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Health aspects, Physiological aspects, Research, Control, Hyperlipoproteinemia -- Health aspects, Cholesterol -- Physiological aspects, Low cholesterol diet -- Research, Blood cholesterol -- Control, and Low-cholesterol diet -- Research

Both cholesterol and saturated fat in the diet have been linked to increased risk of coronary artery disease. Dietary cholesterol and saturated fat appear to contribute to heart disease by raising blood cholesterol. The elevated circulating cholesterol may adhere to the inner walls of the coronary arteries, slowing or blocking blood flow. While dietary cholesterol is only found in animal foods such as meat, eggs and dairy products, saturated fat may be found in animal or vegetable foods. Persons who wish to reduce their risk of heart disease are usually advised to make several changes in their diet: reduce cholesterol, reduce saturated fat, and increase fiber. The 58 participants followed a low-saturated-fat, high-fiber diet throughout the 12 weeks. To this background diet were added nine eggs per week for the first four weeks, zero eggs for the second four weeks and nine eggs per week for the last four weeks. Eggs were used as a source of cholesterol. The participants' blood cholesterol levels did not change significantly when the number of eggs was changed from nine to zero and back to nine. The subjects showed no consistent evidence of 'hyperresponse', defined as a greater than average increase in blood cholesterol in response to a given increase in dietary cholesterol. It is concluded that once a person is eating a low-saturated-fat, high-fiber diet, reducing dietary cholesterol to below 400 mg per day provides little additional benefit in terms of lowering blood cholesterol. A cholesterol intake of 400 mg per day is considered moderate and was provided in the diet containing nine eggs per week. When subjects added zero eggs to the background diet they consumed 90 mg cholesterol per day.

Risk factors, Health aspects, Research, Ovarian cancer -- Risk factors, African American women -- Health aspects, Oral contraceptives -- Health aspects, Breast feeding -- Health aspects, and Disease susceptibility -- Research

Background: Previous epidemiologic studies of ovarian cancer have focused chiefly on White women, who have a higher incidence of ovarian cancer than Black women. No study has previously examined risk factors for ovarian cancer among Black women. Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in Black women in relation to reproductive characteristics such as pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, and breast-feeding, and to determine whether differences in reproductive factors between Black and White women account for differences in ovarian cancer incidence. Methods: Combining interview data from seven case-control studies, we compared reproductive characteristics of 110 Black case subjects with a diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer between 1971 and 1986 with characteristics of 251 Black population control subjects and 114 Black hospital control subjects. We also compared the prevalence of reproductive factors in 246 Black population control subjects and 4378 White population control subjects and estimated the fraction of Black-White differences in ovarian cancer incidence attributable to racial differences in prevalence of these characteristics. Results: Decreased risks of epithelial ovarian cancer in Black women were associated with parity of four or higher (odds ratio [OR] = 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.25-1.1), breast-feeding for 6 months or longer (OR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.36-2.0), and use of oral contraceptives for 6 years or longer (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.24-1.6). A greater proportion of Black women (48%) than White women (27%) reported four or more term pregnancies, and Black women (62%) were more likely than White women (53%) to have breast-fed their children. Oral contraceptive use was more common among White women (59%) than Black women (51%). Conclusion: Differences in the prevalence of other factors related to ovarian cancer risk or differences in genetic susceptibility must explain most of the Black-White differences in incidence of ovarian cancer. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85:142-147, 1993]

Physiological aspects, Development and progression, Cancer invasiveness -- Physiological aspects, and Laryngeal cancer -- Development and progression

Background. Anatomic barriers to the spread of laryngeal cancer include the conus elasticus, the quadrangular membrane, and the thyroid cartilage. It has been speculated that an elastic barrier surrounds and protects the ventricle. Methods. The authors studied the microanatomic patterns of spread of 17 cases of patients who had laryngeal cancer with paraglottic disease and confirmed their findings by examining normal autopsy specimens. Results. Five patients of the seventeen cases showed no ventricular mucosal involvement despite extensive paraglottic disease. Both an inner, central, subepithelial periventricular elastic barrier, and a more peripheral periventricular elastic membrane barrier were identified; the latter was in continuity with the conus elasticus and quadrangular membrane. Conclusions. Two weak fibroelastic barriers surround the ventricle. The outer, peripheral, fibroelastic membrane is contiguous with the conus elasticus and the quadrangular membrane. Therefore, ventricular involvement is not a sensitive indicator of paraglottic spread. Squamous cell cancer may grow around the periventricular barriers to involve both the true and false cords but may spare the ventricle. The prognostic significance of the violation or preservation of the periventricular elastic barriers is unknown.

MICE (Computers)

Offers advice on how to prevent removal of a computer mouse's trackball. Dabbing super glue on the inside lid; Locking the trackball retaining ring into the mouse.

Training, Evaluation, Occupational safety and health -- Training, Employee trainers -- Evaluation, and Occupational health and safety -- Training

Social cognitive theory posits that behavior can be changed by observing others perform or describe performance of behaviors. This framework was applied to understanding health behavior change associated with workplace health and safety training. Questionnaires were developed and administered to 426 workers at a United Automobile Worker's Union health and safety training program. Participants received training from one of three trainers: (1) local union discussion leaders (LUDLs), (2) professional staff trainers, or (3) LUDLs with professional staff trainers. Data were collected in three phases: before, after, and three months post-training. Findings show that subjects trained by LUDLs identify most closely with their instructors, whereas subjects trained by staff trainers identify least closely with them. In addition, workers trained by LUDLs reported changing behavior as a result of training more often than workers trained by others.

LETTERS to the editor, DAY trading (Securities), BUBBLE gum, ECONOMICS, and ECONOMIC policy

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including "When the Bubble Bursts," in the January 30, 1999 issue, "Blame It on the Bubbles," in the January 23, 1999 issue, and "A Nervous Shuffle in Malaysia," in the January 16, 1999 issue.

Diagnosis, Health aspects, Surveys, HIV infections -- Diagnosis, HIV patients -- Health aspects, HIV patients -- Surveys, and HIV infection -- Diagnosis

A study of people living with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Ontario, Canada examines the demographic and health-related characteristics of people with AIDS who do and do not use community-based AIDS service organizations (CBAOs) and their patterns of mainstream service utilization. Results indicate that CBAOs are being accessed appropriately by those who were most vulnerable.

LETTERS to the editor

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including an editorial, a column by John Pilger concerning Robert F. Kennedy and Gordon Brown and the article "Inside Track" by Philip Gould. All of these items appeared in the May 14, 2007 issue.

World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks, 2001, Usage, Abnormalities, Health aspects, Diagnosis, Spirometry -- Usage, Health screening -- Abnormalities, Volunteers -- Health aspects, Lung diseases -- Diagnosis, and Medical screening -- Abnormalities

World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks, 2001, Risk factors, Demographic aspects, Health aspects, Multiple myeloma -- Risk factors, Multiple myeloma -- Demographic aspects, and First responders -- Health aspects