Abstract
Abstract:
[EN] Citrus production has had a great social, historic as well as economic impact in Salto Grande region. Many researches have been carried out on biotechnological transformations of orange juices. Thereby it has been developed the orange sparkling wine, obtained by second fermentation in bottle of a still orange wine, adjusting the traditional "champenoise" method. The main quality characteristic of this product is effervescence; bubbles form and ascend through the fluid mass when a bottle of sparkling wine is uncorked. The objectives of this thesis were to develop the "orange sparkling wine", to describe the kinetics of bubbles released in a glass of wine applying image analysis and to analyse physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of the final product, as well as processing conditions, that could affect foaming properties. The influence of length of time in contact with yeasts was studied, orange sparkling wines were kept 9, 12 and 18 months aging on lees. In addition, the effect of autholised yeasts addition in the tirage liquor to enhance foaming properties was analysed. In order to describe the orange sparkling wine, chemical characteristics were determined: alcoholic degree, pH, acidity, sugar content, glycerol, sulphur dioxide. Physical properties such as density, viscosity, surface tension were measured. A special test chart to describe effervescence, nucleation, ascend and collapse of bubbles was deisgned to develop sensorial description of foaming features. A sensorial panel was specially trained to evaluate these characteristics, focusing on foam and bubble trains. Digital videos were captured in real time, after pouring a glass of sparkling wine in similar conditions to those that a consumer experiments. The combination of process conditions and factors involved, allowed us to obtain orange sparkling wine with similar physicochemical characteristics to commercial sparkling wines obtained from grapes. Different aging time in contact with lees did not affect significantly most of the physicochemical characteristics studied in these wines as neither did the addition of autholised yeast. To deeply understand the influence of aging time on foaming properties, orange sparkling wine with shorter periods of time in contact with lees should be produced. Sensory evaluation results showed that effervescence is quite soft and the bubbles speed is moderate. All final products got a satisfactory global score. There were no significant differences between samples obtained from different treatments. The images obtained from the videos caught from a glass of sparkling wine, were processed, thus it was possible to follow foaming evolution as well as many other parameters. Persistence, size and critical radio before collapse were calculated to describe the foam ring formed at the periphery of a flute poured with the wine, the collar height; frequency of bubbles nucleation, as well as growing rates, that characterized each bubbles train, were measured. Using these parameters values, it was possible to modell kinetic flow regime at millimetric scale. An instrumental non-destructive technique, enabled us to investigate effervescence and foaming features, in conditions much closer to the real ones that a consumer enjoy while tasting a sparkling wine. The image analysis allowed us to quantify speed, frequency, growing rates, final size and persistence of foam. All these results were related to qualitative sensory attributes: velocity of bubbles, frequency of bubbles formation, size of bubbles, foam stability, thus enabling a thorough assessment of foaming properties that characterized the orange sparkling wine obtained. Image analysis results and the physicochemical determinations altogether allowed the thoroughly description of bubbles kinetic. These parameters will be used to describe the hydrodynamic of bubbles ascent, applying principles of molecular diffusion.
