• Notes on Contributors xiii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Global Risks, Conservation, and Criminology 1 Meredith L. Gore 1.1 Conservation Crimes Are a Global Problem 1 1.2 Three Foundational Fields of Conservation Criminology 4 1.3 Foundation 1: Natural Resource Management and Policy 4 1.3.1 Different Values Underlie Natural Resource Management and Conservation 4 1.3.2 The Precautionary Principle and Prevention 6 1.3.3 Community Based Conservation 6 1.3.4 Protected Areas 7 1.4 Foundation 2: Criminology, Crime Science, and Criminal Justice 8 1.4.1 Opportunity Structures of Crime 9 1.4.2 Crime Prevention 10 1.4.3 Criminological Typologies 11 1.5 Foundation 3: Risk and Decision Science 11 1.5.1 Risk Assessment and Perception 13 1.5.2 Risk Communication 14 1.5.3 Risk Governance 14 1.6 Combining the Three Foundations: Conservation Criminology 15 1.6.1 Strengths 16 1.6.2 Shortcomings 16 1.7 How to Do Conservation Criminology 17 1.8 Roadmap 18 References 20 Part I Conceptual Advancements in Conservation Criminology 2 Conservation Crime Science 27 Jessica S. Kahler and Meredith L. Gore 2.1 Exploitation of Natural Resources in a Globalized World 27 2.2 The Limits of Criminology for Conservation Practice 28 2.3 Overcoming the Limits of Criminology with Crime Science 30 2.4 State of Knowledge: Conservation Criminology and Conservation Crime Science 31 2.4.1 Describing the Literature 32 2.5 Limitations 36 2.6 Utility of Using Conservation Crime Science 37 2.7 Setting Expectations for Conservation Crime Science 38 2.8 Conclusion 39 References 41 3 Deterrence, Legitimacy, and Wildlife Crime in Protected Areas 45 William D. Moreto and Jacinta M. Gau 3.1 Wildlife Crime in Protected Areas 46 3.2 Criminological and Criminal Justice Perspectives on Deterrence 46 3.2.1 Theoretical Foundations 46 3.3 Empirical Findings 48 3.4 Limitations with Deterrence based Approaches in Protected Areas 48 3.5 Legitimacy and Its Role in Establishing Normative and Instrumental Forms of Compliance in Conservation 51 3.6 Alternatives to Deterrence Based Approaches 52 3.6.1 Enhancing Legitimacy 52 3.7 Future Considerations 53 References 54 Part II Case Studies and Examples 4 Governance for Conservation Risks and Crime 61 Mark A. Axelrod, Austin Flowers, Katherine Groff, and Julia Novak Colwell 4.1 Defining Governance 61 4.2 General Concepts of Governance for Conservation Risks 62 4.3 Strict Enforcement by Official Authorities and Governments 63 4.4 International Movement of Electronic Waste 63 4.5 Regulatory Efforts to Limit E waste Trade 65 4.6 People Centered Approaches Focused Local Livelihoods 67 4.7 Limits to Enforcement Actions in Chiquibul National Park, Belize 68 4.8 Limits of Alternative Livelihood Strategies 68 4.9 Unintended Effects and Collateral Impacts of Conservation Governance 69 4.10 Conclusion 71 References 71 5 Gaining Compliance and Cooperation with Regulated Wildlife Harvest 77 Brent A. Rudolph and Shawn J. Riley 5.1 Importance of Compliance and Cooperation 78 5.2 What Drives Violations of Natural Resource Regulations? 80 5.3 Unintentional Violations 81 5.4 Intentional Violations 81 5.5 Violations Motivated by Direct Personal Gains 82 5.6 Violations Motivated by Indirect Personal Gains 83 5.7 Violations and Instrumental Judgments of Government Policy and Regulators 84 5.8 Violations and Normative Influence 85 5.9 What Drives Cooperation? 86 5.10 Considerations for Increasing Compliance and Cooperation 87 5.10.1 Applying Regulations to Influence Compliance 88 5.10.2 Applying Economic Instruments to Influence Compliance and Cooperation 89 5.10.3 Applying Communication to Influence Compliance and Cooperation 90 5.10.4 Communication to Influence Instrumental Judgments 90 5.10.5 Communication to Influence Behavior Through Norms 91 5.10.6 Communication to Influence Procedural Justice 91 5.11 Conclusion 92 References 92 6 Corruption and Organized Crime in Conservation 97 Aksel Sundstrom and Tanya Wyatt 6.1 Connecting Corruption and Organized Crime to Conservation 99 6.1.1 Defining Corruption and Organized Crime 99 6.1.2 The Role and Extent of Corruption and Organized Crime in Conservation Crime 100 6.1.3 Why do Environmental Black Markets Exist? 102 6.2 Case Study on Abalone Poaching 102 6.2.1 The Context of Bureaucratic Corruption and Presence of Criminal Groups 102 6.2.2 The Investigation 104 6.2.3 Non Corrupt Inspectors are Threatened 104 6.3 Case Study on Illegal Trade in Russian Raptors 105 6.4 A Policy Oriented Discussion of Solutions 107 6.4.1 Supporting Non Corrupt Officials That Receive Threats 107 6.4.2 Complement Merit Based Reforms with External Monitoring Mechanisms 107 6.4.3 Public Awareness Campaigns May Help Decrease Demand for Illicit Goods 108 6.4.4 A Cooperative Network Approach to Combating Organized Crime 109 6.5 Conclusion 109 References 110 7 Problem Oriented Policing for Natural Resource Conservation 115 Mark C. G. Gibson 7.1 What is Problem Oriented Policing? 115 7.2 The Opportunity for POP in Natural Resource Management 119 7.3 A Case Study of Australian Commonwealth Fisheries Management 120 7.3.1 The Australian Fisheries Management Authority 120 7.3.2 Scanning 123 7.3.3 Analysis 124 7.3.4 Response 125 7.3.5 Assessment 126 7.4 Adapting POP for More Effective Conservation 127 7.5 Conclusion 129 References 129 8 Exploring the Sociology of Wildlife Tourism, Global Risks, and Crime 133 Jessica Bell Rizzolo 8.1 Wildlife Tourism 134 8.1.1 Types of Wildlife Tourism 134 8.1.2 Benefits of Wildlife Tourism Link Biodiversity Conservation and Livelihood Preservation 134 8.1.3 Risks Associated with Wildlife Tourism 135 8.2 Conservation Criminology and Wildlife Tourism 136 8.2.1 Natural Resources Management and Conservation Biology 137 8.2.2 Risk and Decision Science 137 8.2.3 Criminology 138 8.3 Theoretical Insights on Wildlife Tourism from Sociology 139 8.3.1 Wildlife Tourism and Power 139 8.3.2 Authenticity as a Sociological Aspect of Tourism 141 8.4 Elephant Tourism and Crime in Thailand 144 8.4.1 Elephant Tourism in Thailand 144 8.4.2 Wild Live Elephant Trafficking 144 8.4.3 Illegal Ivory Trade 145 8.4.4 Animal Welfare 145 8.4.5 Elephant Tourism and Crime: Insights From Conservation Criminology and Sociological Theory 148 8.5 Conclusion 150 References 151 Part III Models and Innovations 9 Technological Innovations Supporting Wildlife Crime Detection, Deterrence, and Enforcement 157 Heidi Kretser, Emma Stokes, Serge Wich, David Foran, and Alexa Montefiore 9.1 Challenges for Wildlife Crime Detection and Enforcement 158 9.2 Technological Advances in Conservation 160 9.3 Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) 161 9.3.1 Limitations of SMART Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 163 9.4 Conservation Drones 164 9.4.1 Limitations of Drone Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 166 9.5 Mobile Device Applications 167 9.5.1 Limitations of Mobile App Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 168 9.6 Conservation Forensics 171 9.6.1 Limitations of Forensic Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 173 9.7 Conclusion 174 References 175 10 PAWS: Game Theory Based Protection Assistant for Wildlife Security 179 Fei Fang, Benjamin Ford, Rong Yang, Milind Tambe, and Andrew M. Lemieux 10.1 Applying Game Theoretic Analysis to Poaching 180 10.2 Modeling Human Behavior to Create Optimal Patrol Strategies 181 10.3 Domain Feature Modeling 181 10.4 The Genesis of PAWS from Synthesizing Conservation, Computer Science, and Criminology 182 10.4.1 Describing the Poaching Domain to Create Patrols that Prevent Poaching 184 10.5 The PAWS Model 185 10.5.1 The Basis of Game Theoretic Analysis in PAWS 186 10.5.2 Modeling Human Behavior for PAWS 188 10.5.3 Incorporating Learning into the Behavioral Model 189 10.6 PAWS Learn 189 10.6.1 Domain Feature Modeling 190 10.7 Discussion 192 References 193 11 Estimating Poaching Opportunity and Potential 197 Adrian Treves, Christine Browne-Nunez, Jamie Hogberg, Jens Karlsson Frank, Lisa Naughton-Treves, Nicole Rust, and Zachary Voyles 11.1 Understanding Attitudes and Behaviors of Realized and Potential Poachers 198 11.2 Social Psychological Approaches for Understanding the Potential to Poach 200 11.3 Case Study on Wolf Poaching 200 11.3.1 Theoretical Approach and Sampling 200 11.3.2 Methods 203 11.3.3 Study Site 203 11.3.4 Study Respondents 204 11.3.5 Survey Items 204 11.3.6 Inclination to Poach 205 11.3.7 Modeling Potential to Poach 205 11.4 Results 206 11.4.1 Potential to Poach 206 11.4.2 Effects on Wolf Population 207 11.4.3 Implications for Theory and Practice 207 11.4.4 Deer Hunters 208 11.4.5 Complainant Sample 209 11.5 Theoretical Considerations on the Causes of Poaching 210 References 212 Index 217.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)9781118935484 20170703

This important new text introduces conservation criminology as the interdisciplinary study of environmental exploitation and risks at the intersection of human and natural systems. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the book enhances understanding of the various human and organizational behaviors that pose risks to the environment, humans, and drive conservation crime. As human population growth, global market economies, climate change, deforestation, and illegal exploitation of natural resources continue to increase, academic research from numerous disciplines is needed to address these challenges. Conservation Criminology promotes thinking about how unsustainable natural resources exploitation is a cause and a consequence of social conflict. Case studies profiled in the book demonstrate this cause and effect type situation, as well as innovative approaches for reducing risks to people and the environment. This text encourages readers to consider how humans behave in response to environmental risks and the various mechanisms that constitute effective and ineffective approaches to enforcement of wildlife crimes, including environmental and conservation policy. Case studies from the USA, Latin America, Africa, and Asia highlight corruption in conservation, global trade in electronic waste, illegal fishing, illegal logging, human-wildlife conflict, technology and space, water insecurity, wildlife disease, and wildlife poaching. Taken together, chapters expand the reader s perspective and employ tools to understand and address environmental crimes and risks, and to provide novel empirical evidence for positive change. With established contributors providing interdisciplinary and global perspectives, this book establishes a foundation for the emerging field of conservation criminology.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9781118935484 20170703

A compelling and long-overdue exploration of the Progressive-era conservation movement, and its lasting effects on American culture, politics, and contemporary environmentalism The turn of the twentieth century caught America at a crossroads, shaking the dust from a bygone era and hurtling toward the promises of modernity. Factories, railroads, banks, and oil fields-all reshaped the American landscape and people. In the gulf between growing wealth and the ills of an urbanizing nation, the spirit of Progressivism emerged. Promising a return to democracy and a check on concentrated wealth, Progressives confronted this changing relationship to the environment-not only in the countryside but also in dense industrial cities and leafy suburbs. Drawing on extensive work in urban history and Progressive politics, Benjamin Heber Johnson weaves together environmental history, material culture, and politics to reveal the successes and failures of the conservation movement and its lasting legacy. By following the efforts of a broad range of people and groups-women's clubs, labor advocates, architects, and politicians-Johnson shows how conservation embodied the ideals of Progressivism, ultimately becoming one of its most important legacies.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9780300115505 20170502

• 1. Introduction 2. Extinction: Can We Be Fair During a Crisis? 3. Justice as Motive 4. The conduct of Environmental Justice Inquiry 5. Taking Distribution Seriously 6. Justice as Recognition: Reconciling Social Justice with Environmental Sustainability 7. From 'Conservation and Development' to 'Conservation and Justice' 8. Conservation, Markets and Justice 9. Conservation and Justice: Researching and Assessing Progress.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)9781138788589 20170605

Loss of biodiversity is one of the great environmental challenges facing humanity but unfortunately efforts to reduce the rate of loss have so far failed. At the same time, these efforts have too often resulted in unjust social outcomes in which people living in or near to areas designated for conservation lose access to their territories and resources. In this book the author argues that our approach to biodiversity conservation needs to be more strongly informed by a concern for and understanding of social justice issues. Injustice can be a driver of biodiversity loss and a barrier to efforts at preservation. Conversely, the pursuit of social justice can be a strong motivation to find solutions to environmental problems. The book therefore argues that the pursuit of socially just conservation is not only intrinsically the right thing to do, but will also be instrumental in bringing about greater success. The argument for a more socially just conservation is initially developed conceptually, drawing upon ideas of environmental justice that incorporate concerns for distribution, procedure and recognition. It is then applied to a range of approaches to conservation including benefit sharing arrangements, integrated conservation and development projects and market-based approaches such as sustainable timber certification and payments for ecosystem services schemes. Case studies are drawn from the author's research in Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Laos, Bolivia, China and India.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9781138788589 20170605

• Part 1. Running upstream
• Fish wars and co-management : Western Washington
• Water wars and breaching dams : Northwest Plateau
• Part II. Militarized lands and skies
• Military projects and environmental racism : Nevada and Southern Wisconsin
• Part III. Keeping it in the ground
• Resource wars and sharing sacred lands : Montana and South Dakota
• Fossil fuel shipping and blocking : Northern Plains and Pacific Northwest
• Part IV. Agreeing on the water
• Fishing and exclusion : Northern Wisconsin
• Mining and inclusion : Northern Wisconsin.

The vast expanses of ocean that cover about 70% of our planet have been negatively affected by fishing, pollution and, increasingly, by climate change. To mitigate these effects and safeguard the delicate ecological and environmental functions of oceans and their remarkable biodiversity, international agreements have led to the ongoing creation of marine protected areas around the world. In some of these areas, human activity is prohibited and in others it is managed in a sustainable way. Australia is at the forefront of marine conservation, with one of the largest systems of marine protected areas in the world. Big, Bold and Blue: Lessons from Australia's Marine Protected Areas captures much of Australia's experience, sharing important lessons from the Great Barrier Reef and many other extraordinary marine protected areas. It presents real-world examples, leading academic research, perspectives on government policy, and information from Indigenous sea country management, non-governmental organisations, and commercial and recreational fishing sectors. The lessons learnt during the rapid expansion of Australia's marine protected areas, both positive and negative, will aid and advise other nations in their own marine conservation efforts.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9781486301942 20170123

• Introduction
• Formative years of the State Division of Forestry
• Community-based cooperative agreements
• County service area No. 38
• State forestry labor camps
• Inyo and Mono counties
• Fire prevention, information, and education.

"Since the establishment of the California State Board of Forestry in 1885, the mission of the California Division of Forestry has been to protect and preserve natural resources via a focus on resource management and protection of valuable watesheds. From the beginning, pioneers within the communities of San Bernardino County were actively involved in protecting their homes from the ravages of wildfire. In August 1930, San Bernardino County entered into a contract with the state to provide fire suppression and prevention on nonfederal lands within the county. The cooperative services agreement evolved to provide municipal fire protection services from both paid and volunteer staff. In addition to responsibilities within San Bernardino Copunty, in the late 1980s the State Responsibility Area land with Inyo and Mono forestry units were consolidated under the San Bernardino, California Department of Forestry, Ranger Unit:"-- Cover.

• Introduction Part 1: Histories of conservation and development 1. Conservation and development in historical perspective 2. Sustainable Development in the 20th and 21st Centuries Part 2: Conservation and development in the broader global context 3. Conservation, development and the relationship between nature and society 4. Conservation and development in an era of global change 5. Conservation and development in the context of globalisation and neoliberalism 6. Global environmental governance 7. Population, consumption, conflict and environment 8. Management of natural resources in a globalised world Part 3: Conservation and development in practice 9. Protected areas, conservation and development 10. Integrated conservation and development through community conservation 11. Ecotourism, conservation and development 12. Conservation and development in the context of religious, spiritual and cultural values 13. Payments for ecosystem services in the context of material and cultural values Conclusion: Conservation and development futures.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)9780415687812 20160619

Conservation and development share an intertwined history dating back to at least the 1700s. But what are the prospects for reconciling the two, and how far have we come with this project? This book explores these questions through a detailed consideration of the past, present and future of the relationship between conservation and development. Bringing to bear conceptual resources from political ecology, social-ecological systems thinking and science and technology studies, Conservation and Development sets this relationship against the background of the political and economic processes implicated in environmental degradation and poverty alike. Whilst recognising that the need for reconciling conservation and development processes remains as compelling as ever, it demonstrates why trade-offs are more frequently encountered in practice than synergies. It also flags alternative visions for conservation and development obscured or ignored by current framings and priorities. Bringing together policy and theory, Conservation and Development is an essential resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students and a useful reference for researchers in related fields. Each chapter contains a reading guide with discussion questions. The text is enlivened by a number of new case studies from around the world. A must-read for anyone interested in understanding the history, current state, and projections for future shifts in the relationship between conservation and development.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9780415687812 20160619

• Schemes of protected areas : historical, structural and institutional perspectives
• Resolving conflicts in protected areas : rationale, principles and the institutional approach
• The legal framework of protected areas in the United States
• The formation of conflicts in public land designation and management
• Resolution of conflicts in legislation and policies : assessing the legal foundations
• Resolution of conflicts : a judicial perspective
• The legislative and policy frameworks of protected areas in China
• The formation of conflicts in the designation and management of protected areas in China
• The resolution of conflicts in law and practice in China
• Pudacuo National Park and beyond in Yunnan Province : national parks envisioned and national parks in practice.

This book provides a comprehensive and up to date comparative study of the management and resolution of conflicts between conservation and recreation in protected areas in the US and China. Competing claims on the use of nature, increasing regulation of land use and recreational activities, and the conflicting goals between conservation and development have led to a rise in conflicts in the designation and management of protected areas. How to effectively manage and resolve these conflicts has become a challenge for both legislators and managers. By adopting an institutional dimension in legal interpretation, this book critically examines how such conflicts are dealt with in the legal regimes of the US and China while exploring interactions between legislatures, agencies and courts. The book searches for a plausible solution to improve the legal framework of protected areas in China by emulating pertinent mechanisms developed in the US, whilst also presenting legal and policy recommendations to the US. This informative book will be useful for legal scholars in Chinese law, nature conservation law, administrative law and comparative law.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9781472475275 20170306

• Introduction 1. Exploring human-nature dualism and the history of the environment in anthropology 2. The Social Construction of Nature 3. Mainstream Conservation and Alternative Environmentalism 4. Communities and Conservation 5. Debates over Incentive-based Conservation Programs 6. Environmental Ethics and Rights for Human and Non-human Species 7. Environmental Justice and Democratic Legitimacy 8. Sustaining the Unsustainable: Debates over Development, Population and Consumption 9. Education for Environment's Sake 10. Attempting Reconciliation and Moving Forward.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)9780415721981 20160718

Today, there is growing interest in conservation and anthropologists have an important role to play in helping conservation succeed for the sake of humanity and for the sake of other species. Equally important, however, is the fact that we, as the species that causes extinctions, have a moral responsibility to those whose evolutionary unfolding and very future we threaten. This volume is an examination of the relationship between conservation and the social sciences, particularly anthropology. It calls for increased collaboration between anthropologists, conservationists and environmental scientists, and advocates for a shift towards an environmentally focused perspective that embraces not only cultural values and human rights, but also the intrinsic value and rights to life of nonhuman species. This book demonstrates that cultural and biological diversity are intimately interlinked, and equally threatened by the industrialism that endangers the planet's life-giving processes. The consideration of ecological data, as well as an expansion of ethics that embraces more than one species, is essential to a well-rounded understanding of the connections between human behavior and environmental wellbeing. This book gives students and researchers in anthropology, conservation, environmental ethics and across the social sciences an invaluable insight into how innovative and intensive new interdisciplinary approaches, questions, ethics and subject pools can close the gap between culture and conservation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9780415721981 20160718