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• Thermal and Cold Spray: Recent Developments
• The Emergence of Cold Spray as a Tool for Surface Modification
• Thermal Spraying of Wear and Corrosion Resistant Surfaces
• Tailored Surfaces by Means of Thermal Spraying and Post-Treatment
• Near-Net-Shape and Dense Wear Resistant Thermally Sprayed Coatings
• Laser Surface Modification of Various Tool Steels for Improving Hardness and Corrosion Resistance
• Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel 304 Using Laser Surface Treatment
• A Perspective of Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in Surface Engineering: Alumina Coatings and Substrates
• Investigation of Hastelloy C Laser Clad Melt Pool Size and its Effect on Clad Formation
• Surface Grain Size Effects on the Corrosion of Magnesium
• Surface Treatment of Magnesium Alloys by Electroless Ni-P Plating Technique with Emphasis on Zinc Pre-Treatment: A Review
• Anodizing: A Key for Surface Treatment of Aluminium
• Electroplated Nickel Composites with Micron- to Nano-Sized Particles
• Adhesion and Friction Properties of Fluorocarbon Polymer Thin Films Coated onto Metal Substrates
• Tribological Behaviors of Nanostructured Surface Layer Processed by Means of Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment.

All components and mechanical parts have surfaces which are either exposed to a particular environment or are in contact with other components. Consequent corrosion and/or wear of the surface may then lead to destructive failure. A so-called "bad" surface is a favoured spot for crack initiation, resulting in a decrease in the fatigue, tensile properties and even toughness of materials. Although the development of new materials can improve the surface properties, this can also lead to a change in the properties of the substrate. For example, increasing the carbon content significantly improves the wear resistance of steels, but toughness has to be sacrificed. Increased cost is another major concern. Moreover, for some components, such as gears, a ductile substrate and a hard surface are required. In this case, surface treatment remains the only choice. Surface modification, also termed surface treatment, has thus been recognised as being a major emergent manufacturing technology for improving the surface properties, with minimal alteration of the substrate. The purpose of this special volume on surface engineering is to provide an overview of the most popular modern surface-treatment technologies for structural materials, and thus enable materials scientists and engineers to select suitable techniques for their research and manufacturing needs. It comprises reports of cutting-edge research results and reviews of the most recent developments in the use of a particular technique. The topics covered include thin-film coating, laser surface technologies, surface nanotechnologies, anodizing, electroplating, electroless plating, thermal spraying and cold spraying. The volume will thus constitute a veritable handbook on surface treatment.

• 1 Introduction.2 Procedures of Mechanical Surface Treatments.2.1 Shot Peening.2.1.1 Definition and Delimitation of Procedure.2.1.2 Application Examples.2.1.3 Devices, Tools and Important Parameters.2.2 Stress Peening.2.2.1 Definition and Delimitation of Procedure.2.2.2 Application Examples.2.2.3 Devices, Tools and Important Parameters.2.3 Warm Peening.2.3.1 Definition and Delimitation of Procedure.2.3.2 Application Examples.2.3.3 Devices, Tools and Important Parameters.2.4 Stress Peening at Elevated Temperature.2.5 Deep Rolling.2.5.1 Definition and Delimitation of Procedure.2.5.2 Application Examples.2.5.3 Devices, Tools and Important Parameters.2.6 Laser Peening.2.6.1 Definition and Delimitation of Procedure.2.6.2 Application Examples.2.6.3 Devices, Tools and Important Parameters.3 Surface Layer States after Mechanical Surface Treatments.3.1 Shot Peening.3.1.1 Process Models.3.1.2 Changes in the Surface State.3.2 Stress Peening.3.2.1 Process Models.3.2.2 Changes in the Surface State.3.3 Warm Peening.3.3.1 Process Models.3.3.2 Changes in the Surface State.3.4 Stress Peening at elevated Temperature.3.5 Deep Rolling.3.5.1 Process Models.3.5.2 Changes in the Surface State.3.6 Laser Peening.3.6.1 Process Models.3.6.2 Changes in the Surface State.4 Changes of Surface States due to Thermal Loading.4.1 Process Models.4.1.1 Elementary Processes.4.1.2 Quantitative Description of Processes.4.2 Experimental Results and their Descriptions.4.2.1 Influences on Shape and Topography.4.2.2 Influences on Residual Stress State.4.2.3 Influences on Workhardening State.4.2.4 Influences on Microstructure.5 Changes of Surface Layer States due to Quasi-static Loading.5.1 Process Models.5.1.1 Elementary Processes.5.1.2 Quantitative Description of Processes.5.2 Experimental Results and their Descriptions.5.2.1 Influences on Shape and Deformation Behavior.5.2.2 Influences on Residual Stress State.5.2.3 Influences on Workhardening State.5.2.4 Influences on Microstructure.6 Changes of Surface States during Cyclic Loading.6.1 Process Models.6.1.1 Elementary Processes.6.1.2 Quantitative Description of Processes.6.2 Experimental Results and their Descriptions.6.2.1 Influences on Residual Stress State.6.2.2 Influences on Worhardening State.6.2.3 Influences on Microstructure.6.3 Effects of Surface Layer Stability on Behavior during Cyclic Loading.6.3.1 Basic Results.6.3.2 Effects on Cyclic Deformation Behavior.6.3.3 Effects on Crack Initiation Behavior.6.3.4 Effects on Crack Propagation Behavior.6.3.5 Effects on Fatigue Behavior.7 Summary.Acknowledgments.Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The only comprehensive, systematic comparison of major mechanical surface treatments, their effects, and the resulting material properties. The result is an up-to-date, full review of this topic, collating the knowledge hitherto spread throughout many original papers. The book begins with a description of elementary processes and mechanisms to give readers an easy introduction, before proceeding to offer systematic, detailed descriptions of the various techniques and three very important types of loading: thermal, quasistatic, and cyclic loading. It combines and correlates experimental and model aspects, while supplying in-depth explanations of the mechanisms and a very high amount of exemplary data.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The emerging capability to produce high average power (5--350 kW) pulsed ion beams at 0.2--2 MeV energies is enabling the authors to develop a new, commercial-scale thermal surface treatment technology called Ion Beam Surface Treatment (IBEST). This new technique uses high energy, pulsed (≤250 ns) ion beams to directly deposit energy in the top 2--20 micrometers of the surface of any material. The depth of treatment is controllable by varying the ion energy and species. Deposition of the energy with short pulses in a thin surface layer allows melting of the layer with relatively small energies and allows rapid cooling of the melted layer by thermal diffusion into the underlying substrate. Typical cooling rates of this process (10⁹--10¹° K/sec) cause rapid resolidification, resulting in the production of non-equilibrium microstructures (nano-crystalline and metastable phases) that have significantly improved corrosion, wear, and hardness properties. The authors conducted IBEST feasibility experiments with results confirming surface hardening, noncrystalline grain formation, metal surface polishing, controlled melt of ceramic surfaces, and surface cleaning using pulsed ion beams.

• Anodic treatment of aluminum, by J. D. Edwards.- The passivation and coloring of stainless steel, by G. C. Kiefer.- The surface treatment of magnesium alloys, by H. W. Schmidt, W. H. Gross and H. K. DeLong.- Corrosion resistance of tin plate-influence of steel base composition on service life of tin plate containers, by R. R. Hartwell.- Zinc coatings-unit operations, costs and properties, by J. L. Bray and F. R. Morral.- Diffusion coatings on metals, by F. N. Rhines.- Surface reactions and diffusion, by J. E. Dorn, J. T. Gier, and others.- Heat treating with induction and hardening, by M. A. Tran and H. B. Osborn, jr.- Flame pretreatment of structural steel surfaces for painting, by J. G. Magrath.- Shot blasting and its effect on fatigue life, by F. P. Zimmerli.- Effect of surface conditions on fatiue properties, by O. J. Horger and H. R. Neifert.- Chip formation, friction and high quality machined surfaces, by Hans Ernst and M. E. Merchant.- Observations on the tarnishing of stainless steels on heating in vacuo, by V. C. F. Holm.- The tracer method of measuring surface irregularities, by E. J. Abbott.

The emerging capability to produce high average power (5--250 kW) pulsed ion beams at 0.2--2 MeV energies is enabling us to develop a new, commercial-scale thermal surface treatment technology called Ion Beam Surface Treatment (IBEST). This technique uses high energy, pulsed (≤100 ns) ion beams to directly deposit energy in the top 2--20 micrometers of the surface of any material. Depth of treatment is controllable by varying the ion energy and species. Deposition of the energy with short pulses in a thin surface layer allows melting of the layer with relatively small energies and allows rapid cooling of the melted layer by thermal diffusion into the underlying substrate. Typical cooling rates of this process (10⁹10¹° K/sec) cause rapid resolidification, resulting in production of non-equilibrium microstructures (nano-crystalline and metastable phases) that have significantly improved corrosion, wear, and hardness properties. We have conducted IBEST feasibility experiments with results confirming surface hardening, nanocrystaline grain formation, metal surface polishing, controlled melt of ceramic surfaces, and surface cleaning.

The emerging capability to produce high average power (10--300 kW) pulsed ion beams at 0.2−2 MeV energies is enabling us to develop a new, commercial-scale thermal surface treatment technology called Ion Beam Surface Treatment (IBEST). This new technique uses high energy, pulsed (≤500 ns) ion beams to directly deposit energy in the top 1--20 micrometers of the surface of any material. The depth of treatment is controllable by varying the ion energy and species. Deposition of the energy in a thin surface layer allows melft of the layer with relatively small energies (1--10J/cm2) and allows rapid cooling of the melted layer by thermal conduction into the underlying substrate. Typical cooling rates of this process (109 K/sec) are sufficient to cause amorphous layer formation and the production of non-equilibrium microstructures (nanocrystalline and metastable phases). Results from initial experiments confirm surface hardening, amorphous layer and nanocrystalline grain size formation, corrosion resistance in stainless steel and aluminum, metal surface polishing, controlled melt of ceramic surfaces, and surface cleaning and oxide layer removal as well as surface ablation and redeposition. These results follow other encouraging results obtained previously in Russia using single pulse ion beam systems. Potential commercialization of this surface treatment capability is made possible by the combination of two new technologies, a new repetitive high energy pulsed power capability (0.2−2MV, 25--50 kA, 60 ns, 120 Hz) developed at SNL, and a new repetitive ion beam system developed at Cornell University.

A process for producing an article with improved ceramic surface properties including providing an article having a ceramic surface, and placing the article onto a conductive substrate holder in a hermetic enclosure. Thereafter a low pressure ambient is provided in the hermetic enclosure. A plasma including ions of solid materials is produced the ceramic surface of the article being at least partially immersed in a macroparticle free region of the plasma. While the article is immersed in the macroparticle free region, a bias of the substrate holder is biased between a low voltage at which material from the plasma condenses on the surface of the article and a high negative voltage at which ions from the plasma are implanted into the article.

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Bonding Technology
• 3. Surface Treatment Methods
• 4. Degreasing
• 5. Mechanical Treatment
• 6. Chemical Treatment
• 7. Electrochemical Treatment
• 8. Other Treatment Methods.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Surface Treatment in Bonding Technology provides valuable advice on surface treatment methods, modern measuring devices, and the appropriate experimentation techniques that are essential to create strong joints with a reliable service life. The book's focus is on the detailed and up-to-date analysis of surface treatment methods for metallic and polymer substrates. An analysis of factors affecting the surface preparation stage, together with advice on selection, is also provided. Essential theory is combined with experimentation techniques and industry practice to provide a guide that is both practical and academically rigorous. Including a general introduction to bonding, as well as coverage of mechanical, chemical and electrochemical methods, this book is the ideal primer for anyone working with or researching adhesive bonding.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Interaction at metal surfaces
• Laser Material Interactions Of Relevance To Metal Surface Treatment
• Stimulated Absorption Of C02 Laser Light On Metals
• Characterization Of Laser-Induced Plasmas And Temperature Measurement During Laser Surface Treatment
• Laser/Materials Interactions: CW DF Laser Ablation Of Carbon
• Spectroscopic Study Of Atomic Beams Generated By Laser Ablation Of Multi-Component Targets
• Edited Questions-
• Chapter 1
• 2. Fundamentals of Phase Formation in Laser Annealing of Metals
• Solidification Dynamics and Microstructure of Metals in Pulsed Laser Irradiation
• Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Metallic Alloy Formation by Picosecond Pulsed Laser Irradiation
• Crystallization and Nucleation Phenomena In CW Surface Melted Alloys
• The Kinetics of Rapid Crystallization in Pure Metals
• Genesis of Melting
• Amorphous Gallium Produced by Pulsed Excimer Laser Irradiation
• Defect Structures on Metal Surfaces Induced by Pulsed Laser Irradiation: Characterization by Leed-Spot Profile Analysis And He+ Ion Channeling
• Alsb formation in UHV by Laser Annealing of Evaporated A1 and SB Films. Characterization by AES and XPS
• Laser Treatment of La-Implanted Ni Single Crystal
• Edited Questions
• Chapter 2
• 3. Modeling of Heat and Mass Transfer
• Mathematical Modeling of Laser Surface Treatments
• Application of Mathematical Heat Transfer Analysis To High-Power C02 Laser Material Processing: Treatment Parameter Prediction, Absorption Coefficient Measurements
• Heat and Mass Transfer in Pulsed Laser Heating
• Numerical Results of Thermal Actions Induced by High-Frequency Short-Pulsed Laser Trains on Metals
• Numerical Description of the Interaction of Laser Beams with Living Tissue
• Summary and Discussion
• Chapter 3
• 4. Properties of Laser-Processed Metallic Surfaces
• Electrochemical Behavior Of Laser-Processed Metal Surfaces
• Laser Surface Alloying and Cladding for Corrosion and Wear
• Laser Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Telecommunication Needs
• Laser Annealing and Laser Quenching: Production of Superconducting Alloys
• Laser Processing Of Al-Ge Multilayer Thin Films
• Edited Questions
• Chapter 4
• 5. Recent Developments in Laser Surface Techniques for Engineering Applications
• Laser Surface Melting of Iron-Base Alloys
• Laser Surface Cladding
• Laser Gas Alloying
• Laser Heat Treatment of Iron-Base Alloys
• Residual Stresses Induced by Laser Surface Treatment
• Laser Surface Melting and Alloying of Titanium
• Laser Surface Alloying of Stainless Steel with Carbon
• Carburization of Steel Surfaces by Laser Treatment
• Rapid Solidification of Surface Layers Melted by CW Laser
• Laser Surface Treatment for Electromechanical Applications
• Edited Questions
• Chapter 5
• 6
• Application to Industry
• Developments in Laser Material Processing for the Automotive Industries
• The Use of Lasers in Rolls-Royce
• Edited Questions
• Chapter 6
• 7. Laser Surface Chemistry
• Laser-Induced Decomposition of Molecules Related to Photochemical Deposition
• Metal Film Deposition by Laser Breakdown Chemical Vapor Deposition
• Combined Use of Laser Irradiation and Electroplating
• Edited Questions
• Chapter 7
• 8
• Laser Annealing of Silicon
• Laser Annealing of Silicon
• Measurement of Melt and Solidification Dynamics During Pulsed Laser Irradiation
• Impurity Segregation, Supersaturation and Interface Stability
• Modeling and Measurements of Solute Trapping
• Edited Questions
• Chapter 8
• Closing Comments and Photo History.

• Progress in Surface Treatment II; Preface; Table of Contents; Review on Recent Research and Development of Cold Spray Technologies; Cold Spraying of Titanium: A Review of Bonding Mechanisms, Microstructure and Properties; Application of Supersonic Flame Spraying for Next Generation Cylinder Liner Coatings; High Velocity Thermal Spraying of Powders and Suspensions Containing Micron, Submicron and Nanoparticles for Functional Coatings; Overview on Developed Functional Plasma Sprayed Coatings on Glass and Glass Ceramic Substrates.

• Advanced Ceramic / Metal Polymer Multilayered Coatings for Industrial ApplicationsMicrostructure and High-Temperature Oxidation-Resistant Performance of Several Silicide Coatings on Nb-Ti-Si Based Alloy Prepared by Pack Cementation Process; Recent Studies on Coating of some Magnesium Alloys; Anodizing, Electroless Coating and Hot Press Cladding; Development of Bioactive Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium Alloys; Characterization and Tribological Performance of Cu-Based Intermetallic Layers.

• Characterisation of Interfacial Adhesion of Thin Film/Substrate Systems Using Indentation-Induced Delamination: A Focused ReviewKeywords Index; Authors Index.

This work summarizes the valuable investigations of the authors in the fields of geological and geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, reliability, durability and rehabilitation of structures, monitoring and control of structures, tunnel, subway and underground facilities, road and railway engineering, bridge engineering, seismic engineering, hydraulic engineering, water supply and drainage engineering, heating, gas supply, ventilation and air conditioning works, natural and technogenic disaster prevention and mitigation, survey engineering, cartography and geographic information systems, multi-field coupling theory and its applications, applied and computational mechanics, noise and vibration control, computer applications in industry and civil engineering, and engineering management. Temporary description, more details to follow.

Surface modification of magnetic recording heads using plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition is disclosed. This method may be carried out using a vacuum arc deposition system with a metallic or carbon cathode. By operating a plasma gun in a long-pulse mode and biasing the substrate holder with short pulses of a high negative voltage, direct ion implantation, recoil implantation, and surface deposition are combined to modify the near-surface regions of the head or substrate in processing times which may be less than 5 min. The modified regions are atomically mixed into the substrate. This surface modification improves the surface smoothness and hardness and enhances the tribological characteristics under conditions of contact-start-stop and continuous sliding. These results are obtained while maintaining original tolerances.

Surface modification of magnetic recording heads using plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition is disclosed. This method may be carried out using a vacuum arc deposition system with a metallic or carbon cathode. By operating a plasma gun in a long-pulse mode and biasing the substrate holder with short pulses of a high negative voltage, direct ion implantation, recoil implantation, and surface deposition are combined to modify the near-surface regions of the head or substrate in processing times which may be less than 5 min. The modified regions are atomically mixed into the substrate. This surface modification improves the surface smoothness and hardness and enhances the tribological characteristics under conditions of contact-start-stop and continuous sliding. These results are obtained while maintaining original tolerances.

Use of intense pulsed ion beams is providing a new capability for surface engineering based on rapid thermal processing of the top few microns of metal, ceramic, and glass surfaces. The Ion Beam Surface Treatment (IBEST) process is shown to produce enhancements in the hardness, corrosion, wear, and fatigue properties of surfaces by rapid melt and resolidification. We have created a new coe IBMOD that enables modeling of intense ion beam deposition and the resulting rapid thermal cycling of surfaces. This code has been used to model the effect of treatment of Al, Fe, and Ti using different ion species and pulse durations.

The structural arrangement of a hydrated glass surface depends on the composition, thermal history and surface treatment. This paper considers the surface treatment of a lead glass with weak and strong acid solutions and in particular hydrogen peroxide, to give a microscopically clean microsphere.