• Contents Acknowledgements List of Maps and Figures Notes on Conventions Abbreviations List of Contributors
• 1 Introduction Pascal W. Firges and Tobias P. Graf Part I: Trade, Warfare, and Diplomacy in the Eastern Mediterranean Introduction to Part I
• 2 Trading between East and West: The Ottoman Empire of the Early Modern Period Suraiya N. Faroqhi
• 3 Shifting Winds: Piracy, Diplomacy, and Trade in the Ottoman Mediterranean, 1624-1625 Joshua M. White
• 4 Ottoman Seas and British Privateers: Defining Maritime Territoriality in the Eighteenth-Century Levant Michael Talbot
• 5 French Capitulations and Consular Jurisdiction in Egypt and Aleppo in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries Viorel Panaite Part II: Constructing and Managing Identity Introduction to Part II
• 6 Fira setle naz ar edesin: Recreating the Gaze of the Ottoman Slave Owner at the Confluence of Textual Genres Nur Sobers-Khan
• 7 Turks Reconsidered: Jakab Nagy de Harsany's Changing Image of the Ottoman Gabor Karman
• 8 Of Half-Lives and Double-Lives: "Renegades" in the Ottoman Empire and their Pre-Conversion Ties, ca. 1580-1610 Tobias P. Graf
• 9 Aspects of Juridical Integration of Non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire: Observations in the Eighteenth-Century Urban and Rural Aegean Christian Roth Part III: Responding to an Age of Challenge Introduction to Part III
• 10 Gunners for the Sultan: French Revolutionary Efforts to Modernize the Ottoman Military Pascal W. Firges
• 11 "Humble Efforts in Search of Reform": Consuls, Pashas, and Quarantine in Early-Tanzimat Salonica Gulay Tulasoglu
• 12 Transforming a Late-Ottoman Port-City: Salonica, 1876-1912 Sotirios Dimitriadis
• 13 A Civic Initiative for the Founding of a Museum in the Ottoman Province around 1850 Maximilian Hartmuth
• 14 The Transcultural Dimension of the Ottoman Constitution Aylin Kocunyan Bibliography Printed Primary Sources Published Secondary Sources Unpublished Secondary Sources
• Index.
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Well-Connected Domains offers a fresh perspective on the history of the Ottoman Empire as deeply connected to the world beyond its borders by way of trade, warfare and diplomacy, as much as intellectual exchanges, migration, and personal relations. While for decades the Ottoman Empire has been portrayed as largely aloof and distant from - as well as disinterested in - developments abroad, this collection of essays edited by Pascal W. Firges, Tobias P. Graf, Christian Roth, and Gulay Tulasoglu highlights the deep entanglement between the Ottoman realm and its European neighbors. Taking their starting points from individual case studies, the contributions offer novel interpretations of a variety of aspects of Ottoman history as well as new impulses for future research. Contributors are: Sotirios Dimitriadis, Suraiya N. Faroqhi, Maximilian Hartmuth, Gabor Karman, Aylin Kocunyan, Viorel Panaite, Nur Sobers-Khan, Michael Talbot, and Joshua M. White.
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• Intro; From the Sultan to Atatürk: Turkey; Contents; Acknowledgements; Note on Spelling and Pronunciation; Part I: Sèvres;
• 1. Illusions of Power;
• 2. Broken Promises;
• 3. Turks Fight for their Rights; Part II: Lausanne;
• 4. Western Revolution in the East;
• 5. At One with Civilisation; Part III: The Aftermath;
• 6. Creating a New State and Nation; Notes; Chronology; Further Reading; Picture Sources.

• Cover; THE OTTOMAN STATE AND SOCIETIES IN CHANGE: A Study of the Nineteenth Century Temettuat Registers; Copyright; CONTENTS; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; PREFACE; Map: The Ottoman Empire in 1840's and the Location of the Five Cities; Introduction Temettuat Registers as a Resource about Ottoman Social and Economic Life;
• Chapter 1 Ottoman Income Survey (1840-1846);
• Chapter 2 Samokov: An Ottoman Balkan City in the Age of Reforms;
• Chapter 3 Tatarpazarcığı: Socio-economic Condition of Muslim Urban Residents;
• Chapter 4 Balikesir: A Rural City in Social Economic Change.

• Chapter 5 Güzelhisar-ı Aydm: Portrait of a West Anatolian City
• Chapter 6 Erzurum: A Border City of East Anatolia; Conclusion: The Ottoman Temettuat Registers: Significant Results from a Failed Venture;
• Appendix I: Residents of a Quarter: In the Case of the Ortacami Quarter in Tatarpazarcığı;
• Appendix II: The Variety of Occupation found in the Five Cities;
• Appendix III: İrade Mesâil-i Mühimme no. 65, lef 4, Model Entries for Temettuat Surveyors;
• Appendix IV: Pages of the Erzurum Temattuat Register; Bibliography; Index.

First published in 2004.
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• Preface Abbreviations Forward Vahakn N. Dadrian
• Chapter 1. Overview of Germany and the Armenian Genocide by Wolfgang Gust
• Chapter 2. Revolutionary Intentions of the Armenians and German Observations
• Chapter 3. The Supposed Uprisings of the Armenians
• Chapter 4. The Objective of the Genocide
• Chapter 5. Turkish Resistance to the Genocide
• Chapter 6. The Role of the Germans
• Chapter 7. The German Christians and Johannes Lepsius' Role Conclusion Bibliography and Suggestions for Further Readin Notes on Using the Documents The Documents Glossary Index.
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In 1915, the Armenians were exiled from their land, and in the process of deportation 1.5 million of them were killed. The 1915-1916 annihilation of the Armenians was the archetype of modern genocide, in which a state adopts a specific scheme geared to the destruction of an identifiable group of its own citizens. Official German diplomatic documents are of great importance in understanding the genocide, as only Germany had the right to report day-by-day in secret code about the ongoing genocide. The motives, methods, and after-effects of the Armenian Genocide echoed strongly in subsequent cases of state-sponsored genocide. Studying the factors that went into the Armenian Genocide not only gives us an understanding of historical genocide, but also provides us with crucial information for the anticipation and possible prevention of future genocides.
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• 1 Introduction: The Nineteenth-Century Background 1
• 2 The Armenian Community, 1908-1914 10
• 3 The Ottoman Greeks, 1908-1914 42
• 4 The Albanians 56
• 5 The Greeks and Armenians, 1914-1918 66
• 6 The Ottoman Jews 100
• 7 The Arabs 112
• 8 Postscript: Ottoman Defeat and the Aftermath 140.

The years 1908 to 1918 are frequently viewed as the period when the Ottoman Empire fell into decline, but in this volume Feroz Ahmad argues that the empire was not in decline but instead had come face to face with a widespread process of decolonisation. Its colonies, stimulated by the idea of nationalism, sought to liberate themselves, sometimes with the help of the Great Powers of Europe, who in turn saw these rebellions as an opportunity to expand their own empires. While these ethno-nationalist movements have often been described in terms of Ottoman oppressor versus conspiring nationalists, here they are presented as part of a broad historical process. Ahmad holds that nationalism was introduced into the Ottoman Empire during the French Revolution, providing kindling for the struggles that later emerged. Setting the stage with this nineteenth-century background, Ahmad then examines each Ottoman nationality in the wake of the restoration of the Ottoman constitution in 1908. Officially known as the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), the Young Turks made up a nationalist political party that ruled the Ottoman state from 1908 until the end of World War I. Ahmad illuminates the relationships and conflicts between the Young Turks and the Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Jewish, and Arab ethnic groups during this period. Placing these nationalities in their historical context, he shows their relationships not only to the Young Turks but also to one another - no other single book has attempted to look closely at all of these connections. Clearly organised and written, the book will enlighten not only students and scholars of the era, but also anyone interested in understanding the roots of current-day relations in the Balkans and Middle East.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................ ............ ix Note on Transliteration and Date Conversion ............................. xv Abbreviations ................................................................ ..................... xvii Maps ................................................................ ..................................... xix
• 1. Introduction ................................................................ .................. 1
• 2. The `Return of the Turks': The Campaigns of 1871-73 and the Context of Tanz imat Imperialism ............. 31
• 3. Imperial Visions: Knowledge Production, Empire, and the Creation of Difference, 1849-75 .................. 53
• 4. `According to Their Customs and Dispositions': Elaborating Politics of Difference in Ottoman Yemen, 1874-91 .............. 91
• 5. Struggling for a Righteous Order: The Rise of the Zaydi imams and the Reconfiguration of Difference, 1890-1908 .... 147
• 6. An Imperial Borderland as Colony? The Da''an Agreement and the Reaffirmation of Colonial Ottomanism, 1905-19 .... 201 Conclusion ................................................................ .......................... 247 Bibliography ................................................................ ........................ 253 Index ................................................................ .................................... 271.
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Historians of the Middle East in the long nineteenth century have often considered empire-building the preserve of European powers. This book revises this picture by exploring how the Ottomans re-conquered and ruled large parts of present-day Yemen between 1849 and the end of World War I, after more than two centuries of independence under local dynasties. Drawing on a wide range of sources and on recent scholarship on empire and colonialism Empire, Islam, and Politics of Difference shows how the concepts and practices of Ottoman imperial rule were shaped through the encounters between Ottoman officials, their European rivals, and local communities. The result is a fresh look at the nature of governance in the late Ottoman Empire more generally.
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• CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................ ........... xi Notes on Contributors ................................................................ ..... xiii Note on Transliteration ................................................................ ... xxiii Introduction ................................................................ ....................... 1 Peter Sluglett Bibliography of the Published Works of Abdul-Karim Rafeq (to April 2010) ......... 47 Compiled by Timothy J. Fitzgerald PART ONE ENCOMIA: RAFEQ THE HISTORIAN Abdul-Karim Rafeq, Friend and Colleague .................................. 59 Muhammad Adnan Bakhit Akhir al-`Unqud, Th e Last of the Vintage .................................... 65 Nicola Ziadeh Abdul-Karim Rafeq, Historian of Syria: Some Personal Observations ... 69 Ulrike Freitag Abdul-Karim Rafeq-- Humanist and Man of the nahdha .......... 79 Abdallah Hanna Rafeq's Ghazza: An Early Exploration of a Secondary Town ... 91 James A. Reilly PART TWO THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF OTTOMAN RULE IN BILAD AL-SHAM The Economic Impact of the Ottoman Conquest on Bilad al-Sham ...................... 101 Thomas Philipp Public Services and Tax Revenues in Ottoman Tripoli (1516-1918) ................... 115 Farouk Hoblos Aspects of the Economic History of Damascus during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century ........ 137 Mohannad al-Mubaidin translated by W. Matt Malczycki Damiette and Syrian-Egyptian Trade in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century ............. 155 Daniel Crecelius PART THREE SPACE, URBAN INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIETY IN OTTOMAN BILAD AL-SHAM The Making of an Ottoman Harbour Town: Sidon/Saida from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries .... 179 Stefan Weber Les constructions d'Isma'il Pacha al-'Azm a Damas (1137-1143/1725-1730) ............................... 241 Brigitte Marino The Salihiyya Quarter of Damascus at the Beginning of Ottoman Rule: The Ambiguous Relations between Religious Institutions and waqf Properties ..................... 269 Toru Miura The Impact of the 1822 Earthquake on the Administration of waqf in Aleppo ...................... 293 Stefan Knost PART FOUR THE OTTOMAN STATE AND LOCAL SOCIETY IN BILAD AL-SHAM Arab National Consciousness in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Syria ................... 309 Steve Tamari The Lebanese Leadership at the Beginning of the Ottoman Period: A Case Study of the Ma'n Family ....... 323 Massoud Daher translated by W. Matt Malczycki Patterns of Family Formation in Early Ottoman Damascus: Three Military Households in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries ................................................................ .... 347 Astrid Meier La societe militaire damascene et la campagne analysees a travers les registres de cadis ............ 371 Colette Establet et Jean-Paul Pascual Islamic Law and the Order of State: The Legal Status of the Cultivator .................................... 399 Martha Mundy Account Books of Oppression and Bargaining: The Struggle for Justice and Profi t in Ottoman Aleppo, 1784-90 ............... 421 Hidemitsu Kuroki PART FIVE RELIGION AND SOCIETY IN BILAD AL-SHAM Ecrire l'histoire des chretiens dans les villes de Syrie avant les reformes Ottomanes ................ 443 Bernard Heyberger The Establishment of the Melkite Catholic Millet in 1848 and the Politics of Identity in Tanzimat Syria ... 455 Bruce Masters The awqaf of the Christian Communities in Aleppo during the Nineteenth Century ..................... 475 Souad Slim Migration, Faith and Community: Extra-Local Linkages in Coastal Syria ........................................ 483 Dick Douwes PART SIX EUROPEANS IN BILAD AL-SHAM Aux origines du plan d'Alep par Rousseau : le plan de Vincent Germain de 1811 ........................ 499 Andre Raymond The Memoirs of a French Woman Traveller to the Levant in 1853-1855 ......................................... 513 Leila Fawaz PART SEVEN BILAD AL-SHAM IN THE LATE OTTOMAN AND MANDATORY PERIODS Municipalities in the Late Ottoman Empire ................................. 531 Peter Sluglett La demeure de `Uthman Nuri Pasha et le developpement des quartiers d'al-`Afi f et de Jisr al-Abyad a la fin de l'epoque ottomane ................................................................ ......... 543 Sarab Atassi Comment approcher l'histoire moderne de la Palestine? ........... 563 Maher al-Charif The Uprisings in Antakya 1918-1926: Guided by the Centre or Initiated on the Periphery? ........... 575 Dalal Arsuzi-Elamir General Bibliography ................................................................ ........ 597 Index ................................................................ .................................... 625.
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This volume honours the work of Abdul-Karim Rafeq, the foremost historian of Ottoman Syria. Rafeq's principal contribution to the study of the social history of Syria between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries lies in his pioneering use of the resources of the Islamic court records, the sijillat in the mahkama al-shar'iyya, for the writing of social and economic history. Rafeq has been the guide and mentor of many of his own contemporaries, as well as of younger scholars in the Arab world, Europe and North America. The volume attempts to follow and complement the major themes in the socio-economic history of Bilad al-Sham which have animated Rafeq's scholarship since the 1960s.
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• Empire : order, crisis, and reform (1700-1806)
• The notables : governance, power, and wealth
• Communities : collective action, leadership, and politics
• Crisis : riots, conspiracies, and revolutions (1806-1808)
• Settlement : the Deed of Alliance and the empire of trust (1808).

Partners of the Empire offers a radical rethinking of the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Over this unstable period, the Ottoman Empire faced political crises, institutional shakeups, and popular insurrections. It responded through various reform options and settlements. New institutional configurations emerged; constitutional texts were codified-and annulled. The empire became a political theater where different actors struggled, collaborated, and competed on conflicting agendas and opposing interests. This book takes a holistic look at the era, interested not simply in central reforms or in regional developments, but in their interactions. Drawing on original archival sources, Ali Yaycioglu uncovers the patterns of political action-the making and unmaking of coalitions, forms of building and losing power, and expressions of public opinion. Countering common assumptions, he shows that the Ottoman transformation in the Age of Revolutions was not a linear transition from the old order to the new, from decentralized state to centralized, from Eastern to Western institutions, or from pre-modern to modern. Rather, it was a condensed period of transformation that counted many crossing paths, as well as dead-ends, all of which offered a rich repertoire of governing possibilities to be followed, reinterpreted, or ultimately forgotten.
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• Introduction : 'The symptoms of an explosive situation': the temporal model of genocide
• I. The Armenian genocide : 'Trying desperately to escape history': the Armenian question ; 'A settled plan to slowly exterminate': the Hamidian massacres ; 'They will have to be destroyed': from massacre to genocide
• II. The Rwandan genocide : 'A European under black skin': precolonial and colonial Rwanda ; 'A massive rejection of the Tutsi as fellow nationals': race, violence and independence ; 'A cockroach gives birth to another cockroach': from coexistence to extermination
• III. The path to genocide : 'Driven by ethnic exclusivism': on the timing of genocide ; 'Our only hope, therefore, rests on the obstacle': constraints against genocide
• 'A pattern ... repeated numerous times': the wider applicability of the temporal model
• Conclusion. : 'We are all brothers': the temporal model and genocide prevention.

Why did the Armenian genocide erupt in Turkey in 1915, only seven years after the Armenian minority achieved civil equality for the first time in the history of the Ottoman Empire? How can we explain the Rwandan genocide occurring in 1994, after decades of relative peace and even cooperation between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority? Addressing the question of how the risk of genocide develops over time, On the Path to Genocide contributes to a better understand why genocide occurs when it does. It provides a comprehensive and comparative historical analysis of the factors that led to the 1915 Armenian genocide and the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, using fresh sources and perspectives that yield new insights into the history of the Armenian and Rwandan peoples. Finally, it also presents new research into constraints that inhibit genocide, and how they can be utilized to attempt the prevention of genocide in the future.

• Prologue: Franz Werfel Meets Adolf Hitler
• Introduction: Questions of Genocide?
• Part I. Armenian Blood Money
• 1. Beginnings under Bismarck
• 2. Germany and the Armenian Horrors of the 1890s
• 3. The Triumph of German Anti-Armenianism
• 4. From Revolution to Abyss
• Part II. Under German Noses
• 5. Notions of Total War
• 6. Dispatches from Erzurum
• 7. "Interlude of the Gods"
• 8. What Germany Could Have Known
• Part III. Debating Genocide
• 9. War Crimes, War Guilt, and Whitewashing
• 10. Assassination in Berlin, 1921
• 11. Trial in Berlin
• 12. The Victory of Justificationalism
• Part IV. The Nazis and the Armenian Genocide
• 13. Racial Discourse and the Armenians
• 14. The Nazis' New Turkey
• 15. No Smoking Gun
• Epilogue: Armenian Writings on the Wall.

As Stefan Ihrig shows in this first comprehensive study, many Germans sympathized with the Ottomans' longstanding repression of the Armenians and with the Turks' program of extermination during World War I. In the Nazis' version of history, the Armenian Genocide was justifiable because it had made possible the astonishing rise of the New Turkey.
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• Preface
• I. The historical setting. Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century ; The Armenian revolutionary movement ; The massacres of 1894-96 ; The young Turks take power
• II. Two rival historiographies. The Armenian case (1): genocidal plans ; The Armenian case (2): the implementation of genocide ; The Turkish position
• III. Historical reconstruction: what we know and what we do not know. The sources ; The deportation decision ; The course of the deportations ; Resettlement ; Who were the perpetrators of the massacres? ; The number of victims
• IV. The state of the controversy. Conclusion: The question of premeditation
• Epilogue: The politicization of history
• Abbreviations and glossary.

Avoiding the sterile was-it-genocide-or-not debate, this book will open a new chapter in this contentious controversy and may help achieve a long-overdue reconciliation of Armenians and Turks.".
(source: Nielsen Book Data)