At the start of the twentieth century, political parties had the potential to focus grass-roots interest in the development of modern, democratic nation-states. Yet all the new parties were met with suspicion across Europe, particularly among liberals. These popular misgivings and the way the liberals nevertheless managed to build a party are the subject of this book. In this book, historian Martin Aberg argues that because of liberalisms individualistic traits, which left liberals less susceptible to political organisation on a mass basis, party members had to come to an uneasy compromise between individual and collective action. Aberg compares two regions -- Varmland in Sweden and Schleswig-Holstein in Germany -- which historically both had a significant liberal presence. Despite its organisational shortcomings, liberalism in Sweden paved the way for the peaceful democratisation of the state. In Germany, however, liberalism turned conservative, foreshadowing the extreme nationalism and Nazism that was to come. Aberg argues that the peculiarities of organisational behaviour go some way to explain the very different outcomes.
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• Introduction
• 1 Trudeau, Socialism, and the CCF, 1945-58
• 2 Trudeau, Organized Labour, and Liberal Democratic Society, 1945-58
• 3 The Rassemblement, the UFD, and the New Party, 1956-61
• 4 Trudeau, the Liberals, and the NDP, 1960-68
• 5 The Limits of Trudeau's Tax Reform and Poverty Reduction
• 6 FIRA, the NEP, and Economic Democracy
• 7 Inflation and Wage and Price Controls
• 8 The New Society, Tripartism, and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms Conclusion: Trudeau's Legacy and Life after Politics.
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Pierre Elliott Trudeau - radical progressive or unavowed socialist? His legacy remains divisive. Most scholars portray Trudeau's ties to the left as evidence either of communist affinities or of ideals that led him to found a progressive, modern Canada. The Constant Liberal traces the charismatic politician's relationship with left and labour movements throughout his career. Christo Aivalis argues that although Trudeau found key influences and friendships on the left, he was in fact a consistently classic liberal, driven by individualist and capitalist principles. While numerous biographies have noted the impact of the left on Trudeau's intellectual and political development, this comprehensive analysis showcases the interplay between liberalism and democratic socialism that defined his world view - and shaped his effective use of power. The Constant Liberal suggests that Trudeau's leftist activity was not so much a call for social democracy as a warning to fellow liberals that lack of reform could undermine liberal-capitalist social relations.
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• Introduction: Nothing to fear
• Henry, Harry, and Eleanor : three faces of liberalism
• "Scare hell"
• "The self-righteous delusions of Innocence"
• Patient, firm, and vigilent
• The best years of our lives
• The two Joes
• Eggheads in the wilderness
• We shall overcome
• The liberal hour
• Master of disaster
• Paranoia strikes deep in the heartland
• In the darkness at the edge of town
• Maximum feasible misunderstanding
• "A government as good as its people"
• Where's the beef?
• A place called "hope"
• What's the matter with America?
• Hope and change?
• Conclusion: "The only honest place to be".

A history of American liberalism since the Great Depression traces the pivotal roles of leading contributors, describing how their ambitions, flaws, and successes have shaped the nation's government, media, and culture.

• Henry, Harry, and Eleanor: three faces of liberalism
• The breaking point
• Is there anything we can do for you, Harry?
• The key to the destiny of tomorrow: toward a philosophy and practice of liberal foreign policy
• Culture warriors before their time, 1944-50
• The first culture war: McCarthyism and the limits of liberalism
• Eggheads in the wilderness
• Civil rights wins, communism wanes, and liberalism is reborn
• The thousand days
• Master of disaster
• Paranoia strikes deep in the heartland
• In the darkness at the edge of town
• Malaise
• The Carter interregnum
• The even bleaker years, 1980-88
• Reentering the world of ideas, rethinking the vital center, and the rise, fall, and rise of Bill Clinton, 1988-99
• Beautiful losers
• "Hope and change?".

• Bleak liberalism
• Liberalism in the age of high realism
• Revisiting the political novel
• The liberal aesthetic in the postwar era: the case of Trilling and Adorno
• Bleak liberalism and the realism/modernism debate: Ellison and Lessing.

Why is liberalism so often dismissed by thinkers from both the left and the right? To those calling for wholesale transformation or claiming a monopoly on "realistic" conceptions of humanity, liberalism's assured progressivism can seem hard to swallow. Bleak Liberalism makes the case for a renewed understanding of the liberal tradition, showing that it is much more attuned to the complexity of political life than conventional accounts have acknowledged. Anderson examines canonical works of high realism, political novels from England and the United States, and modernist works to argue that liberalism has engaged sober and even stark views of historical development, political dynamics, and human and social psychology. From Charles Dickens's Bleak House and Hard Times to E. M. Forster's Howards End to Doris Lessing's The Golden Notebook, this literature demonstrates that liberalism has inventive ways of balancing sociological critique and moral aspiration. A deft blend of intellectual history and literary analysis, Bleak Liberalism reveals a richer understanding of one of the most important political ideologies of the modern era.
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• Table of Contents for Psychology and the Liberal Consensus , by Charles C. Anderson and L.D. Travis Acknowledgements
• 1. Introduction: The Thesis A. The Redeemer Society and Social Change B. Science, Society, and Education C. Probabilistic Science and Heredity D. Causal Laws and Determinism E. Educational Activists F. The Liberal Consensus
• 2. Overtures to Orthodoxy: Cognitive Theory and Computer Programmes A. The Two Problems B. Cognitive Psychology and Computing Science
• 3. Overtures to Orthodoxy: Conventional Cognitive Theory A. The Familiar Priorities B. Bruner and Consensus Ideas C. Bruner and National Securitys D. Bruner and the American Economic Empire E. Bruner and Instructional Technology F. Bruner and Values G. Piaget Emerges
• 4. Overtures to Orthodoxy: Cognitive Ideas A. The Risky Shift B. The Need for Entreprenurial Achievement C. The Inner Person D. Freedom E. Identity F. Values Clarification G. Trust H. Altruism
• 5. The Messianic Tradition in Education Declines A. Coleman, Jensen and Jencks B. Attacking Jensen C. Attacking Jencks D. Credentialism and the Regnant Model
• 6. The Credentials of Psychology as a Science A. Experimental Psychology B. Social Psychology C. Developmental Psychology D. Affective Psychology E. Educational Psychology and Research
• 7. Defence Mechanisms A. Institutional Forces B. Authoritative Voices
• 8. Admitting Defeat A. Dead Mechanism and Animate Objects B. Sampling C. Cause and Effect D. Shifty Facts E. Theoretical Squabbling F. In the Laboratory
• 9. Survival Plans A. The Human Science B. Humble Solutions Bibliography Index.
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This volume presents a carefully reasoned, rigorous critique of mainline academic psychology. From the professional beginnings of their discipline, contend the authors, American psychologists have made two promises: that psychology would be treated as a natural science and that its application to socialmainly educationalreform would be as effective as that of the more physical sciences to technological change. Underlying these promises is the liberal consensus, the belief that social problems are to be solved by improvements in educational methods. Put to the test during the affluence of the 1950s and 1960sthe years of the liberal consensusthese promises were never kept, maintain the authors. Their provocative study provides a variety of reasons why the goal was unattained, and is even unattainable. The book will be of interest to psychologists, sociologists, professional educators, and students of social change.
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