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• Intro
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Abbreviations Used throughout This Book
• Map of Nicaragua
• Introduction
• Chapter One. Growing Tensions: The Agro-export Economy, Food Culture, and Nutrition Surveys, 1950-1965
• Chapter Two. Tensions Revealed: Food Politics, Natural Disaster, and Social Conflicts, 1965-1979
• Chapter Three. The Enthusiastic Founding Stage: Early Revolutionary Food Policy, 1979-1982
• Chapter Four. The Revolutionary Consumer: Food Consumption, National Self-Sufficiency, and External Aggression in the Early 1980s

• Chapter Five. Food Policy Deteriorates into Crisis Management: Economic Cuts, Industrial Agriculture, and Food Aid in the Mid-1980s
• Chapter Six. Food Policy in Tatters: The Return of Hunger during Economic Transition, 1988-1993
• Chapter Seven. Caribbean Transitions: Agricultural Colonization, Nostalgia, and Food Cultures, 1960s-1990s
• Epilogue. Nicaragua's Role in the Debates on Food Security and Food Sovereignty, 1980s-2019
• Notes
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index

Food policy and practices varied widely in Nicaragua during the last decades of the twentieth century. In the 1970s and '80s, food scarcity contributed to the demise of the Somoza dictatorship and the Sandinista revolution. Although faced with widespread scarcity and political restrictions, Nicaraguan consumers still carved out spaces for defining their food choices. Despite economic crises, rationing, and war limiting peoples' food selection, consumers responded with improvisation in daily cooking practices and organizing food exchanges through three distinct periods. First, the Somoza dictatorship (1936-1979) promoted culture and food practices from the United States, which was an option only for a minority of citizens. Second, the 1979 Sandinista revolution tried to steer Nicaraguans away from mass consumption by introducing an austere, frugal consumption that favored local products. Third, the transition to democracy between 1988 and 1993, marked by extreme scarcity and economic crisis, witnessed the re-introduction of market mechanisms, mass advertising, and imported goods. Despite the erosion of food policy during transition, the Nicaraguan revolution contributed to recognizing food security as a basic right and the rise of peasant movements for food sovereignty.
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• Agency, Aspirations, and Identity Development.- Immediate Barriers or Facilitators of Sexual and Reproductive Decision-Making.- Norms around Women's (and Men's) Roles in Relationships.- Opportunities and Teenage Pregnancy: The Role of Education and Employment.- Enabling Environments to Develop Resilience.- Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy - a Gendered Poverty Trap.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The objective of this study is to understand the perceptions, beliefs, and influencing factors that may lead to different fertility outcomes among young women in Nicaragua, a country with one of the highest adolescent fertility rates in Latin America. The results are based on qualitative data collected in urban areas. Miriam Muller reveals that two structural constraints affect women's choices and their capacity to actively participate in defining their life paths: poverty and traditional gender norms.This book contributes to the discussion of intergenerational transmission of poverty by disentangling the mechanisms behind decision-making around teenage motherhood and by describing the consequences of these decisions.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Acknowledgments Introduction
• 1. Filibustering in Nicaragua
• 2. Commercial Expansion in Brazil
• 3. Southern Emigration to Brazil Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.
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The South possessed an extensive history of looking outward, specifically southward, to solve internal tensions over slavery and economic competition in the 1820s through the 1860s. Nineteenth-century southerners invested in their futures, and in their identity as southerners, when they expanded their economic and proslavery connections to Latin America, seeking to establish a vast empire rooted in slavery that stretched southward to Brazil and westward to the Pacific Ocean. For these modern expansionists, failure to cement those connections meant nothing less than the death of the South. In A Different Manifest Destiny Claire M. Wolnisty explores how elite white U.S. southerners positioned themselves as modern individuals engaged in struggles for transnational power from the antebellum to the Civil War era. By focusing on three groups of people not often studied together-filibusters, commercial expansionists, and postwar southern emigrants-Wolnisty complicates traditional narratives about Civil War-era southern identities and the development of Manifest Destiny. She traces the ways southerners capitalized on Latin American connections to promote visions of modernity compatible with slave labor and explores how southern-Latin American networks spanned the years of the Civil War. .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• State of Disorder : Vice, Corruption, and the Somoza Dictatorship
• Burning Down the Brothels : Moral Regeneration and the Emergence of Sandinismo, 1956-1970
• Persecuting the Living Christ : Guerrillas, Catholics, and Repression, 1968-1976
• "They Planted Corn and Harvested Guardias" : Somoza's National Guard and Secret Police at the Grassroots
• "A Crime to Be Young" : Families in Insurrection, September 1976-September 1978
• "How Costly Is Freedom!" : Massacres, Community, and Sacrifice, October 1978-July 1979
• Epilogue : Whither the Revolution? Nicaragua and the Sandinistas since 1979

Robert J. Sierakowski's Sandinistas: A Moral History offers a bold new perspective on the liberation movement that brought the Sandinista National Liberation Front to power in Nicaragua in 1979, overthrowing the longest-running dictatorship in Latin America. Unique sources, from trial transcripts to archival collections and oral histories, offer a new vantage point beyond geopolitics and ideologies to understand the central role that was played by everyday Nicaraguans. Focusing on the country's rural north, Sierakowski explores how a diverse coalition of labor unionists, student activists, housewives, and peasants inspired by Catholic liberation theology came to successfully challenge the legitimacy of the Somoza dictatorship and its entrenched networks of power. Mobilizing communities against the ubiquitous cantinas, gambling halls, and brothels, grassroots organizers exposed the regime's complicity in promoting social ills, disorder, and quotidian violence while helping to construct radical new visions of moral uplift and social renewal. Sierakowski similarly recasts our understanding of the Nicaraguan National Guard, grounding his study of the Somozas' army in the social and cultural world of the ordinary soldiers who enlisted and fought in defense of the dictatorship. As the military responded to growing opposition with heightened state terror and human rights violations, repression culminated in widespread civilian massacres, stories that are unearthed for the first time in this work. These atrocities further exposed the regime's moral breakdown in the eyes of the public, pushing thousands of previously unaligned Nicaraguans into the ranks of the guerrilla insurgency by the late 1970s. Sierakowski's innovative reinterpretation of the Sandinista Revolution will be of interest to students, scholars, and activists concerned with Latin American social movements, the Cold War, and human rights.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1. Background to Tourism in Nicaragua with a focus on the Pacific Coast
• Chapter 2. When the Wells Run Dry Tourism's Demand for Water and Responses to Water Insecurity
• Chapter 3. The Elitization of Space
• Chapter 4. When Tourism Collides with Local Livelihoods Artisanal Fisheries and Ownership of Sea Space
• Chapter 5. Nicaragua's Surfing Revolution Bringing Radical Changes to the Coast
• Chapter 6. Tourism and Conflict along Nicaragua's Pacific Coast What is in Store for the Future?.

This paper studies the potential drivers of governments’ approval rates in 18 Latin American countries using Internet search query data from Google Trends and traditional data sources. It employs monthly panel data between January 2006 and December 2015. The analysis tests several specifications including traditional explanatory variables of governments’ approval rates – i.e. inflation, unemployment rate, GDP growth, output gap – and subjective explanatory variables – e.g. perception of corruption and insecurity. For the latter, it uses Internet search query data to proxy citizens’ main social concerns, which are expected to drive governments’ approval rates. The results show that the perception of corruption and insecurity, and complaints about public services have a statistically significant association with governments’ approval rates. This paper also discusses the potential of Internet search query data as a tool for policy makers to understand better citizens’ perceptions, since it provides highly anonymous and high-frequency series in real-time

• Origins of Marine Corps aviation
• Proving ground: Haiti, 1915-1934
• Advance to maturity, 1919-1935
• Marine Corps Aviation comes of age: Nicaragua, 1926-1933.

Unlike the relative uniformity of conventional warfare, the peculiarities of small wars prevent a clear definition of rules and roles for military forces to follow. During the small wars era, aviation was still in its infancy, and the US military had only recently begun battling in the skies. The US Marine Corps recognized that flexibility and ingenuity would be critical to the successful conduct of small wars and thus employed the new technology of aviation. In Biplanes at War: US Marine Corps Aviation in the Small Wars Era, 1915--1934, author Wray R. Johnson provides a riveting history of the marines' use of aviation between the world wars, a time in which young soldiers were volunteering to fly in combat when flying itself was a dangerous feat. Starting with Haiti in 1915, Biplanes at War follows the marines' aviation experiences in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, China, and Nicaragua, chronicling how marines used aircraft to provide supporting fires (e.g., dive-bombing) to ground troops in close contact with irregular opponents, evacuate the sick and wounded, transport people and cargo (e.g., to assist humanitarian operations), and even support elections in furtherance of democracy. After years of expanding the capabilities of airplanes far beyond what was deemed possible, the small wars era ended, and the US Marines Corps transitioned into an amphibious assault force. The legacy of the marines' ability to adapt and innovate during the small wars era endures and provides a useful case study. Biplanes at War sheds light on how the marines pioneered roles and missions that have become commonplace for air forces today, an accomplishment that has largely gone unrecognized in mainstream histories of aviation and air power.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Origins of Marine Corps Aviation
• Proving Ground: Haiti, 1915-1934
• Advance to Maturity, 1919-1935
• Marine Corps Aviation Comes of Age: Nicaragua, 1926-1933
• Conclusion.

Unlike the relative uniformity of conventional warfare, the peculiarities of small wars prevent a clear definition of rules and roles for military forces to follow. During the small wars era, aviation was still in its infancy, and the US military had only recently begun battling in the skies. The US Marine Corps recognized that flexibility and ingenuity would be critical to the successful conduct of small wars and thus employed the new technology of aviation. In Biplanes at War: US Marine Corps Aviation in the Small Wars Era, 1915--1934, author Wray R. Johnson provides a riveting history of the marines' use of aviation between the world wars, a time in which young soldiers were volunteering to fly in combat when flying itself was a dangerous feat. Starting with Haiti in 1915, Biplanes at War follows the marines' aviation experiences in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, China, and Nicaragua, chronicling how marines used aircraft to provide supporting fires (e.g., dive-bombing) to ground troops in close contact with irregular opponents, evacuate the sick and wounded, transport people and cargo (e.g., to assist humanitarian operations), and even support elections in furtherance of democracy. After years of expanding the capabilities of airplanes far beyond what was deemed possible, the small wars era ended, and the US Marines Corps transitioned into an amphibious assault force. The legacy of the marines' ability to adapt and innovate during the small wars era endures and provides a useful case study. Biplanes at War sheds light on how the marines pioneered roles and missions that have become commonplace for air forces today, an accomplishment that has largely gone unrecognized in mainstream histories of aviation and air power.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)