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• 1 Introduction
• 2 Plumage
• 3 Cultivating identity
• 4 Top people are different: association and distinction in politics and religion
• 5 Caps of liberty: the oddity of democracy
• 6 Reformations, revolutions, continuity, and counter-reformations
• 7 The plumage of Britannia
• 8 Conclusion Index
• .
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Throughout the twentieth century, everyone from Marxists to economic individualists assumed that social and political activity was driven by the rational pursuit of material gain. Today, the fundamental importance of the cultivation and preservation of identity is finally re-emerging. This book explores the rich fabric of speech, dress, diet and the built environment from which human identity is made. Synthesising methods and ideas from numerous disciplines - including history, political science, anthropology, law and sociology - it presents a picture of human life as more than just a collection of material interests. Its ultimate aim is to show that no human activity is trivial or meaningless, that everything counts and 'plumage' matters. An open access version of this book, funded by the London School of Economics and Political Science, is available under a CC-BY licence at www.manchesteropenhive.com and www.oapen.org. -- .
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• FrontMatter; Acknowledgment of Reviewers; Contents; Acronyms and Abbreviations; 1 Introduction and Overview; 2 Growing (Up) from the Nanoscale to the Mesoscale; 3 Catalysis; 4 Membrane Behavior and Microchemical Systems; 5 Biomineralization and Geochemical Processes; 6 Computational/Chemical Processes in Self-Assembly; References; Appendix A: Workshop Agenda; Appendix B: About the Chemical Sciences Roundtable; Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Organizing Committee Members; Appendix D: Workshop Attendees

In the last few decades great strides have been made in chemistry at the nanoscale, where the atomic granularity of matter and the exact positions of individual atoms are key determinants of structure and dynamics. Less attention, however, has been paid to the mesoscale--it is at this scale, in the range extending from large molecules (10 nm) through viruses to eukaryotic cells (10 microns), where interesting ensemble effects and the functionality that is critical to macroscopic phenomenon begins to manifest itself and cannot be described by laws on the scale of atoms and molecules alone. To further explore how knowledge about mesoscale phenomena can impact chemical research and development activities and vice versa, the Chemical Sciences Roundtable of the National Research Council convened a workshop on mesoscale chemistry in November 2014. With a focus on the research on chemical phenomena at the mesoscale, participants examined the opportunities that utilizing those behaviors can have for developing new catalysts, adding new functionality to materials, and increasing our understanding of biological and interfacial systems. The workshop also highlighted some of the challenges for analysis and description of mesoscale structures. This report summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 TCDD: Physicochemical Properties and Health Guidelines-- 5 3 Air Force Use of the C-123 Provider: Background and Sampling Data-- 6 4 Evaluation of Assessments of Possible Exposure of Air Force Reservists from Service in Operation Ranch Hand C-123s-- 7 5 Summary of Findings-- 8 References-- 9 Appendix A: Public Agendas from Committee Meetings-- 10 Appendix B: History and Sampling of C-123s in the United States After Spraying Herbicides in Vietnam-- 11 Appendix C: Committee Biographies.
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From 1972 to 1982, approximately 1,500-2,100 US Air Force Reserve personnel trained and worked on C-123 aircraft that had formerly been used to spray herbicides in Vietnam as part of Operation Ranch Hand. After becoming aware that some of the aircraft on which they had worked had previously served this purpose, some of these AF Reservists applied to the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for compensatory coverage under the Agent Orange Act of 1991. The Act provides health care and disability coverage for health conditions that have been deemed presumptively service-related for herbicide exposure during the Vietnam War. The VA denied the applications on the basis that these veterans were ineligible because as non-Vietnam-era veterans or as Vietnam-era veterans without "boots on the ground" service in Vietnam, they were not covered. However, with the knowledge that some air and wipe samples taken between 1979 and 2009 from some of the C-123s used in Operation Ranch Hand showed the presence of agent orange residues, representatives of the C-123 Veterans Association began a concerted effort to reverse VA's position and obtain coverage. At the request of the VA, Post-Vietnam Dioxin Exposure in Agent Orange-Contaminated C-123 Aircraft evaluates whether or not service in these C-123s could have plausibly resulted in exposures detrimental to the health of these Air Force Reservists. The Institute of Medicine assembled an expert committee to address this question qualitatively, but in a scientific and evidence-based fashion. This report evaluates the reliability of the available information for establishing exposure and addresses and places in context whether any documented residues represent potentially harmful exposure by characterizing the amounts available and the degree to which absorption might be expected. Post-Vietnam Dioxin Exposure rejects the idea that the dioxin residues detected on interior surfaces of the C-123s were immobile and effectively inaccessible to the Reservists as a source of exposure. Accordingly, this report states with confidence that the Air Force Reservists were exposed when working in the Operation Ranch Hand C-123s and so experienced some increase in their risk of a variety of adverse responses.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 1 Introduction-- 3 2 Evacuation, Patient Tracking, and Information Sharing in a Regional Response-- 4 3 Public Health Surge Capacity and Community Resilience-- 5 4 Coordination of a Community Response-- 6 5 Final Remarks-- 7 A-- References-- 8 B-- Acronyms-- 9 C-- Statement of Task-- 10 D--Agendas-- 11 E-- Biographical Sketches of Invited Speakers and Panelists-- 12 F-- Speakers and Registered Attendees.
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When disaster strikes, it rarely impacts just one jurisdiction. Many catastrophic disaster plans include support from neighboring jurisdictions that likely will not be available in a regional disaster. Bringing multiple stakeholders together from sectors that do not routinely work with each other can augment a response to a disaster, but can also be extremely difficult because of the multi-disciplinary communication and coordination needed to ensure effective medical and public health response. As many communities within a region will have similar vulnerabilities, a logical step in planning is to establish responsibilities and capacities, and be able to work toward common goals to address all-hazards when the entire region is affected. To explore these considerations, the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events organized a series of three regional workshops in 2014 to explore opportunities to strengthen the regional coordination required in response to a large scale multijurisdictional disaster. The purpose of each regional workshop was to discuss ways to strengthen coordination among multiple jurisdictions in various regions to ensure fair and equitable treatment of communities from all impacted areas. Regional Disaster Response Coordination to Support Health Outcomes summarizes the presentation and discussion of these workshops.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 1 Introduction-- 3 2 Defining PAPRs and Current Standards-- 4 3 Why, Where, and How PAPRs Are Being Used in Health Care-- 5 4 Research and Design Perspectives-- 6 5 Priorities and Opportunities for Improving PAPRs for Use in Health Care-- 7 References-- 8 Appendix A: Agenda-- 9 Appendix B: Registered Attendees.
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Protecting 18 million United States health care workers from infectious agents - known and unknown - involves a range of occupational safety and health measures that include identifying and using appropriate protective equipment. The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic and the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa have called raised questions about how best to ensure appropriate and effective use of different kinds of personal protective equipment such as respirators, not only to promote occupational safety but also to reduce disease transmission. The Use and Effectiveness of Powered Air Purifying Respirators in Health Care is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine Standing Committee on Personal Protective Equipment for Workplace Safety and Health to explore the current state of practices and research related to powered air purifying respirator (PAPRs) and potential updates to performance requirements. Presentations and discussions highlighted current health care practices using PAPRs and outlined the research to date on the use and effectiveness of PAPRs in health care settings with a focus on the performance requirements. The Use and Effectiveness of Powered Air Purifying Respirators in Health Care focuses on efficacy, current training, maintenance, supplies, and possible enhancements and barriers to use in inpatient, clinic, nursing home, and community (home) settings. This report also explores the strengths and weaknesses of using various approaches to health care PAPR standards.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 Evolution of the U.S. Research Enterprise-- 5 3 Understanding the Pathways from Research to Innovation-- 6 4 The Usefulness and Limitations of Metrics in Measuring the Returns on Publicly Funded Research-- 7 5 Measuring Research Impacts and Quality-- 8 6 Understanding the Research Enterprise as a Complex System-- 9 7 Conclusion-- 10 References-- 11 Appendix A: An Evaluation of STAR METRICS-- 12 Appendix B: U.S. Universities and Industrial Innovation: An Interactive Relationship Producing Economic Value from Research-- 13 Appendix C-- Annotated Bibliography of Selected Studies-- 14 Appendix D: The Study Process-- 15 Appendix E: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff.
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Scientific research has enabled America to remain at the forefront of global competition for commercially viable technologies and other innovations. For more than 65 years, the United States has led the world in science and technology. Discoveries from scientific research have extended our understanding of the physical and natural world, the cosmos, society, and of humans - their minds, bodies, and economic and other social interactions. Through these discoveries, science has enabled longer and healthier lives, provided for a better-educated citizenry, enhanced the national economy, and strengthened America\'s position in the global economy. At a time of budget stringency, how can we foster scientific innovation to ensure America\'s unprecedented prosperity, security, and quality of life? Although many studies have investigated the impacts of research on society, Furthering America's Research Enterprise brings to bear a fresh approach informed by a more holistic understanding of the research enterprise as a complex, dynamic system. This understanding illuminates why America's research enterprise has historically been so successful; where attention should be focused to increase the societal benefits of research investments; and how those who make decisions on the allocation of funds for scientific research can best carry out their task. This report will be of special interest to policy makers who support or manage the research enterprise, to others in public and private institutions who fund research, to scholars of the research enterprise, and to scientists and engineers who seek to better understand the many pathways through which their research benefits society.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 1 Introduction-- 3 2 Opening Session-- 4 3 Geographic Footprint of Shale Gas Extraction-- 5 4 Occupational Health and Community Impacts-- 6 5 Air Quality-- 7 6 Water Quality-- 8 7 Sustainable Energy-- 9 8 Research Opportunities: Research Community-- 10 9 Research Opportunities: Federal Representatives-- 11 Appendix A: Agenda-- 12 Appendix B: Speaker Biosketches-- 13 Appendix C: Acronyms.
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Natural gas extraction from shale formations, which includes hydraulic fracturing, is increasingly in the news as the use of extraction technologies has expanded, rural communities have been transformed seemingly overnight, public awareness has increased, and regulations have been developed. The governmental public health system, which retains primary responsibility for health, was not an early participant in discussions about shale gas extraction; thus public health is lacking critical information about environmental health impacts of these technologies and is limited in its ability to address concerns raised by regulators at the federal and state levels, communities, and workers employed in the shale gas extraction industry. Health Impact Assessment of Shale Gas Extraction is the summary of a workshop convened in 2012 by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine to discuss the human health impact of shale gas extraction through the lens of a health impact assessment. Eminent scientists, physicians, public health experts, and representatives from government agencies at federal and state levels, from nongovernment organizations, from the business sector, and from interest groups representing the interests of the citizens met to exchange ideas and to inform on hydraulic fracturing as a means of extraction of natural gas. This report examines the state of the science regarding shale gas extraction, the direct and indirect environmental health impacts of shale gas extraction, and the use of health impact assessment as a tool that can help decision makers identify the public health consequences of shale gas extraction.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 Describing the Problem-- 5 3 Causality-- 6 4 Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect-- 7 5 The Child Welfare System-- 8 6 Interventions and Service Delivery Systems-- 9 7 Research Challenges and Infrastructure-- 10 8 Child Abuse and Neglect Policy-- 11 9 Recommendations-- 12 Appendix A: Workshop Open Session Agendas-- 13 Appendix B: Research Recommendations and Priorities from the 1993 National Research Council Report "Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect"-- 14 Appendix C: Biosketches of Committee Members.
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Each year, child protective services receive reports of child abuse and neglect involving six million children, and many more go unreported. The long-term human and fiscal consequences of child abuse and neglect are not relegated to the victims themselves -- they also impact their families, future relationships, and society. In 1993, the National Research Council (NRC) issued the report, Under-standing Child Abuse and Neglect, which provided an overview of the research on child abuse and neglect. New Directions in Child Abuse and Neglect Research updates the 1993 report and provides new recommendations to respond to this public health challenge. According to this report, while there has been great progress in child abuse and neglect research, a coordinated, national research infrastructure with high-level federal support needs to be established and implemented immediately. New Directions in Child Abuse and Neglect Research recommends an actionable framework to guide and support future child abuse and neglect research. This report calls for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to child abuse and neglect research that examines factors related to both children and adults across physical, mental, and behavioral health domains--including those in child welfare, economic support, criminal justice, education, and health care systems--and assesses the needs of a variety of subpopulations. It should also clarify the causal pathways related to child abuse and neglect and, more importantly, assess efforts to interrupt these pathways. New Directions in Child Abuse and Neglect Research identifies four areas to look to in developing a coordinated research enterprise: a national strategic plan, a national surveillance system, a new generation of researchers, and changes in the federal and state programmatic and policy response.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 SUMMARY-- 3 1 INTRODUCTION-- 4 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS FOR REVIEWING EVIDENCE-BASED PREVENTION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH-- 5 3 UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH IN THE MILITARY-- 6 4 EVIDENCE FOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INTERVENTIONS FOR PREVENTING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS-- 7 5 MEASUREMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH-- 8 6 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS-- 9 Appendix A: SUMMARY FROM *RETURNING HOME FROM IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN: ASSESSMENT OF READJUSTMENT NEEDS OF SERVICE MEMBERS AND THEIR FAMILIES*-- 10 Appendix B: INFORMATION-GATHERING MEETING AGENDA-- 11 Appendix C: SUPPLEMENTAL HEALTH SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE-- 12 Appendix D: PRE-DEPLOYMENT HEALTH ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE-- 13 Appendix E: POST-DEPLOYMENT HEALTH ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE-- 14 Appendix F: POST-DEPLOYMENT HEALTH RE-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE-- 15 Appendix G: PROGRAM REVIEWS FROM *SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS IN THE U.S. ARMED FORCES*-- 16 Appendix H: TABLE OF DOD PROGRAMS TO INCREASE RESILIENCE OR PREVENT PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH DISORDERS, AS IDENTIFIED BY RAND.
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Being deployed to a war zone can result in numerous adverse psychological health conditions. It is well documented in the literature that there are high rates of psychological disorders among military personnel serving in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq as well as among the service members' families. For service members' families, the degree of hardship and negative consequences rises with the amount of the service members' exposure to traumatic or life-altering experiences. Adult and child members of the families of service members who experience wartime deployments have been found to be at increased risk for symptoms of psychological disorders and to be more likely to use mental health services. In an effort to provide early recognition and early intervention that meet the psychological health needs of service members and their families, DOD currently screens for many of these conditions at numerous points during the military life cycle, and it is implementing structural interventions that support the improved integration of military line personnel, non-medical caregivers, and clinicians, such as RESPECT-Mil (Re-engineering Systems of Primary Care Treatment in the Military), embedded mental health providers, and the Patient-Centered Medical Home. Preventing Psychological Disorders in Service Members and Their Families evaluates risk and protective factors in military and family populations and suggests that prevention strategies are needed at multiple levels - individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and societal - in order to address the influence that these factors have on psychological health. This report reviews and critiques reintegration programs and prevention strategies for PTSD, depression, recovery support, and prevention of substance abuse, suicide, and interpersonal violence.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 Neuroscience, Biomechanics, and Risks of Concussion in the Developing Brain-- 5 3 Concussion Recognition, Diagnosis, and Acute Management-- 6 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome-- 7 5 Consequences of Repetitive Head Impacts and Multiple Concussions-- 8 6 Protection and Prevention Strategies-- 9 7 Conclusions and Recommendations-- 10 Appendix A: Public Workshop Agendas-- 11 Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members-- 12 Appendix C: Clinical Evaluation Tools.
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In the past decade, few subjects at the intersection of medicine and sports have generated as much public interest as sports-related concussions - especially among youth. Despite growing awareness of sports-related concussions and campaigns to educate athletes, coaches, physicians, and parents of young athletes about concussion recognition and management, confusion and controversy persist in many areas. Currently, diagnosis is based primarily on the symptoms reported by the individual rather than on objective diagnostic markers, and there is little empirical evidence for the optimal degree and duration of physical rest needed to promote recovery or the best timing and approach for returning to full physical activity. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture reviews the science of sports-related concussions in youth from elementary school through young adulthood, as well as in military personnel and their dependents. This report recommends actions that can be taken by a range of audiences - including research funding agencies, legislatures, state and school superintendents and athletic directors, military organizations, and equipment manufacturers, as well as youth who participate in sports and their parents - to improve what is known about concussions and to reduce their occurrence. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth finds that while some studies provide useful information, much remains unknown about the extent of concussions in youth; how to diagnose, manage, and prevent concussions; and the short- and long-term consequences of concussions as well as repetitive head impacts that do not result in concussion symptoms. The culture of sports negatively influences athletes' self-reporting of concussion symptoms and their adherence to return-to-play guidance. Athletes, their teammates, and, in some cases, coaches and parents may not fully appreciate the health threats posed by concussions. Similarly, military recruits are immersed in a culture that includes devotion to duty and service before self, and the critical nature of concussions may often go unheeded. According to Sports-Related Concussions in Youth, if the youth sports community can adopt the belief that concussions are serious injuries and emphasize care for players with concussions until they are fully recovered, then the culture in which these athletes perform and compete will become much safer. Improving understanding of the extent, causes, effects, and prevention of sports-related concussions is vitally important for the health and well-being of youth athletes. The findings and recommendations in this report set a direction for research to reach this goal.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 1 Introduction and Overview-- 3 2 Life Scientists Engaged: Personal Experiences from the Frontier-- 4 3 Trends in Public Engagement Mechanisms and Attitudes-- 5 4 Models for a Sustainable Infrastructure-- 6 5 Toward a Sustainable Infrastructure:Friction and Momentum-- 7 6 Pathways and Destinations-- 8 References-- 9 Appendix A--Statement of Task-- 10 Appendix B--Workshop Agenda-- 11 Appendix C--Biographies of Workshop Speakers, Panelists, Moderators, and Planning Committee Members-- 12 Appendix D--Workshop Attendees-- 13 Appendix E--Ideas from the Audience Engagement Exercise Community Ideas as Building Blocks-- 14 Appendix F--Networks, Hubs, and Resources for Science Communication.
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Advances in the life sciences - from the human genome to biotechnology to personalized medicine and sustainable communities - have profound implications for the well-being of society and the natural world. Improved public understanding of such scientific advances has the potential to benefit both individuals and society through enhanced quality of life and environmental protection, improved K-12 and undergraduate science education, greater understanding of human connections to the natural world, and more sustainable policies and regulations. Yet few systems of support exist to help life scientist communicators share their research with a broad range of public audiences, or engage the public in discussions about their work. Sustainable Infrastructures for Life Science Communication is the summary of a two-part workshop convened in December 2013 and January 2014 by the National Research Council Roundtable on Public Interfaces of the Life Sciences to identify infrastructure-related barriers that inhibit or prohibit life scientists from communicating about their work and characteristics of infrastructure that facilitate or encourage scientists to engage with public audiences. The workshop featured both formal presentations and panel discussions among participants from academia, industry, journalism, the federal government, and nonprofit organizations. The presentations highlighted the motivations of and challenges to life scientist communicators, theoretical approaches to science communication, examples of different types of infrastructure to support science communication, and the need for building more sustainable science communication infrastructures. This report considers communication infrastructure across a range of life science institutions, including federal agencies, academia, industry, and nonprofit organizations and explores novel approaches to facilitate effective science communication.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Executive Summary-- 3 I: INNOVATION AND PLACE-BASED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT-- 4 1 Innovation in the States-- 5 2 State and Regional Development and Clustering-- 6 II: THE CATALYTIC ROLE OF PUBLIC PURPOSE ORGANIZATIONS-- 7 3 Universities as Innovation Drivers-- 8 4 State Strategies for Innovation-- 9 5 The Federal Dimension-- 10 III: REVIEW OF SELECTED STATE AND REGIONAL PRACTICES-- 11 6 Rebuilding Ohio's Innovation Economy-- 12 7 The New York Nanotechnology Initiative-- 13 8 New Initiatives in Illinois and Arkansas-- 14 IV: BIBLIOGRAPHY-- 15 Bibliography-- 16 V: ANNEX A: STANFORD AND SILICON VALLEY-- 17 Annex A--Stanford and Silicon Valley-- 18 VI: ANNEX B: NORTH CAROLINA'S RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK-- 19 Annex B--North Carolina's Research Triangle Park.
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Most of the policy discussion about stimulating innovation has focused on the federal level. This study focuses on the significant activity at the state level, with the goal of improving the public's understanding of key policy strategies and exemplary practices. Based on a series of workshops and conferences that brought together policymakers along with leaders of industry and academia in a select number of states, the study highlights a rich variety of policy initiatives underway at the state and regional level to foster knowledge based growth and employment. Perhaps what distinguishes this effort at the state level is most of all the high degree of pragmatism. Operating out of necessity, innovation policies at the state level often involve taking advantage of existing resources and recombining them in new ways, forging innovative partnerships among universities, industry and government organizations, growing the skill base, and investing in the infrastructure to develop new technologies and new industries. Many of these initiatives are being guided by leaders from the private sector and universities. The objective of Best Practices in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives: Competing in the 21st Century is not to do an empirical review of the inputs and outputs of various state programs. Nor is it to evaluate which programs are superior. Indeed, some of the notable successes, such as the Albany nanotechnology cluster, represent a leap of leadership, investment, and sustained commitment that has had remarkable results in an industry that is actively pursued by many countries. The study's goal is to illustrate the approaches taken by a variety of highly diverse states as they confront the increasing challenges of global competition for the industries and jobs of today and tomorrow.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 I: OVERVIEW-- 3 Overview-- 4 II: PROCEEDINGS-- 5 DAY 1 Welcome and Introduction-- 6 Keynote Address-- 7 Panel I: The Ohio Innovation Economy in the Global Context-- 8 Panel II: Stimulating Manufacturing in Ohio-- 9 Panel III: Innovation Clusters and Economic Development-- 10 Keynote Address: Investing in Ohio-- 11 Panel IV: State and Regional Innovation Programs-- 12 Panel V: The New Energy Economy in Ohio-- 13 DAY
• 2: Welcome and Introduction-- 14 Panel VI: 21st Century Universities: Drivers of Regional Growth & Employment-- 15 Panel VII: Biomedical Growth Opportunities-- 16 Panel VIII: Growing the Ohio Flexible Electronics Industry-- 17 Panel IX: Early-Stage Finance and Entrepreneurship in Ohio-- 18 III: APPENDIXES-- 19 Appendix A: Agenda-- 20 Appendix B: Biographies of Speakers-- 21 Appendix C: Participants List-- 22 Appendix D: Bibliography.
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Since 1991, the National Research Council, under the auspices of the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy, has undertaken a program of activities to improve policymakers' understandings of the interconnections of science, technology, and economic policy and their importance for the American economy and its international competitive position. The Board's activities have corresponded with increased policy recognition of the importance of knowledge and technology to economic growth. One important element of STEP's analysis concerns the growth and impact of foreign technology programs. U.S. competitors have launched substantial programs to support new technologies, small firm development, and consortia among large and small firms to strengthen national and regional positions in strategic sectors. Some governments overseas have chosen to provide public support to innovation to overcome the market imperfections apparent in their national innovation systems. They believe that the rising costs and risks associated with new potentially high-payoff technologies, and the growing global dispersal of technical expertise, underscore the need for national R&D programs to support new and existing high-technology firms within their borders. Similarly, many state and local governments and regional entities in the United States are undertaking a variety of initiatives to enhance local economic development and employment through investment programs designed to attract knowledge-based industries and grow innovation clusters. These state and regional programs and associated policy measures are of great interest for their potential contributions to growth and U.S. competitiveness and for the "best practice" lessons that they offer for other state and regional programs. STEP's project on State and Regional Innovation Initiatives is intended to generate a better understanding of the challenges associated with the transition of research into products, the practices associated with successful state and regional programs, and their interaction with federal programs and private initiatives. The study seeks to achieve this goal through a series of complementary assessments of state, regional, and federal initiatives; analyses of specific industries and technologies from the perspective of crafting supportive public policy at all three levels; and outreach to multiple stakeholders. Building the Ohio Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium explains the of the study, which is to improve the operation of state and regional programs and, collectively, enhance their impact.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 The Effects of Falsified and Substandard Drugs-- 5 3 The Magnitude of the Problem-- 6 4 Causes of Falsified and Substandard Drugs-- 7 5 Weaknesses in the Drug Distribution Chain-- 8 6 Detection Technology-- 9 7 An International Code of Practice for Falsified and Substandard Medicines-- 10 Appendix A: Glossary-- 11 Appendix B: Committee Biographies-- 12 Appendix C: Meeting Agendas.
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The adulteration and fraudulent manufacture of medicines is an old problem, vastly aggravated by modern manufacturing and trade. In the last decade, impotent antimicrobial drugs have compromised the treatment of many deadly diseases in poor countries. More recently, negligent production at a Massachusetts compounding pharmacy sickened hundreds of Americans. While the national drugs regulatory authority (hereafter, the regulatory authority) is responsible for the safety of a country's drug supply, no single country can entirely guarantee this today. The once common use of the term counterfeit to describe any drug that is not what it claims to be is at the heart of the argument. In a narrow, legal sense a counterfeit drug is one that infringes on a registered trademark. The lay meaning is much broader, including any drug made with intentional deceit. Some generic drug companies and civil society groups object to calling bad medicines counterfeit, seeing it as the deliberate conflation of public health and intellectual property concerns. Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs accepts the narrow meaning of counterfeit, and, because the nuances of trademark infringement must be dealt with by courts, case by case, the report does not discuss the problem of counterfeit medicines.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 A Vision for the CTSA Program in a Changing Landscape-- 5 3 Leadership-- 6 4 Crosscutting Topics-- 7 5 Conclusion: Opportunities for Action-- 8 Appendix A: Data Sources and Methods-- 9 Appendix B: Committee Biographical Sketches.
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In 2006 the National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Program, recognizing the need for a new impetus to encourage clinical and translational research. At the time it was very difficult to translate basic and clinical research into clinical and community practice; making it difficult for individual patients and communities to receive its benefits. Since its creation the CTSA Program has expanded, with 61 sites spread across the nation's academic health centers and other institutions, hoping to provide catalysts and test beds for policies and practices that can benefit clinical and translation research organizations throughout the country. The NIH contracted with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2012 to conduct a study to assess and provide recommendations on appropriateness of the CTSA Program's mission and strategic goals and whether changes were needed. The study was also address the implementation of the program by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) while exploring the CTSA's contributions in the acceleration of the development of new therapeutics. A 13-member committee was established to head this task; the committee had collective expertise in community outreach and engagement, public health and health policy, bioethics, education and training, pharmaceutical research and development, program evaluation, clinical and biomedical research, and child health research. The CTSA Program at NIH: Opportunities for Advancing Clinical and Translational Research is the result of investigations into previous program evaluations and assessments, open-session meetings and conference class, and the review of scientific literature. Overall, the committee believes that the CTSA Program is significant to the advancement of clinical and translational research through its contributions. The Program would benefit from a variety of revisions, however, to make it more efficient and effective.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 The Ecosystem Services Approach-- 5 3 Resilience and Ecosystem Services-- 6 4 Oil Spill Response Technologies-- 7 5 Ecosystem Services in the Gulf of Mexico-- 8 6 Research Needs in Support of Understanding Ecosystem Services in the Gulf of Mexico-- 9 References-- 10 Appendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff.
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As the Gulf of Mexico recovers from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, natural resource managers face the challenge of understanding the impacts of the spill and setting priorities for restoration work. The full value of losses resulting from the spill cannot be captured, however, without consideration of changes in ecosystem services--the benefits delivered to society through natural processes. An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico discusses the benefits and challenges associated with using an ecosystem services approach to damage assessment, describing potential impacts of response technologies, exploring the role of resilience, and offering suggestions for areas of future research. This report illustrates how this approach might be applied to coastal wetlands, fisheries, marine mammals, and the deep sea -- each of which provide key ecosystem services in the Gulf -- and identifies substantial differences among these case studies. The report also discusses the suite of technologies used in the spill response, including burning, skimming, and chemical dispersants, and their possible long-term impacts on ecosystem services.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Engaging the Public in Critical Disaster Planning and Decision Making-- 3 Appendix A: References-- 4 Appendix B: Statement of Task-- 5 Appendix C: Workshop Agenda-- 6 Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Speakers and Panelists.
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Engaging the Public in Critical Disaster Planning and Decision Making is the summary of a workshop held in March 2013 to discuss the key principles of public engagement during the development of disaster plans, the response phase, and during the dissemination phase when interested community partners and the general public are informed of the policies that have been adopted. Presenters provided specific examples of resources to assist jurisdictions in planning public engagement activities as well as challenges experienced and potential solutions. This report introduces key principles of public engagement, provides practical guidance on how to plan and implement a public engagement activity, and presents tools to facilitate planning.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Mission, Evolution, and Context-- 4 2 Program Structure and Operation-- 5 3 Assessments and Outcomes-- 6 4 Findings and Recommendations-- 7 References-- 8 Appendixes-- 9 Appendix A: Agency Profiles-- 10 Appendix B: State Profiles-- 11 Appendix C: Statement of Task and Congressional Mandate-- 12 Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.
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The primary federal program designed to ensure that all states are capable of participating the nation's research enterprise fall under the general rubric of the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCOR). The National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Energy, Department of Agriculture, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration have active EPSCOR programs. Since its inaugural year in 1979, the EPSCOR program has grown from funding programs in five states to awarding funding to 31 states in 2012. The Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research assesses the effectiveness of EPSCOR and similar federal agency programs in improving national research capabilities, promoting an equitable distribution of research funding, and integrating their efforts with other initiatives designed to strengthen the nation's research capacity. This report also looks at the effectiveness of EPSCOR states in using awards to develop science engineering research and education, as well a science and engineering infrastructure within their state. The Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research makes recommendations for improvement for each agency to create a more focused program with greater impact.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 1 Introduction and Overview-- 3 2 Evaluation of Current Animal Models-- 4 3 Translation from Animal Models to the Clinic: Case Examples from Neuroscience Research-- 5 4 Perspectives on Standardization-- 6 5 Perspectives on Corresponding Animal and Clinical Endpoints-- 7 6 Addressing the Translational Disconnect-- 8 7 Summary of Workshop Topics-- 9 Appendix A: References-- 10 Appendix B: Workshop Agenda-- 11 Appendix C: Registered Attendees.
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Nervous system diseases and disorders are highly prevalent and substantially contribute to the overall disease burden. Despite significant information provided by the use of animal models in the understanding of the biology of nervous system disorders and the development of therapeutics; limitations have also been identified. Treatment options that are high in efficacy and low in side effects are still lacking for many diseases and, in some cases are nonexistent. A particular problem in drug development is the high rate of attrition in Phase II and III clinical trials. Why do many therapeutics show promise in preclinical animal models but then fail to elicit predicted effects when tested in humans? On March 28 and 29, 2012, the Institute of Medicine Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened the workshop "Improving Translation of Animal Models for Nervous System Disorders" to discuss potential opportunities for maximizing the translation of new therapies from animal models to clinical practice. The primary focus of the workshop was to examine mechanisms for increasing the efficiency of translational neuroscience research through discussions about how and when to use animal models most effectively and then best approaches for the interpretation of the data collected. Specifically, the workshop objectives were to: discuss key issues that contribute to poor translation of animal models in nervous system disorders, examine case studies that highlight successes and failures in the development and application of animal models, consider strategies to increase the scientific rigor of preclinical efficacy testing, explore the benefits and challenges to developing standardized animal and behavioral models. Improving the Utility and Translation of Animal Models for Nervous System Disorders: Workshop Summary also identifies methods to facilitate development of corresponding animal and clinical endpoints, indentifies methods that would maximize bidirectional translation between basic and clinical research and determines the next steps that will be critical for improvement of the development and testing of animal models of disorders of the nervous system.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 PART I: FINAL REPORT-- 3 Summary-- 4 1 Introduction and Approach-- 5 2 A Conceptual Model of Aging for the Next Generation of Research-- 6 3 Data Needs and Opportunities-- 7 4 Roadblocks and Bridges to Transdisciplinary Research-- 8 References-- 9 Appendix: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members-- 10 PART II: PAPERS-- 11 5 Introduction and Overview--Linda J. Waite-- 12 6 The New Realities of Aging: Social and Economic Contexts--Jacqueline L. Angel and Richard A. Settersten, Jr-- 13 7 Research Opportunities in the Demography of Aging--Melissa Hardy and Vegard Skirbekk-- 14 8 Networks, Neighborhoods, and Institutions: An Integrated "Activity Space" Approach for Research on Aging--Kathleen A. Cagney, Christopher R. Browning, Aubrey L. Jackson, and Brian Soller-- 15 9 Constrained Choices: The Shifting Institutional Contexts of Aging and the Life Course--Phyllis Moen-- 16 10 Opportunities and Challenges in the Study of Biosocial Dynamics in Healthy Aging--Tara L. Gruenewald-- 17 11 The Loyal Opposition: A Commentary on "Opportunities and Challenges in the Study of Biosocial Dynamics in Healthy Aging"--Maxine Weinstein, Dana A. Glei, and Noreen Goldman-- 18 12 Social Genomics and the Life Course: Opportunities and Challenges for Multilevel Population Research--Michael J. Shanahan-- 19 13 The Challenge of Social Genomics: A Commentary on "Social Genomics and the Life Course: Opportunities and Challenges for Multilevel Population Research"--Jason Schnittker-- 20 14 Interventions to Promote Health and Prevent Disease: Perspectives on Clinical Trials Past, Present, and Future--S. Leonard Syme and Abby C. King-- 21 Committee on Population.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The aging of the population of the United States is occurring at a time of major economic and social changes. These economic changes include consideration of increases in the age of eligibility for Social Security and Medicare and possible changes in benefit levels. Furthermore, changes in the social context in which older individuals and families function may well affect the nature of key social relationships and institutions that define the environment for older persons. Sociology offers a knowledge base, a number of useful analytic approaches and tools, and unique theoretical perspectives that can facilitate understanding of these demographic, economic, and social changes and, to the extent possible, their causes, consequences and implications. New Directions in the Sociology of Aging evaluates the recent contributions of social demography, social epidemiology and sociology to the study of aging and identifies promising new research directions in these sub-fields. Included in this study are nine papers prepared by experts in sociology, demography, social genomics, public health, and other fields, that highlight the broad array of tools and perspectives that can provide the basis for further advancing the understanding of aging processes in ways that can inform policy. This report discusses the role of sociology in what is a wide-ranging and diverse field of study; a proposed three-dimensional conceptual model for studying social processes in aging over the life cycle; a review of existing databases, data needs and opportunities, primarily in the area of measurement of interhousehold and intergenerational transmission of resources, biomarkers and biosocial interactions; and a summary of roadblocks and bridges to transdisciplinary research that will affect the future directions of the field of sociology of aging.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction and Background-- 4 2 A Vision and Goals for Workforce Readiness and Resilience-- 5 3 Leadership, Communication, and Culture in the Department of Homeland Security-- 6 4 Measurement, Evaluation, and Reporting for Improved Readiness and Resilience-- 7 5 Elements of the Department of Homeland Security Workforce Readiness and Resilience Strategic Plan-- 8 Appendix A--Department of Homeland Security Organizational Charts-- 9 Appendix B--Committee Meeting Agendas-- 10 Appendix C--Public Comments from Department of Homeland Security Staff-- 11 Appendix D--Inventory of Programs and Services of the Department of Homeland Security-- 12 Appendix E--Organizational Self-Assessment Tool - NIOSH Essential Elements-- 13 Appendix F--Committee Biosketches.
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The responsibilities of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) range from preventing foreign and domestic terrorist attacks; securing the nation's borders; safeguarding transportation systems; responding to natural disasters; nuclear detection; and more. Created in 2002 from a merger that rapidly incorporated parts of eight cabinet departments and 22 government agencies, DHS has struggled to integrate its numerous components and their unique cultures. While DHS is very accomplished at performing its many missions, the nature of the DHS work environment is inherently stressful, and employees suffer from low morale. A Ready and Resilient Workforce for the Department of Homeland Security: Protecting America's Front Line reviews current workforce resilience efforts, identifies gaps, and provides recommendations for a 5-year strategy to improve DHSTogether, the current DHS workforce resilience program. This report stresses the importance of strong leadership, communication, measurement, and evaluation in the organization and recommends content for a 5-year plan that will promote centralized strategic direction and resource investment to improve readiness and resilience at the department. While all DHS component agencies share a common mission, each have distinct roles with different stressors attached, making implementation of an organization-wide resilience or wellness program difficult. The recommendations of A Ready and Resilient Workforce for the Department of Homeland Security outline how DHS can focus its efforts on creating a common culture of workforce readiness and resilience, while recognizing the distinct, proud, celebrated cultures of its component agencies.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Workshop Overview-- 3 Appendix A-- 4 Appendix B--Agenda-- 5 Appendix C--Acronyms-- 6 Appendix D--Glossary-- 7 Appendix E--Speaker Biographies.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Over the past several decades, new scientific tools and approaches for detecting microbial species have dramatically enhanced our appreciation of the diversity and abundance of the microbiota and its dynamic interactions with the environments within which these microorganisms reside. The first bacterial genome was sequenced in 1995 and took more than 13 months of work to complete. Today, a microorganism's entire genome can be sequenced in a few days. Much as our view of the cosmos was forever altered in the 17th century with the invention of the telescope, these genomic technologies, and the observations derived from them, have fundamentally transformed our appreciation of the microbial world around us. On June 12 and 13, 2012, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop in Washington, DC, to discuss the scientific tools and approaches being used for detecting and characterizing microbial species, and the roles of microbial genomics and metagenomics to better understand the culturable and unculturable microbial world around us. Through invited presentations and discussions, participants examined the use of microbial genomics to explore the diversity, evolution, and adaptation of microorganisms in a wide variety of environments; the molecular mechanisms of disease emergence and epidemiology; and the ways that genomic technologies are being applied to disease outbreak trace back and microbial surveillance. Points that were emphasized by many participants included the need to develop robust standardized sampling protocols, the importance of having the appropriate metadata, data analysis and data management challenges, and information sharing in real time. The Science and Applications of Microbial Genomics summarizes this workshop.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 1 Introduction and Overview--James P. Smith and Malay Majmundar-- 3 NEW AND EMERGING DATA INITIATIVES-- 4 2 Preparing for Population Aging in Asia: Strengthening the Infrastructure for Science and Policy--James P. Smith-- 5 3 Longitudinal Aging Study in India: Vision, Design, Implementation, and Preliminary Findings--P. Arokiasamy, David Bloom, Jinkook Lee, Kevin Feeney, and Marija Ozolins-- 6 ECONOMIC GROWTH, LABOR MARKETS, AND CONSUMPTION-- 7 4 Population Aging, Intergenerational Transfers, and Economic Growth: Asia in a Global Context--Ronald Lee and Andrew Mason-- 8 5 Facilitating Longer Working Lives: The Need, the Rationale, the How--David A. Wise-- 9 6 The Labor Supply and Retirement Behavior of China's Older Workers and Elderly in Comparative Perspective--John Giles, Dewen Wang, and Wei Cai-- 10 7 Relying on Whom? Poverty and Consumption Financing of China's Elderly--Albert Park, Yan Shen, John Strauss, and Yaohui Zhao-- 11 8 Retirement Process in Japan: New Evidence from the Japanese Study on Aging and Retirement (JSTAR)--Hidehiko Ichimura and Satoshi Shimizutani-- 12 FAMILY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES-- 13 9 Patterns and Correlates of Intergenerational Nontime Transfers: Evidence from CHARLS--Xiaoyan Lei, John Giles, Yuqing Hu, Albert Park, John Strauss, and Yaohui Zhao-- 14 10 Household Dynamics and Living Arrangements of the Elderly in Indonesia: Evidence from a Longitudinal Survey--Firman Witoelar-- 15 11 Social Networks, Family, and Care Giving Among Older Adults in India--Lisa F. Berkman, T.V. Sekher, Benjamin Capistrant, and Yuhui Zheng-- 16 12 Effects of Social Activities on Cognitive Functions: Evidence from CHARLS--Yuqing Hu, Xiaoyan Lei, James P. Smith, and Yaohui Zhao-- 17 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING-- 18 13 Socioeconomic Success and Health in Later Life: Evidence from the Indonesia Family Life Survey--Firman Witoelar, John Strauss, and Bondan Sikoki-- 19 14 Healthcare and Insurance Among the Elderly in China: Evidence from the CHARLS Pilot--John Strauss, Hao Hong, Xiaoyan Lei, Lin Li, Albert Park, Li Yang, and Yaohui Zhao-- 20 15 Health of the Elderly in India: Challenges of Access and Affordability--Subhojit Dey, Devaki Nambiar, J. K. Lakshmi, Kabir Sheikh, and K. Srinath Reddy-- 21 16 Markers and Drivers: Cardiovascular Health of Middle-Aged and Older Indians--Jinkook Lee, P. Arokiasamy, Amitabh Chandra, Peifeng Hu, Jenny Liu, and Kevin Feeney-- 22 17 Aging, Health, and Chronic Conditions in China and India: Results from the Multinational Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)--Paul Kowal, Sharon Williams, Yong Jiang, Wu Fan, P. Arokiasamy, and Somnath Chatterji-- 23 18 Life Satisfaction of the Older Thai: Findings from the Pilot HART--Dararatt Anantanasuwong and Udomsak Seenprachawong-- 24 Biographical Sketches of Contributors-- 25 Committee on Population.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The population of Asia is growing both larger and older. Demographically the most important continent on the world, Asia's population, currently estimated to be 4.2 billion, is expected to increase to about 5.9 billion by 2050. Rapid declines in fertility, together with rising life expectancy, are altering the age structure of the population so that in 2050, for the first time in history, there will be roughly as many people in Asia over the age of 65 as under the age of 15. It is against this backdrop that the Division of Behavioral and Social Research at the U.S. National Institute on Aging (NIA) asked the National Research Council (NRC), through the Committee on Population, to undertake a project on advancing behavioral and social research on aging in Asia. Aging in Asia: Findings from New and Emerging Data Initiatives is a peer-reviewed collection of papers from China, India, Indonesia, Japan, and Thailand that were presented at two conferences organized in conjunction with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, Indonesian Academy of Sciences, and Science Council of Japan; the first conference was hosted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, and the second conference was hosted by the Indian National Science Academy in New Delhi. The papers in the volume highlight the contributions from new and emerging data initiatives in the region and cover subject areas such as economic growth, labor markets, and consumption; family roles and responsibilities; and labor markets and consumption.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 I OVERVIEW-- 3 II PROCEEDINGS-- 4 Appendix A: Agenda-- 5 Appendix B: Participants List-- 6 Appendix C: Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

A committee under the auspices of the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP), is conducting a study of selected state and regional programs in order to identify best practices with regard to their goals, structures, instruments, modes of operation, synergies across private and public programs, funding mechanisms and levels, and evaluation efforts. The committee is reviewing selected state and regional efforts to capitalize on federal and state investments in areas of critical national needs. Building the Arkansas Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium includes both efforts to strengthen existing industries as well as specific new technology focus areas such as nanotechnology, stem cells, and energy in order to better understand program goals, challenges, and accomplishments. As a part of this review, the committee is convening a series of public workshops and symposia involving responsible local, state, and federal officials and other stakeholders. These meetings and symposia will enable an exchange of views, information, experience, and analysis to identify best practice in the range of programs and incentives adopted. Drawing from discussions at these symposia, fact-finding meetings, and commissioned analyses of existing state and regional programs and technology focus areas, the committee will subsequently produce a final report with findings and recommendations focused on lessons, issues, and opportunities for complementary U.S. policies created by these state and regional initiatives. Since 1991, the National Research Council, under the auspices of the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy, has undertaken a program of activities to improve policymakers' understandings of the interconnections of science, technology, and economic policy and their importance for the American economy and its international competitive position. The Board's activities have corresponded with increased policy recognition of the importance of knowledge and technology to economic growth. One important element of STEP's analysis concerns the growth and impact of foreign technology programs.1 U.S. competitors have launched substantial programs to support new technologies, small firm development, and consortia among large and small firms to strengthen national and regional positions in strategic sectors. Some governments overseas have chosen to provide public support to innovation to overcome the market imperfections apparent in their national innovation systems. They believe that the rising costs and risks associated with new potentially high-payoff technologies, and the growing global dispersal of technical expertise, underscore the need for national R&D programs to support new and existing high-technology firms within their borders.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 1 Introduction-- 3 Part I: Workshop Overview-- 4 2 Transforming Violence Prevention Through New Communications-- 5 3 Methodological Considerations of New Communications Platforms-- 6 4 Addressing Disparities and Vulnerabilities-- 7 5 Framing Violence Prevention Communication-- 8 Part II: Papers and Commentary from Workshop Speakers-- 9 6 Foundations of mPreventViolence: Integrating Violence Prevention and Information and Communications Technologies-- 10 7 Practical Applications of mPreventViolence-- 11 Appendix A: Workshop Agenda-- 12 Appendix B: Speaker Biographical Sketches.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

In the last 25 years, a major shift has occurred in the field of violence prevention, from the assumption that violence is inevitable to the realization that violence is preventable. As we learn more about what works to reduce violence, the challenge facing those who work in the field is how to use all of this new information to rapidly deploy or enhance new programs. At the same time, new communications technologies and distribution channels have altered traditional means of communications, and have made community-based efforts to prevent violence possible by making information readily available. How can these new technologies be successfully applied to the field of violence prevention? On December 8-9, 2011, the IOM's Forum on Global Violence Prevention held a workshop to explore the intersection of violence prevention and information and communications technology. The workshop - called "mPreventViolence" - provided an opportunity for practitioners to engage in new and innovative thinking concerning these two fields with the goal of bridging gaps in language, processes, and mechanisms. The workshop focused on exploring the potential applications of technology to violence prevention, drawing on experience in development, health, and the social sector as well as from industry and the private sector. Communication and Technology for Violence Prevention: Workshop Summary is the report that fully explains this workshop.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 History and Context-- 5 3 Implementation-- 6 4 Initial Results of the Integration Demonstration-- 7 5 Lessons Learned from Other Federal and Private-Sector Collaborative Approaches to Health Care Services-- 8 6 Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations-- 9 Appendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff-- 10 Appendix B: Framework for Evaluating Department of Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense Health Care Collaborations-- 11 Appendix C: Department of Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense Joint Ventures: Brief Histories and Lessons Learned-- 12 Appendix D: Collaboration Among Health Care Organizations: A Review of Outcomes and Best Practices for Effective Performance.
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The 2010 opening of the Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center (FHCC) created a joint entity between the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) that replaced two separate centers in North Chicago. VA and DoD leaders envisioned a state-of-the-art facility that would deliver health care to both DoD and VA beneficiaries from northern Illinois to southern Wisconsin, providing service members and veterans seamless access to an expanded array of medical services. Unprecedented for the military and the VA, the Lovell FHCC would integrate clinical and administrative services under a single line of authority. The DoD asked the IOM to evaluate whether the Lovell FHCC has improved health care access, quality, and cost for the DoD and the VA, compared with operating separate facilities, and to examine whether patients and health care providers are satisfied with joint VA/DoD delivery of health care. Evaluation of the Lovell Federal Health Care Center Merger: Findings, conclusions, and Recommendations finds that initial implementation of the Lovell FHCC has provided important lessons about how to integrate VA and DoD health care services and has identified remaining obstacles that the departments could overcome to make such mergers more effective and less costly to implement. The IOM recommends that the VA and the DoD develop a comprehensive evaluation plan to objectively judge its success or failure, with measurable criteria, that would provide essential knowledge for both the Lovell FHCC and future endeavors.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 Assessing the Service Needs of Older Adults with Mental Health and Substance Use Conditions-- 5 3 The Geriatric Mental Health and Substance Use Workforce-- 6 4 Workforce Implications of Models of Care for Older Adults with Mental Health and Substance Use Conditions-- 7 5 In Whose Hands? Recommendations for Strengthening the Mental Health and Substance Use Workforce for Older Americans-- 8 Appendix A: Abbreviations and Acronyms-- 9 Appendix B: Public Workshop Agenda-- 10 Appendix C: Required Knowledge, Skills, and Training for Mental Health, Substance Use, and Geriatric Care Providers-- 11 Appendix D: IOM Recommendations from Retooling for an Aging America: Building the Health Care Workforce (2008)-- 12 Appendix E: Committee Biographies.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

At least 5.6 million to 8 million--nearly one in five--older adults in America have one or more mental health and substance use conditions, which present unique challenges for their care. With the number of adults age 65 and older projected to soar from 40.3 million in 2010 to 72.1 million by 2030, the aging of America holds profound consequences for the nation. For decades, policymakers have been warned that the nation's health care workforce is ill-equipped to care for a rapidly growing and increasingly diverse population. In the specific disciplines of mental health and substance use, there have been similar warnings about serious workforce shortages, insufficient workforce diversity, and lack of basic competence and core knowledge in key areas. Following its 2008 report highlighting the urgency of expanding and strengthening the geriatric health care workforce, the IOM was asked by the Department of Health and Human Services to undertake a complementary study on the geriatric mental health and substance use workforce. The Mental Health and Substance Use Workforce for Older Adults: In Whose Hands? assesses the needs of this population and the workforce that serves it. The breadth and magnitude of inadequate workforce training and personnel shortages have grown to such proportions, says the committee, that no single approach, nor a few isolated changes in disparate federal agencies or programs, can adequately address the issue. Overcoming these challenges will require focused and coordinated action by all.
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• 1 Front Matter-- 2 1 Introduction-- 3 2 The Importance of Innovative Regulatory Science-- 4 3 Defining a Discipline of Regulatory Science and Core Competencies for Its Workforce-- 5 4 Education and Training of a Regulatory Science Workforce-- 6 5 Career Paths Within Academia and Industry-- 7 6 International Applications of Regulatory Science-- 8 7 Collaborative Models and New Paradigms for Supporting Regulatory Science Research and Practice-- 9 References-- 10 Appendix A: Workshop Agenda-- 11 Appendix B: Participant Biographies.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The development and application of regulatory science - which FDA has defined as the science of developing new tools, standards, and approaches to assess the safety, efficacy, quality, and performance of FDA-regulated products - calls for a well-trained, scientifically engaged, and motivated workforce. FDA faces challenges in retaining regulatory scientists and providing them with opportunities for professional development. In the private sector, advancement of innovative regulatory science in drug development has not always been clearly defined, well coordinated, or connected to the needs of the agency. As a follow-up to a 2010 workshop, the IOM held a workshop on September 20-21, 2011, to provide a format for establishing a specific agenda to implement the vision and principles relating to a regulatory science workforce and disciplinary infrastructure as discussed in the 2010 workshop.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 History, Diagnostic Criteria, and Epidemiology-- 5 3 Neurobiology-- 6 4 Programs and Services for PTSD in the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs-- 7 5 Prevention-- 8 6 Screening and Diagnosis-- 9 7 Treatment-- 10 8 Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Medical Conditions and Psychosocial Complexities-- 11 9 Access to Care-- 12 10 Findings and Recommendations-- 13 Appendix A: Committee Member Biographies-- 14 Appendix B: Congressional Legislation-- 15 Appendix C: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Programs in the Department of Defense.
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Prior to the military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, wars and conflicts have been characterized by such injuries as infectious diseases and catastrophic gunshot wounds. However, the signature injuries sustained by United States military personnel in these most recent conflicts are blast wounds and the psychiatric consequences to combat, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which affects an estimated 13 to 20 percent of U.S. service members who have fought in Iraq or Afghanistan since 2001. PTSD is triggered by a specific traumatic event - including combat - which leads to symptoms such as persistent re-experiencing of the event; emotional numbing or avoidance of thoughts, feelings, conversations, or places associated with the trauma; and hyperarousal, such as exaggerated startle responses or difficulty concentrating. As the U.S. reduces its military involvement in the Middle East, the Departments of Defense (DoD) and Veterans Affairs (VA) anticipate that increasing numbers of returning veterans will need PTSD services. As a result, Congress asked the DoD, in consultation with the VA, to sponsor an IOM study to assess both departments' PTSD treatment programs and services. Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Veteran Populations: Initial Assessment is the first of two mandated reports examines some of the available programs to prevent, diagnose, treat, and rehabilitate those who have PTSD and encourages further research that can help to improve PTSD care.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Overview
• Introduction to informal learning
• Chemistry in print
• Local outreach efforts
• Chemistry in museums
• Chemistry in video, in movies, and on the radio
• Tools and techniques
• Workshop wrap-up session.

It is critical that we increase public knowledge and understanding of science and technology issues through formal and informal learning for the United States to maintain its competitive edge in today's global economy. Since most Americans learn about science outside of school, we must take advantage of opportunities to present chemistry content on television, the Internet, in museums, and in other informal educational settings. In May 2010, the National Academies' Chemical Sciences Roundtable held a workshop to examine how the public obtains scientific information informally and to discuss methods that chemists can use to improve and expand efforts to reach a general, nontechnical audience. Workshop participants included chemical practitioners (e.g., graduate students, postdocs, professors, administrators); experts on informal learning; public and private funding organizations; science writers, bloggers, publishers, and university communications officers; and television and Internet content producers. Chemistry in Primetime and Online is a factual summary of what occurred in that workshop. Chemistry in Primetime and Online examines science content, especially chemistry, in various informal educational settings. It explores means of measuring recognition and retention of the information presented in various media formats and settings. Although the report does not provide any conclusions or recommendations about needs and future directions, it does discuss the need for chemists to connect more with professional writers, artists, or videographers, who know how to communicate with and interest general audiences. It also emphasizes the importance of formal education in setting the stage for informal interactions with chemistry and chemists.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Summary
• INTRODUCTION --1 A Strong Science and Engineering Workforce --2 Dimensions of the Problem
• BECOMING SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS --3 Preparation --4 Access and Motivation --5 Affordability --6 Academic and Social Support
• CONCLUSION --7 The Journey Beyond the Crossroads --8 Recommendations and Implementation Actions
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• APPENDIXES
• A: Charge to the Study Committee
• B: U.S. Senate Letter to the National Academy of Sciences
• C: Committee Member Biographies
• D: Agendas for Public Meetings
• E: Recommendations on STEM Education from *Rising Above the Gathering Storm*
• F: Ingredients for Success in STEM
• G: Baccalaureate Origins of Underrepresented Minority PhDs
• H: An Agenda for Future Research.

In order for the United States to maintain the global leadership and competitiveness in science and technology that are critical to achieving national goals, we must invest in research, encourage innovation, and grow a strong and talented science and technology workforce. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation explores the role of diversity in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) workforce and its value in keeping America innovative and competitive. According to the book, the U.S. labor market is projected to grow faster in science and engineering than in any other sector in the coming years, making minority participation in STEM education at all levels a national priority. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation analyzes the rate of change and the challenges the nation currently faces in developing a strong and diverse workforce. Although minorities are the fastest growing segment of the population, they are underrepresented in the fields of science and engineering. Historically, there has been a strong connection between increasing educational attainment in the United States and the growth in and global leadership of the economy. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation suggests that the federal government, industry, and post-secondary institutions work collaboratively with K-12 schools and school systems to increase minority access to and demand for post-secondary STEM education and technical training. The book also identifies best practices and offers a comprehensive road map for increasing involvement of underrepresented minorities and improving the quality of their education. It offers recommendations that focus on academic and social support, institutional roles, teacher preparation, affordability and program development.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Difference Between Life Expectancy in the United States and Other High-Income Countries
• Causes of Death, Health Indicators, and Divergence in Life Expectancy
• The Role of Obesity
• The Role of Physical Activity
• The Role of Smoking
• The Role of Social Networks and Social Integration
• The Role of Health Care
• The Role of Hormone Therapy
• The Role of Inequality
• Conclusions.

During the last 25 years, life expectancy at age 50 in the United States has been rising, but at a slower pace than in many other high-income countries, such as Japan and Australia. This difference is particularly notable given that the United States spends more on health care than any other nation. Concerned about this divergence, the National Institute on Aging asked the National Research Council to examine evidence on its possible causes. According to Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries, the nation's history of heavy smoking is a major reason why lifespans in the United States fall short of those in many other high-income nations. Evidence suggests that current obesity levels play a substantial part as well. The book reports that lack of universal access to health care in the U.S. also has increased mortality and reduced life expectancy, though this is a less significant factor for those over age 65 because of Medicare access. For the main causes of death at older ages -- cancer and cardiovascular disease -- available indicators do not suggest that the U.S. health care system is failing to prevent deaths that would be averted elsewhere. In fact, cancer detection and survival appear to be better in the U.S. than in most other high-income nations, and survival rates following a heart attack also are favorable. Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries identifies many gaps in research. For instance, while lung cancer deaths are a reliable marker of the damage from smoking, no clear-cut marker exists for obesity, physical inactivity, social integration, or other risks considered in this book. Moreover, evaluation of these risk factors is based on observational studies, which -- unlike randomized controlled trials -- are subject to many biases.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Goals of the Workshop
• Setting the Stage for the Coexistence of Food Insecurity and Obesity
• Socioeconomic Disparities: Food Insecurity and Obesity
• Sentinel Populations
• Socioecological Perspectives: The Individual Level
• Socioecological Perspectives: The Family and Household Level
• Socioecological Perspectives: The Environmental Level
• Socioecological Perspectives: The Institutional Level
• Putting the Levels Together
• Research Applications
• Research Gaps from a Disciplinary Perspective
• Research Methods and Measures
• Key Elements, Priorities, and Next Steps
• A: Workshop Agenda
• B: Planning Committee Biographical Sketches
• C: Speaker Biographical Sketches
• D: Workshop Participants
• E: Acronyms
• F: Roundtable Discussions
• G: Public Comments
• H: Brief List of Recurring Workshop Discussions.

At some point during 2009, more than 17 million households in the United States had difficulty providing enough food for all their members because of a lack of resources. In more than one-third of these households, the food intake of some household members was reduced and normal eating patterns were disrupted due to limited resources. The Workshop on Understanding the Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Obesity was held to explore the biological, economic, psychosocial, and other factors that may influence the relationship between food insecurity, overweight, and obesity in the United States. Hunger and Obesity examines current concepts and research findings in the field. The report identifies information gaps, proposes alternative approaches to analyzing data, recommends new data that should be collected, and addresses the limitations of the available research.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Improving health in the United States: the role of health impact assessment
• Summary
• Introduction
• Why we need health-informed policies and decision-making
• Elements of a health impact assessment
• Current issues and challenges in the development and practice of health impact assessment
• Structures and policies for promoting health impact assessment
• Structures and policies for promoting health impact assessment
• Experiences with health impact assessment
• Biographic information on the Committee on Health Impact Assessment
• Statement of task of the committee on health impact assessment
• Glossary
• Summary of health impact assessment guides
• Analysis of health effects under the National Environmental Policy Act.

Factoring health and related costs into decision making is essential to confronting the nation's health problems and enhancing public well-being. Some policies and programs historically not recognized as relating to health are believed or known to have important health consequences. For example, public health has been linked to an array of policies that determine the quality and location of housing, availability of public transportation, land use and street connectivity, agricultural practices and the availability of various types of food, and development and location of businesses and industry. Improving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment offers guidance to officials in the public and private sectors on conducting HIAs to evaluate public health consequences of proposed decisions -- such as those to build a major roadway, plan a city's growth, or develop national agricultural policies -- and suggests actions that could minimize adverse health impacts and optimize beneficial ones. Several approaches could be used to incorporate aspects of health into decision making, but HIA holds particular promise because of its applicability to a broad array of programs, consideration of both adverse and beneficial health effects, ability to consider and incorporate various types of evidence, and engagement of communities and stakeholders in a deliberative process. The report notes that HIA should not be assumed to be the best approach to every health policy question but rather should be seen as part of a spectrum of public health and policy-oriented approaches. The report presents a six-step framework for conducting HIA of proposed policies, programs, plans, and projects at federal, state, tribal, and local levels, including within the private sector. In addition, the report identifies several challenges to the successful use of HIA, such as balancing the need to provide timely information with the realities of varying data quality, producing quantitative estimates of health effects, and engaging stakeholders.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Australia's approach to security cooperation
• France's approach to security cooperation
• The United Kingdom's approach to security cooperation
• Comparing the case studies
• Conclusions and recommendations
• Appendix A: Royal Australian Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix B: Brazilian Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix C: Chilean Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix D: Colombian Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix E: French Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix F: Indian Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix G: Israeli Air and Space Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix H: Japan Air Self-Defense Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix I: Pakistan Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix J: Republic of Korea Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix K: Singapore Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix L: South African Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix M: United Arab Emirates Air Force activities with foreign partners
• Appendix N: Royal Air force activities with foreign partners.

"Like the U.S. Air Force, many U.S. allies work with partner countries on security matters, sometimes even with the same partners, but on a smaller scale. But how, where, and why do these allies engage the same countries? Would working together in particular areas be worthwhile or viable and can specific lessons be learned from their experiences, for example, in the areas of planning, resourcing and assessments? This report explores these questions by examining both the positive aspects and the challenges of the security cooperation approaches of three U.S. allies, Australia, France, and the United Kingdom. These three capable allies are experienced in working with civilian counterparts and benefit from higher-level departmental guidance. They generally do so with relatively small budgets, leading them to learn to economize, pool resources, and take advantage of joint and interagency planning. These strategies can inform current U.S. thinking on security cooperation. They also suggest venues for further collaboration between allies, particularly in the three key areas of staff talks, exercises, and training followed by exercises."--Publisher's website.

• Introduction
• The pace of developments int he life sciences
• Diffusion of life sciences research capacity and applications
• Integration of mulitple disciplines in life sciences research
• Monitoring and assessing trends in science and technology.

During the last decade, national and international scientific organizations have become increasingly engaged in considering how to respond to the biosecurity implications of developments in the life sciences and in assessing trends in science and technology (S&T) relevant to biological and chemical weapons nonproliferation. The latest example is an international workshop, Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention, held October 31 - November 3, 2010 at the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Life Sciences and Related Fields summarizes the workshop, plenary, and breakout discussion sessions held during this convention. Given the immense diversity of current research and development, the report is only able to provide an overview of the areas of science and technology the committee believes are potentially relevant to the future of the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC), although there is an effort to identify areas that seemed particularly ripe for further exploration and analysis. The report offers findings and conclusions organized around three fundamental and frequently cited trends in S&T that affect the scope and operation of the convention: * The rapid pace of change in the life sciences and related fields; * The increasing diffusion of life sciences research capacity and its applications, both internationally and beyond traditional research institutions; and * The extent to which additional scientific and technical disciplines beyond biology are increasingly involved in life sciences research. The report does not make recommendations about policy options to respond to the implications of the identified trends. The choice of such responses rests with the 164 States Parties to the Convention, who must take into account multiple factors beyond the project's focus on the state of the science.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW-- 3 2 THE USES AND MISUSES OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES-- 4 3 IMPACTS ON THE U.S. ECONOMY AND QUALITY OF LIFE-- 5 4 IMPACTS ON BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH RESEARCH-- 6 5 MIXED MARKET AND NON-MARKET IMPACTS OF RESEARCH-- 7 6 IMPACTS OF RESEARCH ON THE LABOR MARKET AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT-- 8 7 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON MEASURING RESEARCH IMPACTS-- 9 8 EMERGING METRICS AND MODELS-- 10 9 PITFALLS, PROGRESS, AND OPPORTUNITIES-- 11 REFERENCES-- 12 APPENDIX A: WORKSHOP AGENDA-- 13 APPENDIX B: BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION-- 14 APPENDIX C: THE PROMISES AND LIMITATIONS OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES--Irwin Feller-- 15 APPENDIX D: THE IMPACT OF PUBLICLY FUNDED BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH RESEARCH: A REVIEW--Bhaven Sampat.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The enactment of the America COMPETES Act in 2006 (and its reauthorization in 2010), the increase in research expenditures under the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), and President Obama's general emphasis on the contribution of science and technology to economic growth have all heightened interest in the role of scientific and engineering research in creating jobs, generating innovative technologies, spawning new industries, improving health, and producing other economic and societal benefits. Along with this interest has come a renewed emphasis on a question that has been asked for decades: Can the impacts and practical benefits of research to society be measured either quantitatively or qualitatively? On April 18-19, 2011, the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) and the Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy (COSEPUP) of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine, held a workshop to examine this question. The workshop sought to assemble the range of work that has been done in measuring research outcomes and to provide a forum to discuss its method. The workshop was motivated by a 2009 letter from Congressman Rush Holt (D-New Jersey). He asked the National Academies to look into a variety of complex and interconnected issues, such as the short-term and long-term economic and non-economic impact of federal research funding, factors that determine whether federally funded research discoveries result in economic benefits, and quantification of the impacts of research on national security, the environment, health, education, public welfare, and decision making. Measuring the Impacts of Federal Investments in Research provides the key observations and suggestions made by the speakers at the workshop and during the discussions that followed the formal presentations.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part I: Background
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Nutrition in Clinical Practice Guidelines for Traumatic Brain Injury
• 3. Understanding Pathophysiological Changes
• Part II: Nutrition and TBI
• 4. Approach for Selecting Nutritional Interventions: Mechanistic Targets
• 5. Acquiring Resilience to TBI Prior to Injury
• 6. Energy and Protein Needs During Early Feeding Following Traumatic Brain Injury
• 7. Antioxidants
• 8. Branched-Chain Amino Acids
• 9. Choline
• 10. Creatine
• 11. Ketogenic Diet
• 12. Magnesium
• 13. Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
• 14. Polyphenols
• 15. Vitamin D
• 16. Zinc
• Part III: Recommendations
• 17. Summary of Recommendations
• Appendixes
• Appendix A: Agenda
• Appendix B: Evidence-Based Guidelines for Traumatic Brain Injury
• Appendix C: Workshop Speakers' Papers
• Appendix D: Glossary
• Appendix E: Acronyms
• Appendix F: Committee Member Biographical Sketches.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for up to one-third of combat-related injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan, according to some estimates. TBI is also a major problem among civilians, especially those who engage in certain sports. At the request of the Department of Defense, the IOM examined the potential role of nutrition in the treatment of and resilience against TBI.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Committee findings and recommendations
• FDA perspectives
• National institutes of health perspectives
• Industry perspectives
• Public health, consumer, and consulting organization perspectives
• Presentation by Thomas Fleming: biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in chronic disease
• Key themes, challenges, and opportunities
• Importance of the biomarker discussion forum.

In 2010 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended a framework for the evaluation of biomarkers in the chronic disease setting. Published in the book Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease, the framework is intended to bring consistency and transparency to the previously disparate process of biomarker evaluation. Following the book's release, the IOM convened a 2-day discussion forum in Washington, DC, in order to provide an opportunity for stakeholders to learn about, react to, and discuss the book. Presentations reviewed the authoring committee's work process, recommendations, and provided perspectives on the book from the point of view of participants. Thomas Fleming, professor of biostatistics and statistics at the University of Washington, gave a keynote presentation on the critical issues in the validation of surrogate endpoints, a specific use of a biomarker. The present volume recounts the discussion forum proceedings, focusing in turn on each represented sector. A summary of Dr. Fleming's presentation then sets the committee's recommendations within the context of biomarker utilization. Lastly, this summary examines the main themes raised by stakeholders, and the challenges and opportunities presented to stakeholders by the book's recommendations.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Executive Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 The School Meals Programs-- 5 3 The American Community Survey and Other Data Sources-- 6 4 Conceptual Framework and Design of School District Case Studies-- 7 5 Technical Approach to Estimation-- 8 6 Evaluation of Estimates-- 9 7 Operational Feasibility-- 10 Bibliography-- 11 Appendix A: Glossary-- 12 Appendix B: Meeting Agendas-- 13 Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff-- 14 Committee on National Statistics.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program, administered by the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), are key components of the nation's food security safety net, providing free or low-cost meals to millions of school-age children each day. Under the most commonly adopted provisions, USDA reimburses districts for meals served on the basis of data collected in a "base year, " during which applications are taken. After 3 or 4 years, applications must be taken again to establish new base-year data, unless the district provides evidence that local conditions have not changed. A special provision that does not require applications to be taken every few years would reduce burden, be more attractive to school districts, and potentially increase student participation by expanding access to free meals. To support the development of such a provision, the Food and Nutrition Service asked the National Academies to study the technical and operational issues that arise in using data from the American Community Survey (ACS)--a new continuous survey replacing the long-form survey of the decennial census--to obtain estimates of students who are eligible for free and reduced-price meals for schools and school districts. Such estimates would be used to develop "claiming percentages" that, if sufficiently accurate, would determine federal reimbursements to districts for the schools that provide free meals to all students under a new special provision that eliminates the base-year requirements of current provisions.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• The European Union's civilian military capabilities
• EUPOL Afghanistan
• EULEX Kosovo
• Conclusions.

"The European Union has been deploying civilians in conflict and postconflict stabilization missions since 2003, and the scope of civilian missions is likely to increase in the future. This volume offers a general overview and assessment of the EU's civilian operations to date, as well as a more in-depth look at the two missions in which the EU has worked alongside NATO: the EU police-training mission in Afghanistan and the integrated rule of law mission in Kosovo. The author concludes with a discussion of the main policy implications for the United States and Europe."--Rand web site.

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 The Dual Crises: Tandem Threats to Nutrition-- 5 3 Impacts on Nutrition-- 6 4 Responding to the Crises at the Country Level-- 7 5 A Role for Nutrition Surveillance in Addressing the Global Food Crisis-- 8 6 The Global Response to the Crises-- 9 7 U.S. Policy in Food and Nutrition-- 10 Appendix A: Workshop Agenda-- 11 Appendix B: Speaker Biographies-- 12 Appendix C: Workshop Registrants.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

In 2007 and 2008, the world witnessed a dramatic increase in food prices. The global financial crisis that began in 2008 compounded the burden of high food prices, exacerbating the problems of hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. The tandem food price and economic crises struck amidst the massive, chronic problem of hunger and undernutrition in developing countries. National governments and international actors have taken a variety of steps to mitigate the negative effects of increased food prices on particular groups. The recent abrupt increase in food prices, in tandem with the current global economic crisis, threatens progress already made in these areas, and could inhibit future efforts. The Institute of Medicine held a workshop, summarized in this volume, to describe the dynamic technological, agricultural, and economic issues contributing to the food price increases of 2007 and 2008 and their impacts on health and nutrition in resource-poor regions. The compounding effects of the current global economic downturn on nutrition motivated additional discussions on these dual crises, their impacts on the nutritional status of vulnerable populations, and opportunities to mitigate their negative nutritional effects.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 Findings and Recommendations-- 5 3 Statistics of SBIR Awards-- 6 4 SBIR Program Outputs-- 7 5 Program Management-- 8 Appendix A: NRC Phase II Survey and NRC Firm Survey-- 9 Appendix B: NRC Phase I Survey-- 10 Appendix C: Case Studies-- 11 Appendix D: Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 Findings and Recommendations-- 5 3 Applications and Awards at NASA-- 6 4 SBIR Program Outcomes-- 7 5 Program Management-- 8 Appendixes-- 9 Appendix A: NASA SBIR Program Data-- 10 Appendix B: NRC Phase II Survey and NRC Firm Survey-- 11 Appendix C: NRC Phase I Survey-- 12 Appendix D: NRC Project Manager Survey-- 13 Appendix E: Case Studies-- 14 Appendix F: Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The SBIR program allocates 2.5 percent of 11 federal agencies' extramural R&D budgets to fund R&D projects by small businesses, providing approximately $2 billion annually in competitive awards. At the request of Congress, the National Academies conducted a comprehensive study of how the SBIR program has stimulated technological innovation and used small businesses to meet federal research and development needs. Drawing substantially on new data collection, this report provides a comprehensive overview of the SBIR program at the five agencies representing 96 percent of program expenditure-- DOD, NIH, NSF, DOE, and NASA--and makes recommendations on improvements to the program. Separate books on each agency will also be issued.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program is one of the largest examples of U.S. public-private partnerships. Founded in 1982, SBIR was designed to encourage small business to develop new processes and products and to provide quality research in support of the many missions of the U.S. government, including health, energy, the environment, and national defense. In response to a request from the U.S. Congress, the National Research Council assessed SBIR as administered by the five federal agencies that together make up 96 percent of program expenditures. This book, one of six in the series, reports on the SBIR program at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and finds that the program is making significant progress in achieving the Congressional goals for the program. Keeping in mind NASA's unique mission and the recent significant changes to the program, the committee found the SBIR program to be sound in concept and effective in practice at NASA.. The book recommends programmatic changes that should make the SBIR program even more effective in achieving its legislative goals.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Public Summary and Context-- 3 Summary-- 4 1 Introduction-- 5 2 Exposure to Contaminants in Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune-- 6 3 Systemic Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds and Factors Influencing Susceptibility to Their Effects-- 7 4 Review of Toxicologic Studies-- 8 5 Review of Epidemiologic Studies-- 9 6 Epidemiologic Studies of Solvent-Contaminated Water Supplies-- 10 7 Integration of Findings from the Toxicologic and Epidemiologic Literature-- 11 8 Studies of the Camp Lejeune Population-- 12 References-- 13 Appendix A: Biographic Information on the Committee on Contaminated Drinking Water at Camp Lejeune-- 14 Appendix B: Participants at Public Sessions-- 15 Appendix C: Supplemental and Supporting Data for Chapter 2-- 16 Appendix D: Review of Other Chemical Contaminants of Concern-- 17 Appendix E: Details of Epidemiologic Studies on Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

In the early 1980s, two water-supply systems on the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina were found to be contaminated with the industrial solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE). The water systems were supplied by the Tarawa Terrace and Hadnot Point watertreatment plants, which served enlisted-family housing, barracks for unmarried service personnel, base administrative offices, schools, and recreational areas. The Hadnot Point water system also served the base hospital and an industrial area and supplied water to housing on the Holcomb Boulevard water system (full-time until 1972 and periodically thereafter). This book examines what is known about the contamination of the water supplies at Camp Lejeune and whether the contamination can be linked to any adverse health outcomes in former residents and workers at the base.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 The Program Evaluation Context-- 5 3 Evaluation Framework-- 6 4 Improving the Evaluation Process-- 7 5 Recommendations for Moving Forward-- 8 Appendix A: Meeting Agendas: Open Sessions-- 9 Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Each year, approximately 5,000 fatal work-related injuries and 4 million non-fatal injuries and illnesses occur in the United States. This number represents both unnecessary human suffering and high economic costs. In order to assist in better evaluating workplace safety and create safer work environments, the Institute of Medicine conducted a series of evaluations of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) research programs, assessing the relevance and impact of NIOSH's work on improving worker safety and health.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 Summary-- 3 1 Introduction-- 4 2 Evolution and Use of Risk Assessment in the Environmental Protection Agency: Current Practice and Future Prospects-- 5 3 The Design of Risk Assessments-- 6 4 Uncertainty and Variability: The Recurring and Recalcitrant Elements of Risk Assessment-- 7 5 Toward a Unified Approach to Dose-Response Assessment-- 8 6 Selection and Use of Defaults-- 9 7 Implementing Cumulative Risk Assessment-- 10 8 Improving the Utility of Risk Assessment-- 11 9 Toward Improved Risk-Based Decision-Making-- 12 Appendix A: Biographic Information on the Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the Environmental Protection Agency-- 13 Appendix B: Statement of Task of the Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the Environmental Protection Agency-- 14 Appendix C: Timeline of Selected Environmental Protection Agency Risk-Assessment Activities-- 15 Appendix D: Environmental Protection Agency Response to Recommendations from Selected NRC Reports: Policy, Activity, and Practice-- 16 Appendix E: Environmental Protection Agency Program and Region Responses to Questions from the Committee-- 17 Appendix F: Case Studies of the Framework for Risk-Based Decision-Making.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter-- 2 1 Framing the Research on Future Skills-- 3 2 Labor Market Trends: A Loss of Middle-Class Jobs?-- 4 3 Skill Demands of Knowledge Work-- 5 4 Skill Demands of Service Work-- 6 5 Promising New Data and Research Methods-- 7 6 Skill Supply and Demand-- 8 7 Implications for Education and Training-- 9 8 Final Reflections-- 10 References-- 11 Appendix A: Workshop Agenda-- 12 Appendix B: Professional and Service Occupational Clusters-- 13 Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Planning Committee Members and Staff.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Over the past five years, business and education groups have issued a series of reports indicating that the skill demands of work are rising, due to rapid technological change and increasing global competition. Researchers have begun to study changing workplace skill demands. Some economists have found that technological change is "skill-biased, " increasing demand for highly skilled workers and contributing to the growing gap in wages between college-educated workers and those with less education. However, other studies of workplace skill demands have reached different conclusions. These differences result partly from differences in disciplinary perspective, research methods, and datasets. The findings of all of these strands of research on changing skill demands are limited by available methods and data sources. Because case study research focuses on individual work sites or occupations, its results may not be representative of larger industry or national trends. At a more basic level, there is some disagreement in the literature about how to define "skill". In part because of such disagreements, researchers have used a variety of measures of skill, making it difficult to compare findings from different studies or to accumulate knowledge of skill trends over time. In the context of this increasing discussion, the National Research Council held a workshop to explore the available research evidence related to two important guiding questions: What are the strengths and weaknesses of different research methods and data sources for providing insights about current and future changes in skill demands? What support does the available evidence (given the strengths and weaknesses of the methods and data sources) provide for the proposition that the skills required for the 21st century workplace will be meaningfully different from earlier eras and will require corresponding changes in educational preparation?
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Using the steel-vessel material-cost index to mitigate shipbuilder risk
• How the Navy uses labor- and Material-cost indexes
• A very simple example
• A more realistic example
• The steel-vessel index
• Conclusions
• Appendix: Time-phasing material- and labor-cost indexes
• Revisiting a very simple example
• Revisiting a more realistic example.

The more accurately a cost index captures a shipbuilder's risk, the less the Navy should have to pay its shipbuilders. The Navy uses such indexes to correct for significant cost risks outside its shipbuilders' control. A longtime material-cost index in Navy shipbuilding is the steel-vessel index, but it is outdated and volatile. The authors urge the Navy to develop a modern-vessel index that more appropriately represents the materials used today.

• Overview
• Evaluating health projects in developing countries : a conceptual framework
• Methodological challenges of impact evaluations in developing countries
• Current status of program evaluation in developing countries
• Research and other actions to promote impact assessment.

Health interventions that are effective in developed countries may not be as effective in developing countries given the differing social, economic, cultural, and infrastructure factors that may affect how an intervention program is implemented and its outcomes. However, rigorous evaluation of public health intervention programs in various resource-limited settings is needed to determine which interventions will work most effectively and to spend scarce resources wisely. This monograph is intended to promote an understanding of why program evaluation is a critical component of any health intervention and to stimulate discussion on ways to make evaluation of health interventions in developing countries more rigorous. The authors provide an overview of various approaches, methodologies, and issues related to program evaluation for health projects in developing countries, and they identify future research and actions by funding organizations that would facilitate evaluations of the impact of large-scale health interventions.

• Introduction
• Methods and data
• Asthma populations and practices at the baseline
• The guideline implementation process
• Effects of guideline implementation
• Synthesis of findings from the demonstration
• Appendix A. Hypotheses for effects of improved asthma care practices
• Appendix B. Evaluation methodology
• Appendix C. Modules of the climate survey
• Appendix D. Physician questionnaire
• Appendix E. Analyses of asthma metrics.

In partnership with the Army Medical Department (AMEDD), RAND researchers worked to implement clinical practice guidelines in treatment of three common ailments (asthma, diabetes, and low back pain). This report is an evaluation of the asthma practice guideline demonstration. It documents the extent to which intended actions were implemented, assesses short-term effects on clinical practices, and measures the quality and limitations of available data for monitoring practice improvements and clinical outcomes. The authors found that, although the implementation scored some notable successes, resource limitations and organizational barriers curbed overall progress. They conclude that allowing for flexibility, monitoring the facilities consistently, and training providers thoroughly are the keys to implementing the practice guidelines throughout AMEDD. The also concluded that patient education was an area in need of improvement.