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• 1.
• Introduction 1.1
• Engineering Uses of Computer Models 1.1.1
• Mission Statement 1.2
• The Subject Matter 1.3
• Mathematical Material 1.4
• Some Remarks Bibliography 2
• From Computer Hardware to Software 2.1
• Introduction 2.2
• Computing Machines 2.2.1 The Software Interface 2.3
• Computer Programming 2.3.1
• Algebraic Expressions 2.3.2
• Math Functions 2.3.3
• Computation Loops 2.3.4
• Decisionmaking 2.3.5
• Graphics 2.3.6
• User Defined Functions 2.4
• State Transition Machines 2.4.1
• A Binary Signal Generator 2.4.2
• Operational Control of an Industrial Plant 2.5
• Difference Engines 2.5.1
• Difference Equation to Calculate Compound Interest 2.6
• Iterative Programming 2.6.1
• Inverse Functions 2.7
• Digital Simulation of Differential Equations 2.7.1
• Rectangular Integration 2.7.2
• Trapezoidal Integration 2.7.3
• Second Order Integration 2.7.4
• An Example 2.8
• Discussion 2.9
• Exercises References 3.
• Creative Thinking and Scientific Theories 3.1
• Introduction 3.2
• The Dawn of Astronomy 3.3
• The Renaissance 3.3.1
• Galileo 3.3.2
• Newton 3.4
• Electromagnetism 3.4.1
• Magnetic Fields 3.4.2
• Electromagnetic Induction 3.4.3
• Electromagnetic Radiation 3.5
• Aerodynamics 3.5.1
• Vector Flow Fields 3.6
• Discussion
• References 4.
• Calculus and the Computer
• 4.1
• Introduction 4.2
• Mathematical Solution of Differential Equations 4.3
• From Physical Analogs to Analog Computers 4.4
• Picard's Method for Solving a Nonlinear Differential Equation 4.4.1
• Mechanization of Picard's Method 4.4.2
• Feedback Model of the Differential Equation 4.4.3
• Approximate Solution by Taylor Series 4.5
• Exponential Functions and Linear Differential Equations 4.5.1
• Taylor Series to Approximate Exponential Functions 4.6
• Sinusoidal Functions and Phasors 4.6.1
• Taylor Series to Approximate Sinusoids 4.7
• Bessel's Equation 4.8
• Discussion 4.9
• Exercises
• References 5.
• Science and Computer Models 5.1
• Introduction 5.2
• A Planetary Orbit around a Stationary Sun 5.2.1
• An Analytic Solution for Planetary Orbits 5.2.2
• A Difference Equation to Model Planetary Orbits 5.3
• Simulation of a Swinging Pendulum 5.3.1
• A Graphical Construction to Show the Motion of a Pendulum 5.3.2
• Truncation and Roundoff Errors 5.4
• Lagrange's Equations of Motion 5.4.1
• A Double Pendulum 5.4.2
• A few Comments 5.4.3 Modes of Motion of a Double Pendulum 5.4.4 Structural Vibrations in an Aircraft 5.5
• Discussion 5.6
• Exercises
• References 6.
• Flight Simulators 6.1
• Introduction 6.2
• The Motion of an Aircraft 6.2.1
• The Equations of Motion 6.3
• Short Period Pitching Motion 6.3.1
• Case Study of Short Period Pitching Motion 6.3.2
• State Equations of Short Period Pitching 6.3.3
• Transfer Functions of Short Period Pitching 6.3.4
• Frequency Response of Short Period Pitching 6.4
• Phugoid Motion 6.5
• User Interfaces 6.6
• Discussion 6.7
• Exercises
• References 7.
• Finite Element Models and the Diffusion of Heat 7.1
• Introduction 7.2
• A Thermal Model 7.2.1
• A Finite Element Model Based on an Electrical Ladder Network 7.2.2
• Free Settling from an Initial Temperature Profile 7.2.3
• Step Response Test 7.2.4
• State Space Model of Diffusion 7.3
• A Practical Application 7.4
• Two-dimensional Steady-state Model 7.5
• Discussion 7.6
• Exercises
• References 8.
• Wave Equations 8.1
• Introduction 8.2
• Energy Storage Mechanisms 8.2.1
• Partial Differential Equation Describing Propagation in a Transmission Line 8.3
• A Finite Element Model of a Transmission Line 8.4
• State Space Model of a Standing Wave in a Vibrating System 8.4.1
• State Space Model of a Multiple Compound Pendulum 8.5
• A Two-dimensional Electromagnetic Field 8.6
• A Two-Dimensional Potential Flow Model 8.7
• Discussion 8.8
• Exercises
• References 9.
• Uncertainty and Softer Science 9.1
• Introduction 9.2
• Empirical and 'Black Box' Models 9.2.1
• An Imperfect Model of a Simple Physical Object 9.2.2
• Finite Impulse Response Models 9.3
• Randomness Within Computer Models 9.3.1
• Random Number Generators and Data Analysis 9.3.2
• Statistical Estimation and the Method of Least Squares 9.3.3
• A State Estimator 9.3.4
• A Velocity Estimator 9.3.5
• A FIR Filter 9.4
• Economic , Geo-, Bio- and other Sciences 9.4.1
• A Pricing Strategy 9.4.2
• The Productivity of Money 9.4.3
• Comments on Business Models 9.5
• Digital Images 9.5.1
• An Image Processor 9.6
• Discussion 9.7
• Exercises
• References 10.
• Computer Models in a Development Project 10.1
• Introduction 10.1.1 The Scope of this Chapter 10.2
• A Motor Drive Model 10.2.1 A Concepual Model 10.2.2 The Motor Drive Parameters 10.2.3 Creating the Simulation Model 10.2.4 The Electrical and Mechanical Subsystems 10.2.5 System Integration 10.2.6 Configuration Management 10.3
• The Definition Phase 10.3.1 Selection of a Motor 10.3.2 Simulation of Load Disturbances 10.4
• The Design Phase 10.4.1 Calculation of Frequency Response 10.4.2 The Current Control Loop 10.4.3 Design Review and Further Actions 10.4.4 Rate Feedback 10.5
• A Setback to the Project 10.5.1 Elastic Coupling between Motor and Load 10.6
• Discussion 10.7
• Exercises
• Reference 11.
• Postscript 11.1
• Looking Back 11.2
• The Operation of a Simulation Facility 11.3
• Looking Forward
• References Appendix A
• Frequency Response Methods A.1
• Complex Exponential Functions A.2
• Frequency Response A.3
• Fourier Series A.3.1
• Fourier Spectrum and Laplace transform A.4
• Power Spectra A.4.1
• Effect of Sampling on a Power Spectrum A.5
• Pulse Width Modulation A.6
• Circuit Analysis A.7
• Transfer Functions of Time Delays A.7.1
• Time Delays due to Sampling A.7.2
• Integration of Sampled Signal A.7.3
• Alternative Analysis of Discrete Integration A.8
• Feedback Loops A.8.1
• Digital PI Controllers A.8.2
• Programming a PI Controller
• References Appendix B
• Vector Analysis
• B.1
• The Use of Vector Analysis B.2
• Vector Analysis of Motion B.2.1
• Rotation of a Rigid Body B.2.2
• Center of Gravity B.2.3
• Moment of Inertia B.2.4
• Equations of Motion for a Rigid Body Appendix C
• Scalar and Vector Fields C.1
• One-dimensional Thermal Systems C.1.1
• The Diffusion Equation C.2
• Harmonic Analysis of a One-dimensional Diffusion Equation C.2.1
• Vibration of a Stretched String C.3
• Transfer Function Analysis of One-dimensional Wave Propagation C.3.1
• A Finite Transmission Line C.3.2
• Transfer Function Analysis of Heat Flow C.3.3
• The Transfer Function of a Transmission Line C.4
• Two-dimensional Thermal Systems C.4.1
• Harmonic Analysis of the Laplace Equation C.4.2
• The Rotation of a Vector Field C.4.3
• Vector Operations in Polar Coordinates Appendix D
• Probability and Statistical Models D.1 The Laws of Chance D.2 The Binomial Distributation D.3 The Poisson Distributation D.4 The Normal Distributation of Errors (Gaussian Law) D.5 Inspection by Sampling References
• .
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

COMPUTER MODELS OF PROCESS DYNAMICS Comprehensive overview of techniques for describing physical phenomena by means of computer models that are determined by mathematical analysis Computer Models of Process Dynamics covers everything required to do computer based mathematical modeling of dynamic systems, including an introduction to a scientific language, its use to program essential operations, and methods to approximate the integration of continuous signals. From a practical standpoint, readers will learn how to build computer models that simulate differential equations. They are also shown how to model physical objects of increasing complexity, where the most complex objects are simulated by finite element models, and how to follow a formal procedure in order to build a valid computer model. To aid in reader comprehension, a series of case studies is presented that covers myriad different topics to provide a view of the challenges that fall within this discipline. The book concludes with a discussion of how computer models are used in an engineering project where the readers would operate in a team environment. Other topics covered in Computer Models of Process Dynamics include: Computer hardware and software, covering algebraic expressions, math functions, computation loops, decision-making, graphics, and user-defined functions Creative thinking and scientific theories, covering the Ancients, the Renaissance, Galileo, Newton, electricity and magnetism, and newer sciences Uncertainty and softer science, covering random number generators, statistical analysis of data, the method of least squares, and state/velocity estimators Flight simulators, covering the motion of an aircraft, the equations of motion, short period pitching motion, and phugoid motion Established engineers and programmers, along with students and academics in related programs of study, can harness the comprehensive information in Computer Models of Process Dynamics to gain mastery over the subject and be ready to use their knowledge in many practical applications in the field.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• The Received View of theories
• From statements to structures
• From structures to statements
• Scheibe’s hybrid structuralism
• On Scheibe’s theory of reduction
• Conclusion: Views on scientific theories.

This book offers the first systematic review of the structuralism of physical theories. Particular emphasis is placed on the inclusion of empirical imprecision into formal reconstructions of theories. The proposed measure of imprecision allows for a topological comparison of theories. Considering the ongoing debates on the nature of the thermodynamic limit in statistical mechanics, as well as on limit relations between classical and quantum mechanics, the author asserts that the Bourbaki-style structuralism, together with E. Scheibe's theory of reduction, is the best choice for reconstructing and analyzing the related questions of reduction and emergence. Readers will appreciate the critical overview of the main positions in philosophy of science, examined with particular attention to their applicability to current problems of fundamental theories of physics.

"The Scientific Revolution saw the redefinition of many scholastic notions about the nature of the world and its constituent parts, from planets to particles. Wang's book introduces a convincing and wide-ranging narrative of the changing place of 'occult qualities' in the context of emergent new scientific methods and early modern disciplinary realignments. Through in-depth analysis of the diverse treatments of this notion, whereby it becomes now a hollow phrase, now a touchstone for the superiority of new physics, Wang shows how the transmission of this notion is key to understanding almost every facet of the new physics of the age"-- Provided by publisher

• 1. Introduction
• 1.1. Building blocks of matter
• 1.2. Fundamental forces
• 1.3. Overview of nuclear medicine

• 2. A brief history of nuclear medicine
• 2.1. Radioactivity
• 2.2. Production of radionuclides for medicine
• 2.3. Diagnostic imaging

• 3. Radioactivity
• 3.1. Nuclear stability
• 3.2. Radioactive decay processes
• 3.3. Radioactive decay law

• 4. Radionuclide production
• 4.1. Radionuclide selection
• 4.2. Cyclotrons
• 4.3. Nuclear reactors
• 4.4. Radionuclide generators
• 4.5. Production yield
• 4.6. Emerging radiopharmaceuticals

• 5. Radiation interactions with matter
• 5.1. Gamma-ray interaction mechanisms
• 5.2. Charged particle interaction mechanisms

• 6. Radiation detection
• 6.1. Gas detectors
• 6.2. Semiconductor detectors
• 6.3. Scintillation detectors
• 6.4. Performance of radiation detectors

• 7. Imaging
• 7.1. Gamma camera
• 7.2. Single photon emission computed tomography
• 7.3. Positron emission tomography
• 7.4. Dual modality imaging
• 7.5. Deep learning in nuclear medicine
• 7.6. Intraoperative nuclear probes

• 8. Radionuclide therapy
• 8.1. Principles of radiotherapy
• 8.2. Medical internal radiation dosimetry (MIRD)

• 9. Monte Carlo in nuclear medicine
• 9.1. Monte Carlo methods
• 9.2. Applications in nuclear medicine
• Appendix A. Chemical symbols

Nuclear medicine is a medical speciality involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Procedures that involve the production and administration of radionuclides to the body for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes fall under the remit of this field. This course text provides an introduction to key topics in nuclear medicine, from the fundamental principles of radioactivity through to the production and use of radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. New to the second edition is a chapter on the use of Monte Carlo methods in nuclear medicine, new sections on machine learning and intraoperative nuclear probes and recent updates about novel radiopharmaceutical production. The book can be used as an informative supplement in general physics undergraduate programmes and master's postgraduate level medical physics. Part of IPEM-IOP Series in Physics and Engineering in Medicine and Biology

"This book shows how to solve physics problems using Haskell, a functional programming language. Source code, equations, and diagrams throughout demonstrate how physics enthusiasts and functional programmers can use Haskell and its mathematical structures to solve problems from Newtonian mechanics and electromagnetics"-- Provided by publisher.

• Intro
• Preface
• The Place of Magnetic Levitation and Propulsion as a Major Application Area of Electromagnetic Field Theory
• Applications in Fluid Mechanics
• Mathematical Modelling Using the Generalized Theory of Electrical Machines
• Mathematical Modelling of a Non-linear System Using Circuit Theory Approach and Linearization Technique
• Applications of Signal Processing to Certain Classes of Electrical Power System Problems
• Organization
• Suggestions for Using This Book
• Notable Features
• Acknowledgements
• Contents
• About the Editors

• 1 Applications of Field Theory: Analysis of a Single Sided Linear Induction Motor with Stator and Rotor of Infinite Length and Width
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Formulation for Fields and Currents
• 1.2.1 Boundary Conditions and Determination of the Coefficients, C1, C2, C3 andC4
• 1.2.2 Calculation of Flux Density Components in the Rotor Sheet
• 1.2.3 Calculation of Current Density in the Rotor Sheet
• 1.3 Calculation of Forces
• 1.3.1 Calculation of Levitation Force
• 1.3.2 Calculation of Propulsion Force
• 1.4 Normalized Propulsion and Levitation Forces and Their Maximum Values

• 1.5 Three-Region Problem
• 1.5.1 Boundary Conditions
• 1.5.2 Determination of Coefficients C1, C2, C3, C4andC6
• 1.5.3 Calculation of Flux Densities and Current Density in the Rotor Sheet
• 1.5.4 Calculation of Forces
• 1.6 Conclusions
• References
• 2 Mathematical Modelling of Electromagnetic Forces Due to Finite Width Effects of a Single-Sided Linear Induction Motor
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Problem Formulation
• 2.2.1 Formulation for the Field Due to Stator Current Sheet
• 2.3 Solution for Stream Function uy
• 2.4 Steps for Algorithm for Numerical Solution for uy, By2

• 2.5 Calculation of Forces
• 2.6 Results and Discussion
• 2.7 Conclusions
• 3 Mathematical Modeling of Electromagnetic Forces Due to Finite Length and Finite Width Effects of a Single-Sided Linear Induction Motor
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Problem Formulation
• 3.2.1 Formulation for the Field Due to Stator Current
• 3.2.2 Formulation for the Current in the Rotor Sheet
• 3.3 Steps of Algorithm for Numerical Solution for uy, By2, Bx2andBz2
• 3.4 Calculation of Forces
• 3.5 Results and Discussion
• 3.6 Conclusions
• 4 Fluid Flow Representation
• 4.1 Fluid Properties

• 4.1.1 Kinematic Properties
• 4.1.2 Thermodynamics Properties
• 4.1.3 Transport Properties
• 4.1.4 Miscellaneous Properties
• 4.2 Description of Fluid Flow
• 4.2.1 Lagrangian Description-Control Mass (CM)
• 4.2.2 Eulerian Description-Control Volume (CV)
• 4.2.3 Field View to Fluid Flow
• 4.3 Material Derivative
• 4.4 Governing Equations of Fluid Flow
• 4.4.1 Conservation of Mass-Continuity Equation
• 4.4.2 Conservation of Linear Momentum
• 4.4.3 Conservation of Angular Momentum
• 4.4.4 Conservation of Energy
• 4.5 Irrotational Flow
• 4.5.1 Potential Flow
• 4.5.2 Potential Function

The book presents mathematical modelling of physical systems by combined approach based on field theory, circuit theory and signal processing. The book is broadly divided into three parts: applications of field theory, applications of circuit theory and applications of signals processing. First part contains six chapters, second part has two chapters and third part contains two chapters. First part is further decoupled into three plus three chapters, based on the common field nature exhibited by electromagnetic quantities and fluid quantities.

• Introduction
• 1.Classical Period
• 2.Enlightenment
• 3.Electricity and Magnetism
• 4.Modern Physics: Relativity
• 5.Modern Physics: Quantum Mechanics
• 6.Quantum paradoxes
• 7.Quantum Mechanics and Relativity
• 8.Other (Mathematical) Worlds
• 9.Cosmology
• 10.For Mathematics
• 11.Against Mathematics
• 12.Programs of the Mind
• 13.Geometry a priori
• 14.Causality, Sufficient Reason and Determinism
• 15.Matter and Causality
• 16.Mathematics and Reality
• 17.Conclusions: PythagorasDream. .

This book deals with the rise of mathematics in physical sciences, beginning with Galileo and Newton and extending to the present day. The book is divided into two parts. The first part gives a brief history of how mathematics was introduced into physicsdespite its "unreasonable effectiveness" as famously pointed out by a distinguished physicistand the criticisms it received from earlier thinkers. The second part takes a more philosophical approach and is intended to shed some light on that mysterious effectiveness. For this purpose, the author reviews the debate between classical philosophers on the existence of innate ideas that allow us to understand the world and also the philosophically based arguments for and against the use of mathematics in physical sciences. In this context, Schopenhauers conceptions of causality and matter are very pertinent, and their validity is revisited in light of modern physics. The final question addressed is whether the effectiveness of mathematics can be explained by its existence in an independent platonic realm, as Gdel believed. The book aims at readers interested in the history and philosophy of physics. It is accessible to those with only a very basic (not professional) knowledge of physics.

• Introduction
• Dismantling classical physics
• Cathode ray tube: X-rays and the electron
• The gold foil experiment: The structure of the atom
• The Photoelectric Effect: The light quantum
• Matter beyond atoms
• Cloud chambers: Cosmic rays and a shower of new particles
• The first particle accelerators: Splitting the atom
• Cyclotron: Artificial production of radioactivity
• Synchrotron radiation: An unexpected light emerges
• The standard model and beyond
• Particle physics goes large: The strange resonances
• Mega-detectors: Finding the elusive Neutrino
• Linear accelerators: The discovery of quarks
• The Tevatron: A third generation of matter
• The large Hadron collider: The Higgs Boson and beyond
• Future experiments
• Acknowledgments
• Notes
• Index

"An accelerator physicist's fascinating journey through the experiments that uncovered the nature of matter and made the modern world. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, many scientists believed that the project of physics was nearly complete, that there was little left to explore. But as the new century dawned, scientists with the drive to deepen their understanding began looking ever more closely at the atom, and as a result of their remarkable discoveries, physics--and the world around us--would never again be the same. When the cathode ray tube revealed the secret of X-rays, physics immediately proved itself to be a source of enormous technological innovation, enabling life-saving medical equipment, safer building construction, and stronger security measures. And with every discovery since, our expanded knowledge of the infinitesimal has also brought a corresponding change in technology. These experiments ushered us into the modern world, helping us to create detectors that map the insides of volcanoes and predict eruptions as well as photovoltaic cells that power remote controls, accelerate our Internet speeds, and harness the sun's energy. From the smallest of instruments to machines so large they straddle international borders, Suzie Sheehy takes readers on a captivating journey through twelve crucial experiments that shaped our understanding of the cosmos and how we live within it. Along the way, Sheehy pulls back the curtain to reveal how physics is really done--not by theorists with blackboards, but by experimentalists with brilliant designs. Celebrating human ingenuity, creativity, and above all curiosity, The Matter of Everything is an inspiring story about the scientists who make real discoveries, and a powerful reminder that progress is a function of our desire to know"-- Provided by publisher

• Introduction: On Retrieving Natural Philosophy Part One: A Critical Conversation with the Tradition
• 1: The Origins of Natural Philosophy: Aristotle
• 2: The Consolidation of Natural Philosophy: The Middle Ages
• 3: Skywatching: The Natural Philosophy of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
• 4: English Natural Philosophy: Bacon, Boyle, and Newton
• 5: The Parting of the Ways: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science Part Two: A Reconceived Natural Philosophy: Exploring a Disciplinary Imaginary
• 6: Reconceiving Natural Philosophy: Laying the Foundations
• 7: Theory: The Contemplation of Nature
• 8: Objectivity: Understanding the External World
• 9: Subjectivity: An Affective Engagement with Nature
• 10: Natural Philosophy: Recasting a Vision Acknowledgements Works Consulted Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Recovering the forgotten discipline of Natural Philosophy for the modern world This book argues for the retrieval of 'natural philosophy', a concept that faded into comparative obscurity as individual scientific disciplines became established and institutionalized. Natural philosophy was understood in the early modern period as a way of exploring the human relationship with the natural world, encompassing what would now be seen as the distinct disciplines of the natural sciences, mathematics, music, philosophy, and theology. The first part of the work represents a critical conversation with the tradition, identifying the essential characteristics of natural philosophy, particularly its emphasis on both learning about and learning from nature. After noting the factors which led to the disintegration of natural philosophy during the nineteenth century, the second part of the work sets out the reasons why natural philosophy should be retrieved, and a creative and innovative proposal for how this might be done. This draws on Karl Popper's 'Three Worlds' and Mary Midgley's notion of using multiple maps in bringing together the many aspects of the human encounter with the natural world. Such a retrieved or 're-imagined' natural philosophy is able to encourage both human attentiveness and respectfulness towards Nature, while enfolding both the desire to understand the natural world, and the need to preserve the affective, imaginative, and aesthetic aspects of the human response to nature.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)