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• Red sun Yellow River
• Opium
• Macao
• Hong Kong
• The window
• Nemesis
• Zhapu
• The palace
• Taiping
• Moment of truth
• Summer Palace
• In duty bound
• The missionary
• Jingdezhen
• West Lake
• Yellow River
• Boxers
• The mandate of heaven

"Edward Rutherfurd has enthralled millions of people with his grand, sweeping historical sagas that tell the history of an iconic place over multiple generations. Now, in China: The Novel, Rutherfurd takes readers into the rich and fascinating milieu of the Middle Kingdom. The story begins in 1839, at the dawn of the first Opium War. An English merchant arrives in the restricted port of Canton (Guangzhou), seeking to make his fortune trading opium. But the tide of addiction is decimating the Chinese population--a young scholar accompanies his Mandarin master on a mission from the emperor to shut down the trade. Thus begins an epic tale chronicling China's struggle to regain their ancient land and culture from the domination of the Western powers, which culminates in the revolution of 1911, and the ultimate rise of the Communist regime. We meet a young village wife struggling with the rigid traditions of her people, Manchu empresses and warriors, the powerful eunuchs of the Forbidden City, rapacious English opium dealers and savvy Chinese pirates, artists, concubines, scoundrel's and heroes. Rutherfurd chronicles the rising and falling fortunes of members of Chinese, British, and American families, as they negotiate the tides of history. Along the way, in his signature style, Rutherfurd provides a deeply researched portrait of Chinese history and society, its ancient traditions and great upheavals, and China's emergence as a rising global power. We are treated to romance and adventure, battles and intrigues, grinding struggle and incredible fortune. China: The Novel brings to life the rich terrain of this vast and constantly evolving country. From Shanghai to Beijing to the Great Wall, Rutherfurd chronicles the turbulent rise and fall of empires as the colonial West meets the opulent and complex East in a dramatic struggle between cultures and people. Extraordinarily researched and majestically told, Rutherfurd paints a thrilling portrait of one of the most singular and remarkable countries in the world"-- Provided by publisher
1839, at the dawn of the first Opium War. An English merchant arrives in the restricted port of Canton (seeking to make his fortune trading opium. But the tide of addiction is decimating the Chinese population, and a young scholar accompanies his Mandarin master on a mission from the emperor to shut down the trade. Over the centuries China struggles to regain their ancient land and culture from the domination of the Western powers; the fortunes of members of Chinese, British, and American families rise and fall, and the tides of history bring to life the rich terrain of this vast and constantly evolving country. -- condensed from publisher info

"从丹药到枪炮:世界史上的中国军事格局"作为美国汉学家欧阳泰(Tonio Andrade)以火器演变视角,讲述中国历史的重量级作品,获美国军事史学会2017年杰出图书奖.目录:导言 中国过去的军事样态第一篇 源起中国第一章 沸腾大地:宋朝的战国时代第二章 早期的火 战争第三章 蒙古战争和枪的演化,1211Ł®1279第四章 洪武:火 皇帝第二篇 欧洲造出了枪炮第五章 中世纪的枪炮第六章 巨炮:为什么是西欧而不是中国研发出了大炮第七章 经典火炮在欧洲的发展第八章 欧洲的火 时代第九章 拥有火炮的野蛮人:中葡碰撞1521Ł®1522第三篇 并驾齐驱第十章 佛郎机铳第十一章 演习,操练和西方的崛起第十二章 东亚的滑膛枪第十三章 十七世纪:并驾齐驱的时代？第十四章 欧洲的海上优势第十五章 复兴城堡:欧洲扩张的利器第四篇 军事大分流第十六章 鸦片战争和大分流第十七章 现代化时刻:鸦片战争改革第十八章 中国的现代化之路与黑火 时代的结束结语 新战国时代？致 谢附录1 时间线附录2 数据信息注 释" "从丹药到枪炮:世界史上的中国军事格局"作为美国汉学家欧阳泰(Tonio Andrade)以火器演变视角,讲述中国历史的重量级作品,获美国军事史学会2017年杰出图书奖.目录:导言 中国过去的军事样态第一篇 源起中国第一章 沸腾大地:宋朝的战国时代第二章 早期的火 战争第三章 蒙古战争和枪的演化,1211Ł®1279第四章 洪武:火 皇帝第二篇 欧洲造出了枪炮第五章 中世纪的枪炮第六章 巨炮:为什么是西欧而不是中国研发出了大炮第七章 经典火炮在欧洲的发展第八章 欧洲的火 时代第九章 拥有火炮的野蛮人:中葡碰撞1521Ł®1522第三篇 并驾齐驱第十章 佛郎机铳第十一章 演习,操练和西方的崛起第十二章 东亚的滑膛枪第十三章 十七世纪:并驾齐驱的时代？第十四章 欧洲的海上优势第十五章 复兴城堡:欧洲扩张的利器第四篇 军事大分流第十六章 鸦片战争和大分流第十七章 现代化时刻:鸦片战争改革第十八章 中国的现代化之路与黑火 时代的结束结语 新战国时代？致 谢附录1 时间线附录2 数据信息注 释"

Describes how nineteenth-century British efforts to open China to trade set in motion the fall of the Qing dynasty and started a war that allowed for the rise of nationalism and communism in the twentieth century.

• Aomen xin wen zhi
• Hua shi yi yan.

• 澳门新闻纸
• 华事夷言.

Merchants of War and Peace challenges conventional arguments that the major driving forces of the First Opium War were the infamous opium smuggling trade, the defense of British national honor, and cultural conflicts between 'progressive' Britain and 'backward' China. Instead, it argues that the war was started by a group of British merchants in the Chinese port of Canton in the 1830s, known as the 'Warlike Party'. Living in a period when British knowledge of China was growing rapidly, the Warlike Party came to understand China's weakness and its members returned to London to lobby for intervention until war broke out in 1839. However, the Warlike Party did not get its way entirely. Another group of British merchants known in Canton as the 'Pacific Party' opposed the war. In Britain, the anti-war movement gave the conflict its infamous name, the 'Opium War', which has stuck ever since. Using materials housed in the National Archives, UK, the First Historical Archives of China, the National Palace Museum, the British Library, SOAS Library, and Cambridge University Library, this meticulously researched and lucid volume is a new history of the cause of the First Opium War.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Prologue; Map of the Pearl River Delta in the 1830s;
• 1. Introduction;
• 2. The Warlike and Pacific Parties;
• 3. Breaking the Soft Border;
• 4. Intellectual Artillery;
• 5. A War of Words over 'Barbarian';
• 6. Reasoning Britain into a War;
• 7. The Regret of a Nation;
• 8. Conclusions: Profit Orders of Canton; Acknowledgements; Notes; Glossary; Bibliography; Index.

Merchants of War and Peace challenges conventional arguments that the major driving forces of the First Opium War were the infamous opium smuggling trade, the defence of British national honour, and cultural conflicts between 'progressive' Britain and 'backward' China. Instead, it argues that the war was started by a group of British merchants in the Chinese port of Canton in the 1830s, known as the 'Warlike party'. Living in a period when British knowledge of China was growing rapidly, the Warlike party came to understand China's weakness and its members returned to London to lobby for interv.

The Nemesis was the first of a generation of iron-clad, steam-powered naval vessels that established British dominance in Asian waters in the nineteenth century. The world's first iron warship, the first vessel with truly watertight compartments, and the first iron vessel to round the Cape of Good Hope, Nemesis represented a staggering new level of military superiority over the oar-and-sail-powered forces of Britain's Asian rivals. Yet strangely her story has never been told to modern audiences, and her origins and actions have until now been shrouded in mystery. This lively narrative places her in the historical context of the last years of the East India Company, and in the history of steam power and of iron ships. It tells of her exploits and in the first Opium War, in pirate suppression upriver and naval actions across Asia, from Bombay to Burma the Yangtze River and beyond.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• 1. Qing military power
• 2. The unexpected war
• 3. From 'suppression' to 'conciliation', and back
• 4. The 'battle' of Guangzhou
• 5. The collapse of the southeastern ramparts
• 6. The resurgence of the idea of 'conciliation'
• 7. 'Equal' and 'unequal'
• 8. The testimony of history
• Character list
• Bibliography
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The Opium War of 1839-1842, the first military conflict to take place between China and the West, is a subject of enduring interest. Mao Haijian, one of the most distinguished and well-known historians working in China, presents the culmination of more than ten years of research in a revisionist reading of the conflict and its main Chinese protagonists. Mao examines the Qing participants in terms of the moral standards and intellectual norms of their own time, demonstrating that actions which have struck later observers as ridiculous can be understood as reasonable within these individuals' own context. This English-language translation of Mao's work offers a comprehensive response to the question of why the Qing Empire was so badly defeated by the British in the first Opium War - an answer that is distinctive and original within both Chinese and Western historiography, and supported by a wealth of hitherto unknown detail.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

鸦片战争以前的大清朝是闭关锁国的, 不想与外国交往.可是, 西方列强却想向中国扩张.一个不答应, 另一个就来硬的, 动用了洋枪洋炮.一夜之间, 中国的大门被打开了.在体制, 观念面前, 大清国朝野上下不知道该如何应对, 更不知道该如何与列强交涉.于是, 从紫禁城的皇帝老爷到朝野士大夫们在与列强的 交涉中闹出了一幕幕的悲喜剧:道光帝为什么坚持 不肯开放沿海口岸城市林则徐为禁烟呕心沥血为 什么会成为战争的牺牲品. 鸦片战争以前的大清朝是闭关锁国的, 不想与外国交往.可是, 西方列强却想向中国扩张.一个不答应, 另一个就来硬的, 动用了洋枪洋炮.一夜之间, 中国的大门被打开了.在体制, 观念面前, 大清国朝野上下不知道该如何应对, 更不知道该如何与列强交涉.于是, 从紫禁城的皇帝老爷到朝野士大夫们在与列强的 交涉中闹出了一幕幕的悲喜剧:道光帝为什么坚持 不肯开放沿海口岸城市林则徐为禁烟呕心沥血为 什么会成为战争的牺牲品.

• Prelude: The Scotland of Their Birth
• 1 Origins
• 2 Sailing from London to Canton
• 3 The Sirens of Commerce
• 4 The Heirs of Cox and Beale
• 5 Doing Business at Creek Hong
• 6 Charting New Waters
• 7 The Partners Apart
• 8 Approaching the Showdown in China
• 9 Jardine's Farewell and Matheson's Great Headache
• 10 Jardine's and Matheson's Roles in the Opium War
• 11 Their Lives after China
• 12 Sir James Matheson, Laird of Lewis
• Postlude: Gentlemanly Capitalists?

In 1832 William Jardine and James Matheson established what would become the greatest British trading company in East Asia in the nineteenth century. This book explores the depths of each man, their complicated and sometimes inconsistent internal workings, and their achievements and failures.

In 1832 William Jardine and James Matheson established what would become the greatest British trading company in East Asia in the nineteenth century. After the termination of the East India Company's monopoly in the tea trade, Jardine, Matheson & Company's aggressive marketing strategies concentrated on the export of teas and the import of opium, sold offshore to Chinese smugglers. Jardine and Matheson, recognized as giants on the scene at Macao, Canton, and Hong Kong, have often been depicted as one-dimensional villains whose opium commerce was ruthless and whose imperial drive was insatiable. In Opium and Empire, Richard Grace explores the depths of each man, their complicated and sometimes inconsistent internal workings, and their achievements and failures. He details their decades-long journeys between Britain and China, their business strategies and standards of conduct, and their inventiveness as "gentlemanly capitalists." The commodities they marketed also included cotton, rice, textile goods, and silks and they functioned as agents for clients in India, Britain, Singapore, and Australia. During the First Opium War Jardine was in London giving advice to Lord Palmerston, while Matheson was detained under house arrest at Canton in the spring of 1839, an incident which helped prompt the armed British response. Moving beyond the caricatures of earlier accounts, Opium and Empire tells the story of two Scotsmen whose lives reveal a great deal about the type of tough-minded men who expanded the global markets of Victorian Britain and played major roles in changing the course of modern history in East Asia.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Opium and China
• Daoguang's decision
• Canton spring
• Opium and lime
• The first shots
• "An explanatory declaration"
• Sweet-talk and sea-slug
• Qishan's downfall
• The siege of Canton
• The unEnglished Englishman
• Xiamen and Zhoushan
• A winter in Suzhou
• The fight for Qing China
• The Treaty of Nanjing
• Peace and war
• The Yellow Peril
• The national disease
• Communist conspiracies.

Details the 1839 Opium War and the red tape, incompetence, and political cronyism that surrounded China's first conflict with the West and how these events fueled the foundation for modern Chinese nationalism.

• Acknowledgments A Note on the Spelling of Chinese Words Introduction
• 1 First Contact: The Voyage of the Empress of China
• 2 System Men: The Rise of Perkins and Company
• 3 All for a Cup of Tea: Finding Goods for the Canton Market
• 4 Beachhead of God: The First Wave of Missionaries
• 5 Rising on Smoke: Opium and Identity in Canton
• 6 Formal Ties: The Caleb Cushing Mission
• 7 Centrifugal Force: The Spread of People, Goods, Capital, and Ideas
• 8 Heavenly War: Americans and the Taiping Rebellion
• 9 Cooperation: Burlingame and the Reinvention of Sino-Western Relations Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

In 1784, when Americans first voyaged to China, they confronted Chinese authorities who were unaware that the United States even existed. Nevertheless, a long, complicated, and fruitful trade relationship was born after American traders, missionaries, diplomats, and others sailed to China with lofty ambitions: to acquire fabulous wealth, convert China to Christianity, and even command a Chinese army. In America's First Adventure in China, John Haddad provides a colourful history of the evolving cultural exchange and interactions between these countries. He recounts how American expatriates adopted a pragmatic attitude - as well as an entrepreneurial spirit and improvisational approach - to their dealings with the Chinese. Haddad shows how opium played a potent role in the dreams of Americans who either smuggled it or opposed its importation, and he considers the missionary movement that compelled individuals to accept a hard life in an alien culture. As a result of their efforts, Americans achieved a favourable outcome - they established a unique presence in China - and cultivated a relationship whose complexities continue to grow. John Haddad is an Associate Professor of American Studies and Popular Culture at Penn State Harrisburg. He was awarded the Gutenberg-e Prize in 2002 for his dissertation, which was published as The Romance of China: Excursions to China in U.S. Culture, 1776-1876.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Acknowledgments A Note on the Spelling of Chinese Words Introduction
• 1 First Contact: The Voyage of the Empress of China
• 2 System Men: The Rise of Perkins and Company
• 3 All for a Cup of Tea: Finding Goods for the Canton Market
• 4 Beachhead of God: The First Wave of Missionaries
• 5 Rising on Smoke: Opium and Identity in Canton
• 6 Formal Ties: The Caleb Cushing Mission
• 7 Centrifugal Force: The Spread of People, Goods, Capital, and Ideas
• 8 Heavenly War: Americans and the Taiping Rebellion
• 9 Cooperation: Burlingame and the Reinvention of Sino-Western Relations Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

In 1784, when Americans first voyaged to China, they confronted Chinese authorities who were unaware that the United States even existed. Nevertheless, a long, complicated, and fruitful trade relationship was born after American traders, missionaries, diplomats, and others sailed to China with lofty ambitions: to acquire fabulous wealth, convert China to Christianity, and even command a Chinese army. In America's First Adventure in China, John Haddad provides a colourful history of the evolving cultural exchange and interactions between these countries. He recounts how American expatriates adopted a pragmatic attitude - as well as an entrepreneurial spirit and improvisational approach - to their dealings with the Chinese. Haddad shows how opium played a potent role in the dreams of Americans who either smuggled it or opposed its importation, and he considers the missionary movement that compelled individuals to accept a hard life in an alien culture. As a result of their efforts, Americans achieved a favourable outcome - they established a unique presence in China - and cultivated a relationship whose complexities continue to grow. John Haddad is an Associate Professor of American Studies and Popular Culture at Penn State Harrisburg. He was awarded the Gutenberg-e Prize in 2002 for his dissertation, which was published as The Romance of China: Excursions to China in U.S. Culture, 1776-1876.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• v. 1. Wu Qijun deng zou gao. Deng Tingzhen deng zou yi
• v. 2. Deng Tingzhen deng zou yi. Daoguang er shi nian zou zhe cun chao. Doguang nian zou yi.

• v. 1. 吳其濬等奏稿. 鄧廷楨等奏議
• v. 2. 鄧廷楨等奏議. 道光二十年奏折存抄. 道光年奏議.

The First Opium War and the Taking of Hong Kong have tended to underpin relations between Britain and China. Here those events are described through the eyes of Britain's plenipotentiary Captain Charles Elliot and his wife Clara. Revelations about Elliot's role, intentions and analysis are important in clarifying the past. The couple's personal views and relations with each other also contribute to a fresh writing of history.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Shang juan. Can hai pian
• Zhong juan . Feng lei pian
• Xia pian. Tian ya pian.

• 上卷. 沧海篇
• 中卷. 风雷篇
• 下卷. 天涯篇.

• 1. Commissioner Lin at Canton
• 2. Songs of oh dear, oh dear!
• 3. Shanghai
• 4. Chinkiang
• 5. Gutzlaff and his traitors, Mamo.

First published in 1958. This volume translates and places in the appropriate historical context a number of private documents, such as diaries, autobiographies and confessions, which explain what the Opium War felt like on the Chinese side.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The Great Reform Act and deregulation of the China Trade
• "China belongs to Palmerston"
• internal dissension
• failure to take heed
• crisis of confidence
• the decision to wage war
• "The opium and the China question"
• conclusions - historians and the Opium War.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The first Opium War (1840-1842) was a defining moment in Anglo-Chinese relations, and since the 1840s the histories of its origins have tended to have been straightforward narratives, which suggest that the British Cabinet turned to its military to protect opium sales and to force open the China trade. Whilst the monetary aspects of the war cannot be ignored, this book argues that economic interests should not overshadow another important aspect of British foreign policy - honour and shame. The government recognized that failure to act with honour generated public outrage in the form of petitions to parliament and loss of votes, and as a result was at pains to take such considerations into account when making policy. Accordingly, British Cabinet officials worried less about the danger to economic interests than the threat to their honour and the possible loss of power in Parliament. The decision to wage a drug war, however, made the government vulnerable to charges of immorality, creating the need to justify the war by claiming it was acting to protect British national honour.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction chemical warfare
• Lord Elgin's revenge
• Disastrous etiquette
• Zero intolerance
• Canton besieged
• The black hole of Canton
• The war at home
• Drugs and guns
• Escalation
• Diplomacy by gunboat
• The economics of addiction
• Crucifixion and cages
• Steamed victory
• A price on his head
• The sacking of Amoy, Ningpo and Charles Elliot
• Chinese masada
• Early Victorian vikings
• Parliament and big
• The trade in poison and pigs
• Strange interlude
• Outrageous slings and the arrows misfortune
• Peer pressure
• Scottish conquistador
• His fathers son
• Antiquity in flames
• The diktat of Peking
• Loot and lootie.

This volume ties together the histories of Japan and China for the modern period prior to the 20th century. 29 chapters deal with Chinese or Japanese works which were written in response to events in the other country. None of these works has received any sustained attention in the west. As a result we get a view of how Chinese and Japanese saw each other at a time when there were few personal contacts allowed. Many of these texts were built on fanciful embellishments of stories that migrated from one land to the other. But the unique qualities of the Sino-Japanese cultural bond seem to have conditioned the interaction so that these texts all reveal a fascinatingly well-defined area.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This is an account of the opium trade and its attendant dangers, including the Opium Wars and disasters both natural and man-made. This trade, conducted by American, British and Indian firms, thrived despite its moral and legal consequences.'.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Relations between Britain and China have, for over 150 years, been inextricably bound up with the taking of Hong Kong Island on 26 January 1841. The man responsible, Britain's plenipotentiary Captain Charles Elliot, was recalled by his government in disgrace and has been vilified ever since by China. This book describes the taking of Hong Kong from Elliot's point of view for the first time '- through the personal letters of himself and his wife Clara '- and shows a man of intelligence, conscience and humanitarian instincts. The book gives new insights into Sino-British relations of the period. Because these are now being re-assessed both historically and for the future, revelations about Elliot's role, intentions and analysis are significant and could make an important difference to our understanding of the dynamics of these relations. On a different level, the book explores how Charles the private man, with his wife by his side, experienced events, rather than how Elliot the public figure reported them to the British government. The work is therefore of great historiographical interest.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This work tells the story of the war between England and China that delivered Hong Kong to the English, forced the imperial Chinese government to add four ports to Canton as places in which foreigners could live and trade, and rendered irreversible the process that for almost a century thereafter distinguished Western relations with this quarter of the globe - the process that is loosely termed the ""opening of China"". Originally published by UNC Press in 1975, Peter Ward Fay's study was the first to treat extensively the opium trade from the point of production in India to point of consumption in China and the first to give both Protestant and Catholic missionaries their due; it remains the most comprehensive account of the first Opium War through western eyes. In a new preface, Fay reflects on the relationship between the events described in the book and Hong Kong's more recent history.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This work tells the story of the war between England and China that delivered Hong Kong to the English, forced the imperial Chinese government to add four ports to Canton as places in which foreigners could live and trade, and rendered irreversible the process that for almost a century thereafter distinguished Western relations with this quarter of the globe - the process that is loosely termed the ""opening of China"". Originally published by UNC Press in 1975, Peter Ward Fay's study was the first to treat extensively the opium trade from the point of production in India to point of consumption in China and the first to give both Protestant and Catholic missionaries their due; it remains the most comprehensive account of the first Opium War through western eyes. In a new preface, Fay reflects on the relationship between the events described in the book and Hong Kong's more recent history.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Cover; Title; Copyright; Contents; Acknowledgments; Introduction; ONE: Opium in China in the Late Nineteenth Century; TWO: Missionaries Organize to Oppose Opium; THREE: The Pro-Opium Forces and Government Investigations; FOUR: The Anti-Opium Lobby Comes of Age; FIVE: Success and Failures of Opium Suppression; Conclusion; Appendix; Notes; Bibliography; Index; A; B; C; D; E; F; G; H; I; J; K; L; M; N; O; P; Q; R; S; T; U; V; W; Y.

Opium addiction in China during the closing decades of the Ch'ing dynasty afflicted all segments of society. From government officials to farmers, the population fell prey to the effects of the drug. Some provinces reported addiction rates as high as eighty percent. With the birth of Chinese nationalism, reformers -- missionaries who had witnessed the effects of opium on Chinese society, students who had studied abroad and returned to their native land with broader perspectives, families who had lost all through the addiction of a loved one, doctors who had firsthand knowledge that opium use led only to death -- cried out against the drug. Even though many were convinced that opium use had sapped the strength of China, ending the use of the drug was a complicated problem. Opium trade financed the colonial government of India, and imports amounted to many tons annually. Domestic poppies were also cultivated as source of income. Kathleen Lodwick examines the intersecting efforts of Protestant missionaries, particularly medical doctors, who had long denounced opium use, the British Royal Commission on Opium, which was decidedly pro-opium, the U.S. Philippine Commission, which denounced not only the trade but the Chinese people, and the British officials who finally undertook the task of ending the importation of opium to China. China kept few records on the amount of drug use or its effects. Missionary medical doctors conducted the first scientific survey on the effects of the drug, and their findings provided clear evidence of its perniciousness. Such evidence could not be ignored, whatever the fortunes involved, and missionaries conducted a campaign of education and awareness in China and abroad. As a result of their efforts, China and Britain entered into a treaty that called for all opium trade to cease by 1917, and both governments as well as the missionaries become immediately active toward that end. The suppression campaign was among the most successful of the late Ch'ing reforms. Lodwick tells a fascinating story of imperial exploitation and of a strain of honest crusaders who sought to right some of the wrongs their own nation was perpetrating. This book represents a strong argument against legalization of addictive drugs, a topic being discussed today in the United States as a solution to the societal problems our own drug use has caused.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Opium addiction in China during the closing decades of the Ch'ing dynasty afflicted all segments of society. From government officials to farmers, the population fell prey to the effects of the drug. Some provinces reported addiction rates as high as eighty percent. With the birth of Chinese nationalism, reformers -- missionaries who had witnessed the effects of opium on Chinese society, students who had studied abroad and returned to their native land with broader perspectives, families who had lost all through the addiction of a loved one, doctors who had firsthand knowledge that opium use led only to death -- cried out against the drug. Even though many were convinced that opium use had sapped the strength of China, ending the use of the drug was a complicated problem. Opium trade financed the colonial government of India, and imports amounted to many tons annually. Domestic poppies were also cultivated as source of income. Kathleen Lodwick examines the intersecting efforts of Protestant missionaries, particularly medical doctors, who had long denounced opium use, the British Royal Commission on Opium, which was decidedly pro-opium, the U.S. Philippine Commission, which denounced not only the trade but the Chinese people, and the British officials who finally undertook the task of ending the importation of opium to China. China kept few records on the amount of drug use or its effects. Missionary medical doctors conducted the first scientific survey on the effects of the drug, and their findings provided clear evidence of its perniciousness. Such evidence could not be ignored, whatever the fortunes involved, and missionaries conducted a campaign of education and awareness in China and abroad. As a result of their efforts, China and Britain entered into a treaty that called for all opium trade to cease by 1917, and both governments as well as the missionaries become immediately active toward that end. The suppression campaign was among the most successful of the late Ch'ing reforms. Lodwick tells a fascinating story of imperial exploitation and of a strain of honest crusaders who sought to right some of the wrongs their own nation was perpetrating. This book represents a strong argument against legalization of addictive drugs, a topic being discussed today in the United States as a solution to the societal problems our own drug use has caused.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• List of Illustrations; Acknowledgements; Foreword; SECTION ONE; 1. Macao and the Setting; 2. The Company and the China Trade; 3. Trade after the Company; 4. At Sea; 5. Ashore
• The Context; 6. Life Ashore; 7. Death; SECTION TWO; 8. The Memorials; 9. The Entries; 10. The Stones in the Wall; Chronology; Sources; List of Names; Index.

Many of the the major figures (British, European and American) during the turbulent events leading to the Opium War are buried in the Old Protestant Cemetery in Macao. The stories told by the inscriptions on the 160 gravestones there form Macao and Hong Kong's heritage.

• Part 1 Sailor, laird and courtier: His Majesty's ships "Imperieuse", "Goshawk" and "Erne"
• ashore and married
• in the service of the king
• appointed to Canton. Part 2 Cathay and the Western world: the land of Confucius" the great pure realm
• the Mongols
• hopeful contact with Europe
• friction
• Chien Lung. Part 3 A voyage to the Celestial Empire and confrontation in Canton: Macartney's mission
• wedding anniversary
• homework in the South Atlantic
• half-way there
• crossing the Indian Ocean
• a happy landing
• to Canton
• cherishing with tenderness
• Eliza in Macao
• plenipotentiary without power
• "a man of solid and expansive mind"
• the visit
• forcing the Bogue
• pause at Whampoa
• retirement
• the fevered journey
• death at Macao. Part 4 Open conflict: aftermath
• a time of drift
• war
• afterthoughts.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This volume tells the story of William John Napier, 9th Lord Napier of Merchiston, who was sent to China in 1834 to seek a settlement of the British sea-traders and the Cantonese authorities. That his mission failed was due in no small part to the abysmal ignorance in Europe of the Chinese and their system of government, based as it was on the assumption that China was the centre of the world and all other people were barbarians and outsiders. The system of "squeeze" operated by the Chinese officials in their relations with the Western traders did much to create the insidious but lucrative trade in opium, based upon an elaborate system of smuggling. Lord Napier's failure to achieve any reciprocity with the Viceroy of Canton, led ultimately to the despatch of a force from India to enforce trading arrangements upon the Chinese by force of arms in what became known as the Opium Wars. One outcome of the fighting was the ceding of Hong Kong to Britain and, much later, the leasing of the New Territories, due to revert to China in 1997. Though biographical in character, based largely upon Lord Napier's own letters and journals, the book gives an insight into the story of Western contacts over the centuries with the world's oldest civilization, and a description of life in England and Scotland in the early-19th century, including life in the court of King William IV, Lord Napier's close friend and master. Priscilla Napier is the author of "Revolution and the Napier Brothers", "I Have Sind: Charles Napier in India I", "Raven Castle: Charles Napier in India II".
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Gives an account of the extraordinary events leading up to the first Chinese Opium War, as revealed in letters written home by Colonel Wyndham Baker from his various postings with the East India Company. These events led directly to the signing of treaties which made Hong Kong British until 1997.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: opium war policies - some interpretations
• the literati - an anticipatory overview. Part 1 The literati re-ascendant: who were the lliterati?
• ideals of career patronage
• constraints on clique politics
• the Hsuan-an poetry club as a literati faction
• as a bureaucratic patronage clique
• as a brotherhood of aesthete-connoisseurs
• political failure
• aftermath - Lin Tse-hsu's northern reclamation plan. Part 2 The rise of the spring purification circle: as a personal network
• as a political faction
• ritual and symbol
• literary and scholastic philosophy
• the ideal of "Moral Censure" (ching-i) politics. Part 3 The politics of opium suppression: the case against embargo
• the legalization initiative of 1836
• the failure of the initiative
• intransigents take the helm. Part 4 The myth of victory in Kwangtung: Lin Tse-hsu and the anti-oppium campaign
• Lin Tse-hsu versus Ch'i-shan
• the siege of Canton
• San-yuan-li
• paramilitary realities. Part 5 The debate over the conduct of the war: Ch'i-shan and the Tientsin negotiations
• the case of Yao Ying on Taiwan
• Wei Yuan and the strategy of defensive war
• Yao Ying and Britain's vulnerability in South Asia. Part 6 The Ku Yen-Wu shrine association: the Mu-chang-a government and literati political influence
• political organization of the association
• ritual and scholastic philosophy
• in search of a political program. Part 7 The end of Manchu diplomacy: the second victory of the Cantonese
• showdown
• the Bonham letter
• the crisis in Kwangsi
• the recall of Lin Tse-hsu.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Why wasn't Ch'ing China moved to a more realistic appreciation of Western might and Chinese weakness after the Opium War? James Polachek's revisionist analysis exposes the behind-the-scenes political struggles that not only shaped foreign-policy decisions in the 1830s and 1840s but have continued to affect the history of Chinese nationalism in modern times. Polachek looks closely at the networks of literati and officials, self-consciously reminiscent of the late Ming era, that sought and gained the ear of the emperor. Challenging the conventional view that Lin Tse-hsu and his supporters were selfless patriots who acted in China's best interest. Polachek argues that, for reasons having more to do with their own domestic political agenda, these men advocated a futile policy of militant resistance to the West. Linking political intrigue, scholarly debates, and foreign affairs, local notables in Canton and literati lobbyists in Peking, this book sets the Opium War in its "inner", domestic political context.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: opium war policies - some interpretations
• the literati - an anticipatory overview. Part 1 The literati re-ascendant: who were the lliterati?
• ideals of career patronage
• constraints on clique politics
• the Hsuan-an poetry club as a literati faction
• as a bureaucratic patronage clique
• as a brotherhood of aesthete-connoisseurs
• political failure
• aftermath - Lin Tse-hsu's northern reclamation plan. Part 2 The rise of the spring purification circle: as a personal network
• as a political faction
• ritual and symbol
• literary and scholastic philosophy
• the ideal of "Moral Censure" (ching-i) politics. Part 3 The politics of opium suppression: the case against embargo
• the legalization initiative of 1836
• the failure of the initiative
• intransigents take the helm. Part 4 The myth of victory in Kwangtung: Lin Tse-hsu and the anti-oppium campaign
• Lin Tse-hsu versus Ch'i-shan
• the siege of Canton
• San-yuan-li
• paramilitary realities. Part 5 The debate over the conduct of the war: Ch'i-shan and the Tientsin negotiations
• the case of Yao Ying on Taiwan
• Wei Yuan and the strategy of defensive war
• Yao Ying and Britain's vulnerability in South Asia. Part 6 The Ku Yen-Wu shrine association: the Mu-chang-a government and literati political influence
• political organization of the association
• ritual and scholastic philosophy
• in search of a political program. Part 7 The end of Manchu diplomacy: the second victory of the Cantonese
• showdown
• the Bonham letter
• the crisis in Kwangsi
• the recall of Lin Tse-hsu.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Why wasn't Ch'ing China moved to a more realistic appreciation of Western might and Chinese weakness after the Opium War? James Polachek's revisionist analysis exposes the behind-the-scenes political struggles that not only shaped foreign-policy decisions in the 1830s and 1840s but have continued to affect the history of Chinese nationalism in modern times. Polachek looks closely at the networks of literati and officials, self-consciously reminiscent of the late Ming era, that sought and gained the ear of the emperor. Challenging the conventional view that Lin Tse-hsu and his supporters were selfless patriots who acted in China's best interest. Polachek argues that, for reasons having more to do with their own domestic political agenda, these men advocated a futile policy of militant resistance to the West. Linking political intrigue, scholarly debates, and foreign affairs, local notables in Canton and literati lobbyists in Peking, this book sets the Opium War in its "inner", domestic political context.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)