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• I. Bd. Atom- und Molekularphysik. 1.T. Atome und Ionen. 2.T. Molekeln I (Kerngerüst) 3.T. Moleken II (Elektronenhülle) nebst einem Anhang zu den Teibänden I/1, I/2, I
• /3. 4.T. Kristalle. 5.T. Atomkerne und Elementarteilchen.--II. Bd. Eigenschaften der Materie in ihren Aggregatzuständen. 1.T. Mechanisch-thermische Zustandgrössen. 2.T. Gleichgewichte ausser Schmelzgleichgewichten. Bandteil a. Gleichgewichte Dampf-Kondensat und osmotische Phänomene. 3.T. Schmelzgleichgewichte und Grenzflächenerscheinungen. 4.T. Kalorische Zustandsgrössen. 5.T. Transportphänomene. I-II. 6.T. Elektrische Eigenschaften. I. 7.T. Elektrische Eigenschaften II (Elektrochemische Systeme) 8.T. Optische Konstanten. 9.-10.T. Magnetische Eigenschaften. I-II.--III. Bd. Astronomie und Geophysik.--IV. Bd. Technik. 1.T. Stoffwerte und mechanisches Verhalten von Nichtmetallen. 2.T. Metallische Werkstoffe. Bandteil a. Grundlagen, Prüfverfahren. Eisenwerkstoffe. Bandteil b. Sinterwerkstoffe; Schwermetalle (ohne Sonderwerkstoffe). Bandteil c. Leichtmetalle, Sonderwerkstoffe, Halbleiter, Korrosion. 3.T. Elektrotechnik. Lichttechnik. Röntgentechnik. 4.T. Wärmetechnik.

• Section 1: Overview.- The solid state chemistry of mixed valence copper oxide high Tc superconductors (invited).- Critical overview of theories for high temperature superconductors (invited).-
• Section 2: Materials-Structure.- Some effects of chemical substitution and applied pressure on high Tc copper oxide superconductors (invited).- Defect chemistry of oxide superconductors (invited).- Deviation from linearity of the Cu-O chains in orthorhombic YBa2Cu3O7 by high-resolution neutron powder diffraction.- Electron irradiation effects in YBa2Cu3O7?? single crystals.- Physical properties and structural chemistry of YBa2Cu3Ox prepared by a defined oxygen sorption procedure.- Correlation of Tc with the rare earth size in (Ln)Ba2Cu3O6+x superconductors (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Yb "Cocktails"). Single crystal x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy studies.- Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and infrared spectra of superconducting RBa2Cu3O7 with R = Y, Sc, Tm, Ho, Eu, Nd, Gd.- Heat capacity measurements on some high-Tc superconductors.- Specific heat of the superconducting compound YBa2Cu3O7?x in magnetic fields.- Effect of Cu/Zn substitution upon superconductivity in YBa2(Cu1?xZnx)3O7?? and La1.85Sr0.15Cu1?xZnxO4??.- Effect of composition and atomic substitutions on structure and superconductivity of Y1Ba2Cu3Ox.- Transport and spectroscopic properties of undoped and Zndoped ceramic superconductors.- Raman investigations of the Y-Ba-Cu-O-system.- Difference of thermoelectric power in single and multiple phase Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors.- Apatite as a promising source of rare earths, strontium and barium for high temperature superconductors.-
• Section 3: Theory-Mechanisms.- Boson exchange mechanisms and the high Tc oxides (invited).- Mechanisms of high-Tc superconductivity (invited).- Anisotropy effects in the system La-Sr-Cu-O.- Influence of pressure and substitution of copper by transition metals on high-Tc superconductors.- Test of phonon mediated pairing from Raman scattering on high-temperature superconductors.- Are one-dimensional structural features essential for superconductivity at 90 K?.- Theory of oxygen ordering and absorption in 1,2,3 high-Tc superconductors.- Cu d-d orbital transitions and charge-transfer excitations in high-Tc superconductors.- Electronic structure of La2?xSrxCuO4 and YBa2Cu3O7?y.- Susceptibility and Mossbauer studies of orthorhombic and tetragonal EuBa2(Gu1?x57Fex)3O7??.- Search for barium isotope effect in the high-Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O7?x.- Pure metallic bridge and point-contact tunneling into single- and polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7?y.-
• Section 4: Critical Fields-Critical Currents.- Upper critical field of grain oriented cuprate superconductors (invited).- Critical fields and characteristic lengths in copper oxide superconductors (invited).- Critical current densities of oxide superconductors (invited).- Anisotropy of the lower critical field in YBa2Cu3O7??.- Crystal growth and some magnetic properties of YBa2Cu3O7??.- Flux pinning in Y1Ba2Cu3O7?? single crystals.- Effect of neutron irradiation on critical magnetization current in single crystal YBa2Cu3O7??.- Magnetization and x-ray studies of YBa2Cu3O7?x irradiated by fast neutrons.- Superconducting properties of oxygen deficient YBa2Cu3O7??.- Ac susceptibility and inductive critical current measurements in polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7.- The complex ac susceptibility - critical current relationship in oxide superconductors.- Josephson phase coherence and coupling in high Tc granular superconductors.- Electronic and magnetic properties of YBa2Cu3O7?x uperconductor.- Coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity in a YBa2Cu3O7?x compound.- Studies of HTS ceramics - copper interaction.-
• Section 5: Thin Films.- High Tc superconducting oxide thin films: fabrication, application, and characterization (invited) Abstract only.- Stoichiometry and deposition rate of dc magnetron sputtered Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films as a function of target presputtering time.- Superconducting films of YBaCuO.- Participants.- Author index.
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In the past two years conferences on superconductivity have been characterized by the attendance of hundreds of scientists. Consequently, the organizers were forced to schedule numerous parallel sessions and poster presentations with an almost unsurveyable amount of information. It was, therefore, felt that a more informal get-together, providing ample time for a thourough discussion of some topics of current interest in high-temperature superconductivity, was timely and benefitial for leading scientists as well as for newcomers in the field. The present volume contains the majority of papers presented at the International Discussion Meeting on High-Tc Superconductors held at the Mauterndorf Castle in the Austrian Alps from February 7 to 11, 1988. Each subject was introduced in review form by a few invited speakers and then discussed together with the contributed poster presentations. These discussion sessions chaired by selected scientists turned out to be the highlights of the meeting, not only because all the participants truly appreciated the possibility of an information exchange, but mainly because of the magnificent job done by the discussion chairmen, John A. Mydosh (Leiden), Martin Peter (Geneva) and Ken E. Gray (Argonne). First results on the just discovered Bi-superconductors and the clarification of electron resonance experiments on (123)-compounds should be mentioned in particular. The relaxed atomosphere favoring free discussions was certainly promoted by the surroundings offered in the Mauterndorf Castle, which dates back to 1253. Poster presentations and a conference banquet in historic knight's halls are certainly not found everyday in conference routines.
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All with an interest in physics and related technologies; those interested in the history of modern physics.
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• Introduction
• Collective Excitations in Superlattice Structures
• Raman Spectroscopy of Vibrations in Superlattices
• Spectroscopy of Free Carrier Excitations in Semiconductor Quantum Wells
• Raman Studies of Fibonacci, Thue-Morse, and Random Superlattices
• Multichannel Detection and Raman Spectroscopy of Surface Layers and Interfaces
• Brillouin Scattering from Metallic Superlattices
• Light Scattering from Spin Waves in Thin Films and Layered Magnetic Structures
• Additional References with Titles
• Subject Index.

This book is the fifth in a series devoted to the theory and practice of inelastic light scattering (Raman and Brillouin) as applied to amorphous and crystalline solids. This volume is concerned with the investigation by these techniques of artificial periodic structures prepared by such gas-phase deposition techniques as Molecular Beam Epitaxy. The phenomena treated involve phonons, magnons, plasmons, and other electronic excitations. The book supplies theoretical background, information on modern experimental techniques such as multichannel detectors, and a number of experimental results.

• Part 1: Acceleration
• area
• area flow
• calorific value
• chemical
• circular and spherical geometry
• coefficient of expansion
• concentration
• density
• electrical
• energy
• enthalpy
• entropy
• force
• force/unit length
• heat
• illumination
• linear measure
• mass
• moment of inertia
• paper
• power
• pressure or stress
• sound
• specific energy
• specific volume
• surface tension
• temperature
• temperature difference
• thermal conductivity
• time
• torque
• velocity
• viscosity
• volume
• volume flow. Part 2 Numerical data: fluids
• gases
• metals - strength
• timber
• densities. Part 3 Physical constants: atoms and spectroscopy
• energy, mass and wavelength
• principal constants
• thermal constants. Part 4 Mathematical formulae. Part 5 Engineering formulae.
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• ABBREVIATIONS
• NOTES
• CONVERSION FACTORS
• Acceleration (Angular)
• Acceleration (Linear)
• Area
• Area Flow
• Calorific Value (Volume basis)
• Calorific Value (Volume, British Gas)
• Chemical (Henry's Law)
• Circular and Spherical Geometry
• Coefficient of Expansion (Volumetric)
• Concentration (Liquid solution)
• Density (Mass concentration)
• Electrical (Charge)
• Electrical (Conductance)
• Electrical (Conductivity)
• Electrical (Current)
• Electrical (Electric capacitance)
• Electrical (Electric field)
• Electrical (Electric potential)
• Electrical (Inductance)
• Electrical (Linear charge density)
• Electrical (Linear current density)
• Electrical (Magnetic field strength)
• Electrical (Magnetic flux density)
• Electrical (Magnetomotive force)
• Electrical (Permeability)
• Electrical (Resistance)
• Electrical (Resistivity)
• Electrical (Surface charge density)
• Electrical (Surface current density)
• Electrical (Volume charge density)
• Energy (Heat, work, electrical)
• Enthalpy
• Entropy
• Force (Weight)
• Force/Unit Length (Spring rate)
• Heat Capacity
• Heat Flux Density
• Heat Transfer Coefficient
• Illumination (Luminous flux)
• Illumination (Luminous incidence)
• Illumination (Luminous intensity)
• Linear Measure (Distance or depth)
• Mass
• Mass Flow
• Mass Flow Density
• Moment of Inertia
• Paper
• Power
• Pressure or Stress
• Sound
• Specific Energy (Specific heat)
• Specific Volume
• Surface Tension
• Temperature
• Temperature Difference
• Thermal Conductivity
• Time
• Torque
• Velocity (Angular)
• Velocity (Linear)
• Viscosity (Absolute, Dynamic)
• Viscosity (Kinematic)
• Volume (Capacity)
• Volume Flow
• NUMERICAL DATA
• Fluids
• Gases
• Metals (Strength)
• Timber
• Metals (Thermal)
• Densities
• PHYSICAL CONSTANTS: Atoms and Spectroscopy
• Energy, Mass, and Wavelength
• Principal Constants
• Thermal Constants
• MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE
• ENGINEERING FORMULAE.
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This is a reference for students, teachers and practitioners in engineering, physics, sciences and technical subjects. More than 3500 conversion factors are given; these have been calculated from primary conversion factors agreed internationally. All conversion factors are given to the greatest accuracy possible up to ten significant figures. The conversion factors are grouped into unit types by areas of science, and range from angular acceleration to volume flow. An appendix of agreed primary conversion factors is given. Also of practical help are appendices of common mathematical and engineering formulae.
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• Each article in the Encyclopedia of Applied Physics contains: A detailed table of contents for quick access to desired information A glossary of unfamiliar terms A detailed list of works cited that provides an introduction to the literature of the field Suggestions for further reading which indicate more in-depth books and review articels Numerous cross-references Uniform terms, abbreviations, symbols and units.
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• Atmospheric ice
• biomimetic processing of ceramics
• capillary electrophoresis
• dating techniques
• interferometric techniques
• micromagnetics and micromagnetic devices
• negative hydrogen ion sources
• nitrides
• percolation processes
• periodic surfaces in physics, chemistry and biology
• photographic imaging - special techniques
• photographic imaging - stereoscopioc
• photography, digital
• photography, physics and technology
• quantum computing
• safety and health in the physical science laboratory
• semiconductors, isotopically engineered
• semiconductors, nitride
• silicides
• silicon, porous
• sun, structure of superfluidity: liquid helium systems/surfaces and interfaces of solids/symmetries and conservation laws/X-ray microscopy and microanalysis
• addenda - acoustical tomography/atmospheric structure/biological effects of electromagnetic and particle radiation/biological effects of sound and ultrasound/ characterization and analysis of materials/chemical analysis/computer databases/computer programming languages/cyclotrons/ display technology/ Earth, internal structure of the electroluminiscence/explosives/fusion, inertial confinement/fusion, magnetic confinement/mesoscopic systems/ modulators and demodulators, electrical/muonic, Mesonic and Baryonic atoms/neurobiophysics/Raman spectroscopy
• instrumentation seismology.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Capillary electrophoresis
• dating techniques
• interferometric techniques
• negative hydrogen ion sources
• photographic imaging - special techniques
• photography
• physics and technology
• safety and health in the physical science laboratory
• silicides
• silicon
• porous
• sun
• structure of superfluidity - liquid helium systems
• surfaces and interfaces of solids
• addenda - atmospheric structure
• biological effects of electromagnetic and particle radiation
• biological effects of sound and ultrasound
• characterization and analysis of materials
• chemical analysis
• cyclotrons
• display technology
• earth, internal structure of the fusion, inertial confinement
• fusion, magnetic confinement
• modulators and demodulators, electrical. (Part contents).
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• Sonoluminescence. Sound Reproduction. Sources, Particle-Electron. Space Exploration. Space-Physics Instrumentation. Sparks, Arcs, and Other Electric Discharges. Special Functions. Spectrometers, Electron and Ion. Spectrometers, Gamma-Ray. Spectrometers, Infrared. Spectrometers, Mass. Spectrometers, Neutron. Spectrometers, X-Ray. Spectroscopy, Laser. Spectroscopy, Photoacoustic. Sputtering. SQUIDs. Statistical Data and Error Analysis. Statistical Mechanics, Classical. Statistical Mechanics, Quantum. Statistical Physics of Membranes and Lamellar Systems. Steam Engines. Steel.
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Approaching physics from the standpoint of technical and industrial applications, this work covers applied physics. Each article contains: contents, glossary of unfamiliar terms, reference list, guide to further reading, cross-references and uniform terms, abbreviations, symbols and units.
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An annual update to the "Encyclopedia of Applied Physics", this volume presents some new keywords as well as updates to existing ones.
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Intended for physicists, computer scientists, engineers, research institutes and universities, this cumulative index complements all 23 volumes of the "Encyclopedia of Applied Physics", a reference work which examines the field of physics through its technical and industrial applications.
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The 23-volume Encyclopedia of Applied Physics - EAP - is a monumental first in scope, depth, and usability. It demonstrates the synergy between physics and technological applications. Information is presented according to the following subject areas: General Aspects; Mathematical and Information Techniques Measurement Sciences, General Devices and/or Methods Nuclear and Elementary Particle Physics Atomic and Molecular Physics Electricity and Magnetism Optics (classical and quantum) Acoustics Thermodynamics and Properties of Gases Fluids and Plasma Physics Condensed Matter: Structure and Mechanical Properties; Thermal, Acoustic, and Quantum Properties; Electronic Properties; Magnetic Properties; Dielectrical and Optical Properties; Surfaces and Interfaces Materials Science Physical Chemistry Energy Research and Environmental Physics Biophysics and Medical Physics Geophysics, Meteorology, Space Physics and Aeronautics EAP consists of 20 hardcover volumes arranged alphabetically. A cumulative subject index will be published after every three volumes, with a full index accompanying the complete work.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

A keyword index for the user of the Landolt-Boernstein data collection. This collection is a systematic and comprehensive collection of critically assessed data from all fields of physics and related fields, such as physical chemistry, biophysics, geophysics, astronomy, material science and technology. It also includes a bibliography of the individual volumes of the 6th ed. and of the New Series and a list of contents for each volume.

• Collective Versus Statistical Aspects of Nuclear Motion.- Tests of Fundamental Symmetries in Compound-Nucleus Scattering.- Chaos in Nuclei.- Ericson Fluctuations Versus Conductance Fluctuations: Similarities and Differences.- Hot Nuclei - Landau Theory, Thermal Fluctuations and Dissipation.- Dissipation and Thermal Fluctuations in Heavy-Ion Collisions.- Multi-Dimensional Tunneling and Nuclear Fission.- Phase-Space Dynamics of Heavy-Ion Reactions.- Quantum Chaology: Our Knowledge and Ignorance.- True Quantum Chaos? An Instructive Example.- Toward the Fundamental Theory of Nuclear Matter Physics: The Microscopic Theory of Nuclear Collective Dynamics.- Mean Field Dynamics and Low-Lying Collective Excitations.- Rotational Motion in Warm Atomic Nuclei.- Collectivity and Chaoticity in Nuclear Dynamics.- Index of Contributors.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

"New Trends in Nuclear Collective Dynamics" emphasizes research toward understanding collective and statistical aspects of nuclear dynamics. Well-known lecturers from centers of nuclear research present reviews of recent developments. The topics covered are: -order and chaos in finite quantum systems -dissipation in heavy-ion collisions -collective motionsin warm nuclei -time-dependent mean-field theory with collision terms -nuclear fission and multi-dimensional tunneling -large-scale collective motion.
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• Geosciences and related phenomena
• government funding for research
• insitu beams
• ion implantation (semiconductors)
• ion implantation (metallurgical)
• ion sources and control systems
• material analysis with ion beams
• medical applications with accelerators
• medical radioisotopes
• neutron activation analysis and bulk analysis with accelerators
• nuclear physics photon-ion interaction using fast beams
• positron beam experiments and facilities
• radiation effects
• radiation processing
• radiation therapy
• radioactive beam experiments and facilities
• radiological safety aspects of accelerators
• RBS
• single-event upsets stopping power
• surface analysis with ion beams (PIXE)
• synchrotron light source experiments
• targetry
• trace analysis with ion beams
• use of small accelerators in the undergraduate curriculum.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The purpose of the conference was to review current research and the wealth of industrial applications that are in progress with accelerators throughout the world. The conference was composed of two symposia which ran in parallel. These are the Research Symposium and the Industrial Applications of Accelerators. Some of the sessions, which are of general interest, were held common to both groups. Over 500 invited papers were given at these symposia and contributed papers were accepted in the following areas: Accelerator and Component Design and Automation, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), Accelerator Technology, Atomic Physics and Related Phenomena, Beam Processing Biological and Chemical Applications, Carbon Dating, Channeling, Charged Particle Microprobes, Computer Tomography, CTR and Related Phenomena, Detectors-Electronics-Instrumentation, Dosimetry, Electron Beam Processing, ERDA, Geosciences and Related Phenomena, Government Funding for Research, Insitu Beams, Ion Implantation (Semiconductors), Ion Implantation (Metallurgical), Ion Sources and Control Systems, Material Analysis with Ion Beams, Medical Applications with Accelerators, Medical Radioisotopes, Neutron Activation Analysis and Bulk Analysis with Accelerators, Nuclear Physics Photon-Ion Interaction using Fast Beams, Positron Beam Experiments and Facilities, Radiation Effects, Radiation Processing, Radiation Therapy, Radioactive Beam Experiments and Facilities, Radiological Safety Aspects of Accelerators, RBS, Single-Event Upsets Stopping Power, Surface Analysis with Ion Beams (PIXE), Synchrotron Light Source experiments, Targetry, Trace Analysis with Ion Beams, and Use of Small Accelerators in the Undergraduate Curriculum.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

These papers were peer reviewed before publication. This conference covers the use of particle accelerators in research and industry. The research applications include basic atomic and nuclear physics studies with ion beams of energies less than 10 million volts. The applications include the use of ion beams for the analysis of materials. In the proceedings, experiments are outlined for Rutherford Backscattering analysis, particle induced x-ray emission, nuclear reaction analysis and neutron activation analysis. There are also sessions devoted to accelerator technology and the development of new spectrometers and detectors. The meeting also covers radiation processing with electron beams. These topics include cross-linking, sterilization of medical disposables and food preservation by radiation. The conference also includes a medical symposium on the production and use of medical radioisotopes and a symposium on ion implantation primarily for the semiconductor industry.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Negative Refraction of Electromagnetic and Electronic Waves in Uniform Media.- Anisotropic Field Distributions in Left-Handed Guided Wave Electronic Structures and Negative Refractive Bicrystal Heterostructures.- "Left-Handed" Magnetic Granular Composites.- Spatial Dispersion, Polaritons, and Negative Refraction.- Negative Refraction in Photonic Crystals.- Negative Refraction and Subwavelength Focusing in Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals.- Negative Refraction and Imaging with Quasicrystals.- Generalizing the Concept of Negative Medium to Acoustic Waves.- Experiments and Simulations of Microwave Negative Refraction in Split Ring and Wire Array Negative Index Materials, 2D Split-Ring Resonator and 2D Metallic Disk Photonic Crystals.- Super Low Loss Guided Wave Bands Using Split Ring Resonator-Rod Assemblies as Left-Handed Materials.- Development of Negative Index of Refraction Metamaterials with Split Ring Resonators and Wires for RF Lens Applications.- Nonlinear Effects in Left-Handed Metamaterials.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book deals with the subject of optical and electronic negative refraction (NR) and negative index materials NIM). Diverse approaches for achieving NR and NIM are covered, such as using photonic crystals, phononic crystals, split-ring resonators (SRRs) and continuous media, focusing of waves, guided-wave behavior, and nonlinear effects. It is perhaps the most comprehensive book on the new class of negative refraction materials, covering all aspects of negative refraction and negative index materials.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• 1. A Global Perspective on Climate Change , by R.K. Pachauri, M. Chand
• 2. Current Understanding of Environmental andWater Resource Impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean, by E. Ozsoy
• 3. An Outlook on the European Gas Market , by J. Kjarstad, F. Johnsson
• 4. Sequestration - The Underground Storage of Carbon Dioxide, by S. Holloway
• 5. Climate Change and Energy Pathways for the Mediterranean , by O. Schafer
• 6. Global Bioenergy Resources and Utilization Technologies, by H. Yamamoto
• 7. Perspectives in Nuclear Energy, by B. Frois
• 8. Efficiency in Oil Use and Alternatives to Oil, by M.K. Eberle
• 9. An Overview of H2 Fuel for Use in the Transportation Sector , by R.J. Allam
• 10. European Transportation in the Greenhouse - System and Policy Indicators, by H. Gudmundsson
• 11. European Automobile CO2 Emissions: From Forecasts to Reality , by T. Zachariadis
• 12. Implications for the Oil and Gas Industries, by W. Khadduri
• Author Biographies.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This crucial volume arose out of the success of the first workshop of the Cyprus Institute held in 2005. The proceedings present an overview of the implications of climate change for the eastern Mediterranean and the impact of climate change response on regional economic activity, particularly in the hydrocarbon industry. This book is aimed not just at scientists and researchers but should command a much wider audience, including policy makers and politicians.
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In this title, all papers have been peer-reviewed. The conference brings together scientists and physicians from universities, national laboratories, research institutes and industry worldwide who use particle accelerators in their research, medical and industrial applications. The topics presented at the conference included accelerator technology and applications, atomic/nuclear physics, national and homeland security, ion beam analysis/modifications, medical applications/radioisotopes, radiation effects, teaching with accelerators, nano-scale fabrication, focused ion beams and PIXE.
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• Fundamentals of Photoemission from Wide Gap Materials.- Fundamentals of Photoemission from Quantum Wells in Ultrathin Films and Quantum Well Wires of Various Nonparabolic Materials.- Fundamentals of Photoemission from Quantum Dots of Various Nonparabolic Materials.- Photoemission from Quantum Confined Semiconductor Superlattices.- Photoemission from Bulk Optoelectronic Materials.- Photoemission under Quantizing Magnetic Field from Optoelectronic Materials.- Photoemission from Quantum Wells in Ultrathin Films, Quantum Wires, and Dots of Optoelectronic Materials.- Photoemission from Quantum Confined Effective Mass Superlattices of Optoelectronic Materials.- Photoemission from Quantum Confined Superlattices of Optoelectronic Materials with Graded Interfaces.- Review of Experimental Results.- Conclusion and Future Research.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

In recent years, with the advent of fine line lithographical methods, molecular beam epitaxy, organometallic vapour phase epitaxy and other experimental techniques, low dimensional structures having quantum confinement in one, two and three dimensions (such as ultrathin films, inversion layers, accumulation layers, quantum well superlattices, quantum well wires, quantum wires superlattices, magneto-size quantizations, and quantum dots) have attracted much attention not only for their potential in uncovering new phenomena in nanoscience and technology, but also for their interesting applications in the areas of quantum effect devices. In ultrathin films, the restriction of the motion of the carriers in the direction normal to the film leads to the quantum size effect and such systems find extensive applications in quantum well lasers, field effect transistors, high speed digital networks and also in other quantum effect devices. In quantum well wires, the carriers are quantized in two transverse directions and only one-dimensional motion of the carriers is allowed.
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• Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 Radionuclides and their Radiometric Measurement. 1.1 Radionuclides. 1.2 Modes of Radioactive Decay. 1.3 Detection and Measurement of Radiation. 2 Special Features of the Chemistry of Radionuclides and their Separation. 2.1 Small Quantities. 2.2 Adsorption. 2.3 Use of Carriers. 2.4 Utilization of Radiation in the Determination of Radionuclides. 2.5 Consideration of Elapsed Time. 2.6 Changes in the System Caused by Radiation and Decay. 2.7 The Need for Radiochemical Separations. 3 Factors Affecting Chemical Forms of Radionuclides in Aqueous Solutions. 3.1 Solution pH. 3.2 Redox Potential. 3.3 Dissolved Gases. 3.4 Ligands Forming Complexes with Metals. 3.5 Humic Substances. 3.6 Colloidal Particles. 3.7 Source and Generation of Radionuclides. 3.8 Appendix: Reagents Used to Adjust Oxidation States of Radionuclides. 4 Separation Methods. 4.1 Precipitation. 4.2 Solubility Product. 4.3 Ion Exchange. 4.4 Solvent Extraction. 4.5 Extraction Chromatography. 5 Yield Determinations and Counting Source Preparation. 5.1 The Determination of Chemical Yield in Radiochemical Analyses. 5.2 Preparation of Sources for Activity Counting. 5.3 Essentials in Chemical Yield Determination and in Counting Source Preparation. 6 Radiochemistry of the Alkali Metals. 6.1 Most Important Radionuclides of the Alkali Metals. 6.2 Chemical Properties of the Alkali Metals. 6.3 Separation Needs of Alkali Metal Radionuclides. 6.4 Potassium 40K. 6.5 Cesium 134Cs, 135Cs, and 137Cs. 6.6 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of the Alkali Metals. 7 Radiochemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metals. 7.1 Most Important Radionuclides of the Alkaline Earth Metals. 7.2 Chemical Properties of the Alkaline Earth Metals. 7.3 Beryllium 7Be and 10Be. 7.4 Calcium 41Ca and 45Ca. 7.5 Strontium 89Sr and 90Sr. 7.6 Radium 226Ra and 228Ra. 7.7 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metals. 8 Radiochemistry of the 3d-Transition Metals. 8.1 The Most Important Radionuclides of the 3d-Transition Metals. 8.2 Chemical Properties of the 3d-Transition Metals. 8.3 Iron 55Fe. 8.4 Nickel 59Ni and 63Ni. 8.5 Essentials in 3-d Transition Metals Radiochemistry. 9 Radiochemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals. 9.1 Important Radionuclides of the 4d-Transition Metals. 9.2 Chemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals. 9.3 Technetium 99Tc. 9.4 Zirconium 93Zr. 9.5 Molybdenum 93Mo. 9.6 Niobium 94Nb. 9.7 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of 4-d Transition Metals. 10 Radiochemistry of the Lanthanides. 10.1 Important Lanthanide Radionuclides. 10.2 Chemical Properties of the Lanthanides. 10.3 Separation of Lanthanides from Actinides. 10.4 Lanthanides as Actinide Analogs. 10.5 147Pm and 151Sm. 10.6 Essentials of Lanthanide Radiochemistry. 11 Radiochemistry of the Halogens. 11.1 Important Halogen Radionuclides. 11.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Halogens. 11.3 Chlorine 36Cl. 11.4 Iodine 129I. 11.5 Essentials of Halogen Radiochemistry. 12 Radiochemistry of the Noble Gases. 12.1 Important Radionuclides of the Noble Gases. 12.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Noble Gases. 12.3 Measurement of Xe Isotopes in Air. 12.4 Determination of 85Kr in Air. 12.5 Radon and its Determination. 12.6 Essentials of Noble Gas Radiochemistry. 13 Radiochemistry of Tritium and Radiocarbon. 13.1 Tritium 3H. 13.2 Radiocarbon 14C. 13.3 Essentials of Tritium and Radiocarbon Radiochemistry. 14 Radiochemistry of Lead, Polonium, Tin, and Selenium. 14.1 Polonium 210Po. 14.2 Lead 210Pb. 14.3 Tin 126Sn. 14.4 Selenium 79Se. 14.5 Essentials of Polonium, Lead, Tin, and Selenium Radiochemistry. 15 Radiochemistry of the Actinides. 15.1 Important Actinide Isotopes. 15.2 Generation and Origin of the Actinides. 15.3 Electronic Structures of the Actinides. 15.4 Oxidation States of the Actinides. 15.5 Ionic Radii of the Actinides. 15.6 Major Chemical Forms of the Actinides. 15.7 Disproportionation. 15.8 Hydrolysis and Polymerization of the Actinides. 15.9 Complex Formation of the Actinides. 15.10 Oxides of the Actinides. 15.11 Actinium. 15.12 Thorium. 15.13 Protactinium. 15.14 Uranium. 15.15 Neptunium. 15.16 Plutonium. 15.17 Americium and Curium. 16 Speciation Analysis. 16.1 Considerations Relevant to Speciation. 16.2 Significance of Speciation. 16.3 Categorization of Speciation Analyzes. 16.4 Fractionation Techniques for Environmental Samples. 16.5 Analysis of Radionuclide and Isotope Compositions. 16.6 Spectroscopic Speciation Methods. 16.7 Wet Chemical Methods. 16.8 Sequential Extractions. 16.9 Computational Speciation Methods. 16.10 Characterization of Radioactive Particles. 17 Measurement of Radionuclides by Mass Spectrometry. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). 17.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). 17.4 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS). 17.5 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS). 17.6 Essentials of the Measurement of Radionuclides by Mass Spectrometry. 18 Sampling and Sample Pretreatment for the Determination of Radionuclides. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Air Sampling and Pretreatment. 18.3 Sampling Gaseous Components. 18.4 Atmospheric Deposition Sampling. 18.5 Water Sampling. 18.6 Sediment Sampling and Pretreatment. 18.7 Soil Sampling and Pretreatment. 18.8 Essentials in Sampling and Sample Pretreatment for Radionuclides. 19 Chemical Changes Induced by Radioactive Decay. 19.1 Autoradiolysis. 19.2 Transmutation and Subsequent Chemical Changes. 19.3 Recoil Hot Atom Chemistry. Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Written by chemists for chemists, this is a comprehensive guide to the important radionuclides as well as techniques for their separation and analysis. It introduces readers to the important laboratory techniques and methodologies in the field, providing practical instructions on how to handle nuclear waste and radioactivity in the environment.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction
• 2. Filamentation Physics
• 3. Theory of Single Filamentation
• 4. Multiple Filamentation
• 5. Filamentation Nonlinear Optics: General
• 6. Filamentation Nonlinear Optics: Third Harmonic Generation and Four-Wave-Mixing Inside a Filament
• 7. Remote Sensing Using Filamentation
• 8. Challenges Ahead.

This book attempts to give a discussion of the physics and current and potential applications of the self-focusing of an intense femtosecond laser pulse in a tra- parent medium. Although self-focusing is an old subject of nonlinear optics, the consequence of self-focusing of intense femtosecond laser pulses is totally new and unexpected. Thus, new phenomena are observed, such as long range lam- tation, intensity clamping, white light laser pulse, self-spatial ltering, self-group phase locking, self-pulse compression, clean nonlinear uorescence, and so on. Long range propagation at high intensity, which is seemingly against the law of diffraction, is probably one of the most exciting consequences of this new sub- eld of nonlinear optics. Because the intensity inside the lament core is high, new ways of doing nonlinear optics inside the lament become possible. We call this lamentation nonlinear optics. We shall describe the generation of pulses at other wavelengths in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) starting from the near infrared pump pulse at 800 nm through four-wave-mixing and third harmonic generation, all in gases. Remotely sensing uorescence from the fragments of chemical and biological agents in all forms, gaseous, aerosol or solid, inside the laments in air is demonstrated in the labo- tory. The results will be shown in the last part of the book. Through analyzing the uorescence of gas molecules inside the lament, an unexpected physical process pertaining to the interaction of synchrotron radiation with molecules is observed.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part I. Basic Concepts: 1. High-intensity laser-atom physics
• 2. Theory of laser-atom interactions
• Part II. Theoretical Methods: 3. Perturbation theory
• 4. Floquet theory
• 5. Numerical integration of the wave equations
• 6. The low-frequency regime
• 7. The high-frequency regime
• Part III. Multiphoton Atomic Physics: 8. Multiphoton ionization
• 9. Harmonic generation and attosecond pulses
• 10. Laser-assisted electron-atom collisions
• Appendix
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 6.4.2 Classical electron trajectories
• 6.4.3 Extensions of the theory
• 6.5 Recollision ionization
• 6.6 Non-dipole effects
• References
• 7 The high-frequency regime
• 7.1 High-frequency Floquet theory
• 7.2 Structure of atomic hydrogen in intense, high-frequency laser fields
• 7.2.1 The dressed potential classification of states
• 7.2.2 Small-α0 limit
• 7.2.3 Large-α0 limit
• 7.3 Atomic stabilization
• 7.3.1 Adiabatic stabilization
• 7.3.2 Time-dependent studies of stabilization
• 7.3.3 Experimental results
• 7.3.4 Breakdown of stabilization
• References
• Part III: Multiphoton atomic physics
• 8 Multiphoton ionization
• 8.1 Multiphoton single ionization
• 8.2 Multiphoton double ionization
• 8.2.1 One-photon, double ionization of helium
• 8.2.2 Multiphoton double ionization of atoms
• References
• 9 Harmonic generation and attosecond pulses
• 9.1 Experiments
• 9.2 Calculations
• 9.2.1 Single-atom response
• 9.2.1.1 Basic equations
• 9.2.1.2 Perturbative calculations
• 9.2.1.3 Non-perturbative calculations
• 9.2.2 Propagation in the medium
• 9.3 Properties of harmonics and applications
• 9.3.1 Conversion efficiency
• 9.3.2 Coherence
• 9.3.3 Harmonic chirp
• 9.3.4 Other properties
• 9.3.5 Applications of harmonics
• 9.4 Attosecond pulses
• 9.4.1 Attosecond pulse trains
• 9.4.2 Single attosecond pulses
• 9.4.3 Applications of attosecond pulses: attophysics
• References
• 10 Laser-assisted electron-atom collisions
• 10.1 Experiments
• 10.2 Laser-assisted potential scattering
• 10.2.1 Basic theory
• 10.2.2 Born series
• 10.2.3 First Born approximation
• 10.2.4 Low-frequency approximation
• 10.2.5 High-frequency approximation
• 10.2.6 Laser-assisted Coulomb scattering of electrons
• 10.3 Laser-assisted collisions of electrons with real atoms.

The development of lasers capable of producing high-intensity pulses has opened a new area in the study of light-matter interactions. The corresponding laser fields are strong enough to compete with the Coulomb forces in controlling the dynamics of atomic systems and give rise to multiphoton processes. This book presents a unified account of this rapidly developing field of physics. The first part describes the fundamental phenomena occurring in intense laser-atom interactions and gives the basic theoretical framework to analyze them. The second part contains a detailed discussion of Floquet theory, the numerical integration of the wave equations and approximation methods for the low- and high-frequency regimes. In the third part, the main multiphoton processes are discussed: multiphoton ionization, high harmonic and attosecond pulse generation, and laser-assisted electron-atom collisions. Aimed at graduate students in atomic, molecular and optical physics, the book will also interest researchers working on laser interactions with matter.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• pt. 1. Antennas and propagation
• pt. 2. Microwave systems
• pt. 3. Communication technology
• pt. 4. Numerical methods for electromagnetic field modeling.

This book gives a compact overview about actual research in the field of Electromagnetics and Network Theory and its Microwave Applications. It contains aspects on antennas and wave propagation, microwave- and communication-systems and methods for the numerical modeling of components, networks and structures being part of these systems. An actual state of research in antennas and propagation is given as well as wave propagation in RF-lines and electric networks which are crucial for the investigation of microwave systems like radar-, radio-location- and communication- systems. Especially in mobile applications, radar-, radio-location- and navigation- systems as well as microwave sensors are more and more in use. Therefore an actual state of research in this field is given. Actual results of research on such systems are shown for automotive radar, a high precision radio-location-system, RF-sensors and RF-measurement technologies. The wide field of communication systems is further discussed where an overview about progress in mobile communication and wireless data transmission is given and results of actual research are shown. At last, actual numerical methods are discussed which are essential for the estimation of electromagnetic effects in all the applications shown previously. In the scope between the treatment of very tiny structures and very large structures new ways are shown for the numerical modeling of the electromagnetic field in nanostructures as well as in macrostructures and large periodic structures. The book is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. hc. Peter Russer and his research work which is shown in his autobiography.

• Fundamentals. Surface and Colloidal Chemical Aspects of Wet Cleaning / Srini Raghavan, Manish Keswani, Nandini Venkataraman
• The Chemistry of Wet Cleaning / D Martin Knotter
• The Chemistry of Wet Etching / D Martin Knotter
• Surface Phenomena: Rinsing and Drying / Karen A Reinhardt, Richard F Reidy, John A Marsella
• Fundamental Design of Chemical Formulations / Robert J Rovito, Michael B Korzenski, Ping Jiang, Karen A Reinhardt
• Filtering, Recirculating, Reuse, and Recycling of Chemicals / Barry Gotlinsky, Kevin T Pate, Donald C Grant
• Applications. Cleaning Challenges of High-k/Metal Gate Structures / Muhammad M Hussain, Denis Shamiryan, Vasile Paraschiv, Kenichi Sano, Karen A Reinhardt
• High Dose Implant Stripping / Karen A Reinhardt, Michael B Korzenski
• Aluminum Interconnect Cleaning and Drying / David J Maloney
• Low-k/Cu Cleaning and Drying / Karen A Reinhardt, Richard F Reidy, Jerome Daviot
• Corrosion and Passivation of Copper / Darryl W Peters
• Germanium Surface Conditioning and Passivation / Sonja Sioncke, Yves J Chabal, Martin M Frank
• Wafer Reclaim / Michael B Korzenski, Ping Jiang
• Direct Wafer Bonding Surface Conditioning / Hubert Moriceau, Yannick C Le Tiec, Frank Fournel, Ludovic F L Ecarnot, Sebastien L E Kerdil̈s, Daniel Delprat, Christophe Maleville
• New Directions. Novel Analytical Methods for Cleaning Evaluation / Chris M Sparks, Alain C Diebold
• Stripping and Cleaning for Advanced Photolithography Applications / John A Marsella, Dana L Durham, Leslie D Molnar.

This comprehensive volume provides an in-depth discussion of the fundamentals of cleaning and surface conditioning of semiconductor applications such as high-k/metal gate cleaning, copper/low-k cleaning, high dose implant stripping, and silicon and SiGe passivation. The theory and fundamental physics associated with wet etching and wet cleaning is reviewed, plus the surface and colloidal aspects of wet processing. Formulation development practices and methodology are presented along with the applications for preventing copper corrosion, cleaning aluminum lines, and other sensitive layers. This.

• Series Preface
• Preface
• Foreword
• List of Contributors
• Part One - Growth
• 1 Bulk Growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT)
• P. Capper
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Phase Equilibria
• 1.3 Crystal Growth
• 1.4 Conclusions
• References
• 2 Bulk growth of CdZnTe/CdTe crystals
• A. Noda, H. Kurita and R. Hirano
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 High-purity Cd and Te
• 2.3 Crystal Growth
• 2.4 Wafer processing
• 2.5 Summary
• Acknowledgements
• References
• 3 Properties of Cd(Zn)Te (relevant to use as substrates)
• S. Adachi
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Structural Properties
• 3.3 Thermal Properties
• 3.4 Mechanical and Lattice Vibronic Properties
• 3.5 Collective Effects and Some Response Characteristics
• 3.6 Electronic Energy-band Structure
• 3.7 Optical Properties
• 3.8 Carrier Transport Properties
• References
• 4 Substrates for the Epitaxial growth of MCT
• J. Garland and R. Sporken
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Substrate Orientation
• 4.3 CZT Substrates
• 4.4 Si-based Substrates
• 4.5 Other Substrates
• 4.6 Summary and Comclusions
• References
• 5 Liquid phase epitaxy of MCT
• P. Capper
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Growth
• 5.3 Material Characteristics
• 5.4 Device Status
• 5.5 Summary and Future Developments
• References
• 6 Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) Growth
• C. M. Maxey
• 6.1 Requirement for Epitaxy
• 6.2 History
• 6.3 Substrate Choices
• 6.4 Reactor Design
• 6.5 Process Parameters
• 6.6 Metalorganic Sources
• 6.7 Uniformity
• 6.8 Reproducibility
• 6.9 Doping
• 6.10 Defects
• 6.11 Annealing
• 6.12 In-situ monitoring
• 6.13 Conclusions
• References
• 7 MBE growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride
• J. Garland
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 MBE Growth theory and Growth Modes
• 7.3 Substrate Mounting
• 7.4 In-situ Characterization Tools
• 7.5 MCT Nucleation and Growth
• 7.6 Dopants and Dopant Activation
• 7.7 Properties of MCT epilayers grown by MBE
• 7.8 Conclusions
• References
• Part Two - Properties
• 8 Mechanical and Thermal Properties
• M. Martyniuk, J.M. Dell and L. Faraone
• 8.1 Density of MCT
• 8.2 Lattice Parameter of MCT
• 8.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for MCT
• 8.4 Elastic Parameters of MCT
• 8.5 Hardness and deformation characteristics of HgCdTe
• 8.6 Phase Diagrams of MCT
• 8.7 Viscosity of the MCT melt
• 8.8 Thermal properties of MCT
• References
• 9 Optical Properties of MCT
• J. Chu and Y. Chang
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Optical Constants and the Dielectric Function
• 9.3 Theory of Band-to-band Optical Transition
• 9.4 Near Band Gap Absorption
• 9.5 Analytic Expressions and Empirical Formulas for Intrinsic Absorption and Urbach Tail
• 9.6 Dispersion of the Refractive Index
• 9.7 Optical Constants and Related van Hover Singularities above the Energy Gap
• 9.8 Reflection Spectra and Dielectric Function
• 9.9 Multimode Model of Lattice Vibration
• 9.10 Phonon Absorption
• 9.11 Raman Scattering
• 9.12 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
• References
• 10 Diffusion in MCT
• D. Shaw
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Self-Diffusion
• 10.3 Chemical Self-Diffusion
• 10.4 Compositional Interdiffusion
• 10.5 Impurity Diffusion
• References
• 11 Defects in HgCdTe - Fundamental
• M. A. Berding
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Ab Initio calculations
• 11.3 Prediction of Native Point Defect Densities in HgCdgTe
• 11.4 Future Challenges
• References
• 12 Band Structure and Related Properties of HgCdTe
• C. R. Becker and S. Krishnamurthy
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Parameters
• 12.3 Electronic Band Structure
• 12.4 Comparison with Experiment
• Acknowledgments
• References
• 13 Conductivity Type Conversion
• P. Capper and D. Shaw
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Native Defects in Undoped MCT
• 13.3 Native Defects in Doped MCT
• 13.4 Defect Concentrations During Cool Down
• 13.5 Change of Conductivity Type
• 13.6 Dry Etching by Ion Beam Milling
• 13.7 Plasma Etching
• 13.8 Summary
• References
• 14 Extrinsic Doping
• D. Shaw and P. Capper
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Impurity Activity
• 14.3 Thermal Ionization Energies of Impurities
• 14.4 Segregation Properties of Impurities
• 14.5 Traps and Recombination Centers
• 14.6 Donor and Acceptor Doping in LWIR and MWIR MCT
• 14.7 Residual Defects
• 14.8 Conclusions
• References
• 15
• Structure and electrical characteristics of Metal/MCT interfaces
• R. J. Westerhout, C. A. Musca, Richard H. Sewell, John M. Dell, and L. Faraone
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Reactive/intermediately reactive/nonreactive categories
• 15.3 Ultrareactive/reactive categories
• 15.4 Conclusion
• 15.5 Passivation of MCT
• 15.6 Conclusion
• 15.7 Contacts to MCT
• 15.7 Surface Effects on MCT
• 15.8 Surface Structure of CdTe and MCT
• References
• 16 MCT Superlattices for VLWIR Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays
• James Garland
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Why HgTe-Based Superlattices
• 16.3 Calculated Properties
• 16.4 Growth
• 16.5 Interdiffusion
• 16.6 Conclusions
• Acknowledgements
• References
• 17 Dry Plasma Processing of Mercury Cadmium Telluride and related II- VIs
• Andrew Stolz
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 Effects of Plasma Gases on MCT
• 17.3 Plasma Parameters
• 17.4 Characterization - Surfaces of Plasma Processed MCT
• 17.5 Manufacturing Issues and Solutions
• 17.6 Plasma Processes in Production of II-VI materials
• 17.7 Conclusions and Future Efforts
• References
• 18 MCT Photoconductive Infrared Detectors
• I. M. Baker
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Applications and Sensor Design
• 18.3 Photoconductive Detectors in MCT and Related Alloys
• 18.4 SPRITE Detectors
• 18.5 Conclusions on Photoconductive MCT Detectors
• Ackowledgements
• References
• Part Three - Applications
• 19 HgCdTe Photovoltaic Infrared Detectors
• I. M. Baker
• 19.1 Introduction
• 19.2 Advantages of the Photovoltaic Device in MCT
• 19.3 Applications
• 19.4 Fundamentals of MCT Photodiodes
• 19.5 Theoretical Foundations for MCT Array Technology
• 19.6 Manufacturing Technology for MCT Arrays
• 19.7 Towards "GEN III" Detectors
• 19.8 Conclusions and Future Trends for Photovoltaic NCT Arrays
• References
• 20 Nonequilibrium, dual-band and emission devices
• C. Jones and N. Gordon
• 20.1 Introduction
• 20.2 Nonequilibrium Devices
• 20.3 Dual-Band Devices
• 20.4 Emission devices
• 20.5 Conclusions
• References
• 21 HgCdTe Electron Avalanche Photodiodes (EAPDs)
• I. M. Baker and M. Kinch
• 21.1 Introduction and Applications
• 21.2 The Avalanche Multiplication Effect
• 21.3 Physics of MCT EAPDs
• 21.4 Technology of MCT EAPDs
• 21.5 Reported Performance of Arrays of MCT EAPDs
• 21.6 Laser-gated Imaging as a Practical Example of MCT EAPDs
• 21.7 Conclusions and Future Developments
• References
• 22 Room-temperature IR photodetectors
• Jozef Piotrowski and Adam Piotrowski
• 22.1 Introduction
• 22.2 Performance of Room-Temperature Infrared Photodetectors
• 22.3 MCT as a Material for Room-Temperature Photodetectors
• 22.4 Photoconductive Devices
• 22.5 Photoelectromagnetic, Magnetoconcentration and Dember IR Detectors
• 22.6 Photodiodes
• 22.7 Conclusions
• References
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Mercury Cadmium Telluride delivers a comprehensive treatment of both the growth techniques and fundamental properties of mercury cadmium telluride (MCT). It also presents information on the current developments in the use of this important material and includes contributions from many of the key groups working in the area from several countries, giving it a wide, international appeal. Edited by experts in the field of MCT, this reference is essential for researchers or postgraduates who want to check out a property value or read about a growth technique or device application.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• CH-1: Ion Beams for Materials Engineering
• an Overview
• CH-2: Ion Matter Interaction
• CH-3: Ion Beam Analysis
• CH -4: Engineering of Materials by Swift Heavy Ion Beam Mixing
• CH-5: SHI for Synthesis and Modifications of Nanostructured Materials
• CH -6: Engineering the Properties of Materials with SHI
• References.

Ion beams have been used for decades for characterizing and analyzing materials. Now energetic ion beams are providing ways to modify the materials in unprecedented ways. This book highlights the emergence of high-energy swift heavy ions as a tool for tailoring the properties of materials with nanoscale structures. Swift heavy ions interact with materials by exciting/ionizing electrons without directly moving the atoms. This opens a new horizon towards the 'so-called' soft engineering. The book discusses the ion beam technology emerging from the non-equilibrium conditions and emphasizes the power of controlled irradiation to tailor the properties of various types of materials for specific needs.

• Preface
• 1. Introduction to Computer Simulation 1.1 Historical Background 1.2 Theory, Modeling and Simulation in Physics 1.3 Reductionism in Physics 1.4 Basics of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations in Physics 1.5 Numerical Solution of Differential Equations: Mesh-Based vs. Particle Methods 1.6 The Role of Algorithms in Scientific Computing 1.7 Remarks on Software Design 1.8 Summary
• 2. Fundamentals of Statistical Physics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Elementary Statistics 2.3 Introduction to Classical Statistical Mechanics 2.4 Introduction to Thermodynamics 2.5 Summary
• 3. Inter- and Intramolecular Short-Range Potentials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Quantum Mechanical Basis of Intermolecular Interactions 3.2.1 Perturbation Theory 3.3 Classical Theories of Intermolecular Interactions 3.4 Potential Functions 3.5 Molecular Systems 3.6 Summary
• 4. Molecular Dynamics Simulation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basic Ideas of MD 4.3 Algorithms for Calculating Trajectories 4.4 Link between MD and Quantum Mechanics 4.5 Basic MD Algorithm: Implementation Details 4.6 Boundary Conditions 4.7 The Cutoff Radius for Short-Range Potentials 4.8 Neighbor Lists: The Linked-Cell Algorithm 4.9 The Method of Ghost Particles 4.10 Implementation Details of the Ghost Particle Method 4.11 Making Measurements 4.12 Ensembles and Thermostats 4.13 Case Study: Impact of Two Different Bodies 4.14 Case Study: Rayleigh-Taylor Instability 4.15 Case Study: Liquid-Solid Phase Transition of Argon
• 5. Advanced MD Simulation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parallelization 5.3 More Complex Potentials and Molecules 5.4 Many Body Potentials 5.5 Coarse Grained MD for Mesoscopic Systems
• 6. Outlook on Monte Carlo Simulations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Metropolis Monte-Carlo Method 6.2.1 Calculation of Volumina and Surfaces 6.2.2 Percolation Theory 6.3 Basic MC Algorithm: Implementation Details 6.3.1 Case Study: The 2D Ising Magnet 6.3.2 Trial Moves and Pivot Moves 6.3.3 Case Study: Combined MD and MC for Equilibrating a Gaussian Chain 6.3.4 Case Study: MC of Hard Disks 6.3.5 Case Study: MC of Hard Disk Dumbbells in 2D 6.3.6 Case Study: Equation of State for the Lennard-Jones Fluid 6.4 Rosenbluth and Rosenbluth Method 6.5 Bond Fluctuation Model 6.6 Monte Carlo Simulations in Different Ensembles 6.7 Random Numbers Are Hard to Find
• 7. Applications from Soft Matter and Shock Wave Physics 7.1 Biomembranes 7.2 Scaling Properties of Polymers 7.3 Polymer Melts 7.4 Polymer Networks as a Model for the Cytoskeleton of Cells 7.5 Shock Wave Impact in Brittle Solids
• 8. Concluding Remarks A Appendix A.1 Quantum Statistics of Ideal Gases A.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein- and Fermi-Dirac Statistics A.3 Stirling's Formula A.4 Useful Integrals in Statistical Physics A.3 Useful Conventions for Implementing Simulation Programs A.4 Quicksort and Heapsort Algorithms A.4 Selected Solutions to Exercises Abbreviations Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This work is a needed reference for widely used techniques and methods of computer simulation in physics and other disciplines, such as materials science. Molecular dynamics computes a molecule's reactions and dynamics based on physical models; Monte Carlo uses random numbers to image a system's behaviour when there are different possible outcomes with related probabilities. The work conveys both the theoretical foundations as well as applications and "tricks of the trade", that often are scattered across various papers. Thus it will meet a need and fill a gap for every scientist who needs computer simulations for his/her task at hand. In addition to being a reference, case studies and exercises for use as course reading are included.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• General Introduction / R. Brun
• Thermodynamic Properties of Gases behind Shock Waves / M. Capitelli, D. Bruno, G. Colonna
• Non-equilibrium Kinetics and Transport Properties behind Shock Waves / E.V. Kustova, E.A. Nagnibeda
• Non-equilibrium Kinetics behind Shock Waves Experimental Aspects / L. Ibraguimova, O. Shatalov
• Ionization Phenomena behind Shock Waves / W.M. Huo, M. Panesi, T.E. Magin
• Radiation Phenomena behind Shock Waves / M.Y. Perrin, Ph. Riviére, A. Soufiani
• Structure of Shock Waves / A.A. Raines, F.G. Tcheremissine
• Shock Waves in Hypersonic Rarefied Flows / V. Lago, A. Chpoun, B. Chanetz
• High Enthalpy Non-equilibrium Shock Layer Flows: Selected Practical Applications / S. Karl, J. Martinez Schramm, K. Hannemann.

The high temperatures generated in gases by shock waves give rise to physical and chemical phenomena such as molecular vibrational excitation, dissociation, ionization, chemical reactions and inherently related radiation. In continuum regime, these processes start from the wave front, so that generally the gaseous media behind shock waves may be in a thermodynamic and chemical non-equilibrium state. This book presents the state of knowledge of these phenomena. Thus, the thermodynamic properties of high temperature gases, including the plasma state are described, as well as the kinetics of the various chemical phenomena cited above. Numerous results of measurement and computation of vibrational relaxation times, dissociation and reaction rate constants are given, and various ionization and radiative mechanisms and processes are presented. The coupling between these different phenomena is taken into account as well as their interaction with the flow-field. Particular points such as the case of rarefied flows and the inside of the shock wave itself are also examined. Examples of specific non-equilibrium flows are given, generally corresponding to those encountered during spatial missions or in shock tube experiments. cited above. Numerous results of measurement and computation of vibrational relaxation times, dissociation and reaction rate constants are given, and various ionization and radiative mechanisms and processes are presented. The coupling between these different phenomena is taken into account as well as their interaction with the flow-field. Particular points such as the case of rarefied flows and the inside of the shock wave itself are also examined. Examples of specific non-equilibrium flows are given, generally corresponding to those encountered during spatial missions or in shock tube experiments.body>.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PART I.-AC IT SYSTEMS.-1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.-2. GROUND INSULATION MEASUREMENT IN AC IT SYSTEMS.-3. INSULATION MONITORING SYSTEMS.-4. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS OF INSULATION RESISTANCE PART II.-DC IT SYSTEMS.-5. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS OF DC NETWORKS.-6. INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT METHODS.-
• 7. DEVICES AND SYSTEMS FOR INSULATION DETERIORATION ALARMING.- 8. MODERN METHODS OF CONTINUOUS INSULATION MONITORING.-9. EARTH FAULT, LEAKAGE AND ELECTRIC SHOCK CURRENTS IN DC IT SYSTEMS PART III.-AC AND DC IT SYSTEMS.-10. EFFECTS OF AC AND DC IT SYSTEMS INSULATION FAILURES.-11. INSULATION MONITORS SETTINGS SELECTION.-12. AC/DC IT SYSTEMS.-13. EARTH FAULT LOCATION IN AC AND DC IT SYSTEMS.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Low voltage unearthed (IT) AC and DC systems are commonly applied for supply of power and control circuits in industry, transportation, medical objects etc. The main reasons for their use are high reliability and numerous advantages offered by isolating them against ground. Insulation level is a decisive factor for networks operational reliability and safety. Insufficient insulation-to-ground resistance can cause various disturbances. Though ground faults in IT systems do not make networks operation impossible, they may cause severe problems with their safe functioning. In this book the most important issues concerning normal operation and ground fault phenomena are described in concise form. Numerous methods of insulation resistance and capacitance measurement in live circuits are presented. Important other procedures of these parameters determination based on measurement and calculation are explained and reviews of selected insulation resistance measurement devices as well as earth fault locating systems are included. For the text understanding merely basic knowledge of electrical circuits theory is required. This book is addressed to electrical engineers, technicians and students of this specialty and may also serve as an academic handbook.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• ch. 1.
• Modeling methodology using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 2. Materials properties using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 3. 0D electrical circuit interface modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 4. 1D modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 5. 2D modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 6. 2D axisymmetric modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 7. 2D simple mixed mode modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 8. 2D complex mixed mode modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 9. 3D modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 10. Perfectly matched layer models using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x --ch. 11. Bioheat models using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.x.

• Front Cover; Nanotechnology Cookbook: Practical, Reliable and Jargon-free Experimental Procedures; Copyright; Contents; Acknowledgements; Chapter1 Introduction; Chapter2 Safety; General Laboratory Procedure; Personal Safety Equipment; References; Chapter3 Common Analytical Techniques for Nanoscale Materials; Principles of Electron Microscopy; Transmission Electron Microscopy; Sample Preparation for Tem; Scanning Electron Microscopy; Sample Preparation in Sem; Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy; Atomic Force Microscopy; Powder X-Ray Diffraction; UV-Visible Spectroscopy.

• Dynamic Light Scattering and Zeta Potential MeasurementBet Surface Area Measurement; References; Chapter4 Chemical Techniques; The SOL-GEL Process; Coating Nanomaterials Using the Sol Gel Method; Using Sol Gel Dip Coating to form Thin Films, Thin Porous Films and Replicas; Replication of Oddly Shaped Morphologies Using Sol Gel Techniques; Mesoporous Inorganic Powders; Aerogels and Supercritical Drying; Applications of Aerogels; Monoliths and Glasses Containing Functional Biological Materials; Growing Zinc Oxide Nanorods; Cadmium Sulfide, Selenide and Telluride Quantum Dots.

• Making Gold and Silver ColloidsFerrofluids; Allotropes of Carbon; Metal Organic Frameworks; References; Chapter5 Physical Techniques; Chemical Vapour Deposition; Atomic Layer Deposition; Photolithography Patterning; Making Wire Tips for Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy; References; Chapter6 Biological Nanotechnology; Cloning and Gene Expression to Produce Proteins in Escherichia Coli; DNA Origami?; Keeping Bacteria Long Term in a Glycerol Stock; Testing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of an Antibiotic; References; Index.

The peculiarities of materials at the nanoscale demand an interdisciplinary approach which can be difficult for students and researchers who are trained predominantly in a single field. A chemist might not have experience at working with cell cultures or a physicist may have no idea how to make the gold colloid they need for calibrating an atomic force microscope. The interdisciplinary approach of the book will help you to quickly synthesize information from multiple perspectives. Nanoscience research is also characterized by rapid movement within disciplines. The amount of time it takes wading through papers and chasing down academics is frustrating and wasteful and our reviewers seem to suggest this work would give an excellent starting point for their work. The current source of published data is either in journal articles, which requires highly advanced knowledge of background information, or books on the subject, which can skim over the essential details of preparations. Having a cookbook to hand to flick through and from which you may select a preparation acts as a good source of contact both to researchers and those who supervise them alike. This book therefore supports fundamental nanoscience experimentation. It is by intention much more user-friendly than traditional published works, which too-frequently assumes state of the art knowledge. Moreover you can pick up this book and find a synthesis to suit your needs without digging through specialist papers or tracking someone down who eventually may or may not be able to help. Once you have used the recipe the book would then act as a reference guide for how to analyze these materials and what to look out for. This title includes 100+ detailed recipes for synthesis of basic nanostructured materials, enables readers to pick up the book and get started on a preparation immediately. It features high fidelity images that show how preparations should look rather than vague schematics or verbal descriptions. It is sequential and user-friendly by design, so the reader won't get lost in overly detailed theory or miss out a step from ignorance. This is a cookbook, by design and structure the work is easy to use, familiar and compact.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Singularities in Elliptic Boundary Value Problems and Elasticity and Their Connection with Failure Initiation; Preface; Contents; List of Main Symbols;
• Chapter 1 Introduction; 1.1 What Is It All About?; 1.2 Principles and Assumptions; 1.3 Layout; 1.4 A Model Problem; 1.4.1 A Path-Independent Integral; 1.4.2 Orthogonality of the ``Primal'' and ``Dual''Eigenfunctions; 1.4.3 Particular Solutions; 1.4.4 Curved Boundaries Intersecting at the Singular Point; 1.5 The Heat Conduction Problem: Notation; 1.6 The Linear Elasticity Problem: Notation.

• Chapter 2 An Introduction to the p- and hp-Versions of the Finite Element Method2.1 The Weak Formulation; 2.2 Discretization; 2.2.1 Blending Functions, the Element Stiffness Matrix and Element Load Vector; 2.2.2 The Finite Element Space; 2.2.3 Mesh Design for an Optimal Convergence Rate; 2.3 Convergence Rates of FEMs and Their Connection to the Regularity of the Exact Solution; 2.3.1 Algebraic and Exponential Rates of Convergence; 2.3.1.1 Numerical Examples;
• Chapter 3 Eigenpair Computation for Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction Singularities; 3.1 Overview of Methods for Computing Eigenpairs.

• 3.2 Formulation of the Modified Steklov Eigenproblem3.2.1 Homogeneous Dirichlet Boundary Conditions; 3.2.2 The Modified Steklov Eigen-problemfor the Laplace Equation with Homogeneous Neumann BCs; 3.3 Numerical Solution of the Modified Steklov Weak Eigenproblem by p-FEMs; 3.4 Examples on the Performance of the ModifiedSteklov Method; 3.4.1 A Detailed Simple Example; 3.4.2 A Crack with Homogeneous Newton BCs(Laplace Equation); 3.4.3 A V-Notch in an Anisotropic Material with Homogeneous Neumann BCs.; 3.4.4 An Internal Singular Point at the Interface of Two Materials.

• 3.4.5 An Anisotropic Flux-Free Bimaterial Interface
• Chapter 4 GFIFs Computation for Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction Problems; 4.1 Computing GFIFs Using the Dual Singular Function Method; 4.2 Computing GFIFs Using the Complementary Weak Form; 4.2.1 Derivation of the Complementary Weak Form; 4.2.2 Using the Complementary Weak Formulation to Extract GFIFs; 4.2.3 Extracting GFIFs Using the Complementary Weak Formulation and Approximated Eigenpairs; 4.3 Numerical Examples: Extracting GFIFs Using the Complementary Weak Form; 4.3.1 Laplace equation with Newton BCs.

• 4.3.2 Laplace Equation with Homogeneous Neumann BCs: Approximate eigenpairs4.3.3 Anisotropic Heat Conduction Equation with Newton BCs; 4.3.4 An Internal point at the Interface of Two Materials;
• Chapter 5 Eigenpairs for Two-Dimensional Elasticity; 5.1 Asymptotic Solution in the Vicinity of a Reentrant Corner in an Isotropic Material; 5.2 The Particular Case of TF/TF BCs; 5.2.1 A TF/TF Reentrant Corner (V-Notch); 5.2.2 A TF/TF Crack; 5.2.3 A TF/TF Crack at a Bimaterial Interface; 5.3 Power-Logarithmic or Logarithmic Singularities with Homogeneous BCs.

This introductory and self-contained book gathers as much explicit mathematical results on the linear-elastic and heat-conduction ¡solutions in the neighborhood of singular points in two-dimensional domains, and ¡singular edges and vertices in three-dimensional domains. These are presented in an ¡engineering terminology for practical usage. The author treats the mathematical ¡¡formulations from an engineering viewpoint and presents high-order finite-element ¡methods for the computation of singular solutions in isotropic and anisotropic materials, ¡and multi-material interfaces. ¡The proper interpretation of the results in engineering practice ¡is advocated, so that the computed data can be correlated to experimental observations. ¡ The book is divided into fourteen chapters, each containing several sections. Most of it (the first nine Chapters) addresses two-dimensional domains, where only singular points exist. The solution in a vicinity of these points admits an asymptotic expansion composed of eigenpairs and associated¡generalized flux/stress intensity factors (GFIFs/GSIFs), which are being computed analytically when possible or by finite element methods otherwise. Singular points associated with weakly coupled thermoelasticity in the vicinity of singularities are also addressed and thermal GSIFs are computed. The computed data is important in engineering practice for¡predicting failure initiation in brittle¡materials on a daily basis. ¡Several failure laws¡for two-dimensional domains with V-notches are¡presented and their validity is examined by comparison to experimental observations.¡A sufficient simple and reliable condition for predicting failure¡initiation (crack formation) in micron level electronic devices, involving singular¡points, is still a topic of active research and interest, and is addressed herein. ¡ Explicit singular solutions in the vicinity of vertices and edges in three-dimensional domains are provided in the remaining five chapters. New methods for the computation of generalized edge flux/stress intensity functions along¡ singular edges are presented and demonstrated by several example¡ problems from the field of fracture mechanics; including anisotropic domains and bimaterial interfaces. Circular edges are also presented and the author concludes with¡ some remarks on open questions. This well illustrated book will appeal to both applied ¡mathematicians and engineers working in the field of fracture mechanics and¡ singularities.