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biomineralization, calcium, manufacturing, Bacillus (bacteria), Microbial cementation, hydrolysis, biodegradability, mechanical properties, repellents, temperature, calcite, carbon dioxide, construction industry, urea, Crack reparation, Surface treatment, bacteria, biosorption, Cement-based materials, cement, Bacillus, heavy metals, and global warming

Bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, sulfates, durability, hydrolysis, Bacillus sphaericus, Concrete, ions, concrete, Magnesium sulphate, absorption, urea, Sporosarcina pasteurii, Surface treatment, bacteria, RCPT, Durability index, and permeability

deltamethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, pyriproxyfen, Pirimiphos-methyl, Trogoderma granarium, Spinosad, Deltamethrin, concrete, active ingredients, larvae, Surface treatment, mortality, spinosad, Chlorfenapyr, Pyriproxyfen, and chlorfenapyr

cypermethrin, Neonicotinoids, thiamethoxam, Insecticidal efficacy, larvae, Surface treatment, mortality, adults, bioassays, Trogoderma granarium, Pyrethroids, Tenebrio molitor, and concrete

principal component analysis, manufacturing, Wood products, topography, decks, wood, classification, forestry, profiles, checks, business enterprises, and surface treatment

Microfluidics, 3D cell culture, Thermal bonding, Hot embossing, Surface treatment, and COC

Includes references
Clinically relevant studies of cell function in vitro require a physiologically-representative microenvironment possessing aspects such as a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) and controlled biochemical and biophysical parameters. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic system with a 3D collagen gel has previously served for analysis of factors inducing different responses of cells in a 3D microenvironment under controlled biochemical and biophysical parameters. In the present study, applying the known commercially-viable manufacturing methods to a cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) material resulted in a microfluidic device with enhanced 3D gel capabilities, controlled surface properties, and improved potential to serve high-volume applications. Hot embossing and roller lamination molded and sealed the microfluidic device. A combination of oxygen plasma and thermal treatments enhanced the sealing, ensured proper placement of the 3D gel, and created controlled and stable surface properties within the device. Culture of cells in the new device indicated no adverse effects of the COC material or processing as compared to previous PDMS devices. The results demonstrate a methodology to transition microfludic devices for 3D cell culture from scientific research to high-volume applications with broad clinical impact.

LOADING, SPEED LIMITS, HIGHWAY, AIR, TOPOGRAPHY, BRIDGES, DISEASE VECTORS, MIGRANT LABOR, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, SOCIAL ISSUES, CRANES, MINIMUM WAGES, STRUCTURES, DISEASE, VEHICLE TRAFFIC, ROAD CONSTRUCTION, WELDING, INJURIES, SEDIMENT, FUEL, TRUCKS, SHARING, TRANSPORT, CONCRETE, TRAFFIC WARNING, SAND, AIR EMISSIONS, JOURNEY, ACCIDENTS, DISMISSAL, TOP MANAGEMENT, DRIVING, DRILLING, CRUSHING, HEAVY EQUIPMENT, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, CONTRACTOR, FLOODING, OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY IMPACTS, INSULATION, EROSION, HAZARDS, DEMOLITION, SANITARY FACILITIES, INTERMEDIARIES, NOISE LEVELS, VEGETATION, EVACUATION ROUTES, INSPECTION, TRADE UNIONS, FATALITIES, PEDESTRIAN, CEMENT, AIR POLLUTION, WOMEN WORKERS, FRAMEWORK, WAGES, MIST, ASBESTOS, UNDERGROUND, PERSONNEL, ENGINE, PERSONAL PROTECTION, RAIN, WORK ENVIRONMENT, STEEL, MASONRY, ORGANIZED LABOR, SANITATION, COMPACTION, WASTE, WORK PERMITS, SKILLED LABOR, EMPLOYMENT, QUALITY CONTROL, VEHICLE, CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, HAZARDOUS WORK, LANDSCAPING, VEHICLE OPERATORS, SIGNS, WORKER HEALTH, HEALTH EFFECTS, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, NOISE INSULATION, MIGRANTS, RISK FACTORS, OVERTIME, WORKING CONDITIONS, LABOR SHORTAGE, MIGRATION, COMMUNITY HEALTH, EARTHWORKS, EMISSION, LABOR COSTS, CONSTRUCTION, SMOKING, LABOR FORCE, EXCAVATION, NOISE BARRIERS, LABOR MANAGEMENT, LABOR LAWS, SPEED, GRAVEL, LAWS, NEIGHBORHOODS, GENERATORS, WORKPLACE, EXERCISES, HEAVY VEHICLES, LABOR SHORTAGES, INSURANCE, BLASTING, LABOR RESEARCH, SEXUAL HARASSMENT, RUBBLE, HIGHWAY PROJECT, BRAKES, WORKERS, CONSTRUCTION SITES, ISOLATION, OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES, SUPPLIERS, PUBLIC HEALTH, POSTERS, INEXPERIENCED WORKERS, SAFETY NETS, ROADS, HEALTH, AMP, SAFETY, POLLUTION PREVENTION, WASTE DISPOSAL, AGGREGATES, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, SURFACE TREATMENT, FORCED LABOR, CLINICS, VEHICLES, SAFETY HARNESS, DUST, MINIMUM WAGE, TRUE, SILT, RECYCLING, SEDIMENTATION, PRODUCTION PROCESS, LABORERS, TYRES, ROUTES, DRIVERS, STDS, LAND USE, HOSPITALS, STORMS, FIRST AID, AMBIENT NOISE, DRAINAGE, POLLUTION, INJURY, NOISE, WIRE, UNSKILLED WORKERS, FIRE SAFETY, ROAD, SAFETY ISSUES, and WORKING

This Handbook is intended to be a practical guide to help companies in the construction industry develop and implement an environmental and social management system, which should help to improve overall operations. In the current economic climate, companies are under pressure to perform or even just survive. New initiatives are often met with resistance as people struggle to keep up with their day-to-day responsibilities. Some people think that an environmental and social management system must be big, complicated and expensive. But that is not really true. To be effective, a management system needs to be scaled to the nature and size of the company. If a company has existing management systems for quality or health and safety, this Handbook will help to expand them to include environmental and social performance. Sections I and II provide background on environmental and social management systems (ESMS) in the construction industry. Section III provides step-by-step instructions on how to develop and implement an ESMS. The ESMS Toolkit and Case Studies section gives: 1) tools to help develop and implement the systems described in the Handbook; and 2) case studies presenting two companies in the construction industry that implemented an ESMS.

Surface treatment, Magnetic nanostructures, and magnetic properties

Includes references
Thermally evaporated 50-nm nickel thin films coated on borosilicate glass substrates were nanostructured by excimer laser (0.5 J/cm², single shot), DC electric field (up to 2 kV/cm) and trench-template assisted technique. Nanoparticle arrays (anisotropic growth features) have been observed to form in the direction of electric field for DC electric field treatment case and ruptured thin film (isotropic growth features) growth for excimer laser treatment case. For trench-template assisted technique; nanowires (70-150 nm diameters) have grown along the length of trench template. Coercive field and saturation magnetization are observed to be strongly dependent on nanostructuring techniques.

surface treatment, arginine, Listeria monocytogenes, microbial growth, cold storage, texture, palatability, flavor, food surfaces, antibacterial properties, bacterial contamination, food processing, food contamination, skim milk, storage quality, milk, soft cheeses, food storage, chemical concentration, food processing quality, and dodecanoic acid

Includes references
Lauric arginate (LAE) at concentrations of 200 ppm and 800 ppm was evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing cold growth of Listeria monocytogenes in whole milk, skim milk, and Queso Fresco cheese (QFC) at 4°C for 15 to 28 d. Use of 200 ppm of LAE reduced 4 log cfu/mL of L. monocytogenes to a nondetectable level within 30 min at 4°C in tryptic soy broth. In contrast, when 4 log cfu/mL of L. monocytogenes was inoculated in whole milk or skim milk, the reduction of L. monocytogenes was approximately 1 log cfu/mL after 24 h with 200 ppm of LAE. When 800 ppm of LAE was added to whole or skim milk, the initial 4 log cfu/mL of L. monocytogenes was nondetectable following 24 h, and no growth of L. monocytogenes was observed for 15 d at 4°C. With surface treatment of 200 or 800 ppm of LAE on vacuum-packaged QFC, the reductions of L. monocytogenes within 24 h at 4°C were 1.2 and 3.0 log cfu/g, respectively. In addition, the overall growth of L. monocytogenes in QFC was decreased by 0.3 to 2.6 and by 2.3 to 5.0 log cfu/g with 200 and 800 ppm of LAE, respectively, compared with untreated controls over 28 d at 4°C. Sensory tests revealed that consumers could not determine a difference between QFC samples that were treated with 0 and 200 ppm of LAE, the FDA-approved level of LAE use in foods. In addition, no differences existed between treatments with respect to flavor, texture, and overall acceptability of the QFC. Lauric arginate shows promise for potential use in QFC because it exerts initial bactericidal activity against L. monocytogenes at 4°C without affecting sensory quality.

grain protectants, treatment depth, layer application, surface treatment, wheat, stored product protection, application rate, storage insects, insect control, mortality, application methods, spinosad, and depth

Includes references
The biological insecticide spinosad was evaluated in laboratory bioassays as a surface treatment for wheat to control adult Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae and three psocid species, Liposcelis paeta, L. bostrychophila, and Lepinotus reticulatus. Spinosad was applied at 1 ppm to 35 g of wheat placed in a vial or to the upper one half, one fourth, or one eighth layer of the wheat; insects were either added to the vials before or after the wheat. When R. dominica were introduced into the vials after the wheat, mortality was 100% except for 83% mortality in the one eighth layer treatment. In contrast, when adults were placed in the vials before the wheat, mortality was 100% only when all of the wheat was treated. Mortality of S. oryzae was lower compared to R. dominica but there was some evidence of upward movement into the treated layers. Mortality of L. paeta and L. bostrychophila was

Sulfonic groups index, Linear low density polyethylene, Surface treatment, Blend, Low density polyethylene, roughness, and inorganic acids

Includes references
Surface treatment of linear low density polyethylene and low density polyethylene blends is investigated herein using nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and chromic acid. These chemical treatments not only make the surface rough but also introduce polar groups. A new method, “sulfonic groups index” (SI) is employed to quantify the newly generated polar groups in the wavenumber of 1,250-840 cm⁻¹ in the Fourier transform infrared spectra. The SI values effectively indicate that the most polar groups are incorporated into the chromic acid-etched samples among the three inorganic acids, which is also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and roughness tests. Besides, annealing treatment can enhance the crystallinity X c of all etched samples which plays a predominant role in the increase of roughness within 2 h. As etching time increases, chain scission and destruction of amorphous parts happen and roughness increases a lot for chromic acid-treated samples, but for sulfuric acid- and nitric acid-treated samples, the destruction of amorphous parts may not happen so that the roughness has not many changes.

surface treatment, storage insects, exposure duration, insect control, surfaces, concrete, Tribolium castaneum, duration, plywood, toxicity, vinyl compounds, mortality, Tribolium confusum, and chlorfenapyr

Includes references
The insecticidal pyrrole chlorfenapyr was applied to concrete, vinyl tile, and plywood surfaces, at an application rate of 1.1 g AI m-2. Adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, and adult Tribolium confusum (Du Val), the confused flour beetle, were exposed for 2 and 4 h, removed, and held without food for 7 d post-exposure. All beetles survived the initial exposures, but survival of both species decreased during the 7-d holding period, with T. confusum being the more susceptible species. Survival was generally lower on concrete than on tile or plywood, and was greatly reduced on all three surfaces after 4 h of exposure compared to 2 h. Survival of T. castaneum after 2 h of exposure on concrete, tile, and plywood was 2.5±2.5%, 25.5±15.4%, and 40.0±7.1%, respectively, after 7 d. In contrast, all T. confusum exposed on concrete and tile were dead after 4 and 5 d, respectively, while survival on plywood after 7 d was 20.0±16.8%. After 4 h of exposure, all T. castaneum and T. confusum exposed on concrete and tile were dead after 2-4 d post-exposure, while survival on plywood after 7 d was 41.5±6.4% and 0 for each species, respectively. Non-linear and linear regressions were fit to the data for both species. Results show exposure to chlorfenapyr is effective against T. castaneum and T. confusum, but efficacy will vary depending on the surface substrate.

insecticide-treated surfaces, surface treatment, insect growth regulators, insect control, Grapholita molesta, tebufenozide, surfaces, animal fertility, fecundity, methoxyfenozide, egg hatchability, sublethal effects, ecdysone agonists, insect reproduction, and longevity

Includes references

surface treatment, food packaging, plastics, milk fat, polyethylene, contact angle, sucrose, ethylene glycol, ethanol, ethylene, triolein, surface roughness, wettability, and packaging materials

Includes references
A top-view vibration system for measuring the apparent contact angle corresponding to the global energy minimum was applied in quantifying the effect of plastic film, roughness, and surface treatment on wettability. Liquids representing typical pure liquids (diiodomethane, ethylene glycol) and food products (10% ethanol, 3% fat milk, 10% sucrose, triolein) were tested on low linear density polyethylene (LLDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), exposed, or not, to commercial corona discharge treatment (CDT). Apparent contact angle values increased with surface tension of the liquid. The counterpart data derived by the common advancing method were higher, and could lead to erroneous values and misleading interpretations. The major effect of CDT was to enhance surface polarity by significantly increasing the polar component of surface free energy. Interactions between the packaging material and food could have a major effect on product quality, and should therefore be taken into consideration.

female attractiveness, male orientation behavior, male responsiveness, surface treatment, sexual behavior, methoxyfenozide, sex pheromones, wind tunnels, application methods, bioassays, sublethal effects, Grapholita molesta, ecdysone agonists, and sex attractants

Includes references
The chemical communication (female attractiveness and male responsiveness) of adult oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), exposed to surfaces treated with the ecdysteroid agonist methoxyfenozide for 48 h were investigated in two laboratory wind tunnel assays. The recapture assay examined the ability of treated males to orient to a single cage of treated females, and the data gathered were mean percentage of males recaptured per treatment. The male sexual behavior assay examined some specific orientation behaviors (associated with sexual excitability) of treated males when they were given a choice of two competing pheromone sources (cages of treated females), and the data gathered were mean time males spent in upwind plume orientations and at source contact (female cage) per treatment. Data from the recapture assay suggests that exposure to methoxyfenozide impacts male responsiveness more than female attractiveness. In contrast, data from the sexual behavior assay strongly revealed that exposure to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces does negatively impact both the ability of calling females to attract males and of aroused males to display sustained upwind flight behavior and time spent at the female cages.

surface treatment, insect growth regulators, storage insects, exposure duration, insect control, ova, mathematical models, embryogenesis, temperature, Plodia interpunctella, duration, embryonic mortality, hydroprene, and regression analysis

Includes references
Eggs of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), were exposed to the labeled rate of hydroprene (1.9 x 10-3 mg [AI]/cm2) sprayed on concreted petri dishes. These eggs were exposed for 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h and until hatching (continuous exposure) at temperatures of 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32°C and 57% RH until the emergence of first instars. The developmental time and egg mortality were significantly influenced by temperature and exposure periods. At 16°C, hydroprene did not cause differences in developmental time when eggs were exposed for different periods. At temperatures >16°C, both exposure period and temperature influenced developmental time. The maximum developmental time (15.0 ± 0.2 d) occurred at 16°C, and the minimum developmental time (3.2 ± 0.3 d) occurred at 32°C. Mortality increased when eggs were exposed to hydroprene for longer periods at all of the five tested temperatures. The greatest mortality (81.6 ± 2.1%) occurred when eggs were continuously exposed on treated surfaces at 32°C. We used developmental time instead of rate (1/developmental time) to fit simple linear or polynomial regression models to the development data. Appropriate models for developmental time and mortality were chosen based upon lack-of-fit tests. The regression models can be used in predictive simulation models for the population dynamics of Indianmeal moth to aid in optimizing use of hydroprene for insect management.

surface layer depth, grain temperature, vertical distribution, surface treatment, stored product protection, Rhyzopertha dominica, storage insects, insect control, diatomaceous earth, depth, temperature, spatial distribution, duration, mortality, insect reproduction, oviposition, and winter wheat

Includes references
Diatomaceous earth (DE) can be used as a surface treatment in stored wheat Triticum aestivum (L.) to control pest infestations. However, it is not known how the thickness of the DE-treated wheat layer or grain temperature impact effectiveness. Therefore, we conducted an experiment in growth chambers to assess the effect of different surface layers of hard winter wheat combined with DE on spatial distribution, adult survival, and progeny production of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and to determine whether temperature and exposure interval modified this effect. When adult lesser grain borers were released in experimental towers containing untreated wheat or wheat admixed with DE to a surface layer depth of 15.2, 22.9, or 30.5 cm, they were able to penetrate all DE layers and oviposit in the untreated wheat below. However, survival was significantly reduced in adults exposed to DE. Survival decreased both with increasing depth of the DE-treated wheat and with exposure interval. Temperature had no effect on adult survival, but significantly more progeny were produced at 32 than at 27°C. Progeny production was inversely correlated with the depth of the DE-treated layer. Vertical distribution patterns of parental beetles were not significantly different among treatments or exposure intervals; however, more insects were found at greater depths at 32 than at 27°C. The F1 production was reduced by 22% at the thickest DE-treated layer. However, we conclude that this level of survival could leave a residual population of lesser grain borers that would probably be above an allowable threshold for insect damage.

surface treatment, stored product protection, dose response, storage insects, pesticide formulations, mite control, insect control, slurries, dust formulations, mortality, diatomaceous earth, surfaces, and storage mites

Includes references
The efficacy of dry dust and slurry applications of Silico-sec and Diasecticide, applied to glass and plastic surfaces, was assessed in the laboratory against the beetles Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus granarius and Oryzaephilus surinamensis, the mites Acarus siro and Lepidoglyphus destructor, and against larvae of the moth Ephestia kuehniella. For the insects, doses of 5, 10 and 20 g/m2 were evaluated for all preparations, while for the mites 0.5, 1 and 2 g/m2 of the dry dusts, and 2.5, 5 and 10 g/m2 of the slurries were assessed. Mortality was evaluated after 7 days and 24 h for the insects and mites, respectively, in conditions of 15 °C and 80% r.h., chosen to represent typical UK conditions immediately after harvest. The Silico-sec dry dust was the most effective treatment with mean mortalities ranging from 93-100% for all the pest species at all doses. The Diasecticide dry dust was ineffective against T. castaneum and S. granarius with mean mortalities ranging from 86-98% for the other species at the highest dose. With both DEs the slurry applications were generally less effective than the dry dusts at equivalent doses. Oryzaephilus surinamensis was the least tolerant insect species and S. granarius and T. castaneum the most tolerant. The mite A. siro was less tolerant than L. destructor.

insect barriers, root weevils, pest exclusion, surface treatment, wet environmental conditions, insect control, lithium, dust formulations, oils, surfaces, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, talc, physical control, adhesion, locomotion, polymers, and powders

Includes references

insect age, surface treatment, adult insects, insecticides, insect development, eclosion, progeny, insect control, tebufenozide, surfaces, animal fertility, fecundity, methoxyfenozide, duration, topical application, age, sublethal effects, insect pests, ecdysone agonists, insect reproduction, and Cydia pomonella

Includes references