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• Dramatis Personae-- Introduction--
• 1. "Individual rights were not enough for true freedom"--
• 2. Who Will Tame the Will to Defy Humanity?--
• 3. The Consequences of 1948--
• 4. Exit from North Africa--
• 5. From Antisemitism to "Zionism is Racism"--
• 6. The Inadequacy of Madison Avenue Methods-- 7."Good words have become the servants of evil masters"-- Conclusion-- Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Nathan A. Kurz charts the fraught relationship between Jewish internationalism and international rights protection in the second half of the twentieth century. For nearly a century, Jewish lawyers and advocacy groups in Western Europe and the United States had pioneered forms of international rights protection, tying the defense of Jews to norms and rules that aspired to curb the worst behavior of rapacious nation-states. In the wake of the Holocaust and the creation of the State of Israel, however, Jewish activists discovered they could no longer promote the same norms, laws and innovations without fear they could soon apply to the Jewish state. Using previously unexamined sources, Nathan Kurz examines the transformation of Jewish internationalism from an effort to constrain the power of nation-states to one focused on cementing Israel's legitimacy and its status as a haven for refugees from across the Jewish diaspora.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• 1. McMahon-Hussein, Balfour, and the Legality of the Jewish National Home
• 2. The Wailing Wall - Conflicting Legal Claims
• 3. The Shaw Commission
• 4. The Lofgren Commission
• 5. The Peel Commission
• 6. The Early Legal Battles and Their Relevance Today Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

During the British Mandate for Palestine (1922-1948), Arabs and Jews repeatedly used the law to gain leverage and influence international opinion, especially in three dramatic and largely forgotten trials involving two issues: the interplay between conflicting British promises to the Arabs and Jews during World War I, and the parties' rights and claims to the Wailing Wall. Focusing on how all three parties - Arab, Jewish, and British - used the law and the legal process to advance their objectives during the Mandate years, this volume reveals how the parties availed themselves - with varying degrees of success - of the law and the legal process. The book examines various legal arguments they proffered, and how that early tendency to resort to the law as a tool, a resource, and a weapon in the conflict has continued to this day. The research relies almost entirely on primary source documents, including transcripts of the public and secret testimony before the Shaw, Lofgren, and Peel Commissions, diaries, letters, government files, and other original sources. This study explores the origins of many of the fundamental legal arguments in the Arab-Israeli conflict that prevail to this day. Filling a gap in research, this is a key text for scholars and students interested in the Arab-Israeli conflict, Lawfare, and the Middle East.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The battle for international law : an introduction / Jochen von Bernstorff and Philipp Dann
• The common heritage of mankind : annotations on a battle / Surabhi Ranganathan
• The battle for the recognition of wars of national liberation / Jochen von Bernstorff
• The developmental state : independence, dependency, and the history of the South / Luis Eslava
• Colonial fragments : decolonization, concessions, and acquired rights / Matthew Craven
• Acquired rights and state succession : the rise and fall of the third world in the International Law Commission / Anna Brunner
• Rival worlds and the place of the corporation in international law / Sundhya Pahuja and Anna Saunders
• The battle continues : rebuilding empire through internationalization of state contracts / Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah
• (De)colonizing human rights / Florian Huffman and Bethania Assy
• Picking battles : race, decolonization, and apartheid / Rotem Giladi
• The International Court of Justice during the battle for international law (1955-1975) : colonial imprints and possibilities for change / Ingo Venzke
• A battlefield transformed : the United Nations and the struggle over postcolonial statehood / Guy Fiti Sinclair
• The World Bank in the battles of the "decolonization era" / Philipp Dann
• Reading RP Anand in the post-colony : between resistance and appropriation / Prabhakar Singh
• Taslim Olawale Elias : from British colonial law to modern international law / Carl Landauer
• Determining new selves : Mohammad Bedjaoui on Algeria, Western Sahara, and post-classical international law / Umut Özsu
• Charles Chaumont's third-world international legal theory / Emmanuelle Tourme Jouannet
• Literal "decolonization" : re-reading African international legal scholarship through the African novel / Christopher Gevers
• The Soviets and the right to self-determination of the colonized : contradictions of Soviet diplomacy and foreign policy in the era of decolonization / Bill Bowring
• The failed battle for self-determination : the United States and the post-war illusion of enlightened colonialism, 1945-1975 / Oliver Barsalou
• Epilogue: What's law go to do with it? : recollections and impressions / Martti Koskenniemi

This volume provides the first comprehensive analysis of international legal debates between 1955 and 1975 related to the formal decolonization process. It is during this era, couched between classic European imperialism and a new form of US-led Western hegemony, that fundamental legal debates took place over a new international legal order for a decolonised world. The book argues that this era presents in essence a battle, a battle that was fought out in particular over the premises and principles of international law by diplomats, lawyers, and scholars. In a moment of relative weakness of European powers, 'newly independent states' and international lawyers from the South fundamentally challenged traditional Western perceptions of international legal structures engaging in fundamental controversies over a new international law. The legal outcomes of this battle have shaped the world we live in today. Contributions from a global set of authors cover contemporary debates on concepts central to the time, such as self-determination, sources and concessions, non-intervention, wars of national liberation, multinational corporations, and the law of the sea. They also discuss influential institutions, such as the United Nations, International Court of Justice, and World Bank. The volume also incorporates contemporary regional approaches to international law in the 'decolonization era' and portraits of important scholars from the Global South.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• is law dead?
• Timeslip : invasion of the crimea, collapse of the league of nations
• The Nuremberg avant-garde moment
• Cold War jus ad bellum : law of force vs. rule of law
• Nuremberg renaissance : the 1990s
• The crime of aggression : from Rome to Kampala
• Judging wars
• Sci-fi warfare
• You're under arrest, Mr. President
• Activation.

A gripping behind-the-scenes account of the dramatic legal fight to hold leaders personally responsible for aggressive war On July 17, 2018, starting an unjust war became a prosecutable international crime alongside genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. Instead of collective state responsibility, our leaders are now personally subject to indictment for crimes of aggression, from invasions and preemptions to drone strikes and cyberattacks. The Crime of Aggression is Noah Weisbord's riveting insider's account of the high-stakes legal fight to enact this historic legislation and hold politicians accountable for the wars they start. Weisbord, a key drafter of the law for the International Criminal Court, takes readers behind the scenes of one of the most consequential legal dramas in modern international diplomacy. Drawing on in-depth interviews and his own invaluable insights, he sheds critical light on the motivations of the prosecutors, diplomats, and military strategists who championed the fledgling prohibition on unjust war-and those who tried to sink it. He untangles the complex history behind the measure, tracing how the crime of aggression was born at the Nuremberg trials only to fall dormant during the Cold War, and he draws lessons from such pivotal events as the collapse of the League of Nations, the rise of the United Nations, September 11, and the war on terror. The power to try leaders for unjust war holds untold promise for the international order, but also great risk. In this incisive and vitally important book, Weisbord explains how judges in such cases can balance the imperatives of justice and peace, and how the fair prosecution of aggression can humanize modern statecraft.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction / James Loeffler and Moria Paz
• The "natural right of the Jewish people" : Zionism, international law, and the paradox of Hersch Zvi Lauterpacht / James Loeffler
• A closet positivist : Lauterpacht between law and diplomacy / Martti Koskenniemi
• Assimilation through law : Hans Kelsen and the Jewish experience / Eliav Lieblich
• Philosophy beyond historicism : reflections on Hans Kelsen and the Jewish experience / Leora Batnitzky
• Louis Henkin, human rights, and American Jewish constitutional patriotism / Samuel Moyn
• Constitutionalism, human rights, and the genealogy of Jewish American liberalism / WIlliam E. Forbath
• The Via media : Egon Schwelb's mid-century stoic legalism and the birth of human rights law / Mira Siegelberg
• "Emotional restraint" as legalist internationalism : Egon Schwelb's liberalism after the fall / Umot Özsu
• A most inglorious right : René Cassin, freedom of movement, Jews, and Palestinians / Moria Paz
• There's no place like home : domicile, René Cassin, and the aporias of modern international law / Nathaniel Berman
• Shabtai Rosenne : the transformation of Sefton Rowson / Rotem Giladi
• Shabtai Rosenne : a personal aspect / Philippe Sands
• Enabling and constraining : Julius Stone and the contradictions of the sociological path to international law / Jacqueline Mowbray
• An axionormative dissenter : reflections on Julius Stone / David N. Myers.

From the Nuremberg Trials to contemporary human rights, Jews have long played prominent roles in the making of international law. But the actual ties between Jewish heritage and legal thought remain a subject of mystery and conjecture even among specialists. This volume of biographical studies takes a unique interdisciplinary approach, pairing historians and legal scholars to explore how the Jewish identities and experiences shaped their legal thought and activism. Using newly-discovered sources and sophisticated interpretative methods, this book offers an alternative history of twentieth-century international legal profession - and a new model to the emerging field of international legal biography.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Introduction: the law of strangers James Loeffler and Moria Paz-- Part I. Hersch Zvi Lauterpacht:
• 2. The 'natural right of the Jewish people': Zionism, international law, and the paradox of Hersch Lauterpacht James Loeffler--
• 3. A closet positivist: Lauterpacht between law and diplomacy Martti Koskeniemmi-- Part II. Hans Kelsen:
• 4. Assimilation through law: Hans Kelsen and the Jewish experience Eliav Lieblich--
• 5. Philosophy beyond historicism: reflections on Hans Kelsen and the Jewish experience Leora Batnitzky-- Part III. Louis Henkin:
• 6. Louis Henkin, human rights, and American-Jewish constitutional patriotism Samuel Moyn--
• 7. Louis Henkin and the genealogy of Jewish/American liberalism William Forbath-- Part IV. Egon Schwelb:
• 8. Egon Schwelb and the human rights legal activism within borders Mira Siegelberg--
• 9. 'Emotional restraint' as legalist internationalism: Egon Schwelb's liberalism after the fall Umut OEzsu-- Part V. Rene Cassin:
• 10. A most inglorious right: Rene Cassin, freedom of movement, Jews and Palestinians Moria Paz--
• 11. There's no place like home: domicile, Rene Cassin, and the Aporias of modern international law Nathaniel Berman-- Part VI. Shabtai Rosenne:
• 12. Shabtai Rosenne: the transformation of Sefton Rowson Rotem Giladi--
• 13. Shabtai Rosenne: a personal aspect Philippe Sands-- Part VII. Julius Stone:
• 14. Enablement and constraint: Julius Stone and the contradictions of the sociological path to international law Jacqueline Mowbray--
• 15. An axionormative dissenter: reflections on Julius Stone David N. Myers-- Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

From the Nuremberg Trials to contemporary human rights, Jews have long played prominent roles in the making of international law. But the actual ties between Jewish heritage and legal thought remain a subject of mystery and conjecture even among specialists. This volume of biographical studies takes a unique interdisciplinary approach, pairing historians and legal scholars to explore how the Jewish identities and experiences shaped their legal thought and activism. Using newly-discovered sources and sophisticated interpretative methods, this book offers an alternative history of twentieth-century international legal profession - and a new model to the emerging field of international legal biography.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Resisting Rights
• 1 The Roots of Resistance: Canada and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• 2 Canada's Opposition to a Covenant on Human Rights
• 3 A Reversal in Policy: The Decision to Support the Covenants
• 4 The Road to Ratification, 1966-76
• 5 Conclusion: The Making of the Myth Appendices Notes Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Resisting Rights will appeal to students and scholars of the development of domestic and international human rights, and more generally of Canadian history, politics, diplomacy, and foreign policy, particularly at the United Nations. It will also find an audience among individuals or organizations interested in Canada's human rights history.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Reading international law's historiographic turn in Latin America
• The birth of the Root doctrine
• Pan-Americanism and rehabilitated Monroeism
• The Monroe Doctrine and the standard of civilization
• The Central American Court of Justice and the Monroe Doctrine
• Conclusion.

International law's turn to history in the Americas receives invigorated refreshment with Christopher Rossi's adaptation of the insightful and inter-disciplinary teachings of the English School and Cambridge contextualists to problems of hemispheric methodology and historiography. Rossi sheds new light on abridgments of history and the propensity to construct and legitimize whiggish understandings of international law based on simplified tropes of liberal and postcolonial treatments of the Monroe Doctrine. Central to his story is the retelling of the Monroe Doctrine by its supreme early twentieth century interlocutor, Elihu Root and other like-minded internationalists. Rossi's revival of whiggish international law cautions against the contemporary tendency to re-read history with both eyes cast on the ideological present as a justification for misperceived historical sequencing.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Reading international law's historiographic turn in Latin America
• The birth of the Root doctrine
• Pan-Americanism and rehabilitated Monroeism
• The Monroe doctrine and the standard of civilization
• The Central American Court of Justice and the Monroe doctrine
• Conclusion.

International law's turn to history in the Americas receives invigorated refreshment with Christopher Rossi's adaptation of the insightful and inter-disciplinary teachings of the English School and Cambridge contextualists to problems of hemispheric methodology and historiography. Rossi sheds new light on abridgments of history and the propensity to construct and legitimize whiggish understandings of international law based on simplified tropes of liberal and postcolonial treatments of the Monroe Doctrine. Central to his story is the retelling of the Monroe Doctrine by its supreme early twentieth century interlocutor, Elihu Root and other like-minded internationalists. Rossi's revival of whiggish international law cautions against the contemporary tendency to re-read history with both eyes cast on the ideological present as a justification for misperceived historical sequencing.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Einleitung
• Das Völkerrecht als Fortschrittserzählung und die Haager Konferenzen
• Der Erste Weltkrieg als Kampf um das Recht
• Das langgezogene Kriegsende und die Planungen von Friedensgesprächen ab Herbst 1918
• Die interalliierten Verhandlungen zwischen Politik und Recht
• Die formale Gestaltung des Friedens und die Verträge mit den Verlierermächten
• Die Pariser Ordnung : Bauformen eines staatszentrierten Internationalismus
• Bilanz und Ausblick.

• Foreword / Rüdiger Wolfrum
• Introduction: Disputed heritage in search of harmony
• Kashmir : the tale of a lost nation
• The restoration of historical title & self-determination
• The legal validity of illegal seizure of Kashmir : an archival and legal review
• Incorporation of Kashmir into the Indian Union : an international assessment on human rights and democratic government
• Foreign policy and official international legal position on the Kashmir question : a critique
• Some conclusions.

In Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question Fozia Nazir Lone offers a critical re-examination of the Kashmir question. Through an interdisciplinary approach and international law perspective, she analyses political practices and the substantive international law on the restoration of historical title and self-determination. The book analytically examines whether Kashmir was a State at any point in history; the effect of the 1947 occupation by India/Pakistan; the international law implications of the constitutional incorporation of this territory and the ongoing human rights violations; whether Kashmiris are entitled to restore their historical title through the exercise of self-determination; and whether the Kashmir question could be resolved with the formation of international strategic alliance to curb danger of spreading terrorism in Kashmir.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• List of illustrations-- List of contributors-- Foreword-- Acknowledgements-- Introduction: the Spirit of Bandung-- Part I. Bandung Histories:
• 1. Anti-imperialism: then and now--
• 2. Newer is truer: time, space, and subjectivity at the Bandung Conference--
• 3. From Versailles to Bandung: the interwar origins of anti-colonialism--
• 4. Bandung: reflections on the sea, the world, and colonialism--
• 5. Nationalism, imperialism, and Bandung: nineteenth-century Japan as a prelude--
• 6. Ghostly visitations: 'questioning heirs' and the tragic tasks of narrating Bandung futures--
• 7. Bandung
• 1955: the deceit and the conceit--
• 8. Not a place, but a project: Bandung, TWAIL, and the aesthetics of Thirdness-- Part II. Political Solidarities and Geographical Affiliations:
• 9. Challenging the lifeline of imperialism: reassessing Afro-Asian solidarity and related activism in the decade 1955-1965--
• 10. Bandung, China, and the making of world order in East Asia--
• 11. Decolonization as a Cold War imperative: Bandung and the Soviets--
• 12. Central Asia as an object of Orientalist narratives in the age of Bandung--
• 13. Latin American anti-imperialist movements and anti-communist states during the Bandung era--
• 14. Peripheral parallels? Europe's edges and the world of Bandung--
• 15. The Bandung Conference and Latin America: a decolonial dialogue with Oscar Correas--
• 16. A triple struggle: non-alignment, Yugoslavia, and national, social and geopolitical emancipation--
• 17. 'Let us first of all have unity among us': Bandung, international law, and the empty politics of solidarity-- Part III. Nations and their Others: Bandung at Home:
• 18. The colonial debris of Bandung: equality and facilitating the rise of the Hindu right in India--
• 19. From Bandung 1955 to Bangladesh
• 1971: postcolonial self-determination and Third-World failures in South Asia--
• 20. Reimagining Bandung for women at work in Egypt: law and the woman between the factory and the 'social factory'--
• 21. Rethinking the concept of colonialism in Bandung and its African Union aftermath--
• 22. China and Africa: development, land, and the colonial legacy--
• 23. Bandung's legacy for the Arab Spring--
• 24. Applying the memory of the Bandung: lessons from Australia's negative case study--
• 25. Bandung in the shadow: the Brazilian experience-- Part IV. Post-Colonial Agendas: Justice, Rights and Development:
• 26. The humanization of the Third World--
• 27. Bandung's legacy: solidarity and contestation in global women's rights--
• 28. Reflections on rhetoric and rage: Bandung and environmental injustice--
• 29. From statesmen to technocrats to financiers: development agents in the Third World--
• 30. Between Bandung and Doha: international economic law and developing countries--
• 31. The Bandung ethic and international human rights praxis: yesterday, today, and tomorrow-- Part V. Another International Law:
• 32. Bandung and the origins of Third World sovereignty--
• 33. Letters from Bandung: encounters with another international law--
• 34. Altering international law: Nasser, Bandung, and the Suez Crisis--
• 35. Palestine at Bandung: the longwinded start of a re-imagined international law--
• 36. 'Must have been love': the non-aligned future of 'a warm December'--
• 37. The Bandung Declaration in the twenty-first century: are we there yet?--
• 38. Virtue pedagogy and international law teaching-- Epilogue: the legacy of Bandung-- Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

In 1955, a conference was held in Bandung, Indonesia that was attended by representatives from twenty-nine nations. Against the backdrop of crumbling European empires, Asian and African leaders forged new alliances and established anti-imperial principles for a new world order. The conference came to capture popular imaginations across the Global South and, as counterpoint to the dominant world order, it became both an act of collective imagination and a practical political project for decolonization that inspired a range of social movements, diplomatic efforts, institutional experiments and heterodox visions of the history and future of the world. In this book, leading international scholars explore what the spirit of Bandung has meant to people across the world over the past decades and what it means today. It analyzes Bandung's complicated and pivotal impact on global history, international law and, most of all, justice struggles after the end of formal colonialism.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1: Imperialism, the Cold War, and the Roots of Revolution
• Chapter 2: Revolution in Nicaragua
• Chapter 3: Counterinsurgency-Counterterrorism
• Chapter 4: Harbor Mines
• Chapter 5: The Terrorist and the Freedom Fighter
• Chapter 6: Outlaw States
• Chapter 7: A War on Terrorism
• Chapter 8: War for Peace.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

During the first two years of Ronald Reagan's second term the United States developed an offensive strategy for dealing with conflict in the developing world. Nicaragua was a primary target of this policy. Scholars refer to this as the Reagan offensive: the first time that the United States eschewed the norms of containment and sought to "roll-back" the gains of communism. However, the Reagan offensive was also significantly driven by a response to the emergent threat of international terrorism. Terrorism provided a vehicle that justified its use of aggressive proxy war and pursuit of regime change in Central America. U.S. policy with Nicaragua demonstrates the importance of terrorism to the development of a more aggressive United States in the post-Cold War world. This book examines the influence of the U.S.-Contra War in establishing a precedent for the use of overt pre-emptive force against sovereign nations in the name of counterterrorism. In the 21st century, the United States undertook a policy with the world based on a broad definition of self-defense that called for an array of actions that often violated traditional norms of international law and recognition of sovereign rights. This book demonstrates that the precedent for this change occurred in the late Cold War as the United States sought to respond to an escalation of global terrorism. The emergent problem of terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s transformed how and when the United States applied force in the world.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: From Grotius to Higgins : British influences on international law, 1915-2015 / Robert McCorquodale and Jean-Pierre Gauci
• The influence of English courts on the development of international law / Antonios Tzanakopoulos
• Marking foreign policy by justice : the legal advisers to the Foreign Office,1876-1953 / Kate jones
• Britain and Europe : managing revolution / Philip Allott
• British influences on the 'ideals' of international lawyers / Stephen Samuel
• British influence on the law of treaties / Kasey McCall-Smith
• British contributions to the concept of recognition during the interwar period : Williams, Baty and Lauterpacht / Martin Clark
• British contribution to the law on immunity / Philippa Webb
• British influence on the law of the sea 1915-2015 / David H. Anderson
• British influences on international environmental law : the case of wildlife conservation / Mario Prost and Yoriko Otomo
• The influence of British courts on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights / Merris Amos
• The contribution of British NGOs to the development of international law / Nigel S. Rodley
• Britain's influence on the regulation of the slave trade in the twentieth century / Amina Adanan and Noelle Higgins
• Contributions of British international lawyers to the law on the use of force / Nicholas Tsagourias
• The British influence on the development of the laws of war and the punishment of war criminals : from the Grotius Society to the United Nations War Crimes Commission / Matthew Garrod
• The British and the Nuremberg trial / Shavana Musa
• British contribution to the law of neutrality : principle and practice / James Upcher
• Historical reflections on the criminalisation of terrorism under international law from the League of Nations to R v Mohammed Gul : how Britain has swollen the tide of obscurity / Anna Marie Brennan
• The progressive conception of international law : brierly and Lauterpacht in the interbellum period / Richard Collins
• International law and the illusion of novelty : Georg Schwarzenberger / Robert Cryer
• Juridical investigations : Martin Wight as international lawyer / Gerry Simpson
• The contribution of the UK bar to international courts / Philippe Sands and Arman Sarvarian.

This book considers British influences on the development of international law over 100 years from 1915. This century has been marked by unprecedented developments in international law, not least the setting up of an array of international organisations, including the United Nations and the League of Nations, and international courts and tribunals (including the International Court of Justice and its predecessor the Permanent Court of International Justice, as well as the International Criminal Court). Two world wars, complex transboundary issues and increased globalisation have shown the importance of international law. This volume addresses these developments - domestic, regional and international - and looks at how Britain and British people (broadly defined) have influenced these changes. The contributors to the book have examined an array of different issues. These include British influences on treaty-making, recognition and immunity, as well as on specific fields of international law, such as armed conflict, criminal law, environment and human rights. It has commentary on the British influence on the sources of international law, including by its courts and Foreign Office, in the development of the European Union and in the idea of a professional international lawyer. There are also reflections on many of the key people over the century. The book provides a novel perspective, which surveys and appraises the contributions of British people and institutions in domestic and international legal forums and their key role in the development, interpretation and application of international law.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• International law in Europe and America to 1898
• Selling empire, 1898-1904
• Legalism at home : professionalizing international law, 1900-1913
• Legalism in the world, 1907-1913
• International law and empire in Latin America, 1904-1917
• Legalism, neutrality, and the Great War, 1914-1918
• World war, collective security, and international law, 1914-1941
• Conclusion.

After 1898 the United States not only solidified its position as an economic colossus, but by annexing Puerto Rico and the Philippines it had also added for the first time semi-permanent, heavily populated colonies unlikely ever to attain statehood. In short order followed a formal protectorate over Cuba, the "taking" of Panama to build a canal, and the announcement of a new Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, proclaiming an American duty to "police" the hemisphere. Empire had been an American practice since the nation's founding, but the new policies were understood as departures from traditional methods of territorial expansion. How to match these actions with traditional non-entanglement constituted the central preoccupation of U.S. foreign relations in the early twentieth century. International lawyers proposed instead that the United States become an impartial judge. By becoming a force for law in the world, America could reconcile its republican ideological tradition with a desire to rank with the Great Powers. Lawyers' message scaled new heights of popularity in the first decade and a half of the twentieth century as a true profession of international law emerged. The American Society of International Law (ASIL) and other groups, backed by the wealth of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, held annual meetings and published journals. They called for the creation of an international court, the holding of regular conferences to codify the rules of law, and the education of public opinion as to the proper rights and duties of states. To an extent unmatched before or since, the U.S. government-the executive branch if not always the U.S. Senate-embraced this project. Washington called for peace conferences and pushed for the creation of a "true " international court. It proposed legal institutions to preserve order in its hemisphere. Meanwhile lawyers advised presidents and made policy. The ASIL counted among its first members every living secretary of state (but one) who held office between 1892 and 1920. Growing numbers of international lawyers populated the State Department and represented U.S. corporations with business overseas. International lawyers were not isolated idealists operating from the sidelines. Well-connected, well-respected, and well-compensated, they formed an integral part of the foreign policy establishment that built and policed an expanding empire.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

After 1898 the United States not only solidified its position as an economic colossus, but by annexing Puerto Rico and the Philippines it had also added for the first time semi-permanent, heavily populated colonies unlikely ever to attain statehood. In short order followed a formal protectorate over Cuba, the "taking" of Panama to build a canal, and the announcement of a new Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, proclaiming an American duty to "police" the hemisphere. Empire had been an American practice since the nation's founding, but the new policies were understood as departures from traditional methods of territorial expansion. How to match these actions with traditional non-entanglement constituted the central preoccupation of U.S. foreign relations in the early twentieth century. International lawyers proposed instead that the United States become an impartial judge. By becoming a force for law in the world, America could reconcile its republican ideological tradition with a desire to rank with the Great Powers. Lawyers' message scaled new heights of popularity in the first decade and a half of the twentieth century as a true profession of international law emerged. The American Society of International Law (ASIL) and other groups, backed by the wealth of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, held annual meetings and published journals. They called for the creation of an international court, the holding of regular conferences to codify the rules of law, and the education of public opinion as to the proper rights and duties of states. To an extent unmatched before or since, the U.S. government-the executive branch if not always the U.S. Senate-embraced this project. Washington called for peace conferences and pushed for the creation of a "true " international court. It proposed legal institutions to preserve order in its hemisphere. Meanwhile lawyers advised presidents and made policy. The ASIL counted among its first members every living secretary of state (but one) who held office between 1892 and 1920. Growing numbers of international lawyers populated the State Department and represented U.S. corporations with business overseas. International lawyers were not isolated idealists operating from the sidelines. Well-connected, well-respected, and well-compensated, they formed an integral part of the foreign policy establishment that built and policed an expanding empire.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)