• Intro
• Preface
• Contents
• Contributors
• Part I: Nausea and Vomiting
• Chapter 1: Approach to Nausea and Vomiting
• Case Study
• Objectives
• Epidemiology
• Pathophysiology
• Etiology
• Diagnostic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Clinical Case Study Follow-Up
• Self-Test
• References
• Essential Reading
• Chapter 2: Gastroparesis
• Case Study
• Objectives
• Epidemiology
• Symptoms
• Diagnostic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Symptom Management
• Prokinetics
• Prokinetics in Development
• Pyloric Interventions
• Gastric Electrical Stimulation
• Case Study: Follow-Up
• Self-Test
• References
• Essential Reading
• Chapter 3: Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
• Case Study
• 1
• Case Study
• 2
• Objectives
• Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy
• Epidemiology
• Etiology/Pathophysiology
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• First-Line Therapy
• Second-Line Treatment
• Third-Line Treatment
• Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
• Epidemiology
• Pathophysiology
• Etiology
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor Antagonists
• Corticosteroids
• Anticholinergics
• Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists
• Dopamine Receptor Antagonists
• Antihistamines
• Other PONV Treatment Options
• Case Study: Follow-Up
• Self-Test Questions
• References
• Essential Reading List
• Chapter 4: Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome and Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
• Case Study
• Objectives
• Epidemiology
• Etiology/Pathophysiology
• Symptoms
• Diagnostic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Case Study: Follow-Up
• Self-Test
• References
• Essential Reading
• Chapter 5: Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
• Case Study
• Objectives
• Epidemiology
• Classification
• Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Neuropathies
• Intestinal Myopathies
• Mesenchymopathies
• Symptoms
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Nutrition Assessment
• Oral Diet
• Enteral Nutrition Considerations
• Parenteral Nutrition Considerations
• Medications and Other Therapies
• Fecal Transplant
• GI Decompression
• Small Intestinal Transplantation
• Case Study Follow-Up
• Self-Test
• References
• Essential Reading
• Part II: Dyspepsia and Other Disorders of Neuromuscular Function
• Chapter 6: A Diagnostic Approach to Dyspepsia
• Case Study
• Objectives
• Epidemiology
• Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Symptoms
• Diagnostic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Case Study: Follow-Up
• Self-Test
• References
• Essential Reading
• Chapter 7: Helicobacter pylori and Related Diseases
• Case
• Objectives
• Epidemiology
• Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Symptoms
• Diagnostic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Case Study: Follow-Up
• Self-Test
• References
• Essential Reading
• Chapter 8: Functional Dyspepsia
• Case
• Objectives
• Epidemiology
• Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Symptoms
• Diagnostic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Helicobacter Pylori
• Acid Suppression
• Antidepressants
• Prokinetics
• Further Options
• Case Study: Follow-Up
• Self-Test
• References
• Essential Reading
• Chapter 9: Rumination Syndrome
• Case Study
• Objectives
• Epidemiology
• Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Symptoms
• Diagnostic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Case Study: Follow-Up

This casebook provides a concise yet comprehensive state-of-the art review of common stomach and small intestine disorders. The casebook is divided into five parts, each of which focuses on a major disorder, symptom, or clinical scenario related to the stomach and small intestine, including dyspepsia, small bowel disorders, nausea and vomiting, chronic abdominal pain, and post-operative GI surgery challenges. Each part is comprised of cases illustrating different aspects of the subject, with each case containing sections on case presentation, objectives, epidemiology and etiology, diagnostic evaluation and treatment, case follow-up, clinical pearls, and Q&A. Some major topics presented in these cases include nausea and vomiting in the pregnant patient, gas-bloat, functional abdominal pain, post-GI surgery complications, and celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Written by internationally renowned experts in the field, Essential Medical Disorders of the Stomach and Small Intestine: A Clinical Casebook is a valuable resource for clinicians and practitioners who treat patients afflicted with disorders of the stomach and small intestine.

• 1. Normal Anatomy, Digestion, Absorption
• 2. Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS): Classification, Underlying Causes, and Global Footprint
• 3. Fluids and Electrolytes: Challenges with Short Bowel Syndrome
• 4. Gut Microbiome
• 5. Therapeutic Diet Modifications in Short Bowel Syndrome
• 6. Probiotics and Prebiotics
• 7. Enteral Nutrition and Access in SBS
• 8. Parenteral Support and Access (including alternative intravenous lipid emulsions, home parenteral support)
• 9. Metabolic Complications of HPN/SBS (MBD, dehydration, d-lactic acidosis)
• 10. Hepatobilliary Complications of HPN/SBS
• 11. Catheter / Infectious Complications (of Home Parenteral Nutrition)
• 12. Antidiarrheals, Antisecretory Agents, Pancreatic Enzymes
• 13. Antimicrobials for Bacterial Overgrowth
• 14. Intestinal Lengthening Procedures
• 15. Intestinal Transplantation (Indications, outcomes, challenges after transplant).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Adult Short Bowel Syndrome: Nutritional, Medical, and Surgical Management serves as a practical guide to the medical, surgical and nutritional care of complex patients with Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS), providing information on SBS with the most up-to-date, evidence-based data available. Additionally, the book presents global perspectives and highlights emerging areas of research that are influencing the care of patients with SBS. Intended for nutritionists, dieticians, physicians (specifically, general practitioners, gastroenterologists, and surgeons), nurse practitioners, pharmacists, students and researchers, this book serves as a quick reference on the medical, surgical and nutritional care of complex patients with short bowel syndrome.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The Mayr program, developed by the Austrian physician Dr. Franz Xaver Mayr (1875-1965), is an intensive regime lasting several weeks. It includes therapeutic fasts to rest the digestive tract, and it features a special diet to train proper mastication. This diet program is complemented with abdominal massage, hydrotherapy, and exercise. By following the F. X. Mayr method, patients can rejuvenate their dietary system and eliminate a whole host of ailments-from aches and pains, to depression, fatigue, and serious cardiac disorders. At the same time, they can reduce weight, improve their skin, and boost their sense of well-being. The author Dr. Erich Rauch was a personal student of Dr. F. X. Mayr. Over decades he supervised more than 40,000 Mayr therapies. For the practitioner as well as the patient in the clinic, his in-depth guide is the leading authority on the F. X. Mayr method. As a companion book it provides effective support for each stage of this successful therapy.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part 1. Introduction.-
• 1. Background to bowel function and rationale for writing the book.-
• 2. Normal anatomy and physiology of bowel function with a view to including detail on the pelvic floor.-
• 3. Epidemiology Constipation and FI.-
• 4. Investigations: Anorectal Physiology.-
• Part 2. Causes and Assessment of Bowel Dysfunction.-
• 5. Causes of constipation/evacuatory dysfunction.-
• 6. The Assessment of Constipation and Evacuatory Disorders.-
• 7. Causes of faecal incontinence.-
• 8. The Assessment of Faecal Incontinence.-
• Part 3. Treatments for Bowel Dysfunction.-
• 9. Conservative management.-
• 10. Food choice as a Management Strategy in Bowel Dysfunction.-
• 11. Pharmacological therapy.-
• 12. Rectal Irrigation.-
• 13. Neuromodulation.-
• 14. Surgery .-
• 15. Psychological medicine for bowel dysfunction.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The editors aim to provide the definitive guide for healthcare professionals on functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and pelvic floor, and the treatments used within the current healthcare context. This book will help the reader to access and understand relevant information within a variety of clinical settings and scenarios. It will be relevant and useful to a variety of disciplines (e.g. Physicians, Nurses, Physiotherapists) who work within the field of gastrointestinal care. This book will be written by a team from the worlds' most well established colorectal specialist hospital, presenting a definitive guide to care of the patient group.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Intestinal failure in children.- Short Bowel Syndrome-Intestinal Adaptation.- Bacterial Overgrowth and Intestinal Microbiome.- Intestinal failure-associated liver disease.- Recent Advances in Nutritional Care of Patients with Intestinal Failure.- Pharmacological improvement of bowel function and adaptation.- Modern Intestinal rehabilitation and outcomes.- Serial transverse enteroplasty.- Longitudinal intestinal lengthening.- Controlled tissue expansion.- Pediatric small bowel transplantation - an update.- Intestinal Regeneration.- distraction enterogenesis.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book provides readers with a succinct but comprehensive overview of current concepts relating to intestinal failure, including its treatment, with a particular focus on recent advancements. The opening chapters address basic aspects of intestinal failure, including etiology, clinical pathophysiology, physiology of intestinal adaptation, and intestinal microbiota. The complications of intestinal failure, such as bacterial overgrowth and intestinal failure-associated liver disease, are then discussed. A series of chapters specifically address important strategies in the nutritional, pharmacological, and surgical treatment of intestinal failure as well as the concept of intestinal rehabilitation. Finally, two significant emerging developments are considered: regenerative medicine and distraction enterogenesis. The authors are internationally recognized experts from Europe and North America who are ideally placed to describe current knowledge and progress in the field.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Intestinal failure in children
• Short Bowel Syndrome-Intestinal Adaptation
• Bacterial Overgrowth and Intestinal Microbiome
• Intestinal failure-associated liver disease
• Recent Advances in Nutritional Care of Patients with Intestinal Failure
• Pharmacological improvement of bowel function and adaptation
• Modern Intestinal rehabilitation and outcomes
• Serial transverse enteroplasty
• Longitudinal intestinal lengthening
• Controlled tissue expansion
• Pediatric small bowel transplantation
• an update
• Intestinal Regeneration
• distraction enterogenesis.

This book provides readers with a succinct but comprehensive overview of current concepts relating to intestinal failure, including its treatment, with a particular focus on recent advancements. The opening chapters address basic aspects of intestinal failure, including etiology, clinical pathophysiology, physiology of intestinal adaptation, and intestinal microbiota. The complications of intestinal failure, such as bacterial overgrowth and intestinal failure-associated liver disease, are then discussed. A series of chapters specifically address important strategies in the nutritional, pharmacological, and surgical treatment of intestinal failure as well as the concept of intestinal rehabilitation. Finally, two significant emerging developments are considered: regenerative medicine and distraction enterogenesis. The authors are internationally recognized experts from Europe and North America who are ideally placed to describe current knowledge and progress in the field.

• Short Bowel Syndrome: Definition, Classification, Etiology, Epidemiology, Survival, and Costs Palle B. Jeppesen Psychological, Social, and Quality of Life Considerations in Short Bowel Syndrome James M. Badger and Marion F. Winkler Short Bowel Syndrome: Anatomical and Physiological Considerations Jeremy Nightingale Intestinal Adaptation: The Contemporary Treatment Goal for Short Bowel Syndrome Jane Naberhuis and Kelly A. Tappenden Diarrhea in Short Bowel Syndrome Badr Al-Bawardy and Vandana Nehra Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disturbances Lingtak-Neander Chan and Berkeley N. Limketkai Cholelithiasis and Nephrolithiasis Andrew Ukleja and John Rivas Metabolic Bone Disease in Adults with Short Bowel Syndrome Lynn R. Mack and Fedja A. Rochling Clinical and Nutritional Assessment in the Patient with Short Bowel Syndrome Denise Konrad and Betsy Gallant Diet Considerations in Short Bowel Syndrome Rebecca A. Weseman and Laura E. Beerman Maintaining Hydration in the Short Bowel Patient Bethany E. Blalock and Carol Rees Parrish Vitamins: Supplementation and Monitoring Elizabeth A. Wall Management of Trace Elements in Short Bowel Syndrome Joe Krenitsky Enteral Feeding in Short Bowel Syndrome Lore Billiauws, Emilie Latour Beaudet, and Francisca Joly Parenteral Nutrition for Short Bowel Syndrome: Practical Aspects Laura Matarese and Glenn Harvin Drug Delivery and Bioavailability in Short Bowel Syndrome Lingtak-Neander Chan The Role of Antimotility and Antisecretory Agents in the Management of Short Bowel Syndrome Mandy L. Corrigan and Donald F. Kirby Luminally Active Therapies: Pancreatic Enzymes, Bile Acids, Bile Acid Binders, Antimicrobials, Probiotics, and Prebiotics in Short Bowel Syndrome Eamonn M.M. Quigley Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 in Short Bowel Syndrome James S. Scolapio and Matt Clark Utility of Growth Hormone and Other Potential Agents to Restore Enteral Autonomy in Short Bowel Syndrome John K. DiBaise Surgical Considerations in the Short Bowel Syndrome Jon S. Thompson Ostomy, Fistula, and Skin Management Christine T. Berke and Cathi Brown Autologous Gastrointestinal Reconstruction David F. Mercer Intestinal Transplantation Sherilyn Gordon Burroughs and Douglas G. Farmer Home Parenteral Nutrition Initiation, Monitoring, and Weaning Jithinraj Edakkanambeth Varayil, John K. DiBaise, and Ryan T. Hurt Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease Deirdre A. Kelly and Sue V. Beath Central Venous Catheter Complications: Management and Prevention Richard Gilroy, Jordan Voss, and Chaitanya Pant Meeting the Unmet Needs of Home Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Consumers: Education, Networking, and Support Darlene G. Kelly, Joan Bishop, and Harlan Johnson Patient and Caregiver Perspectives: Learn and Live! Lynn Ruse and Jim Ruse.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Short Bowel Syndrome: Practical Approach to Management is the first reference exclusively about the issues experienced by patients with a short bowel. It covers all aspects of normal and abnormal physiology, the presenting features, and outcomes, including metabolic problems, gallstones, and renal stones. It discusses both medical and surgical treatments, including intestinal transplantation. The use of growth factors, which is likely in the future to become increasingly important in promoting intestinal structural adaptation, is extensively discussed. Special emphasis is given to the psychosocial aspects of the quality of life of patients, including support groups. Emphasis is also given to the importance of an experienced multidisciplinary team in caring for these patients. This book is particularly timely given the recent advances in the management of Short Bowel Syndrome, including the availability of pharmacologic agents to enhance intestinal absorption, refinements in parenteral nutrition, and surgical procedures designed to eliminate the need for parenteral nutrition support. The goal of this international, interdisciplinary book is to bring the subject of Short Bowel Syndrome to a wide audience. A wide range of specialists have contributed to this book to provide various viewpoints on the state-of-the-art care of those with this condition.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface-- Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS): Symptoms, Surgical Outcomes & Complications-- Short Bowel Syndrome: Clinical Features & Management-- Surgical Management of Short Bowel Syndrome: Current Intestinal Lengthening Techniques-- Related Nova Publications-- Bibliography-- Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a pathologic condition which is characterised by reduced intestinal length and diminished intestinal absorptive capacity mainly due to extensive surgical resection, congenital defect, or pathological process affecting the small bowel. In recent decades, a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, new and modified surgical techniques and improvements in enteral and parenteral nutritional support improved the results of therapy of patients with SBS. This book provides research on the etiology, symptoms, surgical options and outcomes, and complications of SBS.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

"You are just 10% human. For every one of the cells that make up the vessel that you call your body, there are nine impostor cells hitching a ride. You are not just flesh and blood, muscle and bone, brain and skin, but also bacteria and fungi. Over your lifetime, you will carry the equivalent weight of five African elephants in microbes. You are not an individual but a colony.Until recently, we had thought our microbes hardly mattered, but science is revealing a different story, one in which microbes run our bodies and becoming a healthy human is impossible without them.In this riveting, shocking, and beautifully written book, biologist Alanna Collen draws on the latest scientific research to show how our personal colony of microbes influences our weight, our immune system, our mental health, and even our choice of partner. She argues that so many of our modern diseases--obesity, autism, mental illness, digestive disorders, allergies, autoimmunity afflictions, and even cancer--have their root in our failure to cherish our most fundamental and enduring relationship: that with our personal colony of microbes.Many of the questions about modern diseases left unanswered by the Human Genome Project are illuminated by this new science. And the good news is that unlike our human cells, we can change our microbes for the better. Collen's book is a revelatory and indispensable guide. It is science writing at its most relevant: life--and your body--will never seem the same again"-- Provided by publisher.
"An argument for the importance of gut bacteria in the human body and how this affects our health and well-being"-- Provided by publisher.

• Part I Donor evaluation, immunosuppression and early complications in S.O.T.:
• 1 Immunosuppression in solid organ transplantation.-
• 2 Infection Complications after Abdominal Organ Transplantation.-
• 3 National Transplant Network. Donor selection and evaluation criteria.-
• 4 The safety of donor.-
• 5 Medical disease after abdominal solid organ transplantation and the risk of solid and hematologic malignant tumor after transplantation).- Part II Liver Transplantation:
• 6 Indication and timing.-
• 7 The donor procurement.-
• 8 Orthotopic liver transplantation.-
• 9 Anesthetic and perioperative management for liver transplantation.-
• 10 Living donor liver transplantation.-
• 11 Hepatic Acute and chronic rejection.-
• 12 Postoperative technical complications.-
• 13 Percutaneous management of biliary and vascular complications.-
• 14 Re-transplantation (Causes, Outcome).- Part III Renal transplantation:
• 15 Indication and timing.-
• 16 The donor procurement: Standard technique for procurement in cadaveric donors .-
• 17 Live donor evaluation.-
• 18 Living donor nephrectomy.-
• 19 Renal Transplantation: Surgical technique.-
• 20 The intraoperative and perioperative management of Kidney transplantation.-
• 21 Kidney acute and chronic rejection.-
• 22 Kidney Transplantation: Post-Operative Technical Complications.- Part V Intestinal/multivisceral transplantation:
• 23 Indications and timing.-
• 24 The donor procurement .-
• 25 Transplantation.-
• 26 Abdominal wall transplantation and technique.-
• 27 Anesthetic and perioperative management for Intestinal transplantation .-
• 28 Segmental Living-related Small Bowel Transplantation.-
• 29 Intestinal Acute and Chronic rejection.- Part VI Combined Abdominal Transplantation:
• 30 Combined Kidney-Liver Transplantation.-
• 31 Kidney-pancreas Transplantation.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book is a comprehensive and innovative guide to abdominal solid organ transplantation (SOT). It explains the main immunological problems involved in abdominal SOT, reviews indications for liver, kidney, and small bowel transplantation, and provides detailed descriptions of techniques for procurement and transplantation. In addition, technical, infectious, and immunological complications and their treatment are fully described. Special attention is devoted to the indications for and outcomes of combined kidney-liver and kidney-pancreas transplantation. Clear advice is provided on donor selection and donor safety, and the book concludes by examining medical disease and the risk of solid and hematologic malignancies after transplantation. Abdominal SOT has become the treatment of choice for various end-stage chronic diseases of the liver, kidney, and foregut. Improved knowledge of immunology, the introduction of new immunosuppressive agents, and advances in surgical techniques have all increased the number of potential candidates and led to better outcomes. It is therefore unsurprising that more and more surgeons, physicians, and scientists, as well as students and nurses, are becoming interested in abdominal SOT. This book will provide all practitioners with an excellent, up-to-date summary of knowledge in the field.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Immunosuppression in solid organ transplantation
• 2. Infection Complications after Abdominal Organ Transplantation
• 3. National Transplant Network. Donor selection and evaluation criteria
• 4. The safety of donor
• 5. Medical disease after abdominal solid organ transplantation and the risk of solid and hematologic malignant tumor after transplantation)
• 6 Indication and timing
• 7. The donor procurement
• 8. Orthotopic liver transplantation
• 9. Anesthetic and perioperative management for liver transplantation
• 10 Living donor liver transplantation
• 11. Hepatic Acute and chronic rejection
• 12. Postoperative technical complications
• 13. Percutaneous management of biliary and vascular complications
• 14. Re-transplantation (Causes, Outcome)
• 15. Indication and timing
• 16. The donor procurement: Standard technique for procurement in cadaveric donors
• 17. Live donor evaluation
• 18. Living donor nephrectomy
• 19. Renal Transplantation: Surgical technique
• 20. The intraoperative and perioperative management of Kidney transplantation
• 21. Kidney acute and chronic rejection
• 22. Kidney Transplantation: Post-Operative Technical Complications
• 23. Indications and timing
• 24. The donor procurement
• 25 Transplantation
• 26 Abdominal wall transplantation and technique
• 27. Anesthetic and perioperative management for Intestinal transplantation
• 28. Segmental Living-related Small Bowel Transplantation
• 29. Intestinal Acute and Chronic rejection
• 30. Combined Kidney-Liver Transplantation
• 31. Kidney-pancreas Transplantation.

"Surpoids, dépression, diabète, maladies de peau... et si tout se jouait dans l'intestin ? Au fil des pages de son brillant ouvrage, Giulia Enders, jeune doctorante en médecine, plaide avec humour pour cet organe qu'on a tendance à négliger, voire à maltraiter. Après une visite guidée au sein de notre système digestif, elle présente, toujours de façon claire et captivante, les résultats des toutes dernières recherches sur le rôle du "deuxième cerveau" pour notre bien-être. C'est avec des arguments scientifiques qu'elle nous invite à changer de comportement alimentaire, à éviter certains médicaments ainsi qu'à appliquer quelques règles très concrètes en faveur d'une digestion réussie. Irrésistiblement illustré par Jill Enders, la soeur de l'auteur, voici un livre qui nous réconcilie avec notre ventre. Succès surprise, Le Charme discret de l'intestin s'est vendu à plus de un million d'exemplaires en Allemagne et sera publié dans une trentaine de pays."--Page 4 of cover.

• Aloe vera: a Natural Healing Agent for Gastro-intestinal and Chronic Inflammatory Conditions
• Chondroitin Sulphate and Glucosamine Sulphate as Potential Disease-Modifying Agents for Osteoarthritis
• Probiotics as Natural Healing Agents for Gastro-intestinal Diseases and Arthritis.- Therapeutic Effects of Ribonucleinate (Ribonucleotides) in Immuno-inflammatory and Arthritic Diseases
• The Medicinal Properties and Phytochemistry of Plants of the Genus Terminalia (Combretaceae)
• Celery Seed and Related Extracts with Anti-athritic, Anti-Ulcer and anti-Microbial Activities
• Lyprinol, Lipids and other Components of Green Lipped Mussel as Anti-Arthritic and Anti-Ulcer Agents
• Zinc Compounds as Topical and Oral Anti-Arthritic and Anti-ulcer Compounds.

In recent years there have been a number of significant developments of natural products for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, pain and gastro-intestinal ulcers and inflammation. The volume covers some of these novel developments of natural products which are of current and future interest as therapies for the above-mentioned conditions. Most available volumes cover a wide range of biological and technicological aspects of natural products and their discovery, some involving synthesis and properties of chemical compounds. The difference in this volume is that the natural products have a focus on their therapeutic effects on pain, arthritic and gastrointestinal diseases. Some of the natural products covered are either at the experimental stage of development while others are well-established clinically-used products. Each has its own unique place in therapy.

• Aloe vera: a Natural Healing Agent for Gastro-intestinal and Chronic Inflammatory Conditions
• Chondroitin Sulphate and Glucosamine Sulphate as Potential Disease-Modifying Agents for Osteoarthritis
• Probiotics as Natural Healing Agents for Gastro-intestinal Diseases and Arthritis.- Therapeutic Effects of Ribonucleinate (Ribonucleotides) in Immuno-inflammatory and Arthritic Diseases
• The Medicinal Properties and Phytochemistry of Plants of the Genus Terminalia (Combretaceae)
• Celery Seed and Related Extracts with Anti-athritic, Anti-Ulcer and anti-Microbial Activities
• Lyprinol, Lipids and other Components of Green Lipped Mussel as Anti-Arthritic and Anti-Ulcer Agents
• Zinc Compounds as Topical and Oral Anti-Arthritic and Anti-ulcer Compounds.

• General Principles. Preparation for colorectal surgery .Safety and positioning in the operating room. Access to abdominal cavity - open. Access to abdominal cavity - laparoscopic. Access to abdominal cavity - hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery. Single incision laparoscopic-assisted colectomy. Access to the abdominal cavity: natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. Anastomotic technique - suture. Anastomotic technique - stapled. Specimen handling. Proctology. Office/outpatient set up. Proctosigmoidoscopy. Flexible endoscopy. Treatment of uncomplicated haemorrhoids. Excision of perianal thrombosis. Open hemorrhoidectomy. Closed hemorrhoidectomy. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Perianal sepsis. Anal fistula. Rectovaginal fistula repair. Anal fissure. Anoplasty. Perianal condyloma and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Perianal skin and anal cancer Pilonidal disease. Stomas. Ileostomy. Colostomy. Stoma closure. Antegrade continence enema procedure in children. Antegrade continent enema procedure in adults. Small intestine. Small bowel resection. Meckel's diverticulum. Malrotation. Intestinal stricturoplasty. Adhesiolysis. Colon. Appendicectomy - open. Appendicectomy - laparoscopic. Right colectomy - open. Right hemicolectomy - laparoscopic. Right hemicolectomy - hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery. Left colectomy - open. Left hemicolectomy - laparoscopic. Left hemicolectomy - hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery. Colectomy - complete mesocolic excision. Total colectomy - laparoscopic. Total colectomy - HALS. Hartmann's procedure. Emergency colectomy. Colonic stenting. Rectum. Anterior resection of the rectum. Anterior resection - laparoscopic . Anterior resection - hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery. Anterior resection - robotic. Coloanal anastomosis with intersphincteric resection and colon J-pouch construction. Proctocolectomy for inflammatory bowel disease - open. Proctocolectomy for irritable bowel disease - laparoscopic. Continent ileostomy (Kock reservoir ileostomy). Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir .Abdominoperineal excision of the rectum and anus. Operative technique for pelvic exenteration. Pelvic exenteration: radical perineal approaches and sacrectomies. Lateral pelvic lymph node dis
• section in low rectal cancer. Transanal resection for rectal lesions. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Presacral resections - Kraske. Surgery for Hirschsprung's disease. The APPEAR procedure. Vertical reduction rectoplasty for idiopathic megarectum. Perineal reconstruction. VRAM flap. Martius flap. Local advancement flaps. Rectal prolapse. Delorme operation. Perineal rectosigmoidectomy. Abdominal rectopexy - open. Abdominal rectopexy - laparoscopic. Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy. STARR. The EXPRESS procedure. Surgery for incontinence. Surgical repair of the anal sphincters following injury. Sacral nerve stimulation. Construction of an electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter. Artificial bowel sphincter.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The sixth edition of Operative Surgery of the Colon, Rectum and Anus presents the state of the art in colorectal surgery. Edited by world renowned surgeons and with expert chapters from contributors in North America, Europe, and Australasia, the book is essential reading for the experienced surgeon established in colorectal practice as well as advanced trainees in general surgery. Each procedure is described in authoritative text beautifully complemented by high quality step-by-step color artwork and intraoperative photographs, enabling the reader to approach common and rare colorectal conditions with confidence. The book comprehensively covers surgery of the anus, rectum and colon in 87 chapters, grouped into nine sections for ease of reference (General Principles, Proctology, Stomas, Small Intestine, Colon, Rectum, Perineal Reconstruction, Rectal Prolapse and Surgery for Incontinence). The print edition is further enhanced by an accompanying VitalSource eBook, enabling the user to download and read the book offline on a personal computer or mobile device. A masterful account of contemporary surgical practice, Operative Surgery of the Colon, Rectum and Anus will remain the definitive atlas of coloproctology for years to come.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Contents: Why we need to know about sanitation in the past, Piers D. Mitchell-- Assessing the impact of sanitation upon health in early human populations from hunter-gatherers to ancient civilisations, using theoretical modelling, Piers D. Mitchell-- Waste management in early urban southern Mesopotamia, Augusta McMahon-- Latrines and wastewater sanitation technologies in ancient Greece, Georgios P. Antoniou and Andreas N. Angelakis-- A tale of two cities: the efficacy of ancient and medieval sanitation methods, Craig Taylor-- Sewers, cesspits and middens: a survey of the evidence for
• 2000 years of waste disposal in York, UK, Allan R. Hall and Harry K. Kenward-- Human intestinal parasites and dysentery in Africa and the Middle East prior to 1500, Evilena Anastasiou and Piers D. Mitchell-- Parasitism, cesspits and sanitation in East Asian countries prior to modernisation, Min Seo and Dong Hoon Shin-- New World paleoparasitology, Adauto Araujo, Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Martin Fugassa, Daniela Leles, Luciana Sianto, Sheila Maria Mendonca de Souza, Juliana Dutra, Alena Iniguez, Karl Reinhard-- Parasites in European populations from prehistory to the Industrial Revolution, Evilena Anastasiou-- A first attempt to retrace the history of dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica, Matthieu Le Bailly and Francoise Bouchet-- A better understanding of sanitation and health in the past, Piers D. Mitchell-- Bibliography-- Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Sanitation and intestinal health is something we often take for granted today. However, people living in many regions of the developing world still suffer with debilitating diseases due to the lack of sanitation. Despite its clear impact upon health in modern times, sanitation in past populations is a topic that has received surprisingly little attention. This book brings together key experts from around the world to explore fascinating aspects of life in the past relevant to sanitation, and how that affected our ancestors. By its end readers will realize that toilets were in use in ancient Mesopotamia even before the invention of writing, and that flushing toilets with anatomic seats were a technology of ancient Greece at the time of the minotaur myth. They will see how sanitation compared in ancient Rome and medieval London, and will take a virtual walk around the sanitation of York at the time of the Vikings. Readers will also understand which intestinal parasites infected humans in different regions of the world over different time periods, what these parasites tell us about early human evolution, later population migrations, past diet, lifestyle, and the effects of sanitation technology. There is good evidence that over the millennia people in the past realized that sanitation mattered. They invented toilets, cleaner water supplies, drains, waste disposal and sanitation legislation. While past views on sanitation were very different to those of today, it is clear than many past societies took sanitation much more seriously than was previously thought.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The new series A-Z Notes in Radiological Practice and Reporting provides practical guides for residents and general radiologists, organized alphabetically, primarily according to disease or condition. All booklets are designed so as to cover a large spectrum of topics referring to different anatomical regions of interest. Entries typically include a short description of pathological and clinical characteristics, guidance on selection of the most appropriate imaging technique, a schematic review of potential diagnostic clues, and useful tips and tricks. The present booklet, enriched by illustrations and schemes, is devoted to gastrointestinal imaging. Major topics in CT and MR imaging of the small bowel, colon, rectum, and anus are treated concisely in alphabetical order. For each topic a brief review of clinical features and pathology is presented, followed by a short description of imaging technique and an accurate review of imaging findings and signs which are useful in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease.

• Praise For `It Takes Guts" Forewords Introduction
• CHAPTER 1 Life will never be the same (oh, and it's a boy) January
• 2012
• CHAPTER 2 Life with the Tuffelmeister (3 weeks later)
• CHAPTER 3 Tuffel and the joys of motherhood (1.5 months)
• CHAPTER 4 Life is sweet. Sometimes. (2.5 months)
• CHAPTER 5 The art of empowerment or how to save a baby from the operating table (Tuffel is now
• 3 months old)
• CHAPTER 6 Prince Tuffel at King's Hospital from surviving to thriving (4 months)
• CHAPTER 7 Are you ready for another miracle? (4 months)
• CHAPTER 8 Amazing Grace (4 months)
• CHAPTER 9 We could all use a lesson in self-soothing (4 months)
• CHAPTER 10 Oh, such a perfect day (5 months)
• CHAPTER 11 All change! Wards, tubes and moods (6 months)
• CHAPTER 12 Coping and hoping (6 months)
• CHAPTER 13 Life at Evelina Children's Hospital (6 months)
• CHAPTER 14 There is no place like... Can I please go now? (7 months)
• CHAPTER 15 Holiday... Celebrate! (8 months)
• CHAPTER 16 Trust your gut (9 months)
• CHAPTER 17 Everybody needs a Bridget (8 months)
• CHAPTER 18 Opening up (10 months)
• CHAPTER 19 How to make a miracle (10 months)
• CHAPTER 20 Christmas gagagadada style (11 months)
• CHAPTER 21 Happy Birthday!
• CHAPTER 22 The big One (12 months) Epilogue Thank Yous Further Reading About the Author.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

It Takes Guts is the true story of little Tuffel, who upon birth was sentenced to death. This is a remarkable tale of the human spirit rising above the seemingly impossible, told by his mother, Evelyne. Growing into her new role as a mother and carer, she takes you on a journey of personal growth and trying not to lose 'it', herself or him throughout sleepless nights, hospital life and medical jargon - all while keeping her sense of humour along the way. Tuffel has become the first survivor of 'ultra short gut' syndrome: living with no small intestine. This uplifting and deeply emotional journey will fill your heart with new hope for what is possible for each and every one of us.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter--
• 2 Workshop Overview--
• 3 A1 Effector and memory T cell responses to commensal bacteria--Yasmine Belkaid, Nicolas Bouladoux, and Timothy W. Hand--
• 4 A2 What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota?--Martin J. Blaser and Stanley Falkow--
• 5 A3 Pathways in microbe-induced obesity--Laura M. Cox and Martin J. Blaser--
• 6 A4 Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T Cell function--Torsten Olszak, Dingding An, Sebastian Zeissig, Miguel Penilla Vera, Julia Richter, Andre Franke, Jonathan N. Glickman, Reiner Siebert, Rebecca M. Barron, Dennis L. Kasper, and Richard S. Blumberg--
• 7 A5 The application of ecological theory toward an understanding of the human microbiome--Elizabeth K. Costello, Keaton Stagaman, Les Dethlefsen, Brendan J. M. Bohannan, and David A. Relman--
• 8 A6 Seasonal restructuring of the ground squirrel gutmicrobiota over the annual hibernation cycle--Hannah V. Carey, William A. Walters, and Rob Knight--
• 9 A7 Lessons from studying insect symbioses--Angela E. Douglas--
• 10 A8 A new vision of immunity: homeostasis of the superorganism--Grard Eberl--
• 11 A9 Host defense and immunomodulation of mucosal candidiasis--Paul L. Fidel, Jr., and Mairi C. Noverr--
• 12 A10 Microbiota-targeted therapies: An ecological perspective--Katherine P. Lemon, Gary C. Armitage, David A. Relman, and Michael Fischbach--
• 13 A11 Community ecology and the vaginal microbiome--Larry J. Forney and Jacques Ravel--
• 14 A12 Investigating bacterial-animal symbioses with light sheet microscopy--Michael J. Taormina, Matthew Jemielita, W. Zac Stephens, Adam R. Burns, Joshua V. Troll, Raghuveer Parthasarathy, and Karen Guillemin--
• 15 A13 Clinical application of fecal microbiota transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection and beyond--Josbert J. Keller and Els van Nood--
• 16 A14 Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria: Mechanisms and implications--Daniel Garrido, David C. Dallas, and David A. Mills--
• 17 A15 Bacteriophage adhering to mucus providea nonhost-derived immunity--Jeremy J. Barr, Rita Auro, Mike Furlan, Katrine L. Whiteson, Marcella L. Erb, Joe Pogliano, Aleksandr Stotland, Roland Wolkowicz, Andrew S. Cutting, Kelly S. Doran, Peter Salamon, Merry Youle, and Forest Rohwer--
• 18 A16 Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin--Keisha Findley, Julia Oh, Joy Yang, Sean Conlan, Clayton Deming, Jennifer A. Meyer, Deborah Schoenfeld, Effie Nomicos, Morgan Park, NIH Intramural Sequencing Center Comparative Sequencing Program, Heidi H. Kong, and Julia A. Segre--
• 19 A17 Distinct microbial communities within the endosphere and rhizosphere of Populus deltoides roots across contrasting soil types--Neil R. Gottel, Hector F. Castro, Marilyn Kerley, Zamin Yang, Dale A. Pelletier, Mircea Podar, Tatiana Karpinets, Ed Uberbacher, Gerald A. Tuskan, Rytas Vilgalys, Mitchel J. Doktycz, and Christopher W. Schadt--
• 20 A18 Interactions between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 influence colitis--Iliyan D. Iliev, Vincent A. Funari, Kent D. Taylor, Quoclinh Nguyen, Christopher N. Reyes, Samuel P. Strom, Jordan Brown, Courtney A. Becker, Phillip R. Fleshner, Marla Dubinsky, Jerome I. Rotter, Hanlin L. Wang, Dermot P. B. McGovern, Gordon D. Brown, and David M. Underhill--
• 21 A19 Metagenomics and personalized medicine--Herbert W. Virgin and John A. Todd--
• 22 A20 From genetics of inflammatory bowel disease towards mechanistic insights--Daniel B. Graham and Ramnik J. Xavier--
• 23 A21 Antimicrobial peptides and the microbiome--Michael Zasloff--
• 24 Appendix B: Agenda--
• 25 Appendix C: Acronyms--
• 26 Appendix D: Glossary--
• 27 Appendix E: Speaker Biographies.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Individually and collectively, resident microbes play important roles in host health and survival. Shaping and shaped by their host environments, these microorganisms form intricate communities that are in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This ecologic and dynamic view of host-microbe interactions is rapidly redefining our view of health and disease. It is now accepted that the vast majority of microbes are, for the most part, not intrinsically harmful, but rather become established as persistent, co-adapted colonists in equilibrium with their environment, providing useful goods and services to their hosts while deriving benefits from these host associations. Disruption of such alliances may have consequences for host health, and investigations in a wide variety of organisms have begun to illuminate the complex and dynamic network of interaction - across the spectrum of hosts, microbes, and environmental niches - that influence the formation, function, and stability of host-associated microbial communities. Microbial Ecology in States of Health and Disease is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats in March 2013 to explore the scientific and therapeutic implications of microbial ecology in states of health and disease. Participants explored host-microbe interactions in humans, animals, and plants; emerging insights into how microbes may influence the development and maintenance of states of health and disease; the effects of environmental change(s) on the formation, function, and stability of microbial communities; and research challenges and opportunities for this emerging field of inquiry.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part 1. Basic concepts underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Microbial endocrinology and the microbiota-gut-brain axis / Mark Lyte
• Utilizing "omics" tools to study the complex gut ecosystem / Anthony Fodor
• The enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal innervation: integrated local and central control / John B. Furness, Brid P. Callaghan, Leni R. Rivera, and Hyun-Jung Cho
• Intestinal barrier function and the brain-gut axis / Carmen Alonso, María Vicario, Marc Pigrau, Beatriz Lobo, and Javier Santos
• Vagal pathways for microbiome-brain-gut axis communication / Paul Forsythe, John Bienenstock, and Wolfgang A. Kunze
• The brain-gut axis in health and disease / Yasser Al Omran and Qasim Aziz
• part 2. Mechanistic factors influencing the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Gastrointestinal hormones and their targets / Jens F. Rehfeld
• Microbiome, HPA axis and production of endocrine hormones in the gut / Nobuyuki Sudo
• Neuropeptides and the microbiota-gut-brain axis / Peter Holzer and Aitak Farzi
• Bacterial neuroactive compounds produced by psychobiotics / Rebecca Wall, John F. Cryan, R. Paul Ross, Gerald F. Fitzgerald, Timothy G. Dinand, and Catherine Stanton
• Multidirectional chemical signalling between mammalian hosts, resident microbiota, and invasive pathogens: neuroendocrine hormone-induced changes in bacterial gene expression / Michail H. Karavolos and C.M. Anjam Khan
• Influence of stressor-induced nervous system activation on the intestinal microbiota and the importance for immunomodulation / Michael T. Bailey
• part 3. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in health and disease. The effects of inflammation, infection and antibiotics on the microbiota-gut-brain axis / Premysl Bercik and Stephen M. Collins
• Microbiota, inflammation and obesity / Yolanda Sanz and Angela Moya-Pérez
• Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders / Graham A.W. Rock, Charles L. Raison, and Christopher A. Lowry
• Microbiota-gut-brain axis and cognitive function / Mélanie G. Gareau
• The impact of microbiota on brain and behavior: mechanisms & therapeutic potential / Yuliya E. Borre, Rachel D. Moloney, Gerard Clarke, Timothy G. Dinan, and John F. Cryan
• Neuroimaging the microbiome-gut-brain axis / Kirsten Tillisch and Jennifer S. Labus
• The future of probiotics for disorders of the brain-gut axis / Eamonn M.M. Quigley and Fergus Shanahan
• Index.

"The field of microbial endocrinology is expressly devoted to understanding the mechanisms by which the microbiota (bacteria within the microbiome) interact with the host ("us"). This interaction is a two-way street and the driving force that governs these interactions are the neuroendocrine products of both the host and the microbiota. Chapters include neuroendocrine hormone-induced changes in gene expression and microbial endocrinology and probiotics. This is the first in a series of books dedicated to understanding how bi-directional communication between host and bacteria represents the cutting edge of translational medical research, and hopefully identifies new ways to understand the mechanisms that determine health and disease"--Publisher's description.

• A review of the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease with a focus on diet, infections, and antibiotic exposure / Lewis, J.D.
• Current issues in the design of clinical trials in IBD / Feagan, B.G.
• The intestinal microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases / Sartor, R.B.
• Genetics and innate and adaptive immunity in IBD / Zanello, G.; Kevans, D.; Goethel, A.; Silverberg, M.; Tyler, A.; Croitoru, K.
• Interplay of nutrients and microbial metabolites in intestinal immune homeostasis : differential and common mechanisms of immune regulation in the small bowel and colon / Perrigoue, J.; Das, A.; Mora, J.R.
• Diet, the gut microbiome, and the metabolome in IBD / Wu, G.D.
• Antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics in IBD / Bernstein, C.N.
• Fecal microbiota transplantation : an interest in IBD / Kahn, S.A.; Goeppinger, S.R.; Rubin, D.T.
• Enteral nutrition as treatment option for Crohn's disease : in kids only / Ruemmele, F.M.; Pigneur, B.; Garnier-Lenglin, H.
• Effects of exclusive enteral nutrition on bone mass, linear growth, and body composition in children with Crohn's disease / Sylvester, F.A.
• Exclusive enteral nutrition : clues to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease / Levine, A.
• Current state of the art of medical foods / Blum, S. ; Brito, F.
• IBD therapy : new targets and unmet needs / Colombel, J.-F.

• ANASTOMOSES: TYPES, TECHNIQUES/PROCEDURES, CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS; Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data; Contents; Preface;
• Chapter I: Bilioenteric Anastomoses; Abstract; Introduction; Indications of Bilioenteric Anastomoses; Types of Anastomoses; Techniques; Complications; Outcome and Follow-Up; References;
• Chapter II: Intestinal Anastomosis Education and Training; Abstract; Introduction; Manually and Stapled Bowel Anastomosis; Training According to Surgical Approach; Intestinal Anastomoses: Need for Laboratory Training; Training Models.

• Training Models as a Mean to Assess AbilityAssessment of Technical Skill Transfer from Simulation Models to the Patient in the Operating Room; References;
• Chapter III: Invaginating Colonic Anastomosis;
• 1. Historical Background;
• 2. Techniques of Colonic Anastomosis;
• 3. Anastomotic Line Protection;
• 4. Animal Models for Colonic Anastomosis;
• 5. Telescoping Anastomosis;
• 6. Further Reading;
• Chapter IV: Expandable Devices for Easier, Quicker and More Efficient Aortic-Prosthesis Anastomosis; Abstract;
• 1. Introduction.

• 2. New Expandable Devices for Easier, Quicker and More Efficient Open Surgery for Large Thoracic or Thoracoabdominal AneurysmsConclusion and Perspectives; References;
• Chapter V: Bowel Anastomosis:Types, Techniques/Procedures, Clinical Outcomes and Complications; Abstract; Introduction; Anastomotic Techniques; Colorectal Anastomosis; Colorectal Anastomotic Complications; References; Index.

• What is irritable bowel syndrome?
• Causes and diagnosis of IBS
• Diet and exercise, key helpers in the battle
• The mind-body connection: how we can heal ourselves
• Can I just take a pill? Over-the counter drugs and herbs
• Prescription drug treatments for IBS, evidence for what works
• Defeat IBS: a summary.

Up to one in five people worldwide are troubled by typical IBS symptoms, and most have not seen a doctor about them. Many doctors don't know much about it and many dismiss IBS as being "in their head." The good news is that a quiet revolution is going on that looks promising. Cramps or pain in the stomach, feelings of bloating or even swelling up like a balloon, rushing to the toilet because of diarrhea, or not being able to go at all; these are some of the symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Knowledge is power; those troubled with IBS need to take control by understanding the problem and its potential solutions. This book aims to help empower people who suffer with IBS as well as their families. What is IBS? Why do some people get the disease? What can be done about it now that truly works? Take control and read on. KEY FEATURES Authoritatively written, current and concise from both physicians and sufferers of this disease Presents a brief description of symptoms, concepts, pathophysiology, and risk factors Highly illustrated A good pocket guide.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite. It has extraordinary abilities to infect virtually any warm blooded animal, cross a number of biological barriers (intestine, placenta and blood-brain), and invade any nucleated cell tested thus far in vitro. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to Toxoplasma gondii and its ability to invade the host cell. Emphasis is placed on biological barriers and molecular mechanism of invasion for the different forms of the parasite. Chapter 2 describes a study of how Toxoplasma crosses the human placenta. Chapter 3 provides an insight as to how Enteric Glial Cells contribute to oral Toxoplasma infection in vivo. Chapter 4 deals with the study of how Toxoplasma sporozoites invade host cells. All research topics shed light on details of how Toxoplasma crosses the anatomical barriers: from the tissue barriers of placenta to infection to the possible immune and barrier functions of Enteric Glial Cells to how Toxoplasma sporozoites invade host cells. Chapter 2 describes experiments demonstrating that Toxoplasma tachyzoites invade the human placenta. These experiments used the human placental explant system to determine where the tachyzoites first invade, how they travel down the anchoring villi, and whether there exist type differences in ability to invade this tissue. This study provided several insights: (i) Toxoplasma tachyzoites are unable to penetrate the syncytium, and invade only the exposed tissue (anchoring villi); (ii) There does not appear to be a significant difference in the ability of different strains to infect the tissue. Chapter 3 addresses the possible role of TGF-[beta] by Enteric Glial Cells (EGCs) in oral Toxoplasma infection. Mice expressing a Dominant Negative TGF-[beta] receptor in EGCs were orally infected with Toxoplasma tissue cysts. At the end of the time trials, mice were sacrificed and their intestines subjected to histological analysis. Experiments did not reveal a clear-cut contribution to the control of inflammation by this cell type to the progress of disease. Chapter 4 examines the function of two paralogues of AMA1 and RON2 that are present exclusively in Toxoplasma sporozoites. Dubbed sporoAMA1 and sporoRON2, respectively, that sporoRON2 and sporoAMA1 form an exclusive pairing, stabilized with unique structural features. Furthermore, pre-treating sporozoites with a C-terminal portion of sporoRON2 (but not generic RON2) inhibits sporozoite invasion. We see sporoRON2 in a different compartment from RON4, suggesting that sporoRON2 functions independently of known moving junction components. These data indicate that sporozoites' host cell invasion is dependent on a novel, stage-specific version of the AMA1-RON2 pairing.

• Short Bowel Syndrome: Definition, Incidence, Historical Overview & Etiology-- Survival Outcomes of Pediatric Intestinal Failure Patients & the Cost of Comprehensive Care-- Short Bowel Syndrome: Pathophysiology & Intestinal Adaptation-- Mortality & Morbidity of Short Bowel Syndrome-- Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease-- Management of Short Bowel Syndrome-- Novel Agents in the Treatment of Intestinal Failure: Humoral Factors-- The World Experience of the Pediatric Intestinal Failure Program: Successful Outcomes from Intestinal Rehabilitation-- Bowel-Preserving Surgery for Short Bowel Syndrome-- Intestine Transplantation in Children-- Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine Research Perspectives for Intestinal Failure-- Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is defined as intestinal failure following a loss of intestinal length which causes marked maldigestion and malabsorption of dietary nutrients and induces major faecal issues, loss of energy, nitrogen, and fat. Intestinal failure and SBS continue to be important clinical problems due to their high mortality and morbidity rates, as well as their devastating socio-economic effects. Although intestinal transplantation has emerged as a feasible alternative in the treatment of children with SBS in the last two decades, intestinal adaptation remains the only chance for survival in a subset of these patients. Intestinal adaptation is defined as a process of progressive recovery from intestinal failure following bowel resection. In this book, the aetiology of SBS, its pathophysiology, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal adaptation are reviewed. The most common complications of SBS, including intestinal failure associated liver disease and sepsis, are outlined with strategies to reduce them. The potential role of tissue engineering for SBS that go beyond the "simple" generation of the tubular small intestine is discussed. Such knowledge will likely provide the basis for further advances in the treatment of patients with short bowel syndrome and suggest new therapeutic strategies to maintain gut integrity, eliminate the dependence on total parenteral nutrition, and avoid the need for intestinal transplantation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Overview: 555 million preschool children live in developing countries where malnutrition (undernutrition) is a significant problem. The factors that contribute to this issue are multiple, with two important factors being gut microbiota and gut function. To begin to understand gut microbiota and gut function in a developing country, we performed two parallel studies: in the first study, we characterized the baseline gut microbiota of healthy Bangladeshi children, and in the second study, we investigated the association between household environmental conditions and gut function in Bangladeshi children. The gut microbiota affect nutrient metabolism, immune function, and pathogen resistance. Loss of gut function as occurs in environmental enteropathy (a multifaceted, subclinical intestinal disorder likely derived from repeated episodes of infectious gastroenteritis and chronic inflammation) contributes to malnutrition and growth faltering. It is possible that these processes are interrelated with the gut microbiota serving a critical role in environmental enteropathy. Gut microbiota: Previous studies have focused on the gut microbiota of infants and adults from developed countries, but few have characterized the gut microbiota of people living in developing countries. Furthermore, little is known about the gut microbiota and its variation over time in primary-school-age children and adolescents in either developed or developing countries. In this study, we compared the monthly variation in fecal microbiota composition of healthy children (ages 8--14 years) living in an urban slum in Bangladesh with that of age-matched children from affluent suburban communities in the United States. We analyzed 8,000 near full-length sequences of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA) and over 845,000 pyrosequencing reads spanning the V1-V3 variable region of the 16S rDNA. The distal gut of Bangladeshi children harbored significantly higher microbial diversity than U.S. children, a result validated by the discovery of several novel lineages from various bacterial phyla in the full-length Bangladeshi dataset. Bangladeshi and U.S. children displayed distinct gut microbiota architectures. Moreover, significantly lower month-to-month temporal stability was observed in Bangladeshi children compared to U.S. children. Together, these results suggest that different environmental or genetic variables may affect the microbiota of healthy children in the two countries. Further studies are necessary to investigate the underlying mechanisms of these differences and to incorporate these insights into prevention or treatment of diseases. Gut function: Although poor water quality, sanitation, and hygiene are putative risk factors for environmental enteropathy, there are no studies investigating the relationship of household environmental conditions to environmental enteropathy. We compared levels of environmental enteropathy markers to growth patterns and measured the prevalence of parasitic infections in children living in different levels of environmental cleanliness based on indictors of water, sanitation, and hygiene in their households. We conducted a follow-up study of 119 children (< 4 years old) from an existing cohort, living in rural Bangladesh and divided into two types of households: a 'mitigated household' had good water quality, improved sanitation, and a handwashing station stocked with water and soap, and a 'contaminated household' had poor water quality, and inadequate sanitation and handwashing facilities. We measured anthropometry, intestinal parasitic infection, and the following markers to assess gut function: Lactulose:Mannitol (L:M) ratio, immunoglobulin G endotoxin core antibody (IgG EndoCAb), and total IgG. After adjustment for potential confounding, children from mitigated households had higher height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ), lower L:M ratios, and lower IgG EndoCAb titers than children from contaminated households. The L:M ratio was also strongly associated with HAZ in the cohort. Children living in environmentally mitigated households had lower levels of parasitic infection, improved measures of gut function, and improved growth compared to children living in contaminated environments. These results support the hypothesis that environmental contamination mediated through environmental enteropathy could be a cause of growth faltering in low-income countries. Interpretation: By characterizing the baseline gut microbiota of healthy children living in a developing country and correlating their gut function with household environmental conditions, our work provides a foundation to address the role of the gut microbiota and environmental enteropathy in child health.

The intestinal epithelium is one of the most rapidly proliferating tissues in the body. A complete turnover of the epithelium occurs every 3-5 days in the mouse, a process that is maintained by a small population of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that reside in the crypt bases. The signals that regulate the behavior of these ISCs are still poorly understood. However, the recent identification of genes that mark functional stem cells has yielded insights into how ISCs are regulated and maintained. Here, we demonstrate that Bmi1 and Lgr5 mark two functionally distinct ISCs in vivo. Lgr5 marks mitotically active ISCs that exhibit exquisite sensitivity to canonical Wnt modulation, contribute robustly to homeostatic regeneration, and are quantitatively ablated by irradiation. In contrast, Bmi1 marks quiescent ISCs that are insensitive to Wnt perturbations, contribute weakly to homeostatic regeneration, and are resistant to high dose radiation injury. Post-irradiation, however, the normally quiescent Bmi1+ ISCs dramatically proliferate to clonally repopulate multiple contiguous crypts and villi. Clonogenic culture of isolated single Bmi1+ ISCs yields long-lived self-renewing spheroids of intestinal epithelium that produce Lgr5-expressing cells, thereby establishing a lineage relationship between these two populations in vitro. Taken together, these data provide direct evidence that Bmi1 marks quiescent, injury-inducible reserve ISCs that exhibit striking functional distinctions from Lgr5+ ISCs, and support a model whereby distinct ISC populations facilitate homeostatic versus injury-induced regeneration. How these ISCs maintain their stemness remains unclear. Paneth cells have been suggested to serve as niche cells for the Lgr5+ ISCs, perhaps through the secretion of essential paracrine factors, but recent reports clearly demonstrate that Paneth cells are not required for Lgr5+ ISC maintenance. Recently, the G-protein-coupled receptors Lgr4-6 were reported to associate with Wnt receptors to mediate R-spondin signaling. Given the importance of Wnt/R-spondin signaling in intestinal crypt maintenance, we tested the in vivo function of Lgr5 by adenovirus-mediated overexpression of the soluble ligand-binding Lgr5 extracellular domain. Circulating Lgr5 ectodomain induced the migration of Paneth cells from the crypts, their eventual loss, and a concomitant disappearance of Lgr5+ ISCs. Paneth cell migration was associated with downregulation of Wnt signaling and its target EphB3. The loss of Lgr5+ ISCs did not affect maintenance of the intestinal epithelium, nor did Lgr5+ stem cells disappear from non-intestinal organs. Together, these findings characterize an easily tractable experimental model for the in vivo deletion of Lgr5+ ISCs, and suggest that Lgr receptors function to actively maintain Lgr5+ ISCs in vivo.

The importance of the intestinal microbiota to the health of an organism is well recognized. Alterations in the composition of the microbiota are associated with a number of diseases. However, the extent to which the microbiota varies across healthy individuals and time and the causes of this variation are still not fully understood. In order to distinguish between microbial community states of health and disease, the range of healthy microbial communities must be determined. In addition, the effect of perturbations on the microbiota is an area of active research. Recent studies indicate that intestinal infections can have a significant impact on the composition of intestinal microbiota. However, the extent and duration of these changes during different infections have not been fully characterized. My aims were to characterize the range of healthy microbiota in an inbred mouse population over time and to determine the dynamics of alterations in the microbiota during disease. I also wanted to determine if certain characteristics of the microbiota make animals more or less susceptible to infection. In this work, 46 individual healthy mice were sampled over time to assess the range of microbial communities in health. A mouse model of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection was used to assess the impact of infection on the microbiota. Mice were sampled prior to infection and over the course of infection. This work finds that the microbiota of healthy mice varies significantly over time and among individuals. However, there are stable differences among individual mice, which may be established at the point of weaning when adult microbial communities develop. In addition, this work finds significant changes in the microbiota during infection that differ with the level of infection. This data also shows that there are some taxa whose abundance prior to infection correlates with outcome of infection. This work provides insights into the dynamics of the microbiota in health and disease and its impact on the health of the host.