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• 1. Introduction: The Place of Antagonism and Feuds in Advancing Science
• 2. Vladimir Vasil'evich Markovnikov and Markovnikov's Rule for Addition
• 3. Aleksandr Mikhailovich Zaitsev and Zaitsev's Rule for Elimination
• 4. Markovnikov's Rule and Controversies Over It
• 5. Mechanistic Considerations in Bimolecular Elimination Reactions
• 6. Development of Highly Regioselective Addition Reactions
• 7. Development of Highly Regiospecific Alkene Syntheses.
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Addition, Elimination and Substitution: Markovnikov, Hofmann, Zaitsev and Walden: Discovery and Development discusses foundational reactions in organic chemistry and their major protagonists, contributions to synthesis, and history. Hofmann, Zaitsev, and Markovnikov are introduced, along with their major discoveries and contributions to organic chemistry. The history of controversies around Markovnikov's Rule are addressed. The book introduces Walden's original demonstration of configuration inversion, then discusses bimolecular elimination reactions, regioselective addition reactions, regiospecific alkene synthesis, and the development of modern reactions with configuration inversion. With its unique perspective, focus, and comprehensive coverage, this book belongs on the shelf of every organic chemist.
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• Vol. 1: Chemical abbreviations
• Articles A-G
• Vol. 2.: Articles H-Q
• Vol. 3: Articles R-Z
• Appendix 1, Schematic reaction index
• Appendix 2: Reaction type summary
• Appendix 3: Summary of initial publications on named organic reactions
• Appendix 4: Journal abbreviation
• Appendix 5: Statistics of reaction published years
• Subject index.

With its coverage of 701 organic name reactions and reagents, this three-volume set is the largest, most up-to-date major reference work of its kind. It offers students and professional chemists a valuable resource for conducting experiments and performing a broad range of applications, from pharmaceuticals to plastics to pesticides. Each reaction listing is clearly organized into uniform sections that allow readers to quickly gather the information they need to conduct their own experimental procedures Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents offers several features that help readers gather information quickly and conduct their experiments successfully:* Chemical abbreviations list the abbreviation, the chemical's full name, its structure, and page references* Schematic reaction index offers a quick overview of each reaction* Reaction summaries provide basic information about each name reaction* Reaction type summaries categorize and organize all related name reactions according to the type of transformation (e.g., oxidation, reduction, synthesis of alkenes, etc.).
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• PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
• .1. INTRODUCTION.1.1 The Structure and Forms of Water.1.2 Properties of Water.1.3 Solvation.1.4 Hydrophobic Effect.1.5 Salt Effect.1.6 Water Under Extreme Conditions.References.
• 2. ALKANES.2.1 Oxygenation of Alkanes.2.2 Halogenation of Alkanes.2.3 Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds.2.4 D/H Exchange of Alkanes in Water.References.
• 3. ALKENES.3.1 Reduction.3.2 Electrophilic Additions.3.3 Radical Reactions of Alkenes.3.4 Carbene Reactions.3.5 Alkene Isomerization.3.6 Transition-Metal Catalyzed C-C Formation Reactions.3.7 Olefin Metathesis.3.8 Reaction of Allylic C-H Bond
• .4. ALKYNES.4.1 Reaction of Terminal Alkynes.4.2 Additions of C C bonds.4.3 Transition-Metal Catalyzed Cycloadditions.4.4 Other Reactions.References.
• 5. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS, THIOLS, AND THIOETHERS.5.1 Oxidation of Alcohols.5.2 Substitutions/Elimination.5.3 Addition of Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols to Alkene and Alkyne Bonds.5.4 Addition of Alcohols to C=O Bonds: Esterification and Acetal Formations.5.5 Reaction of Ethers and Cyclic Ethers.5.6 Reaction of Sulfur Compounds
• .6. ORGANIC HALIDES.6.1 General.6.2 Reduction.6.3 Elimination Reactions.6.4 Nucleophilic Substitutions.6.5 Reductive Coupling.6.6 Carbonylation of Organic Halides.6.7 Transition-Metal Catalyzed Coupling Reactions.References.
• 7. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS.7.1 General.7.2 Substitution Reactions.7.3 Oxidation Reactions.7.4 Reductions.References.
• 8. ALDEHDYE AND KETONES.8.1 Reduction.8.2 Oxidation.8.3 Nucleophilic Addition: C-C Bond Formation.8.4 Pinacol Coupling.8.5 Other Reactions (Halogenation and Oxidation of alpha-H).References.
• 9. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES.9.1 General.9.2 Carboxylic Acids.9.3 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives.References.
• 10. CONJUGATED CARBONYL COMPOUNDS.10.1 Reduction.10.2 Epoxidation, Dihydroxylation, Hydroxyamination.10.3 Conjugate Addition: Heteroatom.10.4 C-C Bond Formation.10.5 Other Reactions.References.
• 11. NITROGEN COMPOUNDS.11.1 Amines.11.2 Imines.11.3 Diazo Compounds.11.4 Azides.11.5 Nitro Compounds.References.
• 12. PERICYCLIC REACTIONS.12.1 Introduction.12.2 Diels-Alder Reactions.12.3 Sigmatropic Rearrangements.12.4 Photochemical Cycloaddition Reactions.References. INDEX.
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This is an extensive update of the classic reference on organic reactions in water. Published almost a decade ago, the first edition has served as the guide for research in this burgeoning field. Due to the cost, safety, efficiency, and environmental friendliness of water as a solvent, there are many new applications in industry and academic laboratories. More than forty percent of this extensively updated second edition covers new reactions. For ease of reference, it is organized by functional groups.A core reference, "Comprehensive Organic Reactions in Aqueous Media, Second Edition": provides the most comprehensive coverage of aqueous organicreactions available; covers the basic principles and theory and progresses to applications; includes alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, electrophilic substitutions, carbonyls, alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls, carbon-nitrogen bonds, organic halides, pericyclic reactions, photochemical reactions, click chemistry, and multi-step syntheses; and, provides examples of applications in industry. This is the premier reference for chemists and chemical engineers in industry or research, as well as for students in advanced-level courses.
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• Functional Group Oriented Bond-Sets.- Skeleton Oriented Bond-Sets.- Building Block Oriented Synthesis.- The Basis for Planning.- Formation of Cyclic Structures.- Protecting Groups.- Ranking of Synthesis Plans.- Computer-Aided Synthesis Planning.- Stereogenic Centers and Planning of Syntheses.- Enjoying the Art of Synthesis.- Summary and Concluding Remarks.- Solutions to Problems.
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Synthesis is at the core of organic chemistry. In order for compounds to be studied-be it as drugs, materials, or because of their physical properties- they have to be prepared, often in multistep synthetic sequences. Thus, the target compound is at the outset of synthesis planning. Synthesis involves creating the target compound from smaller, readily available building blocks. Immediately, questions arise: From which bui- ing blocks? In which sequence? By which reactions? Nature creates many highly complex "natural products" via reaction cascades, in which an asso- ment of starting compounds present within the cell is transformed by speci c (for each target structure) combinations of modular enzymes in speci c - quences into the target compounds [1, 2]. To mimic this ef ciency is the dream of an ideal synthesis [2]. However, we are at present so far from - alising such a "one-pot" operation that actual synthesis has to be achieved via a sequence of individual discrete steps. Thus, we are left with the task of planning each synthesis individually in an optimal fashion. Synthesis planning must be conducted with regard for certain speci - tions, some of which are due to the structure of the target molecule, and some of which relate to external parameters such as costs, environmental compatibility, or novelty. We will not consider these external aspects in this context. Planning of a synthesis is based on a pool of information regarding chemical reactions that can be executed reliably and in high chemical yield.
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• Foreword. Preface of "The Chemistry of the Fullerenes" by Andreas Hirsch (1994). Abbreviations. 1 Parent Fullerenes. 1.1 Fullerenes: Molecular Allotropes of Carbon. 1.2 Discovery of the Fullerenes. 1.3 Fullerene Production. 1.4 Separation and Purification. 1.5 Properties. References. 2 Reduction. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fulleride Anions. 2.3 Reductive Electrosynthesis. 2.4 Reduction with Metals. 2.5 Reduction with Organic Donor Molecules. References. 3 Nucleophilic Additions. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles. 3.3 Addition of Amines. 3.4 Addition of Hydroxide and Alkoxides. 3.5 Addition of Phosphorus Nucleophiles. 3.6 Addition of Silicon and Germanium Nucleophiles. 3.7 Addition of Macromolecular Nucleophiles - Fullerene Polymers. References. 4 Cycloadditions. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 [4+2] Cycloadditions. 4.3 [3+2] Cycloadditions. 4.4 [2+2] Cycloadditions. 4.5 [2+1] Cycloadditions. References. 5 Hydrogenation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Oligohydrofullerenes C60Hn and C70Hn (n = 2-12). 5.3 Polyhydrofullerenes C60Hn and C70Hn (n = 14-60). References. 6 Radical Additions. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 ESR Investigations of Radical Additions. 6.3 Addition of Tertiary Amines. 6.4 Photochemical Reaction with Silanes. 6.5 Metalation of C60 with Metal-centered Radicals. 6.6 Addition of bis(Trifluoromethyl)nitroxide. References. 7 Transition Metal Complex Formation. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 (eta2-C60) Transition Metal Complexes. 7.3 Multinuclear Complexes of
• C60. 7.4 Hydrometalation Reactions. 7.5 Organometallic Polymers of
• C60. References. 8 Oxidation and Reactions with Electrophiles. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Electrochemical Oxidation of C60 and
• C70. 8.3 Oxygenation. 8.4 Osmylation. 8.5 Reactions with Strong Oxidizing Reagents and Acids. 8.6 Reactions with Lewis Acids and Fullerylation of Aromatics and Chloroalkanes. References. 9 Halogenation. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Fluorination. 9.3 Chlorination. 9.4 Bromination. 9.5 Reaction with Iodine. References. 10 Regiochemistry of Multiple Additions. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Addition of Segregated Addends - The Inherent Regioselectivity. 10.3 Concepts for Regio- and Stereoselective Multiple Functionalization of
• C60. References. 11 Cluster Modified Fullerenes. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Cluster Opened Fullerene Derivatives. 11.3 Quasi-fullerenes. 11.4 Outlook. References. 12 Heterofullerenes. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterofullerenes from Exohedral Imino Adducts of C60 and
• C70. 12.3 Chemistry of Azafullerenes. 12.4 Outlook. References. 13 Chemistry of Higher Fullerenes. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Exohedral Reactivity Principles. 13.3 Adducts of
• C70. 13.4 Adducts of C76, C78 and
• C84. References. 14 Principles and Perspectives of Fullerene Chemistry. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Reactivity. 14.3 Regiochemistry of Addition Reactions. 14.4 Aromaticity of Fullerenes. 14.5 Seven Principles of Fullerene Chemistry: a Short Summary. 14.6 The Future of Fullerene Chemistry. 14.7 Fullerenes as Building Blocks for Molecular Engineering (Nanotechnology) and Practical Applications. References. Subject Index.
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• The Parent Fullerenes Reduction Nucleophilic Additions Cycloadditions Hydrogenation Radical Additions Transition Metal Complex Formation Oxidation and Reactions with Electrophiles Principles and Perspectives of Fullerene Chemistry Index.
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In this handbook, the leading experts in the field presents important and fundamental aspects of the organic and organometallic chemistry of fullerenes. Naturally they also cover the applications in material and medicinal science for these fascinating molecules. Completely self-contained, the book is logically arranged such that information is easy to retrieve, and the style lends itself to effortless reading and to learning more about the chemical properties of this family of molecules. A definitive "must" for everyone working in this ever-expanding sphere.
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Designed to supplement existing organic textbooks, Hybrid Retrosynthesis presents a relatively simple approach to solving synthesis problems, using a small library of basic reactions along with the computer searching capabilities of Reaxys and SciFinder. This clear, concise guide reviews the essential skills needed for organic synthesis and retrosynthesis, expanding reader knowledge of the foundational principles of these techniques, whilst supporting their use via practical methodologies. Perfect for both graduate and post-graduate students, Hybrid Retrosynthesis provides new applied skills and tools to help during their organic synthesis courses and future careers, whilst simultaneously acting as useful resource for those setting tutorial and group problems, and as a helpful go-to guide for organic chemists involved in either industry or academia. * Ideal revision and hands on learning guide for organic synthesis * Clearly explains the principles and practice of retrosynthesis, which is often not covered in other books * Encourages readers to practice their synthetic knowledge supported by real life examples.
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This work helps students identify basic reaction types in organic chemistry and methods for determining mechanisms, including product studies, kinetics and the identification of intermediates.
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