191 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.22179 / REVMACN. 1.135"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Nepidae, Curicta, and Curicta granulosa

Curicta granulosa De Carlo, 1951 (Fig. 18) Curicta granulosa De Carlo, 1951: Revta. Inst. Nac. Invest. C. Nat., C. Zool., 411���412. Material examined. Laguna Iber�� RS: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Lobo Cu�� Stream, 28��32���37.14������S, 57��12���3.89������W, 2.xii.2012. General distribution. Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay (Moreira et al. 2011b). Argentina: Corrientes (this work). Habitat. This species has been collected from pools, marshy ponds, lagoons and ditches with marginal floating vegetation and bottons with plant debris, and from rivers (Roback & Nieser 1974; Keffer 1997; Melo & Nieser 2004). At the INR, specimens of C. granulosa were collected from the margins of the Lobo Cu�� Stream, exposed to sunlight and with dense vegetation (Fig. 17). Remarks. The neotropical waterscorpion genus Curicta includes 16 species (Keffer 1997), five of which occur in Argentina (Coscar��n 2017). The collection of C. granulosa from INR represents the first record from this country, and extends the known range of this species from Paraguay to northeastern Argentina. The following combination of characters distinguishes C. granulosa from C. bonaerensis (Berg, 1879), C. borelli, C. carinata Kuitert, 1949, C. grandis De Carlo, 1951 and C. pelleranoi from Argentina: profemoral sulcus with two teeth on either side and with sulcal teeth distally; vertex usually with pronounced carina; and protibia usually with a dark, medial annulus.
Published as part of Mazzucconi, Silvia Ana, Reyes, Cristina Arm��a De & Est��vez, Ana L��a, 2022, Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) from Iber�� Natural Reserve (Corrientes Province, Argentina), pp. 451-505 in Zootaxa 5104 (4) on page 471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6332126
{"references":["De Carlo, J. A. (1951) Nepidos de America (Hemiptera, Nepidae). Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoologicas, 1 (9), 385 - 421.","Moreira, F. F. F., Barbosa, J. F., Ribeiro, J. R. I. & Alecrim, V. P. (2011 b) Checklist and distribution of semiaquatic and aquatic Heteroptera (Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha) occurring in Brazil. Zootaxa, 2958 (1), 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2958.1.1","Roback, S. S. & Nieser, N. (1974) Aquatic Hemiptera (Heteroptera) from the llanos of Colombia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 126, 29 - 49.","Keffer, S. L. (1997) Systematics of the New World waterscorpion genus Curicta Stal (Heteroptera: Nepidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 104 (3 - 4), 117 - 215. [1996]","Melo, A. L. de & Nieser, N. (2004) Faunistical notes on aquatic Heteroptera of Minas Gerais (Brazil): an annotated list of Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha collected near Januaria, MG. Lundiana, 5, 43 - 49.","Coscaron, M. C. (2017) A catalogue of the Heteroptera (Hemiptera) or true bugs of Argentina. Zootaxa, 4295 (1), 1 - 432. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4295.1.1","Berg, C. (1879) Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas. ex typographiae P. E. Coni, Bonariae, 316 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Naucoridae, Pelocoris, and Pelocoris politus

Pelocoris politus Montandon, 1895 Pelocoris politus Montandon, 1895: Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, 8���9. Material examined. Galarza RS: 1 ♀, Isir�� Stream near Luna Lagoon, sample 7, 17.iv.2013; 3 ♂, Isir�� Stream near Luna Lagoon, 19.iv.2013. Itat�� RS: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Itat�� Lagoon, 28��41.92���S, 58��6.49���W, 28.iii.2014; 4 ♂, 2 ♀, Itat�� Rinc��n Island, 28��42.73���S, 58��6.69���W, 29.iii.2014; 3 ♂, Corriente River, 28��44.18���S, 58��8.70���W, 30.iii.2014. Laguna Iber�� RS: 1 ♂, Iber�� Lagoon, 28��34���3.94������S, 57��11���22.15������W, 1.xii.2012; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Corriente Stream, 28��32���11.91������S, 57��12���42.96������W, 2.xii.2012; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, Fern��ndez Lagoon, 11.xii.2014. San Ignacio RS: 1 ♀, vehicle path, roadside marshland and ditches, 27��54.551���S, 56��53.254���W, 3.iii.2015. San Nicol��s RS: 1 ♀, Carambola Stream, 28��10.866���S, 57��26.224���W, 14.xii.2013; 1 ♂, Carambola Stream, 28��14.610���S, 57��26.378���W, 14.xii.2013. Yahaver�� RS: 3 ♂, 6 ♀, Campo Angelita, roadside marshes, 28��25���40.9���S, 57��49���12.3���W, 6.xi.2015; 1 ♀, Paso Batalla, roadside marshes, 28��24���02.5���S, 57��52���56.5W, 6.xi.2015; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Medina Lagoon, 28��33���52.6���S, 57��45���28.7���W, 7.xi.2015; 1 ♀, Caaby Aguilar, roadside marshes, 28��24���03.4���S, 57��51���31.3���W, 8.xi.2015. General distribution. Colombia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina (Moreira et al. 2011b). Habitat. Pelocoris politus has been found in rivers and lagoons (Roback & Nieser 1974; Nieser 1975; L��pez Ruf 1988, 1992, 1994b). At the INR, P. politus was collected from unshaded margins with dense floating, emergent and submerged vegetation (mainly Azolla filiculoides, Pontederia azurea, P. cordata, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Hydrocleys nymphoides and Salvinia biloba) in lentic habitats (Iber�� Lagoon, Fern��ndez Lagoon, Medina Lagoon, Itat�� Lagoon, marshes, marshlands and ditches), and lotic habitats (Corriente Stream, Isir�� Stream, Carambola Stream and Corriente River) in standing or slow-moving water. Remarks. Pelocoris politus is one of the most widespread species of water bugs in the INR. It was collected together with P. bipunctulus and P. procurrens. This is the first record of this species from INR. Pelocoris politus was previously recorded from Corrientes Province by L��pez Ruf (1988, 1992, 1994b) and L��pez Ruf et al. (2006).
Published as part of Mazzucconi, Silvia Ana, Reyes, Cristina Arm��a De & Est��vez, Ana L��a, 2022, Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) from Iber�� Natural Reserve (Corrientes Province, Argentina), pp. 451-505 in Zootaxa 5104 (4) on page 487, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6332126
{"references":["Montandon, A. L. (1895) Viaggio del Dott. A. Borelli nella Repubblica Argentina e nel Paraguay. XVIII. Hemipteres Heteropteres, premiere liste et descriptions d'especes nouvelles. Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 10, 1 - 10.","Moreira, F. F. F., Barbosa, J. F., Ribeiro, J. R. I. & Alecrim, V. P. (2011 b) Checklist and distribution of semiaquatic and aquatic Heteroptera (Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha) occurring in Brazil. Zootaxa, 2958 (1), 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2958.1.1","Roback, S. S. & Nieser, N. (1974) Aquatic Hemiptera (Heteroptera) from the llanos of Colombia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 126, 29 - 49.","Nieser, N. (1975) The water bugs (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) of the Guyana Region. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and other Guyanas, 16, 1 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 7118 - 4 _ 1","Lopez Ruf, M. L. (1988) Nuevas citas para la Argentina de especies de Limnocoridae y Naucoridae (Heteroptera). Physis, Buenos Aires, 45, 76. [1987]","Lopez Ruf, M. L. (1992) El genero Pelocoris Stal en la Argentina (Heteroptera, Limnocoridae). III. Descripcion de las ninfas. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 50, 353 - 365. [1991]","Lopez Ruf, M. L. (1994 b) El genero Pelocoris en la Argentina (Heteroptera, Limnocoridae). II. Physis, Buenos Aires, 49 (116 - 117), 47 - 57. [1991]","Lopez Ruf, M. L., Morrone, J. J. & Hernandez, E. P. (2006) Patrones de distribucion de las Naucoridae argentinas (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 65, 111 - 121."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Banasa, and Banasa subrufescens

Banasa subrufescens Stål, 1860 Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam, Guyana, Brazil, and Argentina. Distribution in Colombia. Unknown. This species was recorded for Colombia by Thomas & Yonke (1990), but without specific locality. Remarks. Banasa subrufescens has small size, the pleura dark punctate, and the anterolateral pronotal margins are dorsally impressed. References. Thomas & Yonke 1990; Dellapé et al. 2020.
Published as part of Castro-Huertas, Valentina, Grazia, Jocelia, Forero, Dimitri, Fernández, Fernando & Schwertner, Cristiano F., 2022, Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Colombia: An annotated checklist of species, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 5097 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5097.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6036639
{"references":["Thomas, D. B. & Yonke, T. R. (1990) Review of the genus Banasa (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in South America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 83, 657 - 688. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 83.4.657","Dellape, P. M., Melo, M. C., Montemayor, S. I., Dellape, G., Olivera, L., Varela, P. S. & Minghetti, E. (2020) Heteroptera (Hemiptera) species from Argentina and Uruguay. Available from: https: // biodar. unlp. edu. ar / heteroptera / (accessed 30 May 2020)"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Banasa, and Banasa varians

Banasa varians Stål, 1872 Distribution. Brazil and Argentina. New record for Colombia. Distribution in Colombia. Boyacá. Remarks. Banasa varians has size small, the labium not reaching the abdominal tubercle in repose, the pygophore on each side with an erect, digitlike tooth on the posterior margin. References. Thomas & Yonke 1990; Dellapé et al. 2020. Examined material. COLOMBIA: 1♂, Boyacá, Pajarito, Comisoque, 2000 m, 10 ii 1980, A Fajardo (ICN).
Published as part of Castro-Huertas, Valentina, Grazia, Jocelia, Forero, Dimitri, Fernández, Fernando & Schwertner, Cristiano F., 2022, Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Colombia: An annotated checklist of species, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 5097 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5097.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6036639
{"references":["Thomas, D. B. & Yonke, T. R. (1990) Review of the genus Banasa (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in South America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 83, 657 - 688. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 83.4.657","Dellape, P. M., Melo, M. C., Montemayor, S. I., Dellape, G., Olivera, L., Varela, P. S. & Minghetti, E. (2020) Heteroptera (Hemiptera) species from Argentina and Uruguay. Available from: https: // biodar. unlp. edu. ar / heteroptera / (accessed 30 May 2020)"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Berecynthus, and Berecynthus hastator

Berecynthus hastator (Fabricius, 1798) [Fig. 58] Distribution. Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Surinam, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. Distribution in Colombia. Amazonas, Caldas, Caquetá, Casanare, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Meta, Tolima, and Valle del Cauca. Remarks. Berecynthus is a monotypic genus. Grazia & Hildebrand (1982) cited in the examined material six specimens deposited in AMNH (3 males and 3 females) from “ Magdalena ” but the specific localities (Valledupar, Curumani, and Becerril) correspond to the Cesar department. References. Grazia & Hildebrand 1982; Silva et al. 2018; Dellapé 2021b. Examined material. COLOMBIA: 1♀, Caldas, La Dorada, 23 iii 1970, C. Riveros / ICN _055825 (ICN); 1♀, Caquetá, Florencia, 26 i 1969, J. Norato / ICN _055778 (ICN); 1♂, Casanare, Orocué, 7 v 1974, M.L. Bueno / ICN _055779 (ICN); 4♂, 4♀, Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá, 10 vi 1974, J. Cogua / ICN _ 055780 (ICN); Guaduas, 3 xii 1972, G. Emira / ICN _ 055769 (ICN); Sasaima, 6 iii 1976, C. Córdoba / ICN _ 055758 (ICN); Tocaima, 30 vi 1972, Jimenez Ronetta / ICN _ 055759 (ICN); 24 x 1970, Rubby G.M. / ICN _055785 / ICN_ 055831 (ICN); Tolemaida, La Naranjala, 28 v 1968, G. Aguirre / ICN _ 055823 (ICN); Villeta, 799 m, 16 vi 1976, R. M. Gómez / ICN _055822 (ICN); 6♂, 8♀, Meta, Puerto López, Alto Menegua, 288 m, 10 iv 1984, E. Aya / ICN _055774 / ICN_ 055776 (ICN); Vereda Menegua, 280 m, 12 iv 1984, R. Restrepo / ICN _055757 / ICN_ 055782 (ICN); Vda. Menegua, 288 m, 17 iv 1984, R. Restrepo / ICN _ 055775 (ICN); 290 m, 1 iv 1984, M. Fergusson / ICN _ 055773 (ICN); 16 iv 1984, E. Cárdenas / ICN _ 055770 (ICN); P. Lasso / ICN _ 055772 (ICN); 17 iv 1984, L. Salazar / ICN _055768 (ICN); R. Pardo / ICN _ 055781 (ICN); Vereda la Balsa, Hda. Mozambique. 230 m, 29 vii 1983, A. Becerra / ICN _ 055783 (ICN); Villavicencio, 11 x 1970, C. Princo / ICN _ 055824 (ICN); 27 xi 1970, P. Rodríguez / ICN _ 055784 (ICN); Km 8 entre Villavicencio y Restrepo, 510 m, 11 ix 1976, N. Pinzón / ICN _055777 (ICN); 1♂, Tolima, Nilo, 22 vii 1972, G. Hurtado / ICN _055767 (ICN).
Published as part of Castro-Huertas, Valentina, Grazia, Jocelia, Forero, Dimitri, Fernández, Fernando & Schwertner, Cristiano F., 2022, Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Colombia: An annotated checklist of species, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 5097 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5097.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6036639
{"references":["Grazia, J. & Hildebrand, R. (1982) Revisao do genero Berecynthus Stal, 1862 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 26, 173 - 182.","Silva, V. J. da, Dos Santos, C. R. M. & Fernandes, J. A. M. (2018) Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) from brazilian amazon: Checklist and new records. Zootaxa, 4425 (3), 401 - 455. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4425.3.1","Dellape, G. (2021 b) New records of Neotropical Pentatominae (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Entomological Communications, 3, ec 03004. https: // doi. org / 10.37486 / 2675 - 1305. ec 03004"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Tibraca, and Tibraca limbativentris

Tibraca limbativentris Stål, 1860 [Fig. 77] Distribution. Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Distribution in Colombia. Valle del Cauca. Remarks. Tibraca limbativentris is usually large (equal or longer than 13 mm), and the legs are brown, concolor with the body. References. Fernandes & Grazia 1998b; Dellapé et al. 2020.
Published as part of Castro-Huertas, Valentina, Grazia, Jocelia, Forero, Dimitri, Fernández, Fernando & Schwertner, Cristiano F., 2022, Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Colombia: An annotated checklist of species, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 5097 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5097.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6036639
{"references":["Fernandes, J. A. M. & Grazia, J. (1998 b) Revision of the genus Tibraca Stal (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 15, 1049 - 1060. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751998000400022","Dellape, P. M., Melo, M. C., Montemayor, S. I., Dellape, G., Olivera, L., Varela, P. S. & Minghetti, E. (2020) Heteroptera (Hemiptera) species from Argentina and Uruguay. Available from: https: // biodar. unlp. edu. ar / heteroptera / (accessed 30 May 2020)"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Naucoridae, and Ambrysus

SUBFAMILY AMBRYSINAE USINGER, 1941 FIGS 3C, 10A, 11A Type species: Ambrysus signoreti Stål, 1862. Taxonomic history: This subfamily was established by Usinger in 1941, but was downgraded to tribe level and placed in Naucorinae (Popov, 1970), then transferred to Cryphocricinae (Štys & Jansson, 1988) and ultimately elevated and restored to subfamily rank (Reynoso-Velasco & Sites, 2021). Significant recent changes in the generic composition of the subfamily include the transfer of Pelocoris in from Naucorinae, and the erection of the genera Australambrysus Reynoso & Sites, 2021 and Maculambrysus (Reynoso-Velasco & Sites, 2021). The subfamily currently includes Ambrysus Stål, 1862, Australambrysus, Carvalhoiella D e C a r l o, 1 9 6 3, C a t a r a c t o c o r i s U s i n g e r, 1 9 4 1, H y g r o p e t r o c o r i s S i t e s, 2 0 1 5, M a c u l a m b r y s u s Reynoso & Sites, 2021, Melloiella De Carlo, 1 9 3 5, Pe l o c o r i s, P i c r o p s L a R i v e r s, 1 9 5 2 a n d Procryphocricos J. Polhemus, 1991. Species of all of these genera, except Pelocoris, were included along with Cryphocricos in the subfamily Cryphocricinae prior to the revision by Reynoso-Velasco & Sites (2021). Revised taxonomy: The subfamily was recently revised by Reynoso-Velasco & Sites (2021). No further taxonomic action is proposed here. Diagnosis: Diagnostic features were provided by Reynoso-Velasco & Sites (2021) as follows: (1) labium inserted near the anterior margin of the head; (2) labrum well developed; (3) maxillary plates only slightly produced anteriorly; (4) anterior margin of the pronotum generally with a concavity of different depths, but straight in Pelocoris; (5) pronotum with lateral margins smooth or finely crenate; (6) prosternellum concealed by the mesally directed propleural projections, but prosternellum exposed in Pelocoris and Procryphocricos; (7) forewing macropterous, but brachyptery also present in Procryphocricos; (8) no sternal abdominal sense organs (hydrostats), except in Procryphocricos; (9) compressible air-bubble respiration, but a plastron could be used by brachypterous Procryphocricos; (10) pubescent abdomen (scattered long setae in Procryphocricos); and (11) males with vesica not modified into a long tubular structure. C o m m e n t s: A l l s p e c i e s i n t h i s s u b f a m i l y a r e distributed exclusively in the New World.
Published as part of Sites, Robert W., 2022, Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae), pp. 1245-1286 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 1258-1259, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105, http://zenodo.org/record/6994599
{"references":["Usinger RL. 1941. Key to the subfamilies of Naucoridae with a generic synopsis of the new subfamily Ambrysinae (Hemiptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 34: 5 - 16.","Stal C. 1862. Hemiptera Mexicana enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit (continuatio). Entomologische Zeitung Stettiner 23: 437 - 462.","Popov YA. 1970. Notes on the classification of the recent Naucoridae (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha). Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Biological Sciences) 18: 93 - 98.","Stys P, Jansson A. 1988. Check-list of recent family-group and genus-group names of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) of the world. Acta Entomologica Fennica 50: 1 - 44.","Reynoso-Velasco D, Sites RW. 2021. Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the New World subfamily Cryphocricinae, including the reinstatement of Ambrysinae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Systematic Entomology 46: 900 - 914.","Sites RW. 2021. A review of Cryphocricos Signoret, 1850 (Naucoridae: Cryphocricinae) with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4958: 72 - 94.","Polhemus JT. 1991. A new and primitive genus of Cryphocricinae (Heteroptera: Naucoridae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 67: 119 - 123."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, and Naucoridae

SUBFAMILY ILYOCORINAE STAT. REV. FIGS 7, 8, 10D, 11D Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: CBCF3B3B-1324-486F-BD2C-95230D825861 Type species: Ilyocoris cimicoides (Linnaeus, 1758), as Nepa cimicoides. Taxonomic history: Previously, the genera Ilyocoris Stål, 1861, Placomerus and Pelocoris were held 1262 R.W. SITES in Naucorinae: Naucorini (Štys & Jansson, 1988). Later, López Ruf & Bachmann (1987) erected the tribe Pelocorini to hold Placomerus, Pelocoris and Carvalhoiella, separate from Naucorini because they followed De Carlo’s (1971) hemispherical splitting of the family into two families, Naucoridae and Pelocoridae (= Limnocoridae). Although Carvalhoiella clearly was misplaced in Pelocorini, the genus had been transferred to Naucorini by Nieser (1975), but later was appropriately transferred back to Ambrysinae (Nieser et al., 1999). During this interim, López Ruf & Bachmann (1987) followed Nieser in recognizing Carvalhoiella to be a member of this group, which they recognized as Pelocorini. Following the transfer of Pelocoris from Naucorinae: Pelocorini to Ambrysinae, only Ilyocoris and Placomerus remained in the tribe; thus the tribe Pelocorini necessarily became Ilyocorini (ReynosoVelasco & Sites, 2021). Revised taxonomy: With the recent transfer of Pelocoris from Naucorinae to Ambrysinae (ReynosoVelasco & Sites, 2021) and clear association of Ilyocoris and Placomerus as sister genera distinct from all others, I here remove these genera from Naucorinae by elevating the tribe Ilyocorini to subfamily status as Ilyocorinae. Diagnosis: The female genitalia are strongly dentate along the dorsal and lateral margins of valvulae 1 and lateral margins of valvulae 2 (Fig. 7). The male parameres are twisted, contoured (López-Ruf & Bachmann, 1991), elongated, overlapping and symmetrical or with only slight asymmetry (Fig. 11d). The mesofemur posterodorsal margin is flattened and fringed with a dense brush-line of hairs (Fig. 8). Comments: The condition of the mesofemur in which the posterodorsal margin is flattened and fringed with a dense brush-line of hairs (also present in many members of Laccocorinae) had been used to distinguish between Placomerus and Pelocoris (La Rivers, 1956). Those two genera are superficially so similar that La Rivers (1956) prepared a list of features to distinguish between them. However, Pelocoris was shown recently to be distantly related to Placomerus and is now in a different subfamily (Ambrysinae). Ilyocoris is Palaearctic and Placomerus Neotropical in distribution.
Published as part of Sites, Robert W., 2022, Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae), pp. 1245-1286 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 1261-1262, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105, http://zenodo.org/record/6994599
{"references":["Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Stockholm: Salvius.","Stal C. 1861. Nova methodus familias quasdam Hemipterorum disponendi. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 18: 195 - 212.","Stys P, Jansson A. 1988. Check-list of recent family-group and genus-group names of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) of the world. Acta Entomologica Fennica 50: 1 - 44.","Lopez Ruf ML, Bachmann AO. 1987. Sobre la classification de los Naucoroidea Americanos (Heteroptera). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 44: 341 - 344.","De Carlo JA. 1971. Valor sistematico del estudio del aparato genital macho en los hemipteros acuaticos y semicuaticos. Division de la familia Naucoridae en dos familias. Caracteristica externa de la capsula genital. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 33: 159 - 166.","Nieser N. 1975. The water bugs (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) of the Guyana Region. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and other Guyanas 16: 1 - 303.","Nieser N, Pelli A, Melo AL. 1999. Two new Ambrysinae (Heteroptera: Naucoridae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovacae 63: 157 - 163.","Sites RW. 2021. A review of Cryphocricos Signoret, 1850 (Naucoridae: Cryphocricinae) with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4958: 72 - 94.","La Rivers I. 1956. A new genus and species of naucorid from South America (Hemiptera). Entomological News 67: 237 - 245."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Scutelleridae, Scutellera, and Scutellera nepalensis

Scutellera nepalensis (Westwood, 1837) (Figs. 1���3, 11���13, 15, 16, 24, 25, 30���33, 42, 43, 48, 53���56, 65, 66) References. See under the included subspecies. Diagnosis. Highly similar to S. perplexa, the morphology of the exoskeleton is virtually identical in the two species. In S. nepalensis the dorsal markings of the scutellum are invariably extensive, the oblique transverse fasciae always join the median vitta (Figs. 1, 2, 11, 12, 15); in S. perplexa the markings are highly variable (Figs. 18, 20, 22) but even in extreme cases the paired spots anteriad and posteriad of the middle of scutellum do not join the median vita (Fig. 20). The two species are most reliably separated by some characters of the terminalia of both sexes which can easily be observed even without dissection: in males of S. nepalensis the lateral margin of the genital capsule is deeply emarginate (Figs. 24, 25, 30: arrow), but simple in S. perplexa (Figs. 26, 27, 34); in females of S. nepalensis the laterotergites VIII are strongly enlarged, lobe-shaped and protruding (Figs. 53���55: arrow) whilst in S. perplexa they are much smaller, posteriorly flat (Fig. 57���59). Redescription. Colour. Dorsum deep metallic blue-green (S. nepalensis nepalensis) (Figs. 1, 2) or purple (S. nepalensis amethystina) (Figs. 11���13, 15, 16), with complex and extensive black pattern; a median vitta completely occupying clypeus and extending to base of head and a pair of broad, short sublateral vittae on vertex black; mandibular plates bright orange or at least with considerable reddish or orange iridescence; antenna black, scape brownish or red at least basally; labium orange to reddish, apex of segment II darkened, segments III���IV black; pronotum broadly margined with orange or red laterally, a broad median vitta, a pair of large transverse spots on calli, a pair of large sublateral spots and a pair of small humeral spots on posterior lobe of pronotum black; scutellum with a median vitta from its base to about its middle, gradually tapering posteriad, with a pair of rounded spots at posterior part of basal tumescence, a pair of obliquely transverse fasciae anteriad to middle joining median vitta, a pair of small marginal spots at middle, a pair of broad, obliquely transverse fasciae posteriad to middle approaching or joining posterior extremity of median vitta, and a large apical spot black; exposed portion of fore wing black, its base marginally orange; venter of head and thorax metallic green usually with considerable purplish lustre, base of head posteriad to eyes, lateral margin of propleuron, anterior margin of proepisternum, greatest part of pre-, mes- and metepimeroids together with most of pro-, meso- and metathoracic supracoxal lobes orange or reddish, peritreme of metathoracic scent gland ostiole bright red; coxae, trochanters and most of femora red, an apical annulus on each femora as well as tibiae and tarsi bright metallic green; abdominal venter bright orange, ventrite II greatly black except laterally, small patches surrounding spiracles III���VII black, a pair of broad black fasciae at anterior margins of each of ventrites III���VII (medially confluent on ventrite VII) black with extensive metallic blue-green or coppery areas posteriad of them on segments III���VI; genital capsule and female terminalia greatly red, genital capsule often with a large black spot ventrally. Body elongate, 2.3���2.4 times as long as greatest width. Body surface and vestiture as in the redescription of the genus. Pronotum relatively long, 1.6���1.7 times as broad as its median length, anterior margin broad, lateral margin nearly straight. Scutellum 1.6���1.7 times as long as broad. Membrane slightly exposed beyond apex of scutellum at rest. External male genitalia (Figs. 24, 25, 30���33, 42, 43, 48) (described in detail by Tsai et al. 2011). Genital capsule (Figs. 24, 25, 30) subrectangular, boadly transversely truncate posteriorly in dorsal view, minute submedian denticles on posterior margin broadly separated, lateral margin (ventral rim) distinctly emarginate (Figs. 24, 25, 30: arrow), with a pair of blunt tubercles immediately anteriad of concavity; infolding of ventral rim weakly protruding laterally, with a longitudinal ridge along meson adjacent to a pair of submedian depressions; dorsal setal patches situated along dorsal rim, ventral setal patches aside median projection of cuplike sclerite. Paramere (Figs. 31���33) with a relatively elongate and weakly curved crown with distal portion enclosing an acute angle with axis of stem. Phallus (Figs. 42, 43, 48): second conjunctival processes with a small, externally partly sclerotized lateral lobe (Figs. 42, 43, 48: cp-II 1) and a large mesal lobe (cp-II 2) (Figs. 42, 43, 48: cp-II 2) terminating in a small, denticle-like sclerotized process; third conjunctival processes (Figs. 42, 43, 48: cp-III) short, irregularly rod-like, apex with a sharp longitudinal edge; distal portion of aedeagus s. str. (Figs. 42, 43, 48: aed) and phallotreme broad. External female genitalia (Figs. 53���56, 65, 66). Ovipositor. Laterotergites VIII (Figs. 53���55: lt 8) enlarged, forming a pair of strongly protruding, rounded, lobe-like projections (Figs. 53���55: arrow) laterad of laterotergites IX; laterotergites IX (Figs. 53, 54: lt 9) obliquely directed, leaving sclerotized sternite X and median part of fused valvifers IX broadly exposed. Gynatrium (Fig. 65: gy) with ring sclerites (Fig. 65: rs) approaching apex of anterolateral pouch; small, paired sclerites posteriad of spermathecal opening fused along midline. Spermatheca: proximal duct (Fig. 65: pd) much longer than distal duct (Fig. 65: dd) and conspicuously longer than longitudinal diameter of dilation (Fig. 65: dil). Measurements (in mm). Body length to apex of scutellum 15.5���22.0; length of head 3.50���4.00, width across eyes 3.75���4.40, interocular distance 2.70���3.35; lengths of scape 0.95���1.05: basipedicellite 0.65���0.75: distipedicellite 1.45���1.90: basiflagellum 2.25���2.60: distiflagellum 2.20���2.40; median length of pronotum 4.00���5.50, humeral width 6.80���8.70; length of scutellum 10.0���13.7, greatest width 6.10���8.20. Intraspecific variability. The ground colour of the dorsum is strongly different between the populations in Indo-China (Fig. 1, 2) and the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 11, 12, 15), but it is invariable within each population. Accordingly, two geographic subspecies, S. nepalensis nepalensis and S. nepalensis amethystina, are recognized in the present work. The variability of the black markings of the body is insignificant. Preimaginal stages. Photos of egg batches and/or different larval instars were presented by Kanai & Sameshima (2011), Sameshima (2013) and Yiu & Yip (2012). Habitat, bionomics, economic importance. This species was recorded from oil-seed camellia, Camellia oleifera Abel (Theaceae) (Jiang 1985, Zhang et al. 1987) and persimmon, Diospyros kaki Thunb. (Ebenaceae) (Xiong 1995, Lin et al. 1999) in China. In Taiwan it frequently occurs on bishop wood, Bischofia javanica Blume (Phyllanthaceae) (Miyamoto 1965, Liu & Tseng 2005, Tsai et al. 2011); an invasive population occurring in the Ryūkyū Archipelago was observed on the same host plant (Kanai 2010, 2013, Kanai & Sameshima 2011). Adults and larvae mainly feed on the generative parts of the host plant and frequently aggregate (Kanai & Sameshima 2011, Sameshima 2013). Host plant records presented by Ahmad & Moizuddin (1978) and Ahmad et al. (1979) from Pakistan are based on misidentification and pertain to S. perplexa. No published data are available on its bionomics in the Malay Archipelago, but a specimen from Java examined during the present study was collected on fruits of Malay gooseberry, Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (Phyllanthaceae). The life cycle of the species was described based on observations in the Ryūkyū Archipelago (Kanai& Sameshima 2011, Sameshima 2013). Egg batches are laid on the leaves of the bishop wood, usually on the lower side, composed of 60���70 (Kanai & Sameshima 2011, Sameshima 2013) or up to 78 (our observation) eggs arranged in two rows. Eggs hatch 12���13 days after oviposition. First instar larvae aggregate around the empty egg shells without feeding. The postembryonic development is completed in about 28 days (Kanai & Sameshima 2011, Sameshima 2013). Although it was recorded as a pest of persimmon in China (Xiong 1995), it is probably of insignificant economic importance. Remarks. This species has a long and confused nomenclatural history, summarized below. (1) Its oldest name, Cimex amethystinus Lichtenstein, 1796 is unavailable, as it was published in a work suppressed for nomenclatural purposes (Opinion 1820) (ICZN 1995). (2) Cimex fasciatus Panzer, 1798 is a junior secondary homonym of Acanthia fasciata Fabricius, 1787 (junior synonym of Cimex (now Anthocoris) nemorum Linnaeus, 1761, Anthocoridae) subsequently combined with the generic name Cimex Linnaeus, 1758 by Villers (1789: 398) and Gmelin (1790: 2125) (cf. Dolling et al. 1999: 33). In spite of this homonymy this scutellerid species has commonly been referred to in the literature in the combination Scutellera fasciata. The relevant taxa have not been considered congeneric since about 1814. Kirkaldy (1909) explicitly treated C. fasciatus Panzer, 1798 as preoccupied and treated Scutellera amethystina (Germar, 1839) as the valid name of this species. This act is an explicit replacement (ICZN 1999, Art. 60) of the junior secondary homonym with an available and potentially valid synonym, therefore Cimex fasciatus is permanently invalid (ICZN 1999, Art. 59.3). (3) Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837 was synonymized with S. fasciata by Dallas (1851) and subsequently it has never been cited as valid except of Dolling et al. (1999: 7). (4) Calliphara amethystina Germar, 1839 is a junior secondary homonym and subjective junior synonym of Cimex amethystinus Lichtenstein, 1796, but as the latter is unavailable, it does not take precedence over the junior name. The name was used by Kirkaldy (1909) and several subsequent authors as the valid name of the biological species in concern, but this practice is erroneous, as this name is pre-dated by Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837. Dallas (1851) recognized all the above species as conspecific; all subsequent authors followed this interpretation. Based on the re-examination of the available types and dissection of several specimens from southeastern Asia (China, Taiwan, and Indonesia: Java) we concur with Dallas (1851) in recognizing them as conspecific. However, as the population in continental Asia and in the Malay Archipelago sharply and constantly differ in colour, and no transitional specimens were seen, we recognize them as two geographic subspecies. The lectotype of Tectocoris nepalensis pertains to the former one, that of Calliphara amethystina to the latter. As T. nepalensis is an available name, following Dolling et al. (1999) we recognize it as the valid name of the species, and downgrade C. amethystina to subspecies rank. Most of the previous authors used Scutellera amethystina as the valid name of this species, without differentiating subspecies. Previous literature records of S. amethystina therefore might pertain either to S. nepalensis nepalensis or S. nepalensis amethystina, or frequently to both of them. Such references are listed under the nominotypical subspecies in the literature reviews below. Tectocoris nepalensis was described based on an unspecified number of specimens (syntypes) (Westwood 1837). The single syntype deposited in OXUM (Figs. 1���4) was erroneously listed as the holotype of the unrelated species Poecilocoris nepalensis (Herrich-Sch��ffer, 1837) by Ahmad & Kamaluddin (1982), thus effectively designating it as the lectotype of the latter (ICZN 1999, Art. 74.6), however, invalidly, because the specimen in concern certainly cannot be considered as a syntype of that species (ICZN 1999, Art. 74.2). The same specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837. G��llner-Scheiding (2006) claimed that the syntype (s) of Calliphara amethystina were lost; however, four specimens deposited in the ZMHB were examined during the present study which likely represent syntypes, and one of them is designated as lectotype. The specimen figured by Lin et al. (1999: 47, fig. 15-85) identified as S. fasciata is apparently S. perplexa. The specimen in the photograph of Ho (2003: 195) identified as S. amethystina and the painting of Cai & Li (2015: 157) purportedly showing S. fasciata both represent Brachyaulax cyaneovitta (Walker, 1867). The specimen photographed by Parveen & Gaur (2015: 181) as S. fasciata represents Tetrarthria variegata Dallas, 1851. A partial 16S rRNA gene sequence for S. nepalensis nepalensis (as S. amethystina) was provided by Hsieh et al. (2019) and it is available from GenBank (accession no. HG810206.1). Distribution. Scutellera nepalensis is widely distributed in the Sub-Himalayan belt, South China, Indo-China, Taiwan, the Ryūkyū Archipelago, and the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 72); see also under its two subspecies.
Published as part of R��dei, D��vid & Tsai, Jing-Fu, 2022, A revision of Scutellera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 5092 (1) on pages 5-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5869434
{"references":["Tsai, J. F., Redei, D., Yeh, G. F. & Yang, M. M. (2011) Jewel bugs of Taiwan (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 309 pp.","Kanai, K. & Sameshima, S. (2011) A preliminary study of the habits and distribution of a newly found shield-backed bug (Scutellera amethystina?) in the Amami Islands. Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, 30, 51 - 58. [in Japanese]","Sameshima, S. (2013) Notes on Scutellera amethystina in Kagoshima Prefecture. Gekkan-Mushi, 513, 23 - 25 [in Japanese]","Yiu, V. & Yip, C. H. (2012) A photographic guide to Hong Kong True Bugs. Hong Kong Entomological Society, Hong Kong, 263 pp. [in Chinese]","Jiang, Z. L. (1985) [The Hemiptera of Yunnan - a list of the family Pentatomidae.] Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology, 1985 (2), 54 - 67. [in Chinese]","Zhang, S. M., Lin, Y. J. & Jiang, Z. L. (1987) Pentatomidae. In: Huang, F. S. (Ed.), Forest insects of Yunnan. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming, pp. 113 - 148. [in Chinese]","Xiong, J. (1995) Scutellera perplexa (Westwood). In: Zhang, S. M. (Ed.), Hemiptera (2). (Economic insect fauna of China. Vol. 50.) Science Press, Beijing, pp. 21 - 22, pl. X. [in Chinese]","Lin, Y. J., Zhang, S. M. & Lin, Z. (1999) Scutelleridae. In: Huang, B. K. (Ed.), Fauna of insects, Fujian Province of China. Vol. 2. Fujian Science and Technology Press, Fuzhou, pp. 41 - 48 + 111 - 112. [in Chinese, English summary]","Miyamoto, S. (1965) Heteropterous insects of Formosa collected by Dr. Shirozu and others, 1961. Special Bulletin of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan, 1, 227 - 238.","Liu, J. - Y. & Tseng, Y. - H. (2005) [Wildlife in Fengyuan]. Fengyuan City Office & Endemic Species Research Institute, Fengyuan and Jiji, 215 pp. [in Chinese]","Kanai, K. (2010) [Scutellera amethystina (tentative name) invading Kagoshima Prefecture]. (Kagoshima-no Shizen Dayori [Nature News of Kagoshima]. 55). Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, Kagoshima, 1 p. [in Japanese]","Kanai, K. (2013) Collaborative investigation on Kikaijima in 2012 with junior and senior high school students about non-native insects (Cryptotympana facialis, Quadrastichus erythrinae, Scutellera amethystina and Suastus gremius). Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, 32, 1 - 5. [in Japanese]","Ahmad, I. & Moizuddin, M. (1978) Eggs and larval systematics of two species of shield bugs (Pentatomoidea: Scutelleridae) of Pakistan, with reference to phylogeny. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 10 (1), 95 - 102.","Ahmad, I., Moizuddin, M. & Khan, A. A. (1979) Generic and supergeneric keys with reference to a check list of lower pentatomoid fauna of Pakistan (Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) with notes on their distribution and food plants. Supplement of the Entomological Society of Karachi, 4 (4), 1 - 50.","Lichtenstein, A. A. H. (1796) Catalogus musei zoologici ditissimi Hamburgi, d. III. Februar 1796. Auctionis lege distrahendi. Sectio Tertia, continens insecta. Verzeichniss von hochstseltenen, aus allen Welttheilen mit vieler Muhe und Kosten zusammen gebrachten, auch aus unterschiedlichen Cabinettern, Sammlungen und Auctionen ausgehobenen Naturalien […]. Dritter Abschnitt. Schniebes, Hamburg, xiii + 222 pp.","ICZN (1995) Opinion 1820. A. A. H. Lichtenstein's (1796, 1797) Catalogus musei zoologici … Sectio Tertia. Continens Insecta and D. H. Schneider's (1800) Verzeichniss einer Parthei Insekten …: suppressed, with conservation of some Lichtenstein (1796) names (Insecta and Arachnida). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 52 (3), 283 - 285.","Panzer, G. W. F. (1798) Johann Euseb Voets Beschreibungen und Abbildungen hartschaalichter Insekten Coleoptera Linn. Aus dem Original getreu ubersetzt mit der in selbigem fehlenden Synonymie und bestandigem Commentar versehen. Vierter Theil. Palm, Erlangen, 12 + 112 pp., pls. XXV - XLVIII.","Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis, observationibus, descriptionibus, emendationibus. Tom. II. Proft, Hafniae [Copenhagen], 382 pp.","Villers, C. J. de (1789) Caroli Linnaei entomologia, faunae suecicae descriptionibus aucta; DD. Scopoli, Geoffroy, de Geer, Fabricii, Schrank, & c. speciebus vel in systemate non enumeratis, vel nuperrime detectis, vel speciebus Galliae Australis locupletata, generum specierumque rariorum iconibus ornata. Tomus quartus. Piestre et Delamolliere, Lugduni [Lyon], ccxiii + 556 pp., 1 table, 1 pl.","Gmelin, J. F. (1790) Caroli a Linne Systema Naturae [ed. 13]. Tom. I. pars 4. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig], pp. 1517 - 2224.","Dolling, W. R., Rider, D. A. & Rolston, L. H. (1999) Catalog of the names of Cimex Linnaeus, with comments on early works concerning the Heteroptera. (Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs.) Entomological Society of America, Lanham, 154 pp.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera), with biological and anatomical references, lists of foodplants and parasites, etc. Prefaced by a discussion on nomenclature, and an analytical table of families. Vol. I. Cimicidae. F. L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Germar, E. F. (1839) Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Schildwanzen. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie, 1, 1 - 146, 1 pl.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.","Walker, F. (1867) Catalogue of the specimens of Heteropterous-Hemiptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Scutata. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 240 pp.","Breddin, G. (1909) Rhynchoten von Ceylon, gesammelt von Dr. Walter Horn. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 53, 250 - 309.","Stal, C. (1854) Nya Hemiptera. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 11 (8), 231 - 255.","Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 368 pp., XI pls.","Ahmad, I. & Kamaluddin, S. (1982) A revision of the genus Poecilocoris Dallas (Pentatomoidea: Scutelleridae) from Indo- Pakistan Subcontinent with descriptions of three new species. Oriental Insects, 16 (3), 259 - 295.","Gollner-Scheiding, U. (2006) Family Scutelleridae Leach, 1815 - shield bugs. In: Aukema, B. & Rieger, Chr. (eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Volume 5. Pentatomomorpha II. Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, pp. 190 - 227.","Ho, J. Z. (2003) [Illustrated handbook of true bugs of Taiwan.] (Kiss Nature Series, vol. 2.) Chin-Chin Publications, Taipei, 210 pp. [in Chinese]","Cai, W. Z. & Li, H. (2015) [Illustrated insects of China.] Shanxi Science and Technology Press, Taiyuan, [12] + 307 pp. [in Chinese]","Parveen, S. & Gaur, A. (2015) Illustrated key to the Indian genera of Scutelleridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Indian Journal of Entomology, 77 (2), 169 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.5958 / 0974 - 8172.2015.00034.6","Hsieh, C. - H., Huang, C. - G., Wu, W. - J. & Wang, H. - Y. (2019) A rapid insect species identification system using mini-barcode pyrosequencing. Pest Management Science, 76 (4), 1222 - 1227. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ps. 5674"]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Scutelleridae, Scutellera, Scutellera nepalensis, and Scutellera nepalensis amethystina (germar, 1839)

Scutellera nepalensis amethystina (Germar, 1839), new status (Figs. 11���13, 15, 16) Cimex amethystinus Lichtenstein, 1796: 103. For unnamed species in Stoll (1787: 138, pl. XXXVI fig. 251). Syntype (s): unknown locality; ZMUH? Unavailable, published in a work placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 1820) (ICZN 1995). Calliphara amethystina Germar, 1839: 124. Syntype (s): [Indonesia:] Java; ZMHB! Junior secondary homonym and junior subjective synonym of Cimex amethystinus Lichtenstein, 1796. Synonymized with fasciata by Dallas (1851: 19). Callidea lanius St��l, 1854: 231. Syntype (s): [Indonesia:] Java; NHRS! Synonymized with S. amethystina (Germar, 1839) by Vollenhoven (1863: 12). Confirmed subjective synonym. Scutellera pilosa: Vollenhoven (1863: 13). Unavailable name (ICZN 1999, Art. 11.6). Philia amethystina: Schi��dte (1843: 286) (diagnostic characters). Calliphara amethystina: Herrich-Sch��ffer (1853: 30) (listed, distribution). Scutellera amethystina: Vollenhoven (1863: 12) (redescription, records, distribution, variability), Mayr (1866: 22) (record), (Walker 1868: 507) (listed, distribution). Scutellera lanius: St��l (1856: 51) (redescription, distribution), Dohrn (1859: 2) (catalogue, distribution), Walker (1867: 15) (records). Scutellera fasciata var. lanius: St��l (1873: 14) (diagnosis, distribution) Lethierry & Severin (1893: 21) (catalogue), Breddin (1901: 9) (distribution), Schouteden (1904: 23) (catalogue). Scutellera amethystina var. lanius: Kirkaldy (1909: 303) (catalogue). Scutellera pilosa: Krikken et al. (1981: 252) (listed). Diagnosis. Differs from the nominotypical subspecies in the purple ground colour of the body. Distribution. This subspecies is widely distributed in the Malay Archipelago, and extends to Wallacea (Lombok Is., Sulawesi, Ambon Is.; a specimen from an unspecified locality of the Sunda Islands was seen as well) (Fig. 72). The record from Malacca (Walker 1867) might pertain to this subspecies or it is possibly erroneous. INDONESIA. Sumatra !; Borneo: Pelaihari!; Java !; Bali Is. !; Lombok Is. !; Sulawesi !; Ambon Is. !; Sunda Islands: unspecified locality! Type material examined. Calliphara amethystina Germar, 1839. Lectotype: ♂, ���2���, ��� Java Hag��� [hw, badly darkened], ���Var \ villosa Hagenb��� [hw, badly darkened], ��� pilosa De Haan \ Java De Haan��� [hw yellow sq], ��� Java \ Hagenb.��� [yellow, hw], ���amethystina \ Stoll. 251��� [hw], ��� Scutellera \ nobilis F. \ var.��� [hw]; pinned, distiflagelli of both antennae and right mid leg lacking (ZMHB) (Figs. 11���14). Paralectotypes (1 ♂ 2 ♀♀): ���Cat. No 2��� [hw], ��� Java \ Hagenb.��� [yellow, hw], ��� Scutellera \ nobilis F. \ var.��� [hw] (1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ ZMHB). Callidea lanius St��l, 1854. Lectotype (present designation): ♀, ��� Java ��� [hw], ���lanius \ St��l.��� [hw], ���Type.���, ��� Typus ��� [red, with pr black frame], ���NHRS-GULI \ 000044793���; pinned, right distiflagellum, right fore tarsus, left mid leg, left hind tarsus lacking (NHRS) (Figs. 15���17). Paralectotype: ♀, ��� Java ���, ��� St��l ���, ���Type.���, ��� Paratypus ��� [red, with pr black frame], ���NHRS-GULI \ 000044794���; pinned, left distiflagellum, right flagellum, right fore and mid legs, and tibia and tarsus of right hind leg lacking (NHRS). Additional specimens examined. INDONESIA. Sumatra: Deli [Serdang], leg. H. Fruhstorfer (1 ♂ NHMW), same but leg. L. Martin (1 ♀ ZMHB), Tandjong [= Tanjung] Morawa, leg. B. Hagen (1 ♀ RMNH), Sumatra, coll. Noualhier 1898 (1 ♀ MNHN), Kepahiang, v. Lansberg (1 ♂ RMNH); Borneo: Pleihari [= Pelaihari], 1866, leg. Semmelink (1 ♀ RMNH), Borneo (2 ♂♂ NHMW), same, coll. Muller (1 ♀ RMNH); Java: Batavia [= Jakarta], coll. P. Serre 1904 (2 ♂♂ MNHN), same locality, Novara Exp. (1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ NHMW), same locality, 11.v.1881, leg. Moskowi (1 ♀ NHMW), same locality, Jagor, 7100 (1 ♀ ZMHB), Baai v. Batavia [= Jakarta Bay], 1928, leg. W.C. v. Heurn (2 ♂♂ RMNH), Buitenzorg [= Bogor], leg. A. Ward, B.M.1901-313 (1 ♀ BMNH), same locality, leg. v. d. Hoeven (1 ♂ RMNH), same locality, [18]98, leg. Fleischer (2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ ZMHB), same locality, 1918, leg. W. Roepke, coll. D. MacGillavry (5 ♂♂ ZMAN> RMNH), same locality, 16.viii.1926, on fruit of Phyllanthus acidus (1 ♀ RMNH), same locality, 250 m, 17.iv.1923, No. 612, leg. L.G.E. Kalshoven (1 ♂ RMNH), Boitenzorg [= Buitenzorg, = Bogor] (3 ♀♀ ZMHB) Sukabumi, 2000 ft., 1893, leg. H. Fruhstorfer, coll. Noualhier 1898 (1 ♀ MNHN), Preanger [= Parahyangan], Regentschappen [= Regencies], 1899, coll. M. Bartels (1 ♂ 1 ♀ ZMAN> RMNH), Preanger [= Parahyangan], Ardja-Sari [= Arjasari], coll. D. MacGillavry (1 ♀ ZMAN> RMNH), Pengalengan, 4000 ft., 1893, leg. H. Fruhstorfer (1 ♀ NHMW), Palabuan, coll. Noualhier 1898 (1 ♂ MNHN), Noesa [= Nusa] Kambangan, x.1917, coll. D. MacGillavry (1 ♀ RMNH), Kediri, coll. W.L. Distant, B.M.1911-383 (1 ♀ BMNH), Malang (1 ♂ HNHM), Java (3 ♀♀ BMNH, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ RMNH), same, coll. Muller (1 ♂ 3 ♀♀ RMNH), same but coll. v. Hasselt (1 ♂ RMNH), same but coll. Hagenb [eck] (2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ ZMHB), same but coll. Breddin (2 ♀♀ SDEI), same but coll. Noualhier 1898 (1 ♂ 1 ♀ MNHN), same but coll. Signoret (1 ♂ 1 ♀ NHMW), same but coll. W.L. Distant, B.M.1911-383 (2 ♀♀ BMNH), same but leg. X��ntus (1 ♂ HNHM), same locality, 1868, leg. Warsberg (1 ♀ NHMW), same locality, ii.1917, coll. D. MacGillavry (1 ♂ ZMAN> RMNH), same locality, 1924���1927, leg. W.C. v. Heurn (3 ♂♂ 6 ♀♀ RMNH), same locality, No. 257, leg. L.G.E. Kalshoven (1 ♀ RMNH); Bali Is.: 24.ii.1998 (1 ♂ 1 ♀ NSMT); Lombok Is.: i.1988, native collector (1 ♀ NSMT); Sulawesi: Celebes [= Sulawesi] (1 ♀ BMNH), same but leg. Wallace, coll. Saunders, 65-13 (1 ♀ BMNH); Ambon Is.: Amb [oina] [= Ambon Is.], leg. Wallace, coll. Saunders, 65-13 (1 ♂ BMNH); Sunda Islands: coll. Gedult [18]88 (1 ♀ NHMW).
Published as part of R��dei, D��vid & Tsai, Jing-Fu, 2022, A revision of Scutellera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 5092 (1) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5869434
{"references":["Germar, E. F. (1839) Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Schildwanzen. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie, 1, 1 - 146, 1 pl.","Lichtenstein, A. A. H. (1796) Catalogus musei zoologici ditissimi Hamburgi, d. III. Februar 1796. Auctionis lege distrahendi. Sectio Tertia, continens insecta. Verzeichniss von hochstseltenen, aus allen Welttheilen mit vieler Muhe und Kosten zusammen gebrachten, auch aus unterschiedlichen Cabinettern, Sammlungen und Auctionen ausgehobenen Naturalien […]. Dritter Abschnitt. Schniebes, Hamburg, xiii + 222 pp.","Stoll, C. (1787) Natuurlyke en naar ' t leeven naauwkeurig gekleurde afbeeldingen en beschryvingen der Wantzen, in alle vier waerelds deelen Europa, Asia, Africa en America huishoudende, by een verzameld en beschreeven. Part 10. J. C. Sepp, Amsterdam, pp. 135 - 142, pls. XXXV - XXXVI.","ICZN (1995) Opinion 1820. A. A. H. Lichtenstein's (1796, 1797) Catalogus musei zoologici … Sectio Tertia. Continens Insecta and D. H. Schneider's (1800) Verzeichniss einer Parthei Insekten …: suppressed, with conservation of some Lichtenstein (1796) names (Insecta and Arachnida). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 52 (3), 283 - 285.","Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 368 pp., XI pls.","Stal, C. (1854) Nya Hemiptera. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 11 (8), 231 - 255.","Vollenhoven, S. C. S. van (1863) Essai d'une faune entomologique de l'Archipel Indo-Neerlandais. Premiere monographie: Famille des Scutellerides. Martinus Nijhoff, La Haye, 60 pp., IV pls.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.","Schiodte, J. C. (1843) Revisio critica specierum generis Tetyrae Fabricii, quarum exstant in Museo Regio Hafniensi exempla typica. Naturhistorisk Tidskrift, 4 (1 - 2), 279 - 312.","Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. (1853) Alphabetisch synonymisches Verzeichniss der wanzenartigen Insecten nebst historischer Uebersicht der einschlagigen Literatur. In: Die Wanzenartigen Insecten. Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Neunter Band. Lotzbeck, Nurnberg, pp. 1 - 210. [pp. 1 - 104 and 105 - 210 issued separately]","Mayr, G. L. (1866) Hemiptera. In: Reise der Osterreichischen Freggate Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Teil, Bd. II, Abth. 1. Karl Gerold's Sohn, Wien, 204 pp., 5 pls.","Walker, F. (1868) s. n. In: Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part III. Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 419 - 599.","Stal, C. (1856) Hemipterologiska bidrag. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 13 (3), 51 - 68, 1 pl.","Dohrn, A. (1859) Catalogus Hemipterorum. Herrcke & Lebeling, Stettin, 112 pp.","Walker, F. (1867) Catalogue of the specimens of Heteropterous-Hemiptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Scutata. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 240 pp.","Stal, C. (1873) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska meddelanden. 3. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar Neue Folge, 11 (2), 1 - 163.","Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1893) Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Tome I. Heteropteres, Pentatomidae. F. Hayez, Bruxelles, x + 286 pp.","Breddin, G. (1901) Die Hemipteren von Celebes. Ein Beitrag zur Faunistik der Insel. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle, 24, 1 - 213.","Schouteden, H. (1904) Heteroptera, fam. Pentatomidae, subfam. Scutellerinae. Genera Insectorum. Fasc. 24. Verteneuil & Desmet, Bruxelles, 98 pp., 5 pls.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera), with biological and anatomical references, lists of foodplants and parasites, etc. Prefaced by a discussion on nomenclature, and an analytical table of families. Vol. I. Cimicidae. F. L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Krikken, J., Achterberg, C. van, Doesburg, P. H. van, Jong, R. de & Zwart, K. W. R. (1981) Samuel Constant Snellen van Vollenhoven (1816 - 1880) and his entomological work. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 124 (6), 235 - 268, 1 pl."]}

Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Scutelleridae, Scutellera, Scutellera nepalensis, and Scutellera nepalensis nepalensis (westwood, 1837)

Scutellera nepalensis nepalensis (Westwood, 1837) (Figs. 1���3) Cimex fasciatus Panzer, 1798: 108. Syntype (s): unknown locality; lost (G��llner-Scheiding 2006: 200). Junior secondary homonym of Acanthia fasciata Fabricius, 1787 (junior synonym of Cimex (now Anthocoris) nemorum Linnaeus, 1761, Anthocoridae); permanently invalid (ICZN 1999, Art. 59.3). Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837: 4, 14. Syntype (s): ♂, Nepalia [= Nepal]; OXUM! Synonymized by Dallas (1851: 19) and Distant (1900: 822) with fasciata. Calliphara nepalensis: Germar (1839: 123) (reproduction of original description, distribution). Scutellera nepalensis: Vollenhoven (1863: 12) (diagnostic characters), Dolling et al. (1999: 7) (nomenclature). Calliphara fasciata [referring to both subspecies]: Herrich-Sch��ffer (1853: 30) (listed, distribution). Scutellera fasciata [partly referring to both subspecies]: Dallas (1851: 19) (records), Dohrn (1859: 2) (catalogue, distribution), Walker (1867: 15) (records), St��l (1873: 14) (listed, distribution, variability), Atkinson (1884: 165) (distribution), Atkinson (1887: 162) (redescription, distribution), Lethierry & Severin (1893: 21) (catalogue, distribution), Distant (1900: 822) (listed, synonymy), Distant (1902: 50) (redescription, habitus, figures, variability, distribution), Schouteden (1904: 23) (catalogue, distribution), Esaki (1926: 144) (records, distribution), Hoffmann (1932b: 141) (record), Hoffmann (1935: 30, 163, 181) (catalogue, distribution), Tang (1935: 281) (catalogue, distribution), Chandra (1953: 100) (record), Hsiao & Cheng (1977: 61) (in key, redescription, figure, photo, distribution), Chen (1982: 133) (listed), Zhang et al. (1983: 48) (distribution), Chen et al. (1985: 46) (distribution), Datta et al. (1985: 20) (redescription, figure, distribution), Jiang (1985: 56) (distribution, host plant), Zhang et al. (1987: 117) (in key, host plant, distribution), Hua (1989: 43) (listed), Li et al. (1989: 38) (listed), Chen (1990: 152) (listed), Zhang & Lin (1992: 110) (record, distribution), Yang (1993: 211) (listed), Zhang et al. (1994: 65) (distribution), Xiong (1995: 21) (redescription, habitus, host plant, distribution), Chen (1998: 182) (distribution), Lin et al. (1999: 46) (redescription, distribution, host plants), Hua (2000: 169) (listed, distribution, host plant), Tsai et al. (2004: 795) (listed), Ghosh (2008: 418) (diagnostic characters), Wang et al. (2012: 108) (photo), Yiu & Yip (2012: 201) (redescription, photos of adult and larva). Scutella [inadvertent error] fasciata: Zhang (1985: 42) (distribution), Zhang (1986: 74) (distribution), Zhang et al. (1986: 69) (distribution). Scutellera amethystina [referring to both subspecies]: Kirkaldy (1909: 303) (catalogue, distribution), Kirkaldy (1910: 110) (listed), Hoffmann (1932a: 10) (listed), Wu (1933: 230) (catalogue, distribution), Yang (1934: 256) (diagnosis, figures, variability, records, distribution), Stichel (1961: 728) (catalogue, distribution), Stichel (1962: 208) (catalogue, distribution), Yang (1962: 23, 28) (in key, redescription, habitus, host plant, distribution), Sienkiewicz (1964: 114) (record), Miyamoto (1965: 227) (record, distribution, host plant), Li et al. (1989: 38) (listed), Yang (1993: 211) (listed), Dolling et al. (1999: 33) (nomenclature), Javahery et al. (2000: 491) (host plant, economic importance), Liu & Tseng (2005: 77) (diagnosis, photo, host plant, behaviour), G��llner-Scheiding (2006: 200) (catalogue, distribution), Shao et al. (2008: 504) (listed), Kanai (2010: [1]) (record, colour photo, host plant, distribution), Shao et al. (2010: 514) (listed), Kanai & Sameshima (2011: 51) (diagnosis, photos of adult, egg and larvae, host plant, reproduction, Tsai et al. (2011: 63, 153) (redescription, diagnostic characters, photos, figures, host plants, economic importance, records, distribution), Takai & Ishikawa (2012: 461) (photo, host plants, record, distribution), Enju (2013: 290) (diagnosis, photo, distribution, habitat, host plant), Kanai (2013: 2) (photo, distribution, bionomics), Sameshima (2013: 23) (photos of adults, egg batch and all larval instars,distribution, bionomics, oviposition, larval development), Zheng & Lin (2013: 131) (redescription, photos, host plants, distribution), Parveen et al. (2014: 251) (listed), Czaja (2016: 622, 637) (record, spermatheca, figure), Ishikawa (2016: 492) (catalogue, distribution). Diagnosis. Differs from S. nepalensis amethystina in the blue-green ground colour of the body. Distribution. This subspecies is distributed in Indo-China and westwards it extends to the southern slopes of the Central Himalaya (Fig. 72), but apparently it does not occur west of the Ghaghara (= Karnali) River. Its mass occurrence was recently observed in the Ryūkyū Archipelago (Okinawa Is.: 2006, Amami-Ōshima Is., Kakeromajima, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu Is., Takarajima: 2010, Kikai Is.: 2012) (Kanai 2010, 2013, Kanai & Sameshima 2011) where it arrived either via natural spread or human transport. A specimen was seen from Luzon; it probably also represents a migrating individual, the presence of stable populations in the Philippines is unlikely. The records from Pakistan (e.g. Ahmad & Moizuddin 1978, Ahmad et al. 1979) are based on misidentifications and pertain to S. perplexa; specimens of S. perplexa, misidentified by I. Ahmad and A.A. Khan as S. fasciata, have been examined (SDEI, USNM). The record from Belgaum, Karnataka, India (Distant 1902) is apparently based on misidentification too, a female from this locality deposited in BMNH pertains to S. perplexa. The single record from Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) (Hoffmann 1935) is also considered erroneous. The record from Yanyuan, Sichuan, China (Zhang & Lin 1992) is apparently based on misidentification as well, we have seen a voucher specimen (IZAS) from the same locality pertaining to S. perplexa. Hua (2000) listed it from Henan, China, but the source of this information is unclear and occurrence of this species so far north is unlikely. INDIA. West Bengal !; Sikkim !; Assam !��� NEPAL !��� BURMA (MYANMAR). Shan State !; Mandalay: Zibingyi (Chandra 1953); Bago: Pegu [= Bago] (Distant 1902).��� THAILAND. Chiang Mai Prov. !; Mae Hong Son Prov. !; Prachuap Khiri Khan Prov. !��� CHINA. Yunnan: Longling!, Ruili, Xishuangbanna: Menglong (Yang 1962, Hsiao & Cheng 1977), Guangnan (Jiang 1985); Guangxi !; Hainan: Jianfengling!, Nodoa [= Nada] (Hoffmann 1932b); Guangdong !; Fujian: Fuzhou!, Zhangzhou (Chen et al. 1985, Lin et al. 1999); Hong Kong !; Macau (Hoffmann 1935).��� JAPAN. Tokara Islands: Takara Is. (introduced?) (Kanai & Sameshima 2011, Sameshima 2013, Ishikawa 2016); Amami Islands: Amami-Ōshima Is.; Kakeromajima Is.; Tokunoshima Is., Okinoerabu Is., Kikai Is. (introduced?) (Kanai & Sameshima 2011, Takai & Ishikawa 2012, Kanai 2013, Sameshima 2013, Ishikawa 2016); Ryūkyū Islands: Okinawa Is. ! (introduced?); Yaeyama Islands: Ishigaki Is. ! (introduced?).��� TAIWAN (several localities were listed by Tsai et al. 2011).��� LAOS. Luang Namtha Prov. !; Hua Phan Prov. !��� VIETNAM. Lao Cai Prov. !; H��a B��nh Prov. !��� PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Los Ba��os! Type material examined. Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837. Lectotype (present designation): ♂, ���Type��� [c with red margin], ��� Nepal ��� [hw], ��� nepalensis Hope ��� [hw], ��� Scutellera \ fasciata \ Panz.��� [hw], ���TYPE. \ = = \ WESTW. (HOPE) \ C. Hemipt. 1837 \ Part I, page [pr] 14. [hw] \ Distant, P.Z.S. \ 1900, p. 807-825.��� [with dark red margin], ���TYPE HEM.: No 28 [hw] \ CALLIDEA [hw] \ OBTUSA [hw] \ WESTWOOD [hw] \ HOPE DEPT. OXFORD [pr]��� [with black margin]; pinned, left antenna, right flagellum, segment III of right fore leg, and right hind leg lacking, right side of abdominal ventrites IV���VI badly damaged (OXUM) (Figs. 1���4). Additional specimens examined. JAPAN. Ryūkyū Islands: Okinawa Is.: Yaeshima Park, 23.ix.2008, leg. M. Sugimoto (6 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ NSMT), On���na-son, 9.ix.2006, leg. M. Matsuba (1 ♀ NSMT); Yaeyama Islands: Ishigaki Is.: vii.1923, leg. S. Hirayama (1 ♂ SEHU, labelled as type of ��� Lamprocoris honshana n.��� [unpublished name] by S. Matsumura).��� INDIA. West Bengal: Dardjiling [= Darjeeling], leg. A. Desgodius, coll. R. Oberth��r 1900 (1 ♂ MNHN), Gopaldhara, 4.vii.1916, H. Stevens, B.M.1922-307 (1 ♀ BMNH), same locality, 4720 ft., [19]14, H. Stevens, B.M.1922-307 (1 ♀ BMNH), Gopaldhara, Rungbong [= Rangbhang] Valley, H. Stevens, B.M. 1922-307 (2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ BMNH), Darjeeling, Nurbong, 2050 ft., [19]14, H. Stevens, B.M.1922-307 (1 ♀ BMNH), Nurbong, leg. W.R. Webb, coll. Stevens, B.M. 1922-307 (1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ BMNH); Sikkim: coll. Noualhier (1 ♀ MNHN), coll. Christie (1 ♂ ZSMC); Assam: 5 km N of Umrongso, 25��27���N 92��43���E, 700 m, 21.v.1999, leg. L. Dembick�� & P. Pachol��tko (1 ♂ 1 ♀ NHMW), Assam (1 ♀ BMNH).��� NEPAL. Gandaki Distr., Gorkha, 600���1500 m, 1.vi.1999, leg. Z.Andr�� (1 ♂ MMBC), Bagmati Distr., Tris [h]uli, Bazar-Samri, Bhanjyang, 8.vi.1993, leg. J. & J. Probst (1 ♀ NHMW), Tamba Kosi Tal [= T~ K~ valley], 1000���1400 m, 30.iii.1964, leg. W. Dierl (1 ♀ NMPC).��� BURMA (MYANMAR). Shan State: Kalaw (1 ♂ 1 ♀ RMNH).��� THAILAND. Chiang Mai Prov.: 56 km NW of Chiang Mai, 7���14.vi.1995, leg. M. Sn��žek (1 ♀ ZJPC); Mae Hong Son Prov.: Ban Huai Po, 5.v.1991, leg. J. Hor��k (1 ♀ NMPC), same locality, 1���5.v.1992, leg. J. Strnad (1 ♀ NMPC), same locality, 1600 m, 8���17.v.1992, leg. S. B��l�� (1 ♂ NMPC), same but 15���19.v.1996 (1 ♀ NMPC), same locality, 1600���2000 m, 8���18.v.1992, leg. J. Hor��k (1 ♂ NMPC), Ban Si Lang env., near Mae Hong Son, 1200 m, 23���31.v.1991, leg. J. Hor��k (1 ♂ ZJPC); Prachuap Khiri Khan Prov.: Hua Hin, 19.v.2011, leg. S. Ohmomo (1 ♀ NMNS).��� CHINA. Yunnan: Longling, 25.v.1964, leg. Y.H. Chen (1 ♀ SYSU); Guangxi: [Longzhou], Longjin, Mt. Daqing, 1200 m, 18.ix.1958, leg. D.X. Gu (1 ♀ SYSU), Shang���en, Zhongnan Township, 200 m, 10.xi.1958 (1 ♀? lacking terminalia SYSU); Hainan: Jianfengling, 1.xii.1980, leg. M.B. Gu (1 ♀ NKUM); Guangdong: Gaoyao, Dinghu, 12.x.[19]74, leg. Z.Y. Chen (1 ♀ SYSU), Canton [= Guangzhou], xii.1924, coll. J. Duchaine 1927 (1 ♂ MNHN), Canton [= Guangzhou], Honam Is., P���an-yu Distr. [now Haizhu Distr.], 19.xii.1939 (1 ♂ SYSU), same but 1���7.ii.1948 (1 ♀ NKUM), [Guangzhou,] Lingnan Campus [now Sun Yat-Sen University campus], 25.iii.[19]37, leg. W. Ching (1 ♀ SYSU); Fujian: Foochow [= Fuzhou], 1935���1936, leg. M.S. Yang, coll. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, B.M. 1948-548 (3 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀ BMNH); Hong Kong: ii���iv.[18]94, leg. J.J. Walker (1 ♀ BMNH).��� TAIWAN. Pingtung County: Bozan [= Fangshan], 30.vi.1925, leg. J. Sonan (1 ♂ SEHU, labelled as type of ��� Lamprocoris bozanensis n.��� [unpublished name] by S. Matsumura); several additional localities were listed by Tsai et al. (2011).��� LAOS. Luang Namtha Prov.: Pou Lan, 13.v.1918, R. Vitalis de Salvaza, B.M.1918-1 (1 ♂ BMNH); Huaphanh Prov.: Ban Saluei [= B~ Saleui] ��� Phou Pane Mt [s]., 20��12��� 13.5���N 103��59.5������104��01���E, 1340���1870 m, 15.iv.���15.v.2008, primary mountain forest, individual collecting, Lao collector (1 ♂ 1 ♀ NMPC), Phu Phan [= Phou Pane] Mts., 20��12���N 104��01���E, 1500���1900 m, 17.v���3.vi.2007, leg. V. Kub��ň (1 ♀ MMBC).��� VIETNAM. Lao Cai Prov.: Sa Pa, Đ��o Tr���m T��n, 31.v.1999, leg. S. Nomura (1 ♂ NSMT); H��a B��nh Prov.: Hoa-Binh [= H��a B��nh], viii.[19]40, coll. A. de Cooman (2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ MNHN> IZAS), same locality, coll. A. de Cooman 1927 (1 ♀ MNHN).��� PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Los Ba��os, leg. Baker (1 ♀ USNM).
Published as part of R��dei, D��vid & Tsai, Jing-Fu, 2022, A revision of Scutellera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 5092 (1) on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5869434
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Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Scutelleridae, Scutellera, and Scutellera perplexa

Scutellera perplexa (Westwood, 1837) (Figs. 18���23, 34���37, 44, 45, 49���51, 57���60, 67, 68) Cimex nobilis (non Linnaeus, 1763): Fabricius (1775: 697; 1794: 80). Misidentification (Westwood 1837: 4, Dallas 1851: 18). Tectocoris perplexa Westwood, 1837: 4. Proposed for Cimex nobilis (non Linnaeus, 1763): Fabricius (1775: 697; 1794: 80). Syntypes: Ind[ia] Orient[ali] [= East Indies]; OXUM?, ZMUC? (not found). Scutellera fasciata (non Panzer, 1798): Ahmad & Mushtaq (1977: 25, 30���37) and authors. Misidentification. Cimex nobilis (misidentification): Sulzer (1776a: 113, 114) (redescription,distribution), Sulzer (1776b:pl. XI fig.c) (redescription, habitus), Fabricius ([1782]: 338) (diagnosis, distribution), Herbst (1784: 255) (redescription, habitus, distribution), Fabricius (1787: 280) (diagnosis), Gmelin (1790: 2128) (diagnosis, distribution), Fabricius (1794: 80) (diagnosis, distribution), Lichtenstein (1796: 102) (listed), Panzer (1798: 106) (redescription, habitus), Wolff (1801a: 49) (redescription, habitus, distribution), Wolff (1801b: 49) (redescription, habitus, distribution), Turton (1802: 615) (diagnosis, distribution). Tetyra nobilis (misidentification): Fabricius (1803: 129) (diagnosis, distribution), Thunberg (1823: 5) (listed). Tectocoris nobilis (misidentification): Hahn (1836: 24) (redescription, habitus, record). Calliphara nobilis (misidentification): Germar (1839: 124) (redescription, distribution), Herrich-Sch��ffer (1839: 59) (in key), Herrich-Sch��ffer (1840: 73) (figures), Amyot & Serville (1843: 30) (redescription, distribution), Herrich-Sch��ffer (1853: 30) (listed, distribution). Philia nobilis (misidentification): Schi��dte (1843: 286) (diagnostic characters). Scutellera nobilis (misidentification): Lamarck (1801: 293) (listed), Latreille ([1804a]: 164) (diagnosis), Latreille ([1804b]: 177) (diagnosis, distribution), Lamarck (1816: 491) (diagnosis, distribution), Latreille (1819: 442) (diagnosis, distribution), LePeletier & Serville (1828: 410) (listed), Burmeister (1835: 395) (diagnosis, distribution), Spinola (1837: 378) (diagnostic characters), Blanchard (1840: 158) (redescription, habitus, distribution), Dallas (1851: 18) (records), Dohrn (1859: 2) (catalogue, distribution), Dohrn (1860: 399) (listed), Vollenhoven (1863:11) (redescription, records, distribution, variability), Mayr (1866: 22) (record, variability), Walker (1867: 15) (records), St��l (1873: 14) (listed, records, distribution), Distant (1879: 44) (listed), Mason (1882: 43) (distribution), Atkinson (1884: 165) (distribution), Atkinson (1887: 161) (redescription, interspecific variability, records, distribution), Lethierry (1891: 142) (record), Cotes (1896: 82) (record, host plant), Distant (1901: 100) (record), Distant (1902: 51) (diagnostic characters, variability, distribution), Claybrooke (1903: 133) (listed), Nic��ville (1903: 119) (figures of adult and preimaginal stages, host plant, economic importance, record, distribution), Schouteden (1904: 23) (catalogue, figure, distribution), Maxwell-Lefroy (1909a: 303) (records), Maxwell-Lefroy (1909b: 672) (habitus, figures of eggs and larvae, host plant), Distant (1918: 116) (synonymy), Bainbrigge Fletcher (1920: 250) (records, host plants), Singh-Pruthi (1925: 145) (male genitalia, figure), Reh (1932: 437) (host plant, phenology), Chatterjee (1934: 5, 28) (records, distribution, host plants), Hoffmann (1935: 31, 163, 181) (catalogue, distribution), Beeson (1941: 772) (host plants), Chandra (1953: 100) (records), Mathur et al. (1958: 88) (host plant, economic importance), Jande (1959: 215) (karyotype), Kumar (1965: 46) (male and female genitalia, figures), Baloch et al. (1968: 107) (host plant), Srivastava & Dogra (1969: 525) (anatomy), Takenouchi & Muramoto (1969: 10) (karyotype), Kavadia et al. (1971: 372) (host plant, economic importance, control), Nair (1975: 63, 101, 222) (host plants, economic importance), Ahmad & Mushtaq (1977: 25, 30) (habitus, figures, morphology), Mathur (1977: 9) (anatomy of nervous system), Ahmad et al. (1979: 30) (listed), Ueshima (1979: 75) (karyotype), Ahmad (1980: 134) (listed), Afzal et al. (1982: 378) (cladistics), Nuamah (1982: 16) (karyotype), Mall & Gupta (1983: 93) (physiology), Agarwal & Baijal (1984: 55) (figures, male genitalia), Datta et al. (1985: 21) (redescription, figure, distribution), Nair (1986: 71, 109, 221) (host plants, economic importance), Afzal & Sahibzada (1988: 254) (morphology), Ghosh et al. (1994: 495, 498) (listed, diagnosis, figure, records, distribution, habitat), Meshram & Garg (1999: 536) (record, host plant, economic importance), Hua (2000: 169) (listed, distribution), Chakraborty (2004: 169) (listed), Khokhar & Khokhar (2004: 218) (redescription, habitus, host plant, record), Manoharan et al. (2006: 67) (photo, records, host plants, economic importance, parasitoids), Ambika et al. (2007: 370) (host plant, economic importance, development, economic importance, control), Biswas & Bal (2007: 301, 304) (listed, diagnostic characters, record, distribution), Chandra (2008: 142, 152) (listed, diagnosis, record, distribution), Ghosh (2008: 417) (diagnosis, figure, photo, host plant, economic importance, control, distribution), Prabhakar et al. (2008: 84) (diagnostic characters, phenology, bionomics, economic importance, distribution), Kulkarni et al. (2009: 126) (record, host plant), Aland et al. (2010: 463) (listed, photo), Biswas & Bal (2010: 230, 241) (listed, diagnosis, record, distribution), Chandra et al. (2010: 43) (record), Divakara et al. (2010: 738) (host plant, economic importance), Kumar & Naidu (2010: 62) (listed), Patel & Borad (2010: 800) (host plant, control), Ranga Rao et al. (2010: 11) (diagnostic characters, photos, host plants, life history, economic importance), Sharma & Srivastava (2010: 1116) (host plant, economic importance, control), Rajmohana et al. (2011: 106) (parasitoid), Regupathy & Ayyasamy (2011: 169) (host plant, economic importance), Sharma & Srivastava (2011: 89) (host plant, economic importance), Tara et al. (2011: 223) (listed), Anitha & Varaprasad (2012: 190) (distribution, host plant, bionomics, economic importance, control), Chandra & Kushwaha (2012: 103) (record, photo), Chandra et al. (2012: 159) (listed), Terren et al. (2012: 226) (host plant, economic importance), Sanyal et al. (2012: 656) (distribution), Sharma & Srivastava (2012: 74) (host plant, economic importance, oviposition, development, growth), Wu et al. (2012: 25) (listed), Becker et al. (2013: 240) (host plant, economic importance), Datinton et al. (2013: 104) (host plant, economic importance), Francis et al. (2013: 400) (host plant, economic importance), Habou et al. (2013: 606, 608) (host plant, economic importance), L��pez-Guill��n et al. (2013: 4, 6, 15, 16) (host plant, economic importance, natural enemies), Martin et al. (2013: 2) (host plant, economic importance), Singh et al. (2013: 199) (host plant, economic importance), Alonso & Lezcano (2014: 8) (host plant, economic importance), Babu & Livingstone (2014: 1813) (mtDNA-COI sequences), Kumar & Singh (2014: 72) (host plant), Rashid et al. (2014: 45) (host plant, economic importance), Djimmy & Nacro (2015: 1525) (host plant, economic importance), Alamu et al. (2016: 82) (host plant, economic importance), Nerlekar & Rajmohana (2016: 8737) (host plant, economic importance, natural enemy), Nikam & More (2016: 210) (listed), Tekam et al. (2018: 962) (host plant, economic importance), Pathan et al. (2019: 408) (diagnostic characters, photos, record, host plant, economic importance), Neupane et al. (2021: 7) (host plant, economic importance). Scutelera [inadvertent error] nobilis (misidentification): Ahmad et al. (1979: 47) (listed). Scutellera noblis [inadvertent error] (misidentification): Ahmad et al. (1979: 35) (records, host plants, phenology, habitus). Scutellera norrbilis [inadvertent error] (misidentification): Chakraborty et al. (1994: 473) (listed). Scutellera nobiles [inadvertent error] (misidentification): Hedge (1995: 17) (diagnosis, distribution). Callidea perplexa: Kirby (1891: 75) (record, distribution, variability). Scutellera perplexa: Lethierry & Severin (1893: 269) (catalogue, distribution), Breddin (1909: 258) (record, comparison with S. brevirostris), Kirkaldy (1909: 304, 380) (catalogue, distribution, host plants), Kirkaldy (1910: 109) (record), Bergroth (1915: 171) (listed), Hoffmann (1932a: 10) (listed), Tang (1935: 282) (catalogue, distribution), Ebeling (1950: 536, 554) (host plant, economic importance), Manna (1951: 6, 41) (record, host plant, karyotype), Manna (1958: 921) (karyotype), Stichel (1961: 728) (catalogue, distribution), Kumar (1962: 46, 53) (morphology, male and female genitalia, figures), Stichel (1962: 208) (catalogue, distribution), Sienkiewicz (1964: 114) (records), Baloch et al. (1968: 107) (host plant), Hsiao & Cheng (1977: 61) (in key, redescription, figure, photo, host plant, distribution), Nuamah (1982: 16) (karyotype), Wu (1984: 31) (distribution, host plants), Chen et al. (1985: 46) (host plants, distribution), Jiang (1985: 56) (distribution, host plants), Zhang et al. (1987: 117) (in key, host plants, distribution), Yang (1988: 101) (redescription, host plants, economic importance), Chen & Yang (1989: 46) (economic importance, distribution), Hua (1989: 43) (listed), Li et al. (1989: 38) (listed), Chen (1990: 154) (listed), Yang (1993: 211) (listed), Yu & Sun (1993: 77) (redescription, host plants, records), Zhang et al. (1994: 65) (distribution, host plants), Li et al. (1997: 44, 65, 144) (listed, host plants, distribution), Lin et al. (1999: 47) (redescription, habitus, distribution, host plants), Chen & Gu (2000: 53) (listed), Hua (2000: 169) (listed, distribution, host plants), Javahery et al. (2000: 491) (distribution, host plants, economic importance, control), Zhang & Chen (2003: 685) (listed, host plant), G��llner-Scheiding (2006: 200) (catalogue, distribution), Ou et al. (2006: 24) (listed), Shi & Xu (2006: 36) (host plant, in key), Wen & Yang (2007: 153) (listed, host plants), Yang (2007: 138) (host plants, economic importance), Chen et al. (2008: 106) (listed), Grazia et al. (2008: 936) (listed), Huang & Song (2008: 117) (records, host plant, economic importance), Parveen et al. (2010: 401) (redescription, photos, description, figures and photos of preimaginal stages, bionomics, phenology, development, host plant, economic importance), Tara & Sharma (2010a: 74) (diagnosis, photo, distribution, host plants, economic importance), Tara & Sharma (2010b: 266, 268) (host plant, diagnosis, economic importance), Sahai et al. (2011: 4684) (record, photos, description and photos of preimaginal stages, bionomics, phenology, development, host plant, economic importance), Tsai et al. (2011: 154) (diagnostic characters), Aland (2014: 90) (host plant, bionomics), Chandra et al. (2014: 200) (record, photo), Kumar & Singh (2014: 72) (host plant), Parveen et al. (2014: 237, 251) (record, morphology, figures), J.P. Singh et al. (2014: 265) (photo, record, host plant), K. Singh et al. (2014: 358) (photo, record, host plant, economic importance), Onkar & Nerlekar (2015: 179) (record, photo of 5th instar larvae, host plant), Singh & Kaur (2015: 90) (diagnosis, photos of adults and immatures, record, development, host plants, economic importance), Cai & Cui (2017: 622) (redescription, habitus, host plants, distribution), Sheikh & Iqbal (2017: 80) (diagnostic characters, photo, record, distribution), Jamwal et al. (2020: 154) (redescription and photos of adult and immatures, development, behaviour, host plant, economic importance, distribution), Neupane et al. (2021: 7) (host plant, economic importance). Scutellera perplex [inadvertent error]: Yang (1934: 257) (diagnostic characters, figure, records, distribution), Yang (1962: 23, 28) (in key, redescription, host plant, records, distribution), Yang & Wu (1981: 74) (host plants, distribution), Zhang et al. (1985: 11) (record, distribution), Chen (1987: 127) (redescription, habitus, distribution), Shen (1993: 32) (listed, host plants), Shen et al. (2014: 329) (listed, distribution), Bhagat (2015: 132) (host plant, economic importance). Scutellera perflexa [inadvertent error]: Goel (1972: 169) (unguitractor plate). Scutellera preplexa [inadvertent error]: Ueshima (1979: 75) (karyotype). Scutelleria [inadvertent error] perplexa: Hilgendorf & Goeden (1982: 149) (host plant, distribution). Scutella [inadvertent error] perplexa: Zhang (1985: 42) (distribution), Zhang (1986: 74) (distribution), Chen & Yang (1988: 89) (listed). Scutella [inadvertent error] perplex [inadvertent error]: Bhagat (2015: 129) (listed, distribution). Scutllera [inadvertent error] perplexa: He et al. (2010: 14) (host plant, distribution). Scutellera fasciata (misidentification): Mushtaq et al. (1975: 45) (preimaginal stages), Ahmad & Mushtaq (1977: 25, 30) (listed, habitus, figures, morphology), Ahmad & Moizuddin (1978: 95) (descriptions and figures of preimaginal stages, host plant, economic importance), Ahmad et al. (1979: 30, 35) (listed, record, host plant, phenology), Ahmad (1980: 134) (listed), Ahmad & Moizuddin (1980: 198) (anatomy), Moizuddin & Ahmad (1980: 19) (record, host plant, anatomy), Moizuddin & Ahmad (1981: 63) (anatomy), Afzal et al. (1982: 378) (cladistics), Javahery et al. (2000: 491) (host plant, economic importance). Diagnosis. Highly similar to S. nepalensis, the morphology of the exoskeleton is virtually identical in the two species. The dorsal markings of S. perplexa are highly variable (Figs. 18, 20, 22) but even in extreme cases the paired, obliquely transverse fasciae anteriad and posteriad of the middle of scutellum do not join the median vitta to form an extensive, confluent pattern as in S. nepalensis (Figs. 1, 2, 11, 12, 15). The two species are most reliably separated by the genitalia as it is explained under the Diagnosis of S. nepalensis. Redescription. Colour. Dorsum bright metallic blue-green, with complex black markings (Figs. 18, 20) which might be reduced or completely lacking (Fig. 22); head uniformly metallic blue-green, without black markings except of a pair of narrow, linear, parallel vittae margining clypeus and extending to base of head; scape orange to red with a narrow black annulus apically, pedicel and flagellum black; labium orange to reddish, segment III darkened, segment IV black; pronotum broadly margined with orange or red laterally, cicatrices narrowly bordered by black, a broad median vitta, a pair of small, oval submedian spots and a pair of small humeral spots on posterior lobe black; scutellum with a median vitta from its base to about its basal half, gradually tapering posteriad, with a pair of rounded spots at posterior part of basal tumescence, a pair of oval submedian spots anteriad and another pair posteriad to middle, invariably separated from median vitta, a pair of small marginal spots at middle, and a large subapical spot black; exposed portion of fore wing black, its base marginally orange; venter of head, thorax and abdomen as described in S. nepalensis. Morphology of the exoskeleton as in S. nepalensis. External male genitalia (Figs. 26, 27, 34���37, 44, 45, 49���51). Genital capsule (Figs. 26, 27, 34) subrectangular, boadly transversely truncate posteriorly in dorsal view, minute submedian denticles on posterior margin broadly separated, lateral margin (ventral rim) not emarginate and lacking distinct tubercles; infolding of ventral rim conspicuously bulging laterally, without distinct ridge along meson. Paramere (Figs. 35���37) similar to that of S. nepalensis but crown more strongly curved, its distal portion almost perpendicular to axis of stem. Phallus (repose: Figs. 44, 45, 51; inflated: Figs. 49, 50): second conjunctival processes with a large, flap-like lateral lobe (cp-II 1) with its ventral portion provided with several minute denticles, and with a mesal lobe (cp-II 2) terminating in a relatively long, claw-shaped sclerotized process; third conjunctival processes (cp-III) long, gradually tapering towards apex but distalmost portion again broadened; distal portion of aedeagus s. str. and phallotreme narrow. External female genitalia (Figs. 57���60, 67, 68). Ovipositor (Figs. 57���60). Laterotergites VIII flat, not protruding posteriad; laterotergites IX rather broadly rounded distally, closely approaching each other or adjacent along midline, greatly covering sternite X and median part of fused valvifers IX. Gynatrium (Fig. 67) with ring sclerites rather broadly separated from apex of anterolateral pouch proximally; a pair of small sclerites posteriad of spermathecal opening. Spermatheca: proximal duct slightly longer than distal duct and longitudinal diameter of dilation. Measurements (in mm). Body length to apex of scutellum 16.0���20.5; length of head 3.50���3.75, width across eyes 3.75���4.30, interocular distance 2.60���3.05; lengths of scape 1.00���1.13: basipedicellite 0.73���0.88: distipedicellite 1.85���1.90: basiflagellum 2.30���2.60: distiflagellum 2.25���2.55; median length of pronotum 3.95���5.20, humeral width 6.80���8.65; length of scutellum 10.0���13.2, greatest width 5.95���7.70. Intraspecific variability. The black markings of the dorsum are strongly variable, individuals lacking any markings (Figs. 22, 23), others with extensive markings (Fig. 18���21), and various transitional forms exist. Individuals with strongly reduced or absent black markings are most common in the Malabar Subregion and Sri Lanka. Preimaginal stages. Descriptions, figures or photos of the egg batch and different larval instars were presented by Nic��ville (1903), Ahmad & Moizuddin (1978) (misidentified as S. fasciata), Parveen et al. (2010), J.P. Singh et al. (2014), K. Singh et al. (2014), Onkar & Nerlekar (2015), Singh & Kaur (2015) and Jamwal et al. (2020). Karyotype. 10+XY (Manna 1951, Jande 1959). Detailed description and figures were presented by Manna (1951). Bionomics, economic importance. The species was recorded (partly as S. nobilis) from the jujube species Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. (as S. fasciata, misidentification) and Z. jujuba (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. (both Rhamnaceae), neem, Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Meliaceae) (Ahmad et al. 1979, as S. nobilis and S. fasciata, misidentification), and on Xanthium str
Published as part of R��dei, D��vid & Tsai, Jing-Fu, 2022, A revision of Scutellera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 5092 (1) on pages 17-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5869434
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Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae, Pyrrhocoris, and Pyrrhocoris sibiricus

Pyrrhocoris sibiricus Kuschakewitsch, 1866 (Figs 5���10) Pyrrhocoris sibiricus Kuschakewitsch, 1866: 98 (original description). Pyrrhocoris sibiricus: Josifov & Kerzhner (1978): 155 (synonymy of P. tibialis and P. sibiricus); Kanyukova (1982): 307 (differential diagnosis, figures of abdomen, genital capsule and paramere); Kanyukova (1988): 902 ���903 (key); Kerzhner (2001): 256 (catalogue); Gapon (2007a): 734 ���735, 737, 740���741 (description of male and female genitalia); Gapon (2007b): 1002 ���1005, 1007���1008 (description of male and female genitalia); R��dei et al. (2009): 38 ���39 (monograph). Pyrrhocoris tibialis St��l, 1874: 168 (original description). Syntypes: ♂ ♀, Japan (coll. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden). Confirmed synonymy. Pyrrhocoris tibialis: Liu (1981): 231, pl. 30: fig. 300 (key to species, redescription, habitus photo); Liu in Zhang (1985): 161 ���162, pl. XXIV: fig. 51 (redescription, habitus, egg, larva, distribution, biology, illustrations); Kraj��ček et al. (2016): 1 ���19 (chemical analysis of metathoracic scent gland secretion); Zhang et al. (2019): 1 ���13 (mitochondrial genome); Xu et al. (2021): 4, 9 (mitochondrial genome, phylogeny). Material examined. Pyrrhocoris sibiricus (form tibialis). CHINA: Tianjin: Wuqing Co., Dahuangpu Wetland Natural Conservation, 39��21���04������30���27��� N 117��10���33��� ���19���58���, 15.vii.2010, 2 males 3 females; Tianjin, Nankai Uni- versity Campus, parks and ruderals, 39��06���05���N 117��10���20���E, 14.���20.vii.2010, 25 males 24 females (1 male dis- sected) [collected under lights]; 13.viii.2016, 8 males 5 females 6 larvae (instar 5). All P. Kment lgt. and det. (coll. National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic). Comments. Josifov & Kerzhner (1978) listed Pyrrhocoris tibialis St��l among the synonyms of Pyrrhocoris sibiricus without any comment on this action. This synonymy has been accepted by most of the subsequent authors (cf. Kerzhner 2001; Gapon 2007a, b; R��dei et al. 2009). However, Liu (1981) treated P. tibialis as a valid species in the handbook to identification of Chinese insects. Following Liu (1981), P. tibialis is still considered valid by some authors (e.g., Zhang 1985, Kraj��ček et al. 2016, Zhang et al. 2019). Gapon (2007a, b) described male and female genitalia of five of the six valid species of Pyrrhocoris (see Kerzhner 2001), including those of P. sibiricus. My dissection of a male of P. tibialis from the Nankai University Campus, Tianjin, China, revealed the structure of the aedeagus (Figs 8���9) to be identical to illustrations of P. sibiricus by Gapon (2007a, b). Also the structure of the genital capsule (Fig. 6) and paramere (Fig. 10) are identical to the figures of P. sibiricus provided by Kanyukova (1982), which confirms the synonymy of P. sibiricus and P. tibialis as proposed by Josifov & Kerzhner (1978).
Published as part of Kment, Petr, 2021, A review of the fossil taxa originally assigned to Pyrrhocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), pp. 579-586 in Zootaxa 5081 (4) on pages 582-584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5778937
{"references":["Kuschakewitsch, A. A. (1866) Neskol'ko novykh' vidov' poluzhestkokrylykh' nasekomykh' (Hemiptera). [Several new species of true bugs (Hemiptera)]. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 4, 97 - 101, pl. II. [in Russian and Latin]","Josifov, M. & Kerzhner, I. M. (1978) Heteroptera aus Korea. II. Teil (Aradidae, Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Rhopalidae, Alydidae, Coreidae, Urostylididae, Acanthosomatidae, Scutelleridae, Pentatomidae, Cydnidae, Plataspidae). Fragmenta Faunistica, 23 (9), 137 - 196.","Kanyukova, E. V. (1982) Novye i maloizvestnye vidy poluzhestkokrylykh (Heteroptera) s Dal'nego Vostoka SSSR. (New and little known species of Heteroptera from the Far East). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 61 (2), 303 - 308. [in Russian, English title]","Kanyukova, E. V. (1988) 28. Sem. Pyrrhocoridae - krasnoklopy. [28. Family Pyrrhocoridae - fire bugs]. In: Lehr, P. A. (Ed.), Opreditel' nasekomykh Dal'nego Vostoka SSSR v shesti tomakh. Tom. II. Ravnokrylye i poluzhestkokrylye. [Keys to the Insects of Far East of the Soviet Union in six volumes. Vol. II. Orthoptera and Hemiptera]. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 902 - 903. [in Russian; book pagination: 972 pp.]","Kerzhner, I. M. (2001) Superfamily Pyrrhocoroidea Amyot & Serville, 1843. In: Aukema, B. & Rieger, C. (Eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 4. Pentatomomorpha I. The Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, pp. 245 - 258. [book pagination: xiv + 346 pp.]","Gapon, D. A. (2007 a) Stroenie, funktsionirovanie i morfologicheskoe sootvetstvie genitaliy samtsov i samok klopov roda Pyrrhocoris Fall. (Heteroptera, Pyrrhocoridae). (The structure, functioning, and morphological conformity of the male and female genitalia in the true bug genus Pyrrhocoris Fall. (Heteroptera, Pyrrhocoridae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 86 (4), 729 - 741. [in Russian, English summary]","Gapon, D. A. (2007 b) Structure, function, and morphological conformity of the male and female genitalia in the true bug genus Pyrrhocoris Fall. (Hymenoptera [sic!], Pyrrhocoridae). Entomological Review, 87 (9), 1099 - 1108. [English translation of Gapon (2007 a)] https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873807090011","Redei, D., Tsai, J. - F. & Yang, M. - M. (2009) Heteropteran Fauna of Taiwan: cotton stainers and relatives (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 52 pp.","Stal, C. (1874) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittils kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematisca meddelanden. 4. [Checklist of Hemiptera. Contribution to a list of all hitherto known Hemiptera, along with systematic notes.] Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 12 (1), 1 - 186. [in Swedish and Latin]","Liu, S. - L. (1981) Family Pyrrhocoridae. In: Hsiao, T. - Y., Ren, S. - Z., Zheng, L. Y., Jin, H. - L., Zou, H. - G. & Liu, S. - L., A handbook for the determination of the Chinese Hemiptera-Heteroptera