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• Global Optimization Approach for the Ascent Problem of Multi-stage Launchers
• A Robust Predictive Control Formulation for Heliogyro Blade Stability
• Piecewise Polynomial Taylor Expansions-The Generalization of Faà di Bruno's Formula
• Grid-Enhanced Polylithic Modeling and Solution Approaches for Hard Optimization Problems
• Model Predictive Q-Learning (MPQ-L) for Bilinear Systems
• SCOUT: Scheduling Core Utilization to Optimize the Performance of Scientific Computing Applications on CPU/Coprocessor-Based Cluster
• Chainer-XP: A Flexible Framework for ANNs Run on the Intel® Xeon PhiTM Coprocessor
• Inverse Problems in Designing New Structural Materials
• Coupled Electromagnetic Field and Electric Circuit Simulation: A Waveform Relaxation Benchmark
• SCIP-Jack: An Exact High Performance Solver for Steiner Tree Problems in Graphs and Related Problems
• Physical Parameter Identification with Sensors or Actuators Spanning Multiple DOF's
• Monotonization of a Family of Implicit Schemes for the Burgers Equation
• The Insensitivity of the Iterative Learning Control Inverse Problem to Initial Run When Stabilized by a New Stable Inverse
• Strategy Optimization in Sports via Markov Decision Problems
• An Application of RASPEN to Discontinuous Galerkin Discretisation for Richards' Equation in Porous Media Flow
• On the Development of Batch Stable Inverse Indirect Adaptive Control of Systems with Unstable Discrete-Time Inverse
• An Improved Conjugate Gradients Method for Quasi-linear Bayesian Inverse Problems, Tested on an Example from Hydrogeology
• Idiosyncrasies of the Frequency Response of Discrete-Time Equivalents of Continuous-Time System.

This proceedings volume highlights a selection of papers presented at the 7th International Conference on High Performance Scientific Computing, which took place in Hanoi, Vietnam, during March 19-23, 2018. The conference has been organized by the Institute of Mathematics of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, the Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR) of Heidelberg University and the Vietnam Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics. The contributions cover a broad, interdisciplinary spectrum of scientific computing and showcase recent advances in theory, methods, and practical applications. Subjects covered include numerical simulation, methods for optimization and control, machine learning, parallel computing and software development, as well as the applications of scientific computing in mechanical engineering, airspace engineering, environmental physics, decision making, hydrogeology, material science and electric circuits.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Number Systems
• Algebraic Equations
• Scalar Calculus
• Vector Calculus.

This state of the art book takes an applications based approach to teaching mathematics to engineering and applied sciences students. The book lays emphasis on associating mathematical concepts with their physical counterparts, training students of engineering in mathematics to help them learn how things work. The book covers the concepts of number systems, algebra equations and calculus through discussions on mathematics and physics, discussing their intertwined history in a chronological order. The book includes examples, homework problems, and exercises. This book can be used to teach a first course in engineering mathematics or as a refresher on basic mathematical physics. Besides serving as core textbook, this book will also appeal to undergraduate students with cross-disciplinary interests as a supplementary text or reader.

Data Analysis for Scientists and Engineers is a modern, graduate-level text on data analysis techniques for physical science and engineering students as well as working scientists and engineers. Edward Robinson emphasizes the principles behind various techniques so that practitioners can adapt them to their own problems, or develop new techniques when necessary. Robinson divides the book into three sections. The first section covers basic concepts in probability and includes a chapter on Monte Carlo methods with an extended discussion of Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. The second section introduces statistics and then develops tools for fitting models to data, comparing and contrasting techniques from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. The final section is devoted to methods for analyzing sequences of data, such as correlation functions, periodograms, and image reconstruction. While it goes beyond elementary statistics, the text is self-contained and accessible to readers from a wide variety of backgrounds. Specialized mathematical topics are included in an appendix. Based on a graduate course on data analysis that the author has taught for many years, and couched in the looser, workaday language of scientists and engineers who wrestle directly with data, this book is ideal for courses on data analysis and a valuable resource for students, instructors, and practitioners in the physical sciences and engineering. * In-depth discussion of data analysis for scientists and engineers * Coverage of both frequentist and Bayesian approaches to data analysis * Extensive look at analysis techniques for time-series data and images * Detailed exploration of linear and nonlinear modeling of data * Emphasis on error analysis * Instructor's manual (available only to professors).
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Design and Modeling of Anti Wind Up PID Controllers.- A Hybrid Global Optimization Algorithm: Particle Swarm Optimization in Association with a Genetic Algorithm.- Towards Robust Performance Guarantees for Models Learned from High-Dimensional Data.- Expert-Based Method of Integrated Waste Management Systems for Developing Fuzzy Cognitive Map.- Leukocyte Detection through an Evolutionary Method.- PWARX model identification based on clustering approach.- Supplier quality evaluation using a fuzzy multi criteria decision making approach.- Concept Trees: Building Dynamic Concepts from Semi-Structured Data using Nature-Inspired Methods.- Swarm Intelligence Techniques and Their Adaptive Nature with Applications.- Signal Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis for rotating electrical machines: Issues and Solutions.- Modelling Of Intrusion Detection System Using Artificial Intelligence -Evaluation Of Performance Measures.- Enhanced Power System Security Assessment through Intelligent Decision Trees.- Classification of Normal and Epileptic Seizure EEG Signals based on Empirical Mode Decomposition.- A Rough Set Based Total Quality Management Approach in Higher Education.- Iterative Dual Rational Krylov and Iterative SVD-Dual Rational Krylov Model Reduction for Switched Linear Systems.- Household Electrical Consumption Modeling through Fuzzy Logic Approach.- Modeling, Identification and Control of irrigation station with sprinkling: Takagi- Sugeno approach.- Review and Improvement of Several Optimal Intelligent Pitch Controllers and Estimator of WECS via Artificial Intelligent Approaches.- Secondary and Tertiary Structure Prediction of Proteins: A Bioinformatic Approach.- Approximation of Optimized Fuzzy Logic Controller for Shunt Active Power Filter.-Soft Computing Techniques For Optimal Capacitor Placement.- Advanced Metaheuristics-based Approach for Fuzzy Control Systems Tuning.- Robust Estimation Design for Unknown Inputs Fuzzy Bilinear Models: Application to Faults Diagnosis.- Unit Commitment Optimization Using Gradient-Genetic algorithm and Fuzzy logic approaches.- Impact of Hardware/Software Partitioning and MicroBlaze FPGA Configurations on the Embedded Systems Performances.- A Neural Approach to Cursive Handwritten Character Recognition using Features Extracted from Binarization Technique.- System Identification Technique and Neural Networks for Material Lifetime Assessment Application.- Measuring Software Reliability: A Trend using Machine Learning Techniques.- Hybrid Metaheuristic Approach for Scheduling of Aperiodic OS Tasks.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The book offers a snapshot of the theories and applications of soft computing in the area of complex systems modeling and control. It presents the most important findings discussed during the 5th International Conference on Modelling, Identification and Control, held in Cairo, from August 31-September 2, 2013. The book consists of twenty-nine selected contributions, which have been thoroughly reviewed and extended before their inclusion in the volume. The different chapters, written by active researchers in the field, report on both current theories and important applications of soft-computing. Besides providing the readers with soft-computing fundamentals, and soft-computing based inductive methodologies/algorithms, the book also discusses key industrial soft-computing applications, as well as multidisciplinary solutions developed for a variety of purposes, like windup control, waste management, security issues, biomedical applications and many others. It is a perfect reference guide for graduate students, researchers and practitioners in the area of soft computing, systems modeling and control.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Kinematics and vectors
• 2. Newton's laws, energy, and momentum
• 3. Rotational motion
• 4. Rotation matrices
• 5. Material properties - elasticity
• 6. Harmonic oscillators
• 7. Waves
• 8. The quantum puzzle
• 9. Quantum mechanics
• 10. Quantum electrons
• 11. Quantum electrons in solids
• 12. Thermal physics
• 13. Quantum statistics
• 14. Electromagnetic phenomena
• 15. Fluids.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Providing an overview of the foundations of engineering from a fundamental scientific and physical perspective, this book reinforces the basic scientific and mathematical principles which underpin a range of engineering disciplines and applications. It covers the basics of physics, including quantum physics, as well as some key topics in chemistry, making it a valuable resource for both students and professionals looking to gain a more coherent and interdisciplinary understanding of engineering systems. Throughout, the focus is on common features of physical systems (such as mechanical and electronic resonance), showing how the same underlying principles apply to different disciplines. Problems are provided at the end of each chapter including conceptual questions and examples to demonstrate the practical application of fundamental scientific principles. These include real-world examples, which are solvable using computational packages such as MATLAB.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1: Introduction.
• 2: Finite Element Method (FEM)-A Summary.
• 3: COMSOL - A Modeling Tool For Engineers.
• 4: Modeling Single-Physics Problems.
• 5: Modeling Multi-Physics Problems.
• 6: Modeling Energy Systems With COMSOL.
• 7: Advanced Features Of COMSOL.
• Appendices.
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

COMSOL Multiphysics software is one of the most valuable software modeling tools for engineers and scientists. This book is designed for engineers from the fields of mechanical, electrical, and civil disciplines, and introduces multiphysics modeling techniques and examples accompanied by practical applications using COMSOL 4.x. The book includes a companion CD-ROM with files of over 25 models, images, and code. The main objective is to introduce readers to use COMSOL as an engineering tool for modeling by solving examples that could become a guide for modeling similar or more complicated problems. The objective is to provide a collection of examples and modeling guidelines through which readers can build their own models. Readers are assumed to be familiar with the principles of numerical modeling and the finite element method (FEM). The book takes a flexible-level approach for presenting the materials along with using practical examples. The mathematical fundamentals, engineering principles, and design criteria are presented as integral parts of examples. At the end of each chapter are references that contain more in-depth physics, technical information, and data; these are referred to throughout the book and used in the examples. "COMSOL for Engineers" could be used to complement another text that provides background training in engineering computations and methods. Examples provided in this book should be considered as "lessons" for which background physics could be explained in more detail. FEATURES Includes a companion CD-ROM with files of over 25 models, images, code Uses progressive approach in terms of examples and models.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Cover page; Half title; LICENSE, DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY, AND LIMITED WARRANTY; Title Page; Copyright; Dedication; CONTENTS; Preface;
• Chapter 1: Introduction;
• Chapter 2: Finite Element Method-A Summary; Overview; FEM Formulation; Matrix Approach; Example 2.1: Analysis of a 2D Truss; General Procedure for Global Matrix Assembly; Example 2.2: Global Matrix for Triangular Elements; Weighted Residual Approach; Galerkin Method; Shape Functions; Convergence and Stability; Example2.3: Heat Transfer in a Slender Steel Bar; Exercise Problems; References;
• Chapter 3: COMSOL-A Modeling Tool for Engineers.

• OverviewCOMSOL Interface; COMSOL Modules; COMSOL Model Library and Tutorials; General Guidelines for Building a Model;
• Chapter 4: COMSOL Models for Physical Systems; Overview; Section 4.1: Static and Dynamic Analysis of Structures; Example 4.1: Stress Analysis for a Thin Plate Under Stationary Loads; Example 4.2: Dynamic Analysis for a Thin Plate: Eigenvalues and Modal Shapes; Example 4.3: Parametric Study for a Bracket Assembly: 3D Stress Analysis; Example 4.4: Buckling of a Column with Triangular Cross-section: Linearized Buckling Analysis.

• Example 4
• .5: Static and Dynamic Analysis for a 2D Bridge-support TrussExample 4
• .6: Static and Dynamic Analysis for a 3D Truss Tower; Section 4
• .2: Dynamic Analysis and Models of Internal Flows: Laminar and Turbulent; Example 4
• .7: Axisymmetric Flow in a Nozzle: Simplified Water-jet; Example 4
• .8: Swirl Flow Around a Rotating Disk: Laminar Flow; Example 4
• .9: Swirl Flow Around a Rotating Disk: Turbulent Flow; Example 4
• .10: Flow in a U-shape Pipe with Square Cross-sectional Area: Laminar Flow; Example 4
• .11: Double-driven Cavity Flow: Moving Boundary Conditions.

• Example 4
• .12: Water Hammer Model: Transient Flow AnalysisExample 4
• .13: Static Fluid Mixer Model; Section 4
• .3: Modeling of Steady and Unsteady Heat Transfer in Media; Example 4
• .14: Heat Transfer in a Multilayer Sphere; Example 4
• .15: Heat Transfer in a Hexagonal Fin; Example 4
• .16: Transient Heat Transfer Through a Nonprismatic Fin with Convective Cooling; Example 4
• .17: Heat Conduction Through a Multilayer Wall with Contact Resistance; Section 4
• .4: Modeling of Electrical Circuits; Example 4
• .18: Modeling an RC Electrical Circuit; Example 4
• .19: Modeling an RLC Electrical Circuit.

• Section 4
• .5: Modeling Complex and Multiphysics ProblemsExample 4
• .20: Stress Analysis for an Orthotropic Thin Plate; Example 4
• .21: Thermal Stress Analysis and Transient Response of a Bracket; Example 4
• .22: Static Fluid Mixer with Flexible Baffles; Example 4
• .23: Double Pendulum: Multibody Dynamics; Example 4
• .24: Multiphysics Model for Thermoelectric Modules; Example 4
• .25: Acoustic Pressure Wave Propagation in an Automotive Muffler; Exercise Problems; References; Suggested Further Readings; Trademark References; Index.

• Part I: Fractional Dynamics and Nonlinearity
• Nonlinear Self-Adjointness for Some Generalized KdV Equations
• Weak Self-Adjointness and Conservation Laws for a Family of Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers Equations
• Some Analytical Techniques in Fractional Calculus: Realities and Challenges.-Application of the Local Fractional Fourier Series to Fractal Signals.-Parameter Optimization of Fractional Order PI[lambda] D[mu] Controller Using Response Surface Methodology
• Dynamical Response of a Van der Pol System with an External Harmonic Excitation and Fractional Derivative
• Fractional Calculus: From Simple Control Solutions to Complex Implementation Issues
• Emerging Tools for Quantifying Unconscious Analgesia: Fractional Order Impedance Models
• Part II: Chaos and Complexity
• 1D Cahn-Hilliard Dynamics: Coarsening and Interrupted Coarsening
• Nonlinear Analysis of Phase-locked Loop Based Circuits
• Approaches for Defining and Measuring Assembly Supply Chain Complexity
• Non-commutative Tomography: Applications to Data Analysis
• Projective Synchronization of Two Gyroscope Systems with Different Motions
• Measuring and Analysing Nonlinearities in the Lung Tissue
• Part III: Discontinuous Dynamics
• Drilling Systems Models and Hidden Oscillations
• Chaos in a Piecewise Linear System with Periodic Excitation
• Basins of Attraction in a Simple Harvesting System with a Stopper
• Analytical Dynamics of a Mass-Damper-Spring Constrained System
• Part IV: Engineering and Financial Nonlinearity
• Formations of Transitional Zones in Shock Wave with Saddle-Node Bifurcations
• Dynamics of Composite Milling: Application of Recurrence Plots to Huang Experimental Modes
• The Dynamics of Shear-Type Frames Equipped with Chain-Based Nonlinear Braces
• In-Plane Free Vibration and Stability Analysis of High Speed Rotating Disks and Rings
• Patent Licensing: Stackelberg versus Cournot Models
• Privatization and Government Preferences in a Mixed Duopoly: Stackelberg versus Cournot.

This unique book explores recent developments in experimental research in this broad field, organized in four distinct sections. Part I introduces the reader to the fractional dynamics and Lie group analysis for nonlinear partial differential equations. Part II covers chaos and complexity in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems, important to understand the resonance interactions in nonlinear dynamical systems, such as Tsunami waves and wildfire propagations; as well as Lev flights in chaotic trajectories, dynamical system synchronization and DNA information complexity analysis. Part III examines chaos and periodic motions in discontinuous dynamical systems, extensively present in a range of systems, including piecewise linear systems, vibro-impact systems and drilling systems in engineering. And in Part IV, engineering and financial nonlinearity are discussed. The mechanism of shock wave with saddle-node bifurcation and rotating disk stability will be presented, and the financial nonlinear models will be discussed. This book also: · Provides Lie group analysis with nonlinear self-adjointness and conservation laws · Presents computational methods and control in fractional calculus · Discusses discontinuous dynamics and chaos in drilling systems and vibro-impact systems · Illustrates the mechanism and dynamics of shock waves and dynamical stability Discontinuity and Complexity in Nonlinear Physical Systems is an ideal book for scientific researchers, academics, and graduate students in the field of nonlinear dynamics.

• Foreword by Zh. I. Alferov
• Introduction
• Fundamentals of nucleation theory
• Kinetics of phase transition
• Quantum dots and nanoneedles
• Growth of semiconductor nanowires
• Crystal structure of III-V nanowires.

Semiconductor nanostructures such as nanowires are promising building blocks of future nanoelectronic, nanophotonic and nanosensing devices. Their physical properties are primarily determined by the epitaxy process which is rather different from the conventional thin film growth. This book shows how the advanced nucleation theory can be used in modeling of growth properties, morphology and crystal phase of such nanostructures. The book represents a systematic account of modern nucleation theory in open systems, nanostructure nucleation and growth mechanisms, and possibilities for tuning the nanostructure properties to the desired values.

• Preface
• 1. Introduction to Computer Simulation 1.1 Historical Background 1.2 Theory, Modeling and Simulation in Physics 1.3 Reductionism in Physics 1.4 Basics of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations in Physics 1.5 Numerical Solution of Differential Equations: Mesh-Based vs. Particle Methods 1.6 The Role of Algorithms in Scientific Computing 1.7 Remarks on Software Design 1.8 Summary
• 2. Fundamentals of Statistical Physics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Elementary Statistics 2.3 Introduction to Classical Statistical Mechanics 2.4 Introduction to Thermodynamics 2.5 Summary
• 3. Inter- and Intramolecular Short-Range Potentials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Quantum Mechanical Basis of Intermolecular Interactions 3.2.1 Perturbation Theory 3.3 Classical Theories of Intermolecular Interactions 3.4 Potential Functions 3.5 Molecular Systems 3.6 Summary
• 4. Molecular Dynamics Simulation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basic Ideas of MD 4.3 Algorithms for Calculating Trajectories 4.4 Link between MD and Quantum Mechanics 4.5 Basic MD Algorithm: Implementation Details 4.6 Boundary Conditions 4.7 The Cutoff Radius for Short-Range Potentials 4.8 Neighbor Lists: The Linked-Cell Algorithm 4.9 The Method of Ghost Particles 4.10 Implementation Details of the Ghost Particle Method 4.11 Making Measurements 4.12 Ensembles and Thermostats 4.13 Case Study: Impact of Two Different Bodies 4.14 Case Study: Rayleigh-Taylor Instability 4.15 Case Study: Liquid-Solid Phase Transition of Argon
• 5. Advanced MD Simulation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parallelization 5.3 More Complex Potentials and Molecules 5.4 Many Body Potentials 5.5 Coarse Grained MD for Mesoscopic Systems
• 6. Outlook on Monte Carlo Simulations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Metropolis Monte-Carlo Method 6.2.1 Calculation of Volumina and Surfaces 6.2.2 Percolation Theory 6.3 Basic MC Algorithm: Implementation Details 6.3.1 Case Study: The 2D Ising Magnet 6.3.2 Trial Moves and Pivot Moves 6.3.3 Case Study: Combined MD and MC for Equilibrating a Gaussian Chain 6.3.4 Case Study: MC of Hard Disks 6.3.5 Case Study: MC of Hard Disk Dumbbells in 2D 6.3.6 Case Study: Equation of State for the Lennard-Jones Fluid 6.4 Rosenbluth and Rosenbluth Method 6.5 Bond Fluctuation Model 6.6 Monte Carlo Simulations in Different Ensembles 6.7 Random Numbers Are Hard to Find
• 7. Applications from Soft Matter and Shock Wave Physics 7.1 Biomembranes 7.2 Scaling Properties of Polymers 7.3 Polymer Melts 7.4 Polymer Networks as a Model for the Cytoskeleton of Cells 7.5 Shock Wave Impact in Brittle Solids
• 8. Concluding Remarks A Appendix A.1 Quantum Statistics of Ideal Gases A.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein- and Fermi-Dirac Statistics A.3 Stirling's Formula A.4 Useful Integrals in Statistical Physics A.3 Useful Conventions for Implementing Simulation Programs A.4 Quicksort and Heapsort Algorithms A.4 Selected Solutions to Exercises Abbreviations Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This work is a needed reference for widely used techniques and methods of computer simulation in physics and other disciplines, such as materials science. Molecular dynamics computes a molecule's reactions and dynamics based on physical models; Monte Carlo uses random numbers to image a system's behaviour when there are different possible outcomes with related probabilities. The work conveys both the theoretical foundations as well as applications and "tricks of the trade", that often are scattered across various papers. Thus it will meet a need and fill a gap for every scientist who needs computer simulations for his/her task at hand. In addition to being a reference, case studies and exercises for use as course reading are included.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• 1. Introduction to Computer Simulation 1.1 Historical Background 1.2 Theory, Modeling and Simulation in Physics 1.3 Reductionism in Physics 1.4 Basics of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations in Physics 1.5 Numerical Solution of Differential Equations: Mesh-Based vs. Particle Methods 1.6 The Role of Algorithms in Scientific Computing 1.7 Remarks on Software Design 1.8 Summary
• 2. Fundamentals of Statistical Physics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Elementary Statistics 2.3 Introduction to Classical Statistical Mechanics 2.4 Introduction to Thermodynamics 2.5 Summary
• 3. Inter- and Intramolecular Short-Range Potentials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Quantum Mechanical Basis of Intermolecular Interactions 3.2.1 Perturbation Theory 3.3 Classical Theories of Intermolecular Interactions 3.4 Potential Functions 3.5 Molecular Systems 3.6 Summary
• 4. Molecular Dynamics Simulation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basic Ideas of MD 4.3 Algorithms for Calculating Trajectories 4.4 Link between MD and Quantum Mechanics 4.5 Basic MD Algorithm: Implementation Details 4.6 Boundary Conditions 4.7 The Cutoff Radius for Short-Range Potentials 4.8 Neighbor Lists: The Linked-Cell Algorithm 4.9 The Method of Ghost Particles 4.10 Implementation Details of the Ghost Particle Method 4.11 Making Measurements 4.12 Ensembles and Thermostats 4.13 Case Study: Impact of Two Different Bodies 4.14 Case Study: Rayleigh-Taylor Instability 4.15 Case Study: Liquid-Solid Phase Transition of Argon
• 5. Advanced MD Simulation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parallelization 5.3 More Complex Potentials and Molecules 5.4 Many Body Potentials 5.5 Coarse Grained MD for Mesoscopic Systems
• 6. Outlook on Monte Carlo Simulations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Metropolis Monte-Carlo Method 6.2.1 Calculation of Volumina and Surfaces 6.2.2 Percolation Theory 6.3 Basic MC Algorithm: Implementation Details 6.3.1 Case Study: The 2D Ising Magnet 6.3.2 Trial Moves and Pivot Moves 6.3.3 Case Study: Combined MD and MC for Equilibrating a Gaussian Chain 6.3.4 Case Study: MC of Hard Disks 6.3.5 Case Study: MC of Hard Disk Dumbbells in 2D 6.3.6 Case Study: Equation of State for the Lennard-Jones Fluid 6.4 Rosenbluth and Rosenbluth Method 6.5 Bond Fluctuation Model 6.6 Monte Carlo Simulations in Different Ensembles 6.7 Random Numbers Are Hard to Find
• 7. Applications from Soft Matter and Shock Wave Physics 7.1 Biomembranes 7.2 Scaling Properties of Polymers 7.3 Polymer Melts 7.4 Polymer Networks as a Model for the Cytoskeleton of Cells 7.5 Shock Wave Impact in Brittle Solids
• 8. Concluding Remarks A Appendix A.1 Quantum Statistics of Ideal Gases A.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein- and Fermi-Dirac Statistics A.3 Stirling's Formula A.4 Useful Integrals in Statistical Physics A.3 Useful Conventions for Implementing Simulation Programs A.4 Quicksort and Heapsort Algorithms A.4 Selected Solutions to Exercises Abbreviations Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This work is a needed reference for widely used techniques and methods of computer simulation in physics and other disciplines, such as materials science. Molecular dynamics computes a molecule's reactions and dynamics based on physical models; Monte Carlo uses random numbers to image a system's behaviour when there are different possible outcomes with related probabilities. The work conveys both the theoretical foundations as well as applications and "tricks of the trade", that often are scattered across various papers. Thus it will meet a need and fill a gap for every scientist who needs computer simulations for his/her task at hand. In addition to being a reference, case studies and exercises for use as course reading are included.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Mathematical Thinking
• 2. Numbers 3 Algebra 4 Trigonometry 5 Analytic Geometry 6 Calculus 7 Series and Integrals 8 Differential Equations 9 Matrix Algebra 10 Multivariable Calculus 11 Vector Analysis 12 Special Functions 13 Complex Variables.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book reminds students in junior, senior and graduate level courses in physics, chemistry and engineering of the math they may have forgotten (or learned imperfectly) that is needed to succeed in science courses. The focus is on math actually used in physics, chemistry, and engineering, and the approach to mathematics begins with 12 examples of increasing complexity, designed to hone the student's ability to think in mathematical terms and to apply quantitative methods to scientific problems. Detailed illustrations and links to reference material online help further comprehension. The second edition features new problems and illustrations and features expanded chapters on matrix algebra and differential equations.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chaos in Laser Systems
• Semiconductor Lasers and Theory
• Theory of Optical Feedback in Semiconductor Lasers
• Dynamics of Semiconductor Lasers with Optical Feedback
• Dynamics in Semiconductor Lasers with Optical Injection
• Dynamics of Semiconductor Lasers with Optoelectronic Feedback and Modulation
• Instability and Chaos in Various Laser Structures
• Chaos Control and Applications
• Stabilization of Semiconductor Lasers
• Metrology Based on Chaotic Semiconductor Lasers
• Chaos Synchronization in Semiconductor Lasers
• Chaotic Communications in Semiconductor Lasers
• Physical Random Number Generations and Photonic Integrated Circuits for Chaotic Generators.

This third edition of "Semiconductor Lasers, Stability, Instability and Chaos" was significantly extended. In the previous edition, the dynamics and characteristics of chaos in semiconductor lasers after the introduction of the fundamental theory of laser chaos and chaotic dynamics induced by self-optical feedback and optical injection was discussed. Semiconductor lasers with new device structures, such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and broad-area semiconductor lasers, are interesting devices from the viewpoint of chaotic dynamics since they essentially involve chaotic dynamics even in their free-running oscillations. These topics are also treated with respect to the new developments in the current edition. Also the control of such instabilities and chaos control are critical issues for applications. Another interesting and important issue of semiconductor laser chaos in this third edition is chaos synchronization between two lasers and the application to optical secure communication. One of the new topics in this edition is fast physical number generation using chaotic semiconductor lasers for secure communication and development of chaos chips and their application. As other new important topics, the recent advance of new semiconductor laser structures is presented, such as quantum-dot semiconductor lasers, quantum-cascade semiconductor lasers, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and physical random number generation with application to quantum key distribution. Stabilities, instabilities, and control of quantum-dot semiconductor lasers and quantum-cascade lasers are important topics in this field.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Contents
• Contributors
• Chapter 1: Simulation of Quantum Ballistic Transport in FinFETs
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Quantum Effects in FinFETs
• 1.2.1 Quantum Confinement
• 1.2.2 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling
• 1.2.3 Ballistic Transport and Quantum Interference
• 1.3 Self-Consistent Field Method
• 1.4 The NEGF in Real-Space Representation
• 1.5 Computationally Efficient Methods in the Real Space
• 1.5.1 The Recursive GreenÂ?s Function Algorithm
• 1.5.2 The Contact Block Reduction Method
• 1.5.3 The Gauss Elimination Method

• 1.5.4 Computational Efficiency Comparison1.6 The NEGF in Mode-Space Representation
• 1.6.1 Coupled Mode-Space Approach
• 1.6.2 Partial-Coupled Mode-Space Approach
• 1.6.3 Validation of the PCMS Approach
• 1.7 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 2: Model for Quantum Confinement in Nanowires and the Application of This Model to the Study of Carrier Mobility in Na ...
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Surface Energy
• 2.3 Thermodynamic Imbalance
• 2.4 Nanowire Surface Disorder
• 2.5 Quantum Confinement
• 2.6 Energy Band Gap as Function of Nanowire Diameter

• 2.7 Formula for Amorphicity2.8 Models for Carrier Scattering
• 2.9 Calculated Carrier Mobility
• 2.10 Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 3: Understanding the FinFET Mobility by Systematic Experiments
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Impact of Surface Orientation
• 3.3 Impact of Strain
• 3.4 Impact of Fin Doping
• 3.5 Impact of Gate Stack
• 3.6 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 4: Quantum Mechanical Potential Modeling of FinFET
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 FinFET Structure
• 4.2.1 FinFET Design Parameters
• 4.3 Quantum Mechanical Potential Modeling

• 4.4 Threshold Voltage Modeling4.5 Source/Drain Resistance Modeling
• 4.6 Results and Discussion
• 4.7 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 5: Physical Insight and Correlation Analysis of Finshape Fluctuations and Work-Function Variability in FinFET Devices
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Modeling Approach
• 5.2.1 LER Modeling
• 5.2.2 WFV Modeling
• 5.3 Statistical Analysis of LER- and WFV-Induced Fluctuations
• 5.4 Correlation-Based Approaches for Variability Estimation
• 5.4.1 Correlations and Sensitivity Analysis

• 5.4.2 Simplified Approaches for Variability Estimation5.4.2.1 Threshold Voltage Variability
• 5.4.2.2 Drive Current Variability
• 5.4.3 Physical Insight of Fin LER-Induced Threshold Voltage Increase
• 5.5 Asymmetric Impact of Localized Fluctuations
• 5.5.1 Impact of Local Fin Thinning
• 5.5.2 Impact of Grain Location and Size
• 5.6 Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 6: Characteristic and Fluctuation of Multi-fin FinFETs
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.1.1 Random Dopant Fluctuation
• 6.1.2 Reduction Techniques of Random Dopant Fluctuation

This book reviews a range of quantum phenomena in novel nanoscale transistors called FinFETs, including quantized conductance of 1D transport, single electron effect, tunneling transport, etc. The goal is to create a fundamental bridge between quantum FinFET and nanotechnology to stimulate readers' interest in developing new types of semiconductor technology. Although the rapid development of micro-nano fabrication is driving the MOSFET downscaling trend that is evolving from planar channel to nonplanar FinFET, silicon-based CMOS technology is expected to face fundamental limits in thenear future. Therefore, new types of nanoscale devices are being investigated aggressively to take advantage of the quantum effect in carrier transport. The quantum confinement effect of FinFET at room temperatures was reported following the breakthrough to sub-10nm scale technology in silicon nanowires. With chapters written by leading scientists throughout the world, "Toward Quantum FinFET" provides a comprehensive introduction to the field as well as a platform for knowledge sharing and dissemination of the latest advances. As a roadmap to guide further research in an area of increasing importance for the future development of materials science, nanofabrication technology, and nano-electronic devices, the book can be recommended for Physics, Electrical Engineering, and Materials Science departments, and as a reference on micro-nano electronic science and device design.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• 1. Introduction to Computer Simulation 1.1 Historical Background 1.2 Theory, Modeling and Simulation in Physics 1.3 Reductionism in Physics 1.4 Basics of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations in Physics 1.5 Numerical Solution of Differential Equations: Mesh-Based vs. Particle Methods 1.6 The Role of Algorithms in Scientific Computing 1.7 Remarks on Software Design 1.8 Summary
• 2. Fundamentals of Statistical Physics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Elementary Statistics 2.3 Introduction to Classical Statistical Mechanics 2.4 Introduction to Thermodynamics 2.5 Summary
• 3. Inter- and Intramolecular Short-Range Potentials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Quantum Mechanical Basis of Intermolecular Interactions 3.2.1 Perturbation Theory 3.3 Classical Theories of Intermolecular Interactions 3.4 Potential Functions 3.5 Molecular Systems 3.6 Summary
• 4. Molecular Dynamics Simulation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basic Ideas of MD 4.3 Algorithms for Calculating Trajectories 4.4 Link between MD and Quantum Mechanics 4.5 Basic MD Algorithm: Implementation Details 4.6 Boundary Conditions 4.7 The Cutoff Radius for Short-Range Potentials 4.8 Neighbor Lists: The Linked-Cell Algorithm 4.9 The Method of Ghost Particles 4.10 Implementation Details of the Ghost Particle Method 4.11 Making Measurements 4.12 Ensembles and Thermostats 4.13 Case Study: Impact of Two Different Bodies 4.14 Case Study: Rayleigh-Taylor Instability 4.15 Case Study: Liquid-Solid Phase Transition of Argon
• 5. Advanced MD Simulation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parallelization 5.3 More Complex Potentials and Molecules 5.4 Many Body Potentials 5.5 Coarse Grained MD for Mesoscopic Systems
• 6. Outlook on Monte Carlo Simulations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Metropolis Monte-Carlo Method 6.2.1 Calculation of Volumina and Surfaces 6.2.2 Percolation Theory 6.3 Basic MC Algorithm: Implementation Details 6.3.1 Case Study: The 2D Ising Magnet 6.3.2 Trial Moves and Pivot Moves 6.3.3 Case Study: Combined MD and MC for Equilibrating a Gaussian Chain 6.3.4 Case Study: MC of Hard Disks 6.3.5 Case Study: MC of Hard Disk Dumbbells in 2D 6.3.6 Case Study: Equation of State for the Lennard-Jones Fluid 6.4 Rosenbluth and Rosenbluth Method 6.5 Bond Fluctuation Model 6.6 Monte Carlo Simulations in Different Ensembles 6.7 Random Numbers Are Hard to Find
• 7. Applications from Soft Matter and Shock Wave Physics 7.1 Biomembranes 7.2 Scaling Properties of Polymers 7.3 Polymer Melts 7.4 Polymer Networks as a Model for the Cytoskeleton of Cells 7.5 Shock Wave Impact in Brittle Solids
• 8. Concluding Remarks A Appendix A.1 Quantum Statistics of Ideal Gases A.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein- and Fermi-Dirac Statistics A.3 Stirling's Formula A.4 Useful Integrals in Statistical Physics A.3 Useful Conventions for Implementing Simulation Programs A.4 Quicksort and Heapsort Algorithms A.4 Selected Solutions to Exercises Abbreviations Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This work is a needed reference for widely used techniques and methods of computer simulation in physics and other disciplines, such as materials science. Molecular dynamics computes a molecule's reactions and dynamics based on physical models; Monte Carlo uses random numbers to image a system's behaviour when there are different possible outcomes with related probabilities. The work conveys both the theoretical foundations as well as applications and "tricks of the trade", that often are scattered across various papers. Thus it will meet a need and fill a gap for every scientist who needs computer simulations for his/her task at hand. In addition to being a reference, case studies and exercises for use as course reading are included.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PART I.-AC IT SYSTEMS.-1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.-2. GROUND INSULATION MEASUREMENT IN AC IT SYSTEMS.-3. INSULATION MONITORING SYSTEMS.-4. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS OF INSULATION RESISTANCE PART II.-DC IT SYSTEMS.-5. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS OF DC NETWORKS.-6. INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT METHODS.-
• 7. DEVICES AND SYSTEMS FOR INSULATION DETERIORATION ALARMING.- 8. MODERN METHODS OF CONTINUOUS INSULATION MONITORING.-9. EARTH FAULT, LEAKAGE AND ELECTRIC SHOCK CURRENTS IN DC IT SYSTEMS PART III.-AC AND DC IT SYSTEMS.-10. EFFECTS OF AC AND DC IT SYSTEMS INSULATION FAILURES.-11. INSULATION MONITORS SETTINGS SELECTION.-12. AC/DC IT SYSTEMS.-13. EARTH FAULT LOCATION IN AC AND DC IT SYSTEMS.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Low voltage unearthed (IT) AC and DC systems are commonly applied for supply of power and control circuits in industry, transportation, medical objects etc. The main reasons for their use are high reliability and numerous advantages offered by isolating them against ground. Insulation level is a decisive factor for networks operational reliability and safety. Insufficient insulation-to-ground resistance can cause various disturbances. Though ground faults in IT systems do not make networks operation impossible, they may cause severe problems with their safe functioning. In this book the most important issues concerning normal operation and ground fault phenomena are described in concise form. Numerous methods of insulation resistance and capacitance measurement in live circuits are presented. Important other procedures of these parameters determination based on measurement and calculation are explained and reviews of selected insulation resistance measurement devices as well as earth fault locating systems are included. For the text understanding merely basic knowledge of electrical circuits theory is required. This book is addressed to electrical engineers, technicians and students of this specialty and may also serve as an academic handbook.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• ch. 1.
• Modeling methodology using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 2. Materials properties using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 3. 0D electrical circuit interface modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 4. 1D modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 5. 2D modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 6. 2D axisymmetric modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 7. 2D simple mixed mode modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 8. 2D complex mixed mode modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 9. 3D modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 10. Perfectly matched layer models using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 11. Bioheat models using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x.

• Front Cover; Nanotechnology Cookbook: Practical, Reliable and Jargon-free Experimental Procedures; Copyright; Contents; Acknowledgements; Chapter1 Introduction; Chapter2 Safety; General Laboratory Procedure; Personal Safety Equipment; References; Chapter3 Common Analytical Techniques for Nanoscale Materials; Principles of Electron Microscopy; Transmission Electron Microscopy; Sample Preparation for Tem; Scanning Electron Microscopy; Sample Preparation in Sem; Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy; Atomic Force Microscopy; Powder X-Ray Diffraction; UV-Visible Spectroscopy.

• Dynamic Light Scattering and Zeta Potential MeasurementBet Surface Area Measurement; References; Chapter4 Chemical Techniques; The SOL-GEL Process; Coating Nanomaterials Using the Sol Gel Method; Using Sol Gel Dip Coating to form Thin Films, Thin Porous Films and Replicas; Replication of Oddly Shaped Morphologies Using Sol Gel Techniques; Mesoporous Inorganic Powders; Aerogels and Supercritical Drying; Applications of Aerogels; Monoliths and Glasses Containing Functional Biological Materials; Growing Zinc Oxide Nanorods; Cadmium Sulfide, Selenide and Telluride Quantum Dots.

• Making Gold and Silver ColloidsFerrofluids; Allotropes of Carbon; Metal Organic Frameworks; References; Chapter5 Physical Techniques; Chemical Vapour Deposition; Atomic Layer Deposition; Photolithography Patterning; Making Wire Tips for Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy; References; Chapter6 Biological Nanotechnology; Cloning and Gene Expression to Produce Proteins in Escherichia Coli; DNA Origami?; Keeping Bacteria Long Term in a Glycerol Stock; Testing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of an Antibiotic; References; Index.

The peculiarities of materials at the nanoscale demand an interdisciplinary approach which can be difficult for students and researchers who are trained predominantly in a single field. A chemist might not have experience at working with cell cultures or a physicist may have no idea how to make the gold colloid they need for calibrating an atomic force microscope. The interdisciplinary approach of the book will help you to quickly synthesize information from multiple perspectives. Nanoscience research is also characterized by rapid movement within disciplines. The amount of time it takes wading through papers and chasing down academics is frustrating and wasteful and our reviewers seem to suggest this work would give an excellent starting point for their work. The current source of published data is either in journal articles, which requires highly advanced knowledge of background information, or books on the subject, which can skim over the essential details of preparations. Having a cookbook to hand to flick through and from which you may select a preparation acts as a good source of contact both to researchers and those who supervise them alike. This book therefore supports fundamental nanoscience experimentation. It is by intention much more user-friendly than traditional published works, which too-frequently assumes state of the art knowledge. Moreover you can pick up this book and find a synthesis to suit your needs without digging through specialist papers or tracking someone down who eventually may or may not be able to help. Once you have used the recipe the book would then act as a reference guide for how to analyze these materials and what to look out for. This title includes 100+ detailed recipes for synthesis of basic nanostructured materials, enables readers to pick up the book and get started on a preparation immediately. It features high fidelity images that show how preparations should look rather than vague schematics or verbal descriptions. It is sequential and user-friendly by design, so the reader won't get lost in overly detailed theory or miss out a step from ignorance. This is a cookbook, by design and structure the work is easy to use, familiar and compact.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• MATHEMATICS Arithmetic and Elementary Algebra Elementary Functions Elementary Geometry Analytic Geometry Algebra Limits and Derivatives Integrals Series Functions of Complex Variables Integral Transforms Ordinary Differential Equations Partial Differential Equations Special Functions and Their Properties Probability Theory PHYSICS Physical Foundations of Mechanics Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics Electrodynamics Oscillations and Waves Optics Quantum Mechanics. Atomic Physics Quantum Theory of Crystals Elements of Nuclear Physics ELEMENTS OF APPLIED AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES Dimensions and Similarity Mechanics of Point Particles and Rigid Bodies Elements of Strength of Materials Hydrodynamics Mass and Heat Transfer Electrical Engineering Empirical and Engineering Formulas and Criteria for Their Applicability SUPPLEMENTS Integrals Integral Transforms Orthogonal Curvilinear Systems of Coordinates Ordinary Differential Equations Some Useful Electronic Mathematical Resources Index References appear at the end of each chapter.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

A Concise Handbook of Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering Sciences takes a practical approach to the basic notions, formulas, equations, problems, theorems, methods, and laws that most frequently occur in scientific and engineering applications and university education. The authors pay special attention to issues that many engineers and students find difficult to understand. The first part of the book contains chapters on arithmetic, elementary and analytic geometry, algebra, differential and integral calculus, functions of complex variables, integral transforms, ordinary and partial differential equations, special functions, and probability theory. The second part discusses molecular physics and thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, oscillations and waves, optics, special relativity, quantum mechanics, atomic and nuclear physics, and elementary particles. The third part covers dimensional analysis and similarity, mechanics of point masses and rigid bodies, strength of materials, hydrodynamics, mass and heat transfer, electrical engineering, and methods for constructing empirical and engineering formulas. The main text offers a concise, coherent survey of the most important definitions, formulas, equations, methods, theorems, and laws. Numerous examples throughout and references at the end of each chapter provide readers with a better understanding of the topics and methods. Additional issues of interest can be found in the remarks. For ease of reading, the supplement at the back of the book provides several long mathematical tables, including indefinite and definite integrals, direct and inverse integral transforms, and exact solutions of differential equations.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Interactive Simulations: History, Features, and Trends
• 2. Performance Measurement and Evaluation in Human-in-the-Loop Simulations
• 3. Virtual and Constructive Simulations with the GRBIL Modeling Tool
• 4. An Integrated Pedestrian Behavior Model Based on Extended Decision Field Theory and Social Force Model
• 5. Determining the Number of Simulation Runs: Treating Simulations as Theories by Not Sampling Their Behavior
• 6. Training for Metacognition in Simulated Environments
• 7. Trade Space Exploration: Assessing the Benefits of Putting Designers "(BBack-in-the-Loop" During Engineering Optimization
• 8. Analyzing Global Epidemiology of Diseases Using Human-in-the-Loop Bio-Simulations
• 9. Aiding Understanding of a Contested Information Environment's Effect on Operations
• 10. Interactive Model-Based Decision Making for Time-Critical Vehicle Routing
• 11. PerFECT: An Automated Framework for Training on the Fly
• 12. Evaluating Human Interaction with Automation in a Complex UCAV Control Station Simulation Using Multiple Performance Metrics.

Human-in-the-Loop Simulations is a compilation of articles from experts in the design, development, and use of human-in-the-loop simulations. The first section of the handbook consists of papers on fundamental concepts in human-in-the-loop simulations, such as object-oriented simulation development, interface design and development, and performance measurement. The second section includes papers from researchers who utilized HITL simulations to inform models of cognitive processes to include decision making and metacognition. The last section describes human-in-the-loop processes for complex simulation models in trade space exploration and epidemiological analyses. Human-in-the-Loop Simulations is a useful tool for multiple audiences, including graduate students and researchers in engineering and computer science.

• Series Preface
• Preface
• Foreword
• List of Contributors
• Part One - Growth
• 1 Bulk Growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT)
• P. Capper
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Phase Equilibria
• 1.3 Crystal Growth
• 1.4 Conclusions
• References
• 2 Bulk growth of CdZnTe/CdTe crystals
• A. Noda, H. Kurita and R. Hirano
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 High-purity Cd and Te
• 2.3 Crystal Growth
• 2.4 Wafer processing
• 2.5 Summary
• Acknowledgements
• References
• 3 Properties of Cd(Zn)Te (relevant to use as substrates)
• S. Adachi
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Structural Properties
• 3.3 Thermal Properties
• 3.4 Mechanical and Lattice Vibronic Properties
• 3.5 Collective Effects and Some Response Characteristics
• 3.6 Electronic Energy-band Structure
• 3.7 Optical Properties
• 3.8 Carrier Transport Properties
• References
• 4 Substrates for the Epitaxial growth of MCT
• J. Garland and R. Sporken
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Substrate Orientation
• 4.3 CZT Substrates
• 4.4 Si-based Substrates
• 4.5 Other Substrates
• 4.6 Summary and Comclusions
• References
• 5 Liquid phase epitaxy of MCT
• P. Capper
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Growth
• 5.3 Material Characteristics
• 5.4 Device Status
• 5.5 Summary and Future Developments
• References
• 6 Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) Growth
• C. M. Maxey
• 6.1 Requirement for Epitaxy
• 6.2 History
• 6.3 Substrate Choices
• 6.4 Reactor Design
• 6.5 Process Parameters
• 6.6 Metalorganic Sources
• 6.7 Uniformity
• 6.8 Reproducibility
• 6.9 Doping
• 6.10 Defects
• 6.11 Annealing
• 6.12 In-situ monitoring
• 6.13 Conclusions
• References
• 7 MBE growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride
• J. Garland
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 MBE Growth theory and Growth Modes
• 7.3 Substrate Mounting
• 7.4 In-situ Characterization Tools
• 7.5 MCT Nucleation and Growth
• 7.6 Dopants and Dopant Activation
• 7.7 Properties of MCT epilayers grown by MBE
• 7.8 Conclusions
• References
• Part Two - Properties
• 8 Mechanical and Thermal Properties
• M. Martyniuk, J.M. Dell and L. Faraone
• 8.1 Density of MCT
• 8.2 Lattice Parameter of MCT
• 8.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for MCT
• 8.4 Elastic Parameters of MCT
• 8.5 Hardness and deformation characteristics of HgCdTe
• 8.6 Phase Diagrams of MCT
• 8.7 Viscosity of the MCT melt
• 8.8 Thermal properties of MCT
• References
• 9 Optical Properties of MCT
• J. Chu and Y. Chang
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Optical Constants and the Dielectric Function
• 9.3 Theory of Band-to-band Optical Transition
• 9.4 Near Band Gap Absorption
• 9.5 Analytic Expressions and Empirical Formulas for Intrinsic Absorption and Urbach Tail
• 9.6 Dispersion of the Refractive Index
• 9.7 Optical Constants and Related van Hover Singularities above the Energy Gap
• 9.8 Reflection Spectra and Dielectric Function
• 9.9 Multimode Model of Lattice Vibration
• 9.10 Phonon Absorption
• 9.11 Raman Scattering
• 9.12 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
• References
• 10 Diffusion in MCT
• D. Shaw
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Self-Diffusion
• 10.3 Chemical Self-Diffusion
• 10.4 Compositional Interdiffusion
• 10.5 Impurity Diffusion
• References
• 11 Defects in HgCdTe - Fundamental
• M. A. Berding
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Ab Initio calculations
• 11.3 Prediction of Native Point Defect Densities in HgCdgTe
• 11.4 Future Challenges
• References
• 12 Band Structure and Related Properties of HgCdTe
• C. R. Becker and S. Krishnamurthy
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Parameters
• 12.3 Electronic Band Structure
• 12.4 Comparison with Experiment
• Acknowledgments
• References
• 13 Conductivity Type Conversion
• P. Capper and D. Shaw
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Native Defects in Undoped MCT
• 13.3 Native Defects in Doped MCT
• 13.4 Defect Concentrations During Cool Down
• 13.5 Change of Conductivity Type
• 13.6 Dry Etching by Ion Beam Milling
• 13.7 Plasma Etching
• 13.8 Summary
• References
• 14 Extrinsic Doping
• D. Shaw and P. Capper
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Impurity Activity
• 14.3 Thermal Ionization Energies of Impurities
• 14.4 Segregation Properties of Impurities
• 14.5 Traps and Recombination Centers
• 14.6 Donor and Acceptor Doping in LWIR and MWIR MCT
• 14.7 Residual Defects
• 14.8 Conclusions
• References
• 15
• Structure and electrical characteristics of Metal/MCT interfaces
• R. J. Westerhout, C. A. Musca, Richard H. Sewell, John M. Dell, and L. Faraone
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Reactive/intermediately reactive/nonreactive categories
• 15.3 Ultrareactive/reactive categories
• 15.4 Conclusion
• 15.5 Passivation of MCT
• 15.6 Conclusion
• 15.7 Contacts to MCT
• 15.7 Surface Effects on MCT
• 15.8 Surface Structure of CdTe and MCT
• References
• 16 MCT Superlattices for VLWIR Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays
• James Garland
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Why HgTe-Based Superlattices
• 16.3 Calculated Properties
• 16.4 Growth
• 16.5 Interdiffusion
• 16.6 Conclusions
• Acknowledgements
• References
• 17 Dry Plasma Processing of Mercury Cadmium Telluride and related II- VIs
• Andrew Stolz
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 Effects of Plasma Gases on MCT
• 17.3 Plasma Parameters
• 17.4 Characterization - Surfaces of Plasma Processed MCT
• 17.5 Manufacturing Issues and Solutions
• 17.6 Plasma Processes in Production of II-VI materials
• 17.7 Conclusions and Future Efforts
• References
• 18 MCT Photoconductive Infrared Detectors
• I. M. Baker
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Applications and Sensor Design
• 18.3 Photoconductive Detectors in MCT and Related Alloys
• 18.4 SPRITE Detectors
• 18.5 Conclusions on Photoconductive MCT Detectors
• Ackowledgements
• References
• Part Three - Applications
• 19 HgCdTe Photovoltaic Infrared Detectors
• I. M. Baker
• 19.1 Introduction
• 19.2 Advantages of the Photovoltaic Device in MCT
• 19.3 Applications
• 19.4 Fundamentals of MCT Photodiodes
• 19.5 Theoretical Foundations for MCT Array Technology
• 19.6 Manufacturing Technology for MCT Arrays
• 19.7 Towards "GEN III" Detectors
• 19.8 Conclusions and Future Trends for Photovoltaic NCT Arrays
• References
• 20 Nonequilibrium, dual-band and emission devices
• C. Jones and N. Gordon
• 20.1 Introduction
• 20.2 Nonequilibrium Devices
• 20.3 Dual-Band Devices
• 20.4 Emission devices
• 20.5 Conclusions
• References
• 21 HgCdTe Electron Avalanche Photodiodes (EAPDs)
• I. M. Baker and M. Kinch
• 21.1 Introduction and Applications
• 21.2 The Avalanche Multiplication Effect
• 21.3 Physics of MCT EAPDs
• 21.4 Technology of MCT EAPDs
• 21.5 Reported Performance of Arrays of MCT EAPDs
• 21.6 Laser-gated Imaging as a Practical Example of MCT EAPDs
• 21.7 Conclusions and Future Developments
• References
• 22 Room-temperature IR photodetectors
• Jozef Piotrowski and Adam Piotrowski
• 22.1 Introduction
• 22.2 Performance of Room-Temperature Infrared Photodetectors
• 22.3 MCT as a Material for Room-Temperature Photodetectors
• 22.4 Photoconductive Devices
• 22.5 Photoelectromagnetic, Magnetoconcentration and Dember IR Detectors
• 22.6 Photodiodes
• 22.7 Conclusions
• References
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Mercury Cadmium Telluride delivers a comprehensive treatment of both the growth techniques and fundamental properties of mercury cadmium telluride (MCT). It also presents information on the current developments in the use of this important material and includes contributions from many of the key groups working in the area from several countries, giving it a wide, international appeal. Edited by experts in the field of MCT, this reference is essential for researchers or postgraduates who want to check out a property value or read about a growth technique or device application.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 Radionuclides and their Radiometric Measurement. 1.1 Radionuclides. 1.2 Modes of Radioactive Decay. 1.3 Detection and Measurement of Radiation. 2 Special Features of the Chemistry of Radionuclides and their Separation. 2.1 Small Quantities. 2.2 Adsorption. 2.3 Use of Carriers. 2.4 Utilization of Radiation in the Determination of Radionuclides. 2.5 Consideration of Elapsed Time. 2.6 Changes in the System Caused by Radiation and Decay. 2.7 The Need for Radiochemical Separations. 3 Factors Affecting Chemical Forms of Radionuclides in Aqueous Solutions. 3.1 Solution pH. 3.2 Redox Potential. 3.3 Dissolved Gases. 3.4 Ligands Forming Complexes with Metals. 3.5 Humic Substances. 3.6 Colloidal Particles. 3.7 Source and Generation of Radionuclides. 3.8 Appendix: Reagents Used to Adjust Oxidation States of Radionuclides. 4 Separation Methods. 4.1 Precipitation. 4.2 Solubility Product. 4.3 Ion Exchange. 4.4 Solvent Extraction. 4.5 Extraction Chromatography. 5 Yield Determinations and Counting Source Preparation. 5.1 The Determination of Chemical Yield in Radiochemical Analyses. 5.2 Preparation of Sources for Activity Counting. 5.3 Essentials in Chemical Yield Determination and in Counting Source Preparation. 6 Radiochemistry of the Alkali Metals. 6.1 Most Important Radionuclides of the Alkali Metals. 6.2 Chemical Properties of the Alkali Metals. 6.3 Separation Needs of Alkali Metal Radionuclides. 6.4 Potassium 40K. 6.5 Cesium 134Cs, 135Cs, and 137Cs. 6.6 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of the Alkali Metals. 7 Radiochemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metals. 7.1 Most Important Radionuclides of the Alkaline Earth Metals. 7.2 Chemical Properties of the Alkaline Earth Metals. 7.3 Beryllium 7Be and 10Be. 7.4 Calcium 41Ca and 45Ca. 7.5 Strontium 89Sr and 90Sr. 7.6 Radium 226Ra and 228Ra. 7.7 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metals. 8 Radiochemistry of the 3d-Transition Metals. 8.1 The Most Important Radionuclides of the 3d-Transition Metals. 8.2 Chemical Properties of the 3d-Transition Metals. 8.3 Iron 55Fe. 8.4 Nickel 59Ni and 63Ni. 8.5 Essentials in 3-d Transition Metals Radiochemistry. 9 Radiochemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals. 9.1 Important Radionuclides of the 4d-Transition Metals. 9.2 Chemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals. 9.3 Technetium 99Tc. 9.4 Zirconium 93Zr. 9.5 Molybdenum 93Mo. 9.6 Niobium 94Nb. 9.7 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of 4-d Transition Metals. 10 Radiochemistry of the Lanthanides. 10.1 Important Lanthanide Radionuclides. 10.2 Chemical Properties of the Lanthanides. 10.3 Separation of Lanthanides from Actinides. 10.4 Lanthanides as Actinide Analogs. 10.5 147Pm and 151Sm. 10.6 Essentials of Lanthanide Radiochemistry. 11 Radiochemistry of the Halogens. 11.1 Important Halogen Radionuclides. 11.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Halogens. 11.3 Chlorine 36Cl. 11.4 Iodine 129I. 11.5 Essentials of Halogen Radiochemistry. 12 Radiochemistry of the Noble Gases. 12.1 Important Radionuclides of the Noble Gases. 12.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Noble Gases. 12.3 Measurement of Xe Isotopes in Air. 12.4 Determination of 85Kr in Air. 12.5 Radon and its Determination. 12.6 Essentials of Noble Gas Radiochemistry. 13 Radiochemistry of Tritium and Radiocarbon. 13.1 Tritium 3H. 13.2 Radiocarbon 14C. 13.3 Essentials of Tritium and Radiocarbon Radiochemistry. 14 Radiochemistry of Lead, Polonium, Tin, and Selenium. 14.1 Polonium 210Po. 14.2 Lead 210Pb. 14.3 Tin 126Sn. 14.4 Selenium 79Se. 14.5 Essentials of Polonium, Lead, Tin, and Selenium Radiochemistry. 15 Radiochemistry of the Actinides. 15.1 Important Actinide Isotopes. 15.2 Generation and Origin of the Actinides. 15.3 Electronic Structures of the Actinides. 15.4 Oxidation States of the Actinides. 15.5 Ionic Radii of the Actinides. 15.6 Major Chemical Forms of the Actinides. 15.7 Disproportionation. 15.8 Hydrolysis and Polymerization of the Actinides. 15.9 Complex Formation of the Actinides. 15.10 Oxides of the Actinides. 15.11 Actinium. 15.12 Thorium. 15.13 Protactinium. 15.14 Uranium. 15.15 Neptunium. 15.16 Plutonium. 15.17 Americium and Curium. 16 Speciation Analysis. 16.1 Considerations Relevant to Speciation. 16.2 Significance of Speciation. 16.3 Categorization of Speciation Analyzes. 16.4 Fractionation Techniques for Environmental Samples. 16.5 Analysis of Radionuclide and Isotope Compositions. 16.6 Spectroscopic Speciation Methods. 16.7 Wet Chemical Methods. 16.8 Sequential Extractions. 16.9 Computational Speciation Methods. 16.10 Characterization of Radioactive Particles. 17 Measurement of Radionuclides by Mass Spectrometry. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). 17.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). 17.4 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS). 17.5 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS). 17.6 Essentials of the Measurement of Radionuclides by Mass Spectrometry. 18 Sampling and Sample Pretreatment for the Determination of Radionuclides. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Air Sampling and Pretreatment. 18.3 Sampling Gaseous Components. 18.4 Atmospheric Deposition Sampling. 18.5 Water Sampling. 18.6 Sediment Sampling and Pretreatment. 18.7 Soil Sampling and Pretreatment. 18.8 Essentials in Sampling and Sample Pretreatment for Radionuclides. 19 Chemical Changes Induced by Radioactive Decay. 19.1 Autoradiolysis. 19.2 Transmutation and Subsequent Chemical Changes. 19.3 Recoil Hot Atom Chemistry. Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Written by chemists for chemists, this is a comprehensive guide to the important radionuclides as well as techniques for their separation and analysis. It introduces readers to the important laboratory techniques and methodologies in the field, providing practical instructions on how to handle nuclear waste and radioactivity in the environment.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Optimal control
• Method of decomposition (the first approach)
• Method of decomposition (the second approach)
• Stability based control for Lagrangian mechanical systems
• Piecewise linear control for mechanical systems under uncertainty
• Continuous feedback control for mechanical systems under uncertainty
• Control in distributed-parameter systems
• Control system under complex constraints
• Optimal control problems under complex constraints
• Time-optimal swing-up and damping feedback controls of a nonlinear pendulum.

This book is devoted to new methods of control for complex dynamical systems and deals with nonlinear control systems having several degrees of freedom, subjected to unknown disturbances, and containing uncertain parameters. Various constraints are imposed on control inputs and state variables or their combinations. The book contains an introduction to the theory of optimal control and the theory of stability of motion, and also a description of some known methods based on these theories. Major attention is given to new methods of control developed by the authors over the last 15 years.Mechanical and electromechanical systems described by nonlinear Lagrange's equations are considered. General methods are proposed for an effective construction of the required control, often in an explicit form. The book contains various techniques including the decomposition of nonlinear control systems with many degrees of freedom, piece-wise linear feedback control based on Lyapunov's functions, methods which elaborate and extend the approaches of the conventional control theory, optimal control, differential games, and the theory of stability. The distinctive feature of the methods developed in the book is that the controls obtained satisfy the imposed constraints and steer the dynamical system to a prescribed terminal state in finite time. Explicit upper estimates for the time of the process are given. In all cases, the control algorithms and the estimates obtained are strictly proven.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Mathematical Preliminaries
• Discrete-Time Adaptive Neural Backstepping
• Discrete-Time Block Control
• Discrete-Time Neural Observers
• Discrete-Time Output Trajectory Tracking
• Real Time Implementation
• Conclusions and Future Work.

The objective of this work is to present recent advances in the theory of neural control for discrete-time nonlinear systems with multiple inputs and multiple outputs. The results that appear in each chapter include rigorous mathematical analyses, based on the Lyapunov approach, in order to guarantee its properties; in addition, for each chapter, simulation results are included to verify the successful performance of the corresponding proposed schemes. In order to complete the treatment of these schemes, the book includes a chapter presenting experimental results related to their application to an electric three phase induction motor, which show the applicability of such designs. The proposed schemes could be employed for different applications beyond the ones presented in this book. The book presents solutions for the output trajectory tracking problem of unknown nonlinear systems based on four schemes. For the first one, a direct design method is considered: the well known backstepping method, under the assumption of complete state measurement; the second one considers an indirect method, solved with the block control and the sliding mode techniques, under the same assumption. For the third scheme, the backstepping technique is reconsidering including a neural observer, and finally the block control and the sliding mode techniques are used again too, with a neural observer. All the proposed schemes are developed in discrete-time. For both mentioned control methods as well as for the neural observer, the on-line training of the respective neural networks is performed by Kalman Filtering.

• Negative Refraction of Electromagnetic and Electronic Waves in Uniform Media.- Anisotropic Field Distributions in Left-Handed Guided Wave Electronic Structures and Negative Refractive Bicrystal Heterostructures.- "Left-Handed" Magnetic Granular Composites.- Spatial Dispersion, Polaritons, and Negative Refraction.- Negative Refraction in Photonic Crystals.- Negative Refraction and Subwavelength Focusing in Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals.- Negative Refraction and Imaging with Quasicrystals.- Generalizing the Concept of Negative Medium to Acoustic Waves.- Experiments and Simulations of Microwave Negative Refraction in Split Ring and Wire Array Negative Index Materials, 2D Split-Ring Resonator and 2D Metallic Disk Photonic Crystals.- Super Low Loss Guided Wave Bands Using Split Ring Resonator-Rod Assemblies as Left-Handed Materials.- Development of Negative Index of Refraction Metamaterials with Split Ring Resonators and Wires for RF Lens Applications.- Nonlinear Effects in Left-Handed Metamaterials.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book deals with the subject of optical and electronic negative refraction (NR) and negative index materials NIM). Diverse approaches for achieving NR and NIM are covered, such as using photonic crystals, phononic crystals, split-ring resonators (SRRs) and continuous media, focusing of waves, guided-wave behavior, and nonlinear effects. It is perhaps the most comprehensive book on the new class of negative refraction materials, covering all aspects of negative refraction and negative index materials.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Neural Networks: An Overview.- Modeling with Neural Networks: Principles and Model Design Methodology.- Modeling Metholodgy: Dimension Reduction and Resampling Methods.- Neural Identification of Controlled Dynamical Systems and Recurrent Networks.- Closed-Loop Control Learning.- Discrimination.- Self-Organizing Maps and Unsupervised Classification.- Neural Networks without Training for Optimization.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Neural networks represent a powerful data processing technique that has reached maturity and broad application. When clearly understood and appropriately used, they are a mandatory component in the toolbox of any engineer who wants make the best use of the available data, in order to build models, make predictions, mine data, recognize shapes or signals, etc. Ranging from theoretical foundations to real-life applications, this book is intended to provide engineers and researchers with clear methodologies for taking advantage of neural networks in industrial, financial or banking applications, many instances of which are presented in the book. For the benefit of readers wishing to gain deeper knowledge of the topics, the book features appendices that provide theoretical details for greater insight, and algorithmic details for efficient programming and implementation. The chapters have been written by experts and edited to present a coherent and comprehensive, yet not redundant, practically oriented introduction.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Triangular Operations and Negations (Allegro).- 1
• .1. Triangular Norms and Conorms.- 1
• .2. Negations.- 1
• .3. Associated Triangular Operations.- 1
• .4. Archimedean Triangular Operations.- 1
• .5. Induced Negations and Complementary Triangular Operations.- 1
• .6. Implications Induced by Triangular Norms.-
• 2. Fuzzy Sets (Andante spianato).- 2
• .1. The Concept of a Fuzzy Set.- 2
• .2. Operations on Fuzzy Sets.- 2
• .3. Generalized Operations.- 2
• .4. Other Elements of the Language of Fuzzy Sets.- 2
• .5. Towards Cardinalities of Fuzzy Sets.-
• 3. Scalar Cardinalities of Fuzzy Sets (Scherzo).- 3
• .1. An Axiomatic Viewpoint.- 3
• .2. Cardinality Patterns.- 3
• .3. Valuation Property and Subadditivity.- 3
• .4. Cartesian Product Rule and Complementarity.- 3
• .5. On the Fulfilment of a Group of the Properties.- 3.5
• .1. VAL and CART.- 3.5
• .2. CART and COMP.- 3.5
• .3. VAL and COMP.- 3.5
• .4. VAL, CART and COMP.-
• 4. Generalized Cardinals with Triangular Norms (Rondeau a la polonaise).- 4
• .1. Generalized FGCounts.- 4.1
• .1. The Corresponding Equipotency Relation.- 4.1
• .2. Inequalities.- 4.1
• .3. Arithmetical Operations.- 4.1.3
• .1. Addition.- 4.1.3
• .2. Subtraction.- 4.1.3
• .3. Multiplication.- 4.1.3
• .4. Division.- 4.1.3
• .5. Exponentiation.- 4.1
• .4. Some Derivative Concepts of Cardinality.- 4
• .2. Generalized FLCounts.- 4.2
• .1. Equipotencies and Inequalities.- 4.2
• .2. Addition and Other Arithmetical Operations.- 4
• .3. Generalized FECounts.- 4.3
• .1. The Height of a Generalized FECount.- 4.3
• .2. Singular Fuzzy Sets.- 4.3
• .3. Equipotencies, Inequalities and Arithmetical Questions.- List of Symbols.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Counting is one of the basic elementary mathematical activities. It comes with two complementary aspects: to determine the number of elements of a set - and to create an ordering between the objects of counting just by counting them over. For finite sets of objects these two aspects are realized by the same type of num bers: the natural numbers. That these complementary aspects of the counting pro cess may need different kinds of numbers becomes apparent if one extends the process of counting to infinite sets. As general tools to determine numbers of elements the cardinals have been created in set theory, and set theorists have in parallel created the ordinals to count over any set of objects. For both types of numbers it is not only counting they are used for, it is also the strongly related process of calculation - especially addition and, derived from it, multiplication and even exponentiation - which is based upon these numbers. For fuzzy sets the idea of counting, in both aspects, looses its naive foundation: because it is to a large extent founded upon of the idea that there is a clear distinc tion between those objects which have to be counted - and those ones which have to be neglected for the particular counting process.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Source Coding.- 2 Random Number Generation.- 3 Channel Coding.- 4 Hypothesis Testing.- 5 Rate-Distortion Theory.- 6 Identification Code and Channel Resolvability.- 7 Multi-Terminal Information Theory.- References.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

From the reviews: "This book nicely complements the existing literature on information and coding theory by concentrating on arbitrary nonstationary and/or nonergodic sources and channels with arbitrarily large alphabets. Even with such generality the authors have managed to successfully reach a highly unconventional but very fertile exposition rendering new insights into many problems." -- MATHEMATICAL REVIEWS.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Temperature conversion table
• Introduction
• Some mathematical tables
• Treatment of experimental data
• General physical constants
• Common units of measurement
• Constants for temperature measurement
• The Blackbody and its radiant energy
• Photometry
• Emissivities of a number of materials
• Characteristics of some light-source materials, and some light sources
• Cooling by radiation and convection
• Temperature characteristics of materials
• Changes in freezing and boiling points
• Heat flow and thermal conductivity
• Thermal expansion
• Specific heat
• Latent heat
• Thermal properties of saturated vapors
• Heats of combustion
• Physical and mechanical properties of materials
• Characteristics of some building materials
• Physical properties of leather
• Values of physical constants of different rubbers
• Characteristics of plastics
• Properties of fibers
• Properties of woods
• Temperature, pressure, volume, and weight relations of gases and weight relations of and vapors
• Thermal properties of gases
• The Joule-Thomson effect in fluids
• Compressibility
• Densities
• Velocity of sound
• Acoustics
• Viscosity of fluids and solids
• Aeronautics
• Diffusion, solubility surface tension and vapor pressure
• Various electrical characteristics of materials
• Electrolytic conduction
• Electrical and mechanical characteristics of wire
• Some characteristics of dielectrics
• Radio propagation data
• Magnetic properties of materials
• Geomagnetism
• Magneto-optic effects
• Optical glass and optical crystals
• Transmission of radiation
• Reflection and absorption of radiation
• Rotation of plane of polarized light
• Media for determinations of refractive indices with the microscope
• Photography
• Standard wavelengths and series relations in atomic spectra.

• The atmosphere
• Densities and humidities of moist air
• The barometer
• Atmospheric electricity
• Atomic and molecular data
• Abundance of elements
• Colloids
• Electron emission
• Kinetic theory of gases
• Atomic and molecular dimensions
• Nuclear physics
• Radioactivity
• X-rays
• Fission
• Cosmic rays
• Gravitation
• Solar radiation
• Astronomy and astrophysics
• Oceanography
• The earth's rotation: its variation
• General conversion factors.

Comprising 901 tables concentrating on a broad scope of common physical and chemical data, the information provided is of general interest to scientists and engineers and of particular interest to those involved with physics in its larger sense. On knovel, the Smithsonian physical tables are now easy to navigate and are full-text searchable as are all references on knovel. All entries in the index are hyperlinked to their page numbers.

• 1. Neurons, Networks, and Cognition: An Introduction to Neural Modeling (J.A. Hertz)
• 2. The Gaze Control System (John Van Opstal)
• 3. Integrating Anatomy and Physiology of the Primary Visual Pathway: from LGN to Cortex (K. Funke, Z.F. Kisvarday, M. Volgushev, and F. Worgotter)
• 4. Neural Principles of Preattentive Scene Segmentation: Hints from Cortical Recordings, Related Models, and Perception (R. Eckhorn)
• 5. Figure-Ground Segregation and Brightness Perception at Illusory Contours: A Neuronal Model (E. Peterhans, R. van der Zwan, B. Heider, F. Heitger)
• 6. Controlling the Focus of Visual Selective Attention (E. Niebur, L. Itti, C. Koch)
• 7. Activity-Gating Attentional Networks (J. Eggert, J.L. van Hemmen)
• 8. Timing and Counting Precision in the Blowfly Visual System (R. de Ruyter van Steveninck, W. Bialek)
• 9. Paradigms for Computing with Spiking Neurons (W. Maass).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This volume, with chapters by leading researchers in the field, is devoted to early vision and attention, that is, to the first stages of visual information processing. This state-of-the-art look at biological neural networks spans the many subfields, such as computational and experimental neuroscience; anatomy and physiology; visual information processing and scene segmentation; perception at illusory contours; control of visual attention; and paradigms for computing with spiking neurons.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Computer algebra systems allow students to work on mathematical models more efficiently than in the case of pencil and paper. The use of such systems also leads to fewer errors and enables students to work on complex and computationally intensive models. Aimed at undergraduates in their second or third year, this book is filled with examples from a wide variety of disciplines, including biology, economics, medicine, engineering, game theory, physics, and chemistry. The text includes a large number of Maple(R) recipes.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Transportation Systems
• 2. Transportation Supply Models
• 3. Random Utility Theory
• 4. Transportation Demand Models
• 5. Models for Traffic Assignment to Transportation Networks
• 6. Intra-Period (within-Day) Dynamic Models*
• 7. Algorithms for Traffic Assignment to Transportation Networks
• 8. Estimation of Travel Demand Flows
• 9. Transportation Supply Design Models
• 10. Transportation Systems Engineering for Planning and Evaluation
• A. Review of Numerical Analysis
• A.1. Sets and functions
• A.1.1. Elements of set topology
• A.1.2. Differentiable functions
• A.1.3. Convex functions
• A.2. Solution algorithms
• A.3. Fixed point problems
• A.3.1. Properties of fixed points
• A.3.2. Solution algorithms for fixed point problems
• A.4. Optimization problems
• A.4.1. Properties of minimum points
• A.4.1.1. Properties of minimum points on open sets
• A.4.1.2. Properties of minimum points on closed sets
• A.4.2. Solution algorithms for optimization problems
• A.4.2.1. Mono-dimensional optimization algorithms
• A.4.2.2. Unconstrained multi-dimensional optimization algorithms
• A.4.2.3. Bounded variables multi-dimensional optimization algorithms
• A.4.2.4. Linearly constrained multi-dimensional optimization algorithms
• A.5. Variational inequality problems
• A.5.1. Properties of variational inequalities
• A.5.2. Solution algorithms for variational inequality problems
• References
• Main Variables.

This book provides a systematic and rigorous presentation of the theory of transportation systems and of the main methodologies for its application to transportation system engineering. Topics are presented with an increasing level of detail and complexity. Different selections of subjects can be used as the basis for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in transportation system engineering as well as economics and regional sciences. Audience: Academic researchers, workers of federal and governmental agencies, consultants and professionals involved in transportation modeling and planning. Academic and Technical libraries. `This book provides a rigorous and comprehensive coverage of transportation models and planning methods and is a must-have to anyone in the transportation community, including students, teachers, and practitioners.' Moshe Ben-Akiva, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Edmund K. Turner Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Director, Intelligent Transportation Systems. `This book excels in a modern, timely and up-to-date presentation of models used in transportation planning and analysis. It also has the merit of covering both demand modeling and network modeling. It is likely to be an excellent text for teaching and research purposes.' Michael Florian Dr. Eng. Sc., Professor, MRSC (Member of the Royal Society of Canada).

• A high performance matrix multiplication algorithm for MPPs.- Iterative moment method for electromagnetic transients in grounding systems on CRAY T3D.- Analysis of crystalline solids by means of a parallel FEM method.- Parallelization strategies for Tree N-body codes.- Numerical solution of stochastic differential equations on transputer network.- Development of a stencil compiler for one-dimensional convolution operators on the CM-5.- Automatic parallelization of the AVL FIRE benchmark for a distributed-memory system.- 2-D cellular automata and short range molecular dynamics programs for simulations on networked workstations and parallel computers.- Pablo-based performance monitoring tool for PVM applications.- Linear algebra computation on parallel machines.- A neural classifier for radar images.- ScaLAPACK: A portable linear algebra library for distributed memory computers - Design issues and performance.- A proposal for a set of parallel basic linear algebra subprograms.- Parallel implementation of a Lagrangian stochastic particle model of turbulent dispersion in fluids.- Reduction of a regular matrix pair (A, B) to block Hessenberg-triangular form.- Parallelization of algorithms for neural networks.- Paradigms for the parallelization of Branch&Bound algorithms.- Three-dimensional version of the Danish Eulerian Model.- A proposal for a Fortran 90 interface for LAPACK.- ScaLAPACK tutorial.- Highly parallel concentrated heterogeneous computing.- Adaptive polynomial preconditioning for the conjugate gradient algorithm.- The IBM parallel engineering and scientific subroutine library.- Some preliminary experiences with sparse BLAS in parallel iterative solvers.- Load balancing in a Network Flow Optimization code.- User-level VSM optimization and its application.- Benchmarking the cache memory effect.- Efficient Jacobi algorithms on multicomputers.- Front tracking: A parallelized approach for internal boundaries and interfaces.- Program generation techniques for the development and maintenance of numerical weather forecast Grid models.- High performance computational chemistry: NWChem and fully distributed parallel applications.- Parallel ab-initio molecular dynamics.- Dynamic domain decomposition and load balancing for parallel simulations of long-chained molecules.- Concurrency in feature analysis.- A parallel iterative solver for almost block-diagonal linear systems.- Distributed general matrix multiply and add for a 2D mesh processor network.- Distributed and parallel computing of short-range molecular dynamics.- Lattice field theory in a parallel environment.- Parallel time independent quantum calculations of atom diatom reactivity.- Parallel oil reservoir simulation.- Formal specification of multicomputers.- Multi-million particle molecular dynamics on MPPs.- Wave propagation in urban microcells: a massively parallel approach using the TLM method.- The NAG Numerical PVM Library.- Cellular automata modeling of snow transport by wind.- Parallel algorithm for mapping of parallel programs into pyramidal multiprocessor.- Data-parallel molecular dynamics with neighbor-lists.- Visualizing astrophysical 3D MHD turbulence.- A parallel sparse QR-factorization algorithm.- Decomposing linear programs for parallel solution.- A parallel computation of the Navier-Stokes equation for the simulation of free surface flows with the volume of fluid method.- Improving the performance of parallel triangularization of a sparse matrix using a reconfigurable multicomputer.- Comparison of two image-space subdivision algorithms for Direct Volume Rendering on distributed-memory multicomputers.- Communication harnesses for transputer systems with tree structure and cube structure.- A thorough investigation of the projector quantum Monte Carlo method using MPP technologies.- Distributed simulation of a set of elastic macro objects.- Parallelization of ab initio molecular dynamics method.- Parallel computations with large atmospheric models.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book presents the refereed proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Applied Parallel Computing in Physics, Chemistry and Engineering Science, PARA'95, held in Lyngby, Denmark, in August 1995. The 60 revised full papers included have been contributed by physicists, chemists, and engineers, as well as by computer scientists and mathematicians, and document the successful cooperation of different scientific communities in the booming area of computational science and high performance computing. Many widely-used numerical algorithms and their applications on parallel computers are treated in detail.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Collective Versus Statistical Aspects of Nuclear Motion.- Tests of Fundamental Symmetries in Compound-Nucleus Scattering.- Chaos in Nuclei.- Ericson Fluctuations Versus Conductance Fluctuations: Similarities and Differences.- Hot Nuclei - Landau Theory, Thermal Fluctuations and Dissipation.- Dissipation and Thermal Fluctuations in Heavy-Ion Collisions.- Multi-Dimensional Tunneling and Nuclear Fission.- Phase-Space Dynamics of Heavy-Ion Reactions.- Quantum Chaology: Our Knowledge and Ignorance.- True Quantum Chaos? An Instructive Example.- Toward the Fundamental Theory of Nuclear Matter Physics: The Microscopic Theory of Nuclear Collective Dynamics.- Mean Field Dynamics and Low-Lying Collective Excitations.- Rotational Motion in Warm Atomic Nuclei.- Collectivity and Chaoticity in Nuclear Dynamics.- Index of Contributors.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

"New Trends in Nuclear Collective Dynamics" emphasizes research toward understanding collective and statistical aspects of nuclear dynamics. Well-known lecturers from centers of nuclear research present reviews of recent developments. The topics covered are: -order and chaos in finite quantum systems -dissipation in heavy-ion collisions -collective motionsin warm nuclei -time-dependent mean-field theory with collision terms -nuclear fission and multi-dimensional tunneling -large-scale collective motion.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Digital Signak and Digital Filters.- 1.1 Analog and Digital Signals.- 1.1.1 Band-Limited Analog Signals.- 1.1.2 Digital Signals and the Sampling Theorem.- 1.2 Time and Frequency Domains.- 1.2.1 Fotirier Transforms and Convolutions on Three Basic Groups.- 1.2.2 Frequency Spectra of Digital Signals.- 1.3 z-Transforms.- 1.3.1 Properties of the z-Transform.- 1.3.2 Causal Digital Signals.- 1.3.3 Initial Value Problems.- 1.3.4 Singular and Analytic Discrete Fourier Transforms.- 1.4 Digital Filters.- 1.4.1 Basic Properties of Digital Filters.- 1.4.2 Transfer Fimctions and IIR Digital Filters.- 1.5 Optimal Digital Filter Design Criteria.- 1.5.1 An Interpolation Method.- 1.5.2 Ideal Filter Characteristics.- 1.5.3 Optimal IIR Filter Design Criteria.- Problems.-
• 2. Linear Systems.- 2.1 State-Space Descriptions.- 2.1.1 An Example of Flying Objects.- 2.1.2 Properties of Linear Time-Invariant Systems.- 2.1.3 Properties of State-Space Descriptions.- 2.2 Transfer Matrices and Minimal Realization.- 2.2.1 Transfer Matrices of Linear Time-Invariant Systems.- 2.2.2 Minimal Realization of Linear Systems.- 2.3 SISO Linear Systems.- 2.3.1 Kronecker's Theorem.- 2.3.2 Minimal Realization of SISO Linear Systems.- 2.3.3 System Reduction.- 2.4 Sensitivity and Feedback Systems.- 2.4.1 Plant Sensitivity.- 2.4.2 Feedback Systems and Output Sensitivity.- 2.4.3 Sensitivity Minimization.- Problems.-
• 3. Approximation in Hardy Spaces.- 3.1 Hardy Space Preliminaries.- 3.1.1 Definition of Hardy Space Norms.- 3.1.2 Inner and Outer Functions.- 3.1.3 The Hausdorff-Young Inequalities.- 3.2 Least-Squares Approximation.- 3.2.1 Beurling's Approximation Theorem.- 3.2.2 An All-Pole Filter Design Method.- 3.2.3 A Pole-Zero Filter Design Method.- 3.2.4 A Stabilization Procedure.- 3.3 Minimum-Norm Interpolation.- 3.3.1 Statement of the Problem.- 3.3.2 Extremal Kernels and GeneraHzed Extremal Functions.- 3.3.3 An Application to Minimum-Norm Interpolation.- 3.3.4 Suggestions for Computation of Solutions.- 3.4 Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation.- 3.4.1 An Interpolation Theorem.- 3.4.2 Nevanhnna-Pick's Theorem and Pick's Algorithm.- 3.4.3 Verification of Pick's Algorithm.- Problems.-
• 4. Optimal Hankel-Norm Approximation and H?-Minimization.- 4.1 The Nehari Theorem and Related Results.- 4.1.1 Nehari's Theorem.- 4.1.2 The AAK Theorem and Optimal Hankel-Norm Approximations.- 4.2 s-Numbers and Schmidt Pairs.- 4.2.1 Adjoint and Normal Operators.- 4.2.2 Singular Values of Hankel Matrices.- 4.2.3 Schmidt Series Representation of Compact Operators.- 4.2.4 Approximation of Compact Hankel Operators.- 4.3 System Reduction.- 4.3.1 Statement of the AAK Theorem.- 4.3.2 Proof of the AAK Theorem for Finite-Rank Hankel Matrices.- 4.3.3 Reformulation of AAK's Result.- 4.4 H?-Minimization.- 4.4.1 Statement of the Problem.- 4.4.2 An Example of H?-Minimization.- 4.4.3 Existence, Uniqueness, and Construction of Optimal Solutions.- Problems.-
• 5. General Theory of Optimal Hankel-Norm Approximation.- 5.1 Existence and Preliminary Results.- 5.1.1 Solvability of the Best Approximation Problem.- 5.1.2 Characterization of the Bounded Linear Operators that Commute with the Shift Operator.- 5.1.3 Beurhng's Theorem.- 5.1.4 Operator Norm of Hankel Matrices in Terms of Inner and Outer Factors.- 5.1.5 Properties of the Norm of Hankel Matrices.- 5.2 Uniqueness of Schmidt Pairs.- 5.2.1 Uniqueness of Ratios of Schmidt Pairs.- 5.2.2 Hankel Operators Generated by Schmidt Pairs.- 5.3 The Greatest Common Divisor: The Inner Function ?I0(z).- 5.3.1 Basic Properties of the Inner Function ?I0(z).- 5.3.2 Relations Between Dimensions and Degrees.- 5.3.3 Relations Between ?I0(z) and s-Numbers.- 5.4 AAK's Main Theorem on Best Hankel-Norm Approximation.- 5.4.1 Proof of AAK's Main Theorem: Case 1.- 5.4.2 Proof of AAK's Main Theorem: Case 2.- 5.4.3 Proof of AAK's Main Theorem: Case 3.- Problems.-
• 6. H?-Optimization and System Reduction for MIMO Systems.- 6.1 Balanced Realization of MIMO Linear Systems.- 6.1.1 Lyapunov's Equations.- 6.1.2 Balanced Realizations.- 6.2 Matrix-Valued All-Pass Transfer Functions.- 6.3 Optimal Hankel-Norm Approximation for MIMO Systems.- 6.3.1 Preliminary Results.- 6.3.2 Matrix-Valued Extensions of the Nehari and AAK Theorems.- 6.3.3 Derivation of Results.- Problems.- References.- Further Reading.- List of Symbols.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

"Signal Processing and Systems Theory" is concerned with the study of H-optimization for digital signal processing and discrete-time control systems. The first three chapters present the basic theory and standard methods in digital filtering and systems from the frequency-domain approach, followed by a discussion of the general theory of approximation in Hardy spaces. AAK theory is introduced, first for finite-rank operators and then more generally, before being extended to the multi-input/multi-output setting. This mathematically rigorous book is self-contained and suitable for self-study. The advanced mathematical results derived here are applicable to digital control systems and digital filtering.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Each article in the Encyclopedia of Applied Physics contains: A detailed table of contents for quick access to desired information A glossary of unfamiliar terms A detailed list of works cited that provides an introduction to the literature of the field Suggestions for further reading which indicate more in-depth books and review articels Numerous cross-references Uniform terms, abbreviations, symbols and units.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Atmospheric ice
• biomimetic processing of ceramics
• capillary electrophoresis
• dating techniques
• interferometric techniques
• micromagnetics and micromagnetic devices
• negative hydrogen ion sources
• nitrides
• percolation processes
• periodic surfaces in physics, chemistry and biology
• photographic imaging - special techniques
• photographic imaging - stereoscopioc
• photography, digital
• photography, physics and technology
• quantum computing
• safety and health in the physical science laboratory
• semiconductors, isotopically engineered
• semiconductors, nitride
• silicides
• silicon, porous
• sun, structure of superfluidity: liquid helium systems/surfaces and interfaces of solids/symmetries and conservation laws/X-ray microscopy and microanalysis
• addenda - acoustical tomography/atmospheric structure/biological effects of electromagnetic and particle radiation/biological effects of sound and ultrasound/ characterization and analysis of materials/chemical analysis/computer databases/computer programming languages/cyclotrons/ display technology/ Earth, internal structure of the electroluminiscence/explosives/fusion, inertial confinement/fusion, magnetic confinement/mesoscopic systems/ modulators and demodulators, electrical/muonic, Mesonic and Baryonic atoms/neurobiophysics/Raman spectroscopy
• instrumentation seismology.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Capillary electrophoresis
• dating techniques
• interferometric techniques
• negative hydrogen ion sources
• photographic imaging - special techniques
• photography
• physics and technology
• safety and health in the physical science laboratory
• silicides
• silicon
• porous
• sun
• structure of superfluidity - liquid helium systems
• surfaces and interfaces of solids
• addenda - atmospheric structure
• biological effects of electromagnetic and particle radiation
• biological effects of sound and ultrasound
• characterization and analysis of materials
• chemical analysis
• cyclotrons
• display technology
• earth, internal structure of the fusion, inertial confinement
• fusion, magnetic confinement
• modulators and demodulators, electrical. (Part contents).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Sonoluminescence. Sound Reproduction. Sources, Particle-Electron. Space Exploration. Space-Physics Instrumentation. Sparks, Arcs, and Other Electric Discharges. Special Functions. Spectrometers, Electron and Ion. Spectrometers, Gamma-Ray. Spectrometers, Infrared. Spectrometers, Mass. Spectrometers, Neutron. Spectrometers, X-Ray. Spectroscopy, Laser. Spectroscopy, Photoacoustic. Sputtering. SQUIDs. Statistical Data and Error Analysis. Statistical Mechanics, Classical. Statistical Mechanics, Quantum. Statistical Physics of Membranes and Lamellar Systems. Steam Engines. Steel.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Approaching physics from the standpoint of technical and industrial applications, this work covers applied physics. Each article contains: contents, glossary of unfamiliar terms, reference list, guide to further reading, cross-references and uniform terms, abbreviations, symbols and units.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
An annual update to the "Encyclopedia of Applied Physics", this volume presents some new keywords as well as updates to existing ones.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
Intended for physicists, computer scientists, engineers, research institutes and universities, this cumulative index complements all 23 volumes of the "Encyclopedia of Applied Physics", a reference work which examines the field of physics through its technical and industrial applications.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
The 23-volume Encyclopedia of Applied Physics - EAP - is a monumental first in scope, depth, and usability. It demonstrates the synergy between physics and technological applications. Information is presented according to the following subject areas: General Aspects; Mathematical and Information Techniques Measurement Sciences, General Devices and/or Methods Nuclear and Elementary Particle Physics Atomic and Molecular Physics Electricity and Magnetism Optics (classical and quantum) Acoustics Thermodynamics and Properties of Gases Fluids and Plasma Physics Condensed Matter: Structure and Mechanical Properties; Thermal, Acoustic, and Quantum Properties; Electronic Properties; Magnetic Properties; Dielectrical and Optical Properties; Surfaces and Interfaces Materials Science Physical Chemistry Energy Research and Environmental Physics Biophysics and Medical Physics Geophysics, Meteorology, Space Physics and Aeronautics EAP consists of 20 hardcover volumes arranged alphabetically. A cumulative subject index will be published after every three volumes, with a full index accompanying the complete work.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

A keyword index for the user of the Landolt-Boernstein data collection. This collection is a systematic and comprehensive collection of critically assessed data from all fields of physics and related fields, such as physical chemistry, biophysics, geophysics, astronomy, material science and technology. It also includes a bibliography of the individual volumes of the 6th ed. and of the New Series and a list of contents for each volume.