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• Units and Constants
• Part A: Mathematical Methods
• Part B: Atoms
• Part C: Molecules
• Part D: Scattering Theory
• Part E: Scattering Experiment
• Part F: Quantum Optics
• Part G: Applications.

Comprises a comprehensive reference source that unifies the entire fields of atomic molecular and optical (AMO) physics, assembling the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field. 92 chapters written by about 120 authors present the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field, together with a guide to the primary research literature (carefully edited to ensure a uniform coverage and style, with extensive cross-references). Along with a summary of key ideas, techniques, and results, many chapters offer diagrams of apparatus, graphs, and tables of data. From atomic spectroscopy to applications in comets, one finds contributions from over 100 authors, all leaders in their respective disciplines. Substantially updated and expanded since the original 1996 edition, it now contains several entirely new chapters covering current areas of great research interest that barely existed in 1996, such as Bose-Einstein condensation, quantum information, and cosmological variations of the fundamental constants. A fully-searchable CD- ROM version of the contents accompanies the handbook.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Introduction / Rosa Alejandra Lukaszew
• 2. Spintronics and spintronic applications / Jiwei Lu and Stuart A. Wolf
• 3. L10 alloy thin films and nanostructures / Jonathan R. Skuza
• 4. Relaxation in magnetic materials for spintronics / Claudia K.A. Mewes and Tim Mewes
• 5. Nonlinear dynamic properties of two-dimensional arrays of magnetic nanodots / Yuri Kobljanskyj, Denys Slobodianiuk, Gennady Melkov, Konstantin Guslienko, Valentyn Novosad, Samuel Bader, Michael Kostylev, and Andrei Slavin
• 6. Dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles and nanodevices / Stephen E. Russek, Robert J. Usselman, and Eric R. Evarts
• 7. Nonlinear optics in magnetic nanostructures / Tatiana Murzina and Oleg Aktsipetrov
• 8. Magnetoplasmonic nanostructures / Cesar Clavero and Rosa Alejandra Lukaszew
• 9. Understanding magnetic exchange in molecule-based magnets from an electronic structure point of view / Andrew P. Weber, Paul M. Rulis, Michelle M. Paquette, Konstantin I. Pohkhodyna, Saad Z. Janjua, and Anthony N. Caruso
• 10. Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy / Kangkang Wang and Saw-Wai Hla

• section 1. Fundamentals of optical elements and devices
• section 2. Fundamentals of principles and techniques for metrology
• section 3. Practical applications

• pt. 1. Instumentation and measurement concepts
• part 2. Spatial variables
• part 3. Displacement
• part 4. Mechanical variables
• part 5. Acoustics
• part 6. Flow and spot velocity
• part 7. Thermal and temperature measurement
• part 8. Radiation
• part 9. Wireless instrumentation
• part 10. Control and human factors

Reading Weather provides a quick and simple way to understand how the atmosphere works, how to interpret and use weather forecasts before venturing outdoors, and also how to make your own forecast in the field by observing the changes in the weather. This fully updated and revised reference will arm you with the meteorological knowledge necessary to make good decisions on whether to proceed or retreat in the face of a storm. Also included are helpful definitions, tables, and simplified graphics of common weather features.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation.- Evidences of Climate Change.- Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.- Climate Change Legislation: Current Developments and Emerging Trends.- International Efforts to Combat Global Warming.- Ethics and Environmental Policy.- Mass Media Roles in Climate Change Mitigation.- Sustainable Development: Ecology and Economic Growth.- Emissions Trading.- Promotion of Renewables and Energy Efficiency by Politics: Case Study of the European Union.- Implications of Climate Change for the Petrochemical Industry: Mitigation Measures and Feedstock Transitions.- Venture Capital Investment and Trend in Clean Technologies.- Who Benefits from Climate Change?.- Analysis of the Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation.- The Role of Aviation in Climate Change Mitigation.- The Role of the Shipping Industry in Climate Change Mitigation.- Carbon Liability.- Impacts of Climatic Changes on Biogeochemical Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems.- Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity.- Sea-Level Rise and Hazardous Storms: Impacts on Coasts and Estuaries.- Impacts of Climatic Changes on Water Quality and Fish Habitat in Aquatic Systems.- Climate Change and Water Resources.- Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation in East Africa (EA) and South America (SA).- Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation in South Asia.- Urban Mining as a Resource-Efficient Means for Climate Change Mitigation.- Deja vu or Something New? The Adaptation Concept in the Climate Change Literature.- Design of a Severe Climate Change Early Warning System.- Exploring Public Support for Climate Change Adaptation Policies.- State of Knowledge on Climate Change and Adaptation Activities.- An Introductory Course on Climate Change.- Reducing Personal Mobility for Climate Change Mitigation.- Bringing Global Climate Change Education to Alabama High-School Classrooms.- Climate Change: Outreaching to School Students and Teachers.- Geoengineering for Climate Stabilization.- Measuring Household Vulnerability to Climate Change.- Energy Efficiency: Comparison of Different Systems and Technologies.- Energy Efficient Design of Future Transportation Systems.- Thermal Insulation for Energy Conservation.- Thermal Energy Storage and Transport.- Solar Concentrator.- Harvesting Solar Energy Using Inexpensive and Benign Materials.- Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Using Advanced Heat Integration Techniques.- Advanced Real-Time Optimization of Power Plants for Energy Conservation and Efficiency Increase.- Mobile and Area Sources of Greenhouse Gases and Abatement Strategies.- Biomass as Feedstock.- Biochemical Conversion of Biomass to Fuels.- Thermal Conversion of Biomass.- Chemicals from Biomass.- Biochar's Applications in Climate Change Mitigation.- Wind Energy.- Wave Power.- Geothermal Energy.- Hydropower.- Nuclear Energy and Environmental Impact.- Green Chemistry and Physics of CO2.- Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions with CO2 Capture and Geological Storage.- Chemical Absorption.- CO2 Capture by Adsorption.- CO2 Capture by Membrane.- CO2 Sequestration.- CO2 Utilization Technologies.- Oxy-fuel Firing Technology for Power Generation.- Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC).- Conversion of Syngas to Fuels.- Chemical Looping Combustion.- Oxyfuel Combustion by Oxygen Transport Membranes.- Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Carbon Dioxide Reduction.- Technological Options for Reducing Non-CO2 GHG Emissions.- Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Catalytic Processes.- Integrated Systems to Reduce Global Warming.- Thermoacoustics.- Hydrogen Production.- Low-Temperature Fuel Cell Technology for Green Energy.- Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.- Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells.- Fusion Energy. .
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The second edition of this important work covers additional topics of climate change mitigation and adaption strategies. It expands the scope of the first edition in the areas of mitigation and adds important new information on adaptation to climate change. Since the publication of the first edition, important new research findings have been gathered and natural events have continued to highlight the need for action. .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Generation and calibration of meteorological ensemble forecast
• Hydrometeorological observations and data assimilation techniques
• Model parametric uncertainty analysis techniques
• Hydrological models for converting meteorological inputs into hydrological outputs
• Post-processing of hydrological model outputs and generation of ensemble hydrological forecast products
• Verification systems
• Communication and Decision making
• Application showcases
• Mathematical basics and statistical methods. Please find the attachment for more details.

Hydrometeorological prediction involves the forecasting of the state and variation of hydrometeorological elements -- including precipitation, temperature, humidity, soil moisture, river discharge, groundwater, etc.-- at different space and time scales. Such forecasts form an important scientific basis for informing public of natural hazards such as cyclones, heat waves, frosts, droughts and floods. Traditionally, and at most currently operational centers, hydrometeorological forecasts are deterministic, "single-valued" outlooks: i.e., the weather and hydrological models provide a single best guess of the magnitude and timing of the impending events. These forecasts suffer the obvious drawback of lacking uncertainty information that would help decision-makers assess the risks of forecast use. Recently, hydrometeorological ensemble forecast approaches have begun to be developed and used by operational collection of hydrometeorological services. In contrast to deterministic forecasts, ensemble forecasts are a multiple forecasts of the same events. The ensemble forecasts are generated by perturbing uncertain factors such as model forcings, initial conditions, and/or model physics. Ensemble techniques are attractive because they not only offer an estimate of the most probable future state of the hydrometeorological system, but also quantify the predictive uncertainty of a catastrophic hydrometeorological event occurring. The Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX), initiated in 2004, has signaled a new era of collaboration toward the development of hydrometeorological ensemble forecasts. By bringing meteorologists, hydrologists and hydrometeorological forecast users together, HEPEX aims to improve operational hydrometeorological forecast approaches to a standard that can be used with confidence by emergencies and water resources managers. HEPEX advocates a hydrometeorological ensemble prediction system (HEPS) framework that consists of several basic building blocks. These components include:(a) an approach (typically statistical) for addressing uncertainty in meteorological inputs and generating statistically consistent space/time meteorological inputs for hydrological applications; (b) a land data assimilation approach for leveraging observation to reduce uncertainties in the initial and boundary conditions of the hydrological system; (c) approaches that address uncertainty in model parameters (also called 'calibration'); (d) a hydrologic model or other approach for converting meteorological inputs into hydrological outputs; and finally (e) approaches for characterizing hydrological model output uncertainty. Also integral to HEPS is a verification system that can be used to evaluate the performance of all of its components. HEPS frameworks are being increasingly adopted by operational hydrometeorological agencies around the world to support risk management related to flash flooding, river and coastal flooding, drought, and water management. Real benefits of ensemble forecasts have been demonstrated in water emergence management decision making, optimization of reservoir operation, and other applications

• Basic Principles of Detectors and Accelerators
• Specific Types of Detectors
• Applications of Detectors in Particle, Astroparticle and Nuclear Physics, Security Environment and Art
• Applications of Particle Detectors and Accelerators in Medicine.

This handbook covers the fundamental principles of interactions of particles with matter and of most types of detectors used in many fields of physics, starting from particle physics, nuclear physics up to recent experiments for solid state physics. In this second edition chapters are updated to include the most recent developments in detector physics and additional chapters on new types of detectors, like silicon photomultipliers, have been added. In addition the section about medical applications has been extended. All major detector types are described in detail by leading experts in these fields. It also gives deep insight into many applications from homeland security over radiation protection to a whole section about medical physics with strong emphasis on nuclear medicine. The book is suited to achieve a deep knowledge in the field of detector physics and imaging. It can also be used as a reference book to look up the working principles of a given detector type and to get an overview of state-of-the-art applications of the various detector types. It is also helpful for practitioners in nuclear medicine and radiology as it summarizes all detector types in this field and the basic working principles of these detectors. The area of radiation therapy is also covered in detail taking into account the most recent developments.

• Routes of formation for porous silicon
• Porous Silicon formation by Anodisation
• Porous Silicon formation by Galvanic etching
• Porous Silicon formation by Stain etching
• Porous Silicon formation by Metal nanoparticle assisted etching
• Porous Silicon formation by Photoetching
• Porous Silicon formation by Vapour etching
• Porous Silicon formation by Porous silica reduction
• Porous Silicon formation by Mechanical means
• Macroporous silicon
• Mesoporous silicon
• Microporous silicon
• Pore volume in porous silicon
• Ultrathin porous silicon films
• Porous silicon multilayers & superlattices
• Porous silicon membranes
• MACE silicon nanostructures
• Polymer -porous silicon composites
• The tunable properties of porous silicon
• Thermal Properties of porous silicon
• Mechanical properties of porous silicon
• Mesopore diffusion within porous silicon
• Refractive index of porous silicon
• Optical Birefringence of porous silicon
• Colour of porous silicon
• Electrical transport in porous silicon
• Diamagnetic behaviour of porous silicon
• Ferromagnetism & ferromagnetic composites of porous silicon
• Paramagnetic and superparamagnetic silicon nanocomposites
• Photoluminescence of porous silicon
• Cathodoluminescence of porous silicon
• Electroluminescence of porous silicon
• Thermoluminescence of porous silicon
• Optical gain in porous silicon
• [... Many other topics].

The Handbook of Porous Silicon brings together the expertise of a large, international team of almost 100 academic researchers, engineers, and product developers from industry across electronics, medicine, nutrition and consumer care to summarize the field in its entirity with 150 chapters and 5000 references. The volume presents 5 parts which cover fabrication techniques, material properties, characterization techniques, processing and applications. Much attention was given in the the past to its luminescent properties, but increasingly it is the biodegradability, mechanical, thermal and sensing capabilities that are attracting attention. The volume is divided into focussed data reviews with, wherever possible, quantitative rather than qualitative descriptions of both properties and performance. The book is targeted at undergraduates, postgraduates, and experienced researchers.

• From the Contents: The Plasma State
• Basic Atomic and Molecular Theory
• Kinetic Theory
• Fundamental Concepts in Gaseous Electronics
• Derivation of the Plasma Equations
• Thermodynamic Properties.

"Updated content will continue to be published as 'Living Reference Works'"--Publisher
This authoritative reference integrates detail on the most-essential properties, specifications, tolerances, and related knowledge derived from theoretical and applied research and industrial development on thermal plasmas. Every aspect of thermal plasmas is thoroughly covered, including: basic atomic and molecular theory, radiation transport, thermal arcs, and inductively coupled discharges, mathematical modelling as well as plasma and in-flight particle diagnostics. Industrial applications of thermal plasma technology are also included. This book is an essential, comprehensive resource for practicing engineers, research scientists, and graduate students working in the field.

• Introduction
• 2 Properties of Rheological Additives
• 3 Some Rheology Principles
• 4 Mechanisms of Action of Rheological Additives
• 5 Effective Methods of Incorporation
• 6 Analytical Methods in Application to Rheological Additives
• 7 Rheological Additives in Different Polymers
• 8 Use in Products.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Handbook of Rheological Additives covers how these additives are commonly applied in a wide range of industries, providing readers with information on over 300 organic and inorganic additives. This information is presented in individual tables for each product, whether commercial or generic. Data is divided into General Information, Physical Properties, Health and Safety, Ecological Properties, Use and Performance. Sections cover their state, odor, color, bulk density, density, specific gravity, relative density, boiling point, melting point, pour point, decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature, refractive index, vapor pressure, vapor density, volume resistivity, relative permittivity, ash content, pH, viscosity, rheological behavior, and more. Other notations include updates on NFPA classification, HMIS classification, OSHA hazard class, UN Risk phrases, UN Safety phrases, UN/NA class, DOT class, ADR/RIC class, ICAO/IATA class, IMDG class, packaging group, shipping name, food approvals, autoignition temperature, self-accelerating decomposition temperature, flash point, TLV ACGIH, NIOSH and OSHA, maximum exposure concentration IDLH, animal testing oral-rat, rabbit-dermal, mouse-oral, guinea pig-dermal, rat-dermal, rat-inhalation, mouse-inhalation, ingestion and skin and eye irritation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• 2 Properties of Rheological Additives
• 3 Some Rheology Principles
• 4 Mechanisms of Action of Rheological Additives
• 5 Effective Methods of Incorporation
• 6 Analytical Methods in Application to Rheological Additives
• 7 Rheological Additives in Different Polymers
• 8 Use in Products.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Handbook of Rheological Additives covers how these additives are commonly applied in a wide range of industries, providing readers with information on over 300 organic and inorganic additives. This information is presented in individual tables for each product, whether commercial or generic. Data is divided into General Information, Physical Properties, Health and Safety, Ecological Properties, Use and Performance. Sections cover their state, odor, color, bulk density, density, specific gravity, relative density, boiling point, melting point, pour point, decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature, refractive index, vapor pressure, vapor density, volume resistivity, relative permittivity, ash content, pH, viscosity, rheological behavior, and more. Other notations include updates on NFPA classification, HMIS classification, OSHA hazard class, UN Risk phrases, UN Safety phrases, UN/NA class, DOT class, ADR/RIC class, ICAO/IATA class, IMDG class, packaging group, shipping name, food approvals, autoignition temperature, self-accelerating decomposition temperature, flash point, TLV ACGIH, NIOSH and OSHA, maximum exposure concentration IDLH, animal testing oral-rat, rabbit-dermal, mouse-oral, guinea pig-dermal, rat-dermal, rat-inhalation, mouse-inhalation, ingestion and skin and eye irritation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Protection of the Environment
• 2. Environmental Sampling
• 3. Monitoring and Analysis
• 4. Radioactive Waste Disposal.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The primary aim of the handbook series will be to include as much useful data as possible for the specialist needing ready access for the solution of problems most likely to arise in the radiation protection professions. However, some selected review of fundamental concepts is also included to enable persons with a basic science or engineering background to acquire the necessary knowledge to solve a majority of problems in especially important aspects of radiation protection. Also since the profession is broad in discipline, an attempt has been made to fulfil the frequent need of professionals for a refresher course in some of the more important fundamentals needed to utilize data included in the handbook. Principles of management, organization, and procedures related to radiation safety will also be summarized in later volumes, with attention to presentation of methods for establishing new radiation safety programs based on the accumulated experience of others.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Principles of EPR
• 3. Hyperfine Splittings
• 4. Ana analytical application
• 5. Semiquinone spectra
• 6. Explanation to tables
• 7. Tables:
• 1. Anions
• 2. Neutral Species
• 3. Cations
• 4. Semiquinone-Cation Complexes
• 5. Isotopes 13C and 17O.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This handbook contains a complication of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) data of numerous semiquinones and related radicals. The handbook is intended as a general reference guide to the structural studies of the radicals obtained by redox processes from natural and synthetic quinones and quinols.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Theoretical Atto-nano Physics
• M. F. Ciappina and M. Lewenstein
• 2 The de Broglie Wave Nature of Molecules, Clusters and Nanoparticles
• Stefan Gerlich, Stefan Kuhn, Armin Shayeghi, and Markus Arndt
• 3 Electromagnetic Nanonetworks
• Md. Humaun Kabir and Kyung Sup Kwak
• 4 Nanoscale Energy Transport
• Jafar Ghazanfarian, Zahra Shomali and Shiyun Xiong
• 5 Coulomb Effects and Exotic Charge Transport in Nanostructured Materials
• Monique Tie and Al-Amin Dhirani
• 6 Spin-Dependent Thermoelectric Currents in Nanostructures (Tunnel Junctions, Thin Films, Small Rings and Quantum Dots)
• K.H. Bennemann
• 7 Joule Heat Generation by Electric Current in Nanostructures
• S. V. Gantsevich and V. L. Gurevich
• 8 Quantum Transport Simulations of Nano-systems: An Introduction to the Green's
• Function Approach
• Andrea Droghetti and Ivan Rungger
• 9 Transient Quantum Transport in Nanostructures
• Pei-Yun Yang, Yu-Wei Huang, and Wei-Min Zhang
• 10 Thermal Transport in Nanofilms
• Yu-Chao Hua, Dao-Sheng Tang, and Bing-Yang Cao
• 11 Thermal Transport and Phonon Coherence in Phononic Nanostructures
• Juan Sebastian Reparaz and Markus R. Wagner
• 12 Quantum Chaotic Systems and Random Matrix Theory
• Akhilesh Pandey, Avanish Kumar, and Sanjay Puri
• 13 Topological Constraint Theory and Rigidity of Glasses
• Mathieu Bauchy
• 14 Topological Descriptors of Carbon Nanostructures
• Sakander Hayat
• 15 Numerical Methods for Large-Scale Electronic State Calculation on Supercomputer
• Takeo Hoshi, Yusaku Yamamoto, Tomohiro Sogabe, Kohei Shimamura, Fuyuki Shimojo,
• Aiichiro Nakano, Rajiv Kalia, and Priya Vashishta
• 16 Atomistic Simulation of Disordered Nano-electronics
• Youqi Ke
• 17 Ab Initio Simulations of Carboxylated Nanomaterials
• Vivian Machado de Menezes and Ivi Valentini Lara
• 18 Phase Behavior of Atomic and Molecular Nanosystems
• R. Stephen Berry
• 19 Exact solutions in the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent DFT of
• Mesoscopic Systems
• Vladimir U. Nazarov
• 20 Molecular Simulation of Porous Graphene
• Ziqi Tian, Haoran Guo, Liang Chen, and Chad Priest
• 21 Metallic Nanoglasses Investigated by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
• D. Sopu and O. Adjaoud.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• High-Temperature Scanning Probe Microscopy - Fang Low Temperature Investigation of Magnetic Molecules by Scanning Probe Microscopies- Mannini Ultrafast Optical Pump-Probe Scanning Probe Microscopy/Spectroscopy- Shigekawa Triggering Chemical Reactions by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy- Elemans The Circular Mode AFM: A New Experimental Approach for Investigating Nanotribology - Noel & Mazeran Chemical Imaging with Fluorescent Nanosensors -Kruss Nanometer-Scale and Low-Density Imaging with Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X-Ray Radiation -Wachulak X-Ray Imaging of Single Nanoparticles and Nanostructures -Rolles Helium Ion Microscopy -Belianinov Nanofiber Characterization by Raman Scanning Microscopy -Khmaladze Quantification of Nanostructure Orientation via Image Processing -Abukhdeir Chemometrics and Super-Resolution at the Service of Nanoscience: Aerosols Characterization in Hyperspectral Raman Imaging - Offroy Atomic Force Microscope Nanoscale Mechanical Mapping -Liu Electron Holography for Mapping Electric Fields and Charge - Martha R. McCartney and David J. Smith Terahertz Spectroscopy for Nanomaterial Characterization -Xu TXRF Spectrometry in Conditions of Planar X-Ray Waveguide-Resonator Application -Egorov Nanoscale XPEEM Spectromicroscopy - Vaz Integrating Cavities and Ring-Down Spectroscopy -Fry Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Nanomaterial Analysis -Laborda Determination of Nanomaterial Electronic Structure via Variable-Temperature Variable-Field Magnetic Circular Photoluminescence (VTVH-MCPL) Spectroscopy -Knappenberger Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of Single Semiconductor Quantum Dots - Kusova Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and its Potential in Nanomaterial Characterization - Kranz Nanostructured Materials Obtained by Electrochemical Methods: From Fabrication to Application in Sensing, Energy Conversion and Storage - Inguanta New Trends in Nanoscale Electrodes and Electrochemistry: The Role of Dimensionality - Bandaru.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Nanophotonic Devices Based on Low-Voltage Emission of 2D Electron Gas - Kim
• Polarized Nano-Optics - Brasselet
• Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures - Cantarero
• Hybrid Phase-Change Nanophotonic Circuits - Pernice
• X-Ray Nanophotonics Based on Planar X-Ray Waveguide Resonator - Egorov
• Optical Tweezers - Li
• Metal Nanostructures with Plasmonically Enhanced Raman and Photoluminescence Signals - Nam
• GaN Nanoflowers: Growth to Optoelectronic Device - Gupta
• The Future of Nanoelectronics - Deleonibus
• Semimetal Nanoelectronics: Quantum Confinement and Surface Chemistry as Design Tools - Greer
• Neuromorphic Nanoelectronics - Fairfield
• Single-Electronics: Modeling and Simulation Techniques - Santos Pes
• Single Electron Transport and Possible Quantum Computing in 2D Materials - Chiu
• Assembly of Plasmonic Nanoparticles - Zheng
• Coulomb Blockade Plasmonic Switch - Gordon
• Amplification of Surface Plasmons - Wartak
• Magneto-Plasmonics in Purely Ferromagnetic Subwavelength Arrays - Papaioannou
• Cathodoluminescence of Nanoplasmonics - Yamamoto
• Biosensing under Surface Plasmon Resonance Conditions - Snopok
• Plasmonic Optical Antenna and its Enhancement to Infrared Photodetectors - Lu.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

21st Century Nanoscience - A Handbook: Nanophotonics, Nanoelectronics, and Nanoplasmonics (Volume 6) will be the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field of nanoscience. Handbook of Nanophysics by the same editor published in the fall of 2010 and was embraced as the first comprehensive reference to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of nanophysics. This follow-up project has been conceived as a necessary expansion and full update that considers the significant advances made in the field since 2010. It goes well beyond the physics as warranted by recent developments in the field. This sixth volume in a ten-volume set covers nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, and nanoplasmonics. Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field. Chapters written by international experts in the field. Emphasises presentation and real results and applications. This handbook distinguishes itself from other works by its breadth of coverage, readability and timely topics. The intended readership is very broad, from students and instructors to engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical researchers, industry professionals, governmental scientists, and others whose work is impacted by nanotechnology. It will be an indispensable resource in academic, government, and industry libraries worldwide. The fields impacted by nanophysics extend from materials science and engineering to biotechnology, biomedical engineering, medicine, electrical engineering, pharmaceutical science, computer technology, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, food science, and beyond.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
This up-to-date reference is the most comprehensive summary of the field of nanoscience and its applications. It begins with fundamental properties at the nanoscale and then goes well beyond into the practical aspects of the design, synthesis, and use of nanomaterials in various industries. It emphasizes the vast strides made in the field over the past decade - the chapters focus on new, promising directions as well as emerging theoretical and experimental methods. The contents incorporate experimental data and graphs where appropriate, as well as supporting tables and figures with a tutorial approach. .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Interactions of Particles and Radiation with Matter
• Electronics Part I
• Electronics Part II
• Data Analysis
• Statistics
• Particle Identification
• Accelerators for Particle Physics
• Synchrotron Radiation and FEL Instrumentation
• Calibration of Radioactive Sources
• Radiation Protection
• Gaseous Detectors
• Tracking Detectors
• Photon Detectors
• Neutrino Detectors
• Scintillation Counters
• Semiconductor Counters
• Silicon Photomultiplyers
• Gamma-Ray Detectors
• Cherenkov Counters
• Muon Spectrometers
• Calorimeters
• New Solid State Detectors
• Radiation Damage Effects
• Astrophysics and Space Instrumentation
• Indirect Detection of Cosmic Rays
• Gravitational wave detectors
• Technology for Border Security
• Homeland security
• Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and its Applications in Archaeology, Geology, and Environmental Research
• Geoscientific Applications of Particle Detection and Imaging Techniques with Special Focus on the Monitoring Clay Mineral Reactions
• Particle Detectors Used in Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry, with Applications in Geology, Environmental Science and Nuclear Forensics
• Particle Detectors in Materials Science
• Spallation - Neutrons Beyond Nuclear Fission
• Neutron Detection
• Instrumentation for Nuclear Fusion
• The Use of Neutron Technology in Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Research
• Radiation Detectors and Art
• Radiation-Based Medical Imaging Techniques: An Overview
• CT Imaging: Basics and New Trends
• SPECT Imaging: Basics and New Trends
• PET Imaging: Basics and New Trends
• Image Reconstruction
• multi imaging devices
• Motion Compensation in Emission Tomography
• Quantitative Image Analysis in Tomography
• Compartmental Modeling in Emission Tomography
• Evaluation and Image Quality in Radiation-Based Medical Imaging
• Simulation of Medical Imaging Systems: Emission and Transmission Tomography
• High-Resolution and Animal Imaging Instrumentation and Techniques
• Imaging Instrumentation and Techniques for Precision Radiotherapy
• Tumor Therapy with Ion Beams
• Ion Beam profile measurements.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This handbook covers the fundamental principles of interactions of particles with matter and of most types of detectors used in many fields of physics, starting from particle physics, nuclear physics up to recent experiments for solid state physics. In this second edition chapters are updated to include the most recent developments in detector physics and additional chapters on new types of detectors, like silicon photomultipliers, have been added. In addition the section about medical applications has been extended. All major detector types are described in detail by leading experts in these fields. It also gives deep insight into many applications from homeland security over radiation protection to a whole section about medical physics with strong emphasis on nuclear medicine. The book is suited to achieve a deep knowledge in the field of detector physics and imaging. It can also be used as a reference book to look up the working principles of a given detector type and to get an overview of state-of-the-art applications of the various detector types. It is also helpful for practitioners in nuclear medicine and radiology as it summarizes all detector types in this field and the basic working principles of these detectors. The area of radiation therapy is also covered in detail taking into account the most recent developments.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Fundamentals.- History and Basic Concepts.- Magnetism of Nuclei, Atoms and Ions.- Exchange.- Anisotropy.- Electronic Structure.- Metals and Insulators.- Magnetic Order and Phase Transitions.- Spin Waves.- Micromagnetism and Domains.- Magnetotransport.- Magnetooptics.- Magnetoelasticity.- Magnetocaloric Effects.- Magnetic Materials.- Magnetism of the Elements.- Magnetic Metals and Alloys.- Magnetic Oxides and Insulators.- Organic and Molecular Magnetism.- Magnetic Minerals.- Magnetic Thin Films.- Magnetic Fine Particles and Clusters.- Dilute Magnetic Materials.- Artifically-Engineered Materials.-Materials and Device Preparation.- Magnetic Fields and Measurements.- Magnetic Resonance.- Magnetic Scattering.- Magnetic Spectoscopy.- Magnetization Dynamics.- Magnetic Imaging and Microscopy.- Applications.- Permanent Magnetism.- Soft Magnetism.- Magnetic Heterostructures.- Magnetic Sensors.- Magnetic Recording.- Magnetic Memory and Logic.- Spin Current Applications.- Semiconductor Spin Electronics.- Magnetic Quantum Computing.- Magnetochemistry and Separation.- Biomagnetism and Medical Applications.- Planetary and Stellar Magnetism.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This handbook presents a comprehensive survey of magnetism and magnetic materials. The dramatic advances in information technology and electromagnetic engineering make it necessary to systematically review the approved key knowledge and summarize the state of the art in this vast field within one seminal reference work. The book thus delivers up-to-date and well-structured information on a wealth of topics encompassing all fundamental aspects of the underlying physics and materials science, as well as advanced experimental methodology and applications. It features coverage of the host of fascinating and complex phenomena that arise from the use of magnetic fields in e.g. chemistry and biology. Edited by two internationally renowned scholars and featuring authored chapters from leading experts in the field, Springer's Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials is an invaluable source of essential reference information for a broad audience of students, researchers, and magnetism professionals.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• 1. Mathematical background
• 2. Gravitation
• 3. Gravity
• 4. The tides
• 5. Earth's rotation
• 6. Earth's heat
• 7. Geomagnetism
• 8. Foundations of seismology
• Appendix A. Magnetic poles, the dipole field, and current loops
• Appendix B. Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
• References
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 2.3.1 Outside a solid sphere, using Laplace's equation
• 2.3.2 Inside a solid sphere, using Poisson's equation
• 2.4 Laplace's equation in spherical polar coordinates
• 2.4.1 Azimuthal (longitudinal) solution
• 2.4.2 Polar (latitudinal) solution for rotational symmetry
• 2.4.3 Radial solution
• 2.4.4 Solution of Laplace's equation for rotational symmetry
• 2.4.5 General solution of Laplace's equation
• 2.5 MacCullagh's formula for the gravitational potential
• 2.5.1 Gravitational potential of a spheroid
• 2.5.2 MacCullagh's formula and the figure of the Earth
• Further reading
• 3 Gravity
• 3.1 The ellipticity of the Earth's figure
• 3.2 The geopotential
• 3.2.1 Gravitational potential
• 3.2.2 Centrifugal potential
• 3.3 The equipotential surface of gravity
• 3.3.1 Relationship of J2, J4, f, and m
• 3.3.2 Inferred increase of density with depth in the Earth
• 3.4 Gravity on the reference spheroid
• 3.4.1 Polar component of gravity
• 3.4.2 Radial component of gravity
• 3.4.3 Variation of reference gravity with geocentric latitude
• 3.4.4 Clairaut's formula
• 3.5 Geocentric and geographic latitude
• 3.5.1 Normal gravity on the reference ellipsoid
• 3.6 The geoid
• 3.6.1 The potential of a geoid undulation
• 3.6.2 Stokes' formula for the height of the geoid
• 3.6.3 Evaluation of the function F(θ)
• Further reading
• 4 The tides
• 4.1 Origin of the lunar tide-raising forces
• 4.2 Tidal potential of the Moon
• 4.2.1 Significance of individual terms in the lunar potential
• Potential W0
• Potential W1
• Potential W2
• Potential W3
• 4.2.2 The lunar tide-raising acceleration
• 4.2.3 The solar tide-raising acceleration
• 4.3 Love's numbers and the tidal deformation
• 4.3.1 Tidal height
• 4.3.2 Tidal gravity anomaly
• 4.3.3 Tidal deflection of the vertical
• 4.3.4 Satellite-derived values for k, h, and l.

The advent of accessible student computing packages has meant that geophysics students can now easily manipulate datasets and gain first-hand modeling experience - essential in developing an intuitive understanding of the physics of the Earth. Yet to gain a more in-depth understanding of physical theory, and to develop new models and solutions, it is necessary to be able to derive the relevant equations from first principles. This compact, handy book fills a gap left by most modern geophysics textbooks, which generally do not have space to derive all of the important formulae, showing the intermediate steps. This guide presents full derivations for the classical equations of gravitation, gravity, tides, earth rotation, heat, geomagnetism and foundational seismology, illustrated with simple schematic diagrams. It supports students through the successive steps and explains the logical sequence of a derivation - facilitating self-study and helping students to tackle homework exercises and prepare for exams.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part I. The Basics: 1. Why measure the weather? A history of meteorological observations
• 2. Choosing a weather station
• 3. Buying a weather station
• 4. Site and exposure - the basics
• Part II. Measuring the Weather: 5. Measuring the temperature of the air
• 6. Measuring precipitation
• 7. Measuring atmospheric pressure
• 8. Measuring humidity
• 9. Measuring wind speed and direction
• 10. Measuring grass and earth temperature
• 11. Measuring sunshine and solar radiation
• 12. Observing hours and time standards
• 13. Dataloggers and AWS software
• 14. Non-instrumental weather observing
• 15. Calibration
• 16. Metadata - what is it, and why is it important?
• Part III. Making the Most of your Observations: 17. Collecting and storing data
• 18. Making sense of the data avalanche
• 19. Sharing your observations
• 20. Summary and getting started.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The Weather Observer's Handbook provides a comprehensive, practical and independent guide to all aspects of making weather observations. Automatic weather stations today form the mainstay of both amateur and professional weather observing networks around the world and yet - prior to this book - there existed no independent guide to their selection and use. Traditional and modern weather instruments are covered, including how best to choose and to site a weather station, how to get the best out of your equipment, how to store and analyse your records and how to share your observations with other people and across the Internet. From amateur observers looking for help in choosing their first weather instruments on a tight budget to professional observers looking for a comprehensive and up-to-date guide covering World Meteorological Organization recommendations on observing methods and practices, all will welcome this handbook.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Survival: The state or fact of continuing to live or exist, typically in spite of an accident, ordeal, or difficult circumstances. Climate change: A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. This is a survival guide. It rests on the idea that we could possibly survive a changing climate. Temperatures are already climbing, sea levels are rising and parts of South Africa are on their way to being uninhabitable. Life is already incredibly hard for many people and nobody will be exempt from climate change. Circumstances are going to get a lot more difficult very soon, and we need a plan.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Prefazione
• Indice
• Abbreviazioni e simboli usati
• Introduzione all'Ottica
• Parte I
• Cenni storici: le prime scoperte sul magnetismo e l'elettricità
• 1 Richiami di elettromagnetismo
• Parte II
• Cenni storici: da Empedocle a Huygens
• 2 Ottica geometrica
• Parte III
• Cenni storici: Da Newton a Fresnel
• 3 Interferenza
• 4 Diffrazione
• Parte IV
• Cenni storici: Da Fourier a Fizeau
• 5 Ottica di Fourier
• Parte V
• Cenni storici: da Kirchhoff ad Einstein
• 6 Propagazione di fasci laser in mezzi lineari
• 7 Propagazione della luce in mezzi anisotropi
• Appendice A. Convenzioni sull'elettromagnetismo
• Appendice B. Relazioni matematiche
• Appendice C. I padri fondatori dell'Ottica
• Indice degli autori
• Indice analitico.

Questo libro costituisce un fondamento solido per la conoscenza dell'Ottica Fisica, presentando vari modi di trattare la propagazione di onde elettromagnetiche e indicando quali siano i metodi utili a specifici casi. Iniziando dall'elettromagnetismo, la riflessione, la rifrazione e la dispersione delle onde, espone argomenti quali l'Ottica Geometrica, l'Interferenza, la Diffrazione, la Coerenza, i fasci Laser, la Polarizzazione, la Cristallografia e l'Anisotropia. Tratta componenti ottici come lenti, specchi, prismi, interferometri classici, Fabry-Perot e cavità risonanti, multistrati dielettrici, filtri interferenziali e spaziali, reticoli di diffrazione, polarizzatori e lamine birifrangenti. Vi sono inoltre argomenti poco reperibili, come il metodo delle matrici 4x4 per lo studio di fronti d'onda generalmente astigmatici, i metodi numerici tramite FFT per il calcolo della diffrazione, e la Bi-anisotropia, che tratta relativisticamente l'attività ottica e gli effetti Faraday e Fresnel-Fizeau. Particolare cura è stata posta nel contestualizzare gli argomenti scientifici al periodo storico e agli scienziati che hanno sviluppato i temi trattati.

• Foreword by Manfred R. Schroeder.- Introduction to acoustics.- History of acoustics.- General linear acoustics.- Sound propagation in the atmosphere.- Underwater acoustics.- Physical acoustics.- Thermoacoustics.- Nonlinear acoustics.- Performance and assembly hall acoustics.- Concert hall acoustics - Subjective preference theory.- Building acoustics.- Physiological acoustics.- Psychoacoustics.- Acoustic signal processing.- Musical acoustics.- Speech and singing.- Computer music.- Audio and electroacoustics.- Animal bioacoustics.- Cetacean acoustics.- Medical ultrasound.- Structural acoustics and vibration.- Noise.- Microphones and their calibration.- Sound intensity.- Acoustic holography.- Optical methods for acoustics and vibration.- Modal analysis.- About the Authors.- Subject Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This is an unparalleled modern handbook reflecting the richly interdisciplinary nature of acoustics edited by an acknowledged master in the field. The handbook reviews the most important areas of the subject, with emphasis on current research. The authors of the various chapters are all experts in their fields. Each chapter is richly illustrated with figures and tables. The latest research and applications are incorporated throughout, including computer recognition and synthesis of speech, physiological acoustics, diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications and acoustical oceanography. An accompanying CD-ROM contains audio and video files.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Units and Constants.- Part A Mathematical Methods: Angular Momentum Theory.- Group Theory for Atomic Shells.- Dynamical Groups.- Perturbation Theory.- Second Quantization.- Density Matrices.- Computational Techniques.- Hydrogenic Wave Functions.- Part B Atoms: Atomic Spectroscopy.- High Precision Calculations for Helium.- Atomic Multipoles.- Atoms in Strong Fields.- Rydberg Atoms.- Rydberg Atoms in Strong Static Fields.- Hyperfine Structure.- Precision Oscillator Strength and Lifetime Measurements.- Ion Beam Spectroscopy.- Line Shapes and Radiation Transfer.- Thomas - Fermi and Other Density-Functional Theories.- Atomic Structure: Multiconfiguration Hartree - Fock Theories.- Relativistic Atomic Structure.- Many-Body Theory of Atomic Structure and Processes.- Photoionization of Atoms.- Autoionization.- Green's Functions of Field Theory.- Quantum Electrodynamics.- Tests of Fundamental Physics.- Parity Nonconserving Effects in Atoms.- Atomic Clocks and Constraints on Variations of Fundamental Constants.- Molecular Structure.- Molecular Symmetry and Dynamics.- Radiative Transition Probabilities.- Molecular Photodissociation.- Time-Resolved Molecular Dynamics.- Nonreactive Scattering.- Gas Phase Reactions.- Gas Phase Ionic Reactions.- Clusters.- Infrared Spectroscopy.- Laser Spectroscopy in the Submillimeter and Far-Infrared Region.- Spectroscopic Techniques: Lasers.- Spectroscopic Techniques: Cavity-Enhanced Methods.- Spectroscopic Techniques: Ultraviolet.- Part C Scattering Theory: Elastic Scattering: Classical, Quantal, and Semiclassical.- Orientation and Alignment in Atomic and Molecular Collisions.- Electron-Atom, Electron-Ion, and Electron-Molecule Collisions.- Positron Collisions.- Adiabatic and Diabatic Collision Processes at Low Energies.- Ion -Atom and Atom - Atom Collisions.- Ion - Atom Charge Transfer Reactions at Low Energies.- Continuum Distorted-Wave and Wannier Methods.- Ionization in High Energy Ion - Atom Collisions.- Electron - Ion and Ion - Ion Recombination.- Dielectronic Recombination.- Rydberg Collisions: Binary Encounter, Born and Impulse Approximations.- Mass Transfer at High Energies: Thomas Peak.- Classical Trajectory and Monte Carlo Techniques.- Collisional Broadening of Spectral Lines.- Part D Scattering Experiments: Photodetachment.- Photon - Atom Interactions: Low Energy.- Photon - Atom Interactions: Intermediate Energies.- Electron - Atom and Electron - Molecule Collisions.- Ion - Atom Scattering Experiments: Low Energy.- Ion - Atom Collisions:High Energy.- Reactive Scattering.- Ion - Molecule Reactions.- Part E Quantum Optics: Light - Matter Interaction.- Absorption and Gain Spectra.- Laser Principles.- Types of Lasers.- Nonlinear Optics.- Coherent Transients.- Multiphoton and Strong-Field Processes.- Cooling and Trapping.- Quantum Degenerate Gases: Bose - Einstein Condensation.- De Broglie Optics.- Quantized Field Effects.- Entangled Atoms and Fields: Cavity QED.- Quantum Optical Tests of the Foundations of Physics.- Quantum Information.- Part F Applications: Applications of Atomic and Molecular Physics to Astrophysics.- Comets.- Aeronomy.- Applications of Atomic and Molecular Physics to Global Change.- Atoms in Dense Plasmas.- Conduction of Electricity in Gases.- Applications to Combustion.- Surface Physics.- Interface with Nuclear Physics.- Charged-Particle - Matter Interactions.- Radiation Physics.-
• About the Authors.- Subject Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Comprises a comprehensive reference source that unifies the entire fields of atomic molecular and optical (AMO) physics, assembling the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field. 92 chapters written by about 120 authors present the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field, together with a guide to the primary research literature (carefully edited to ensure a uniform coverage and style, with extensive cross-references). Along with a summary of key ideas, techniques, and results, many chapters offer diagrams of apparatus, graphs, and tables of data. From atomic spectroscopy to applications in comets, one finds contributions from over 100 authors, all leaders in their respective disciplines. Substantially updated and expanded since the original 1996 edition, it now contains several entirely new chapters covering current areas of great research interest that barely existed in 1996, such as Bose-Einstein condensation, quantum information, and cosmological variations of the fundamental constants. A fully-searchable CD- ROM version of the contents accompanies the handbook.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction The expression: "analytical work", often connotes an effort in which basic expressions are combined to analyze a given problem and to derive new information and insight from the resulting mathematical steps of the analysis. Specifically, having started with the appropriate relationships and bringing appropriate mathematical manipulations to the task, the analyst is able to create new information to address the motivating question(s). A central organizing theme of this handbook is that `experimental fluid mechanics" can be understood as a parallel activity to that described above. The motivating questions will set the context for the experiment. The experiment will be established as a boundary value problem in which the experimentalist will address all aspects of the boundary conditions that will influence the "solution." If a transient or an evolving solution is sought, the appropriate initial conditions will similarly be addressed. Having established these conditions, the solution to the boundary value problem will be revealed in the experimental data that will - ideally - not be contaminated by unintended or unknown perturbing effects and that will be fully converged if statistical average values are sought.
• Part A Experiments in Fluid Mechanics
• The objective of Part A is to establish the fundamental concepts and equations that undergird experimental fluid mechanics. The first chapter: addresses both the governing equations and the constitutive equations for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Chapter 2 provides the systematic bases for model testing and the scaling of experimental results. Sections 2.1 through 2.7 derive similitude parameters (Reynolds number, Froude number, etc.) from the governing equations and the boundary conditions. Dimensional analysis (Sect. 2.2) provides a rational approach for the organization and interpretation of experimental data-- Sect. 2.3, self-similarity, documents known flow fields that exhibit this condition and it provides guidance on what other flows may exhibit this behavior. The encyclopedic presentation of examples will allow the reader to comprehend the universal features of both complete and incomplete self-similarity.
• Chap. 1 The Experiment as a Boundary-Value Problem Chap. 2 Nondimensional Representation of the Boundary-Value Problem Part B Measurement of Primary Quantities The objective of Part B is to provide specific information to the reader on the following primary quantities: material properties (Chap. 3), flow field properties (Chap. 4 - pressure, Chap. 5 - velocity, vorticity, Mach number, Chap. 6 - spatial density variations and Chap. 7 - temperature and heat flux) and forces and moments (Chap. 8). Chapter 3 is focused on providing quantitative information for the material properties, the sources of this information and the associated confidence levels for the given data. Chapters 4 through 8 provide comprehensive guidance to the reader on: i) the objectives, ii) the available equipment, iii) the utilization techniques, and iv) the post-processing of the primitive information for the stated quantities.
• Chap. 3 Material Properties: Measurement and Data Chap. 4 Pressure Measurement Systems Chap. 5 Velocity, Vorticity and Mach Number Chap. 6 Spatial Density Variations Chap. 7 Temperature, Concentration and Heat Flux Chap. 8 Forces and Moments Part C Specific Experimental Approaches Building on the previous two parts of this Springer Handbook, which have dealt with the fundamental concepts and equations that undergrid experimental fluid mechanics and the measurement of primary quantities, respectively, Part C addresses experimental fluid mechanics from an application point of view. According to application, often unique and specific forms of equipment, experimental procedure, or analysis and interpretation of results have been developed. It is the purpose of Part C to elucidate a selection of such application areas, in particular measurements of non-Newtonian flows, turbulence, flow visualization, wall-bounded flows, surface topology, turbomachines, hydraulics, aerodynamics, atmospheric and oceanographic measurements, combustion diagnostics and electrohydrodynamic systems. Chap. 9 Non-Newtonian Flows Chap. 10 Measurement of Turbulent Flows Chap. 11 Flow Visualization Chap. 12 Wall-Bounded Flows Chap. 13 Surface Topology Chap. 14 Turbomachines Chap. 15 Hydraulics Chap. 16 Aerodynamics Chap. 17 Atmospheric Measurements Chap. 18 Oceanographic Measurements Chap. 19 The No-Slip Boundary Condition Chap. 20 Combustion Diagnostics Chap. 21 Electrohydrodynamic Systems Part D Analyses and Post-Processing of Data
• This final part of the Springer Handbook is actually meant to be a reference source about single and data processing techniques commonly encountered in fluid mechanics. These topics have been complemented by a section discussing data acquisition by imaging detectors, a topic becoming increasingly important for optical measurement techniques. These are all subjects, which in their development are not naturally associated with fluid mechanics-- hence Part D attempts to collect information from many diverse sources and present them conveniently to the fluid mechanic researcher. Topics covered in this part include fundamental topics of signal and data processing transforms (Fourier, Hilbert, wavelet), proper orthogonal decomposition and stochastic estimation. This is followed by a discussion of estimator expectation and variance and the influence of noise on these quantities. The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is introduced and developed for several common signal processing examples from fluid mechanics. Imaging detectors and measures of their performance are then discussed in detail before closing with a chapter on image processing and motion analysis, two topics especially relevant for the Particle Image Velocity (PIV) measurement technique. Chap. 22 Review of Some Fundamentals Chap. 23 Fundamentals of Data Processing Chap. 24 Data Acquisition Chap. 25 Data Analyses
• About the Authors
• Subject Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This key text is a major reference work - a totally authoritative handbook on a major current topic. It consolidates state-of-the-art information from the large number of disciplines used in Experimental Fluid Mechanics into a readable desk reference book. It comprises four parts: Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, Measurement of Primary Quantities, Specific Experimental Approaches, and Analyses and Post-Processing of Data. The book has been prepared for physicists and engineers in research and development in universities, in industry and in other research institutions. Both experimental methodology and techniques are covered fundamentally and for a wide range of application fields. A generous use of citations directs the reader to additional material on each subject.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Fundamentals of Optical Elements and Devices
• Light Sources-- Natalia Dushkina
• Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors-- Peter R. Hall
• Optoelectronic Sensors-- Motohiro Suyama
• Optical Devices and Optomechanical Elements-- Akihiko Chaki and Kenji Magara
• Fundamentals of Principles and Techniques for Metrology
• Propagation of Light-- Natalia Dushkina
• Interferometry-- David A. Page
• Holography-- Giancarlo Pedrini
• Speckle Methods and Applications-- Nandigana Krishna Mohan
• Moire Metrology-- Lianhua Jin and Toru Yoshizawa
• Optical Heterodyne Measurement Method-- Masao Hirano
• Diffraction-- Toru Yoshizawa
• Light Scattering-- Lev T. Perelman
• Polarization-- Michael Shribak
• Near-Field Optics-- Wenhao Huang, Xi Li, and Guoyong Zhang
• Practical Applications
• Length and Size-- Rene Schoedel
• Displacement-- Akiko Hirai, Mariko Kajima, and Souichi Telada
• Straightness and Alignment-- Ruedi Thalmann
• Flatness-- Toshiyuki Takatsuji and Youichi Bitou
• Surface Profilometry-- Toru Yoshizawa and Toshitaka Wakayama
• Three-Dimensional Shape Measurement-- Frank Chen, Gordon M. Brown, and Mumin Song
• Fringe Analysis-- Jun-ichi Kato
• Photogrammetry-- Nobuo Kochi
• Optical Methods in Solid Mechanics-- Anand Asundi
• Optical Methods in Flow Measurement-- Sang Joon Lee
• Polarimetry-- Baoliang (Bob) Wang
• Birefringence Measurement-- Yukitoshi Otani
• Ellipsometry-- Hiroyuki Fujiwara
• Optical Thin Film and Coatings-- Cheng-Chung Lee and Shigetaro Ogura
• Film Surface and Thickness Profilometry-- Katsuichi Kitagawa
• Optical Coherence Tomography for Industrial Applications-- Tatsuo Shiina
• Interference Microscopy for Surface Structure Analysis-- Peter J. de Groot
• Noncontact Dimensional and Profile Metrology by Video Measurement-- Hiroo Tsumuraya and Shuichi Sakai
• Optical Metrology in Manufacturing Technology-- Rainer Tutsch
• On-Machine Measurements-- Takashi Nomura and Kazuhide Kamiya.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Handbook of Optical Metrology: Principles and Applications begins by discussing key principles and techniques before exploring practical applications of optical metrology. Designed to provide beginners with an introduction to optical metrology without sacrificing academic rigor, this comprehensive text: Covers fundamentals of light sources, lenses, prisms, and mirrors, as well as optoelectronic sensors, optical devices, and optomechanical elements Addresses interferometry, holography, and speckle methods and applications Explains Moire metrology and the optical heterodyne measurement method Delves into the specifics of diffraction, scattering, polarization, and near-field optics Considers applications for measuring length and size, displacement, straightness and parallelism, flatness, and three-dimensional shapes This new Second Edition is fully revised to reflect the latest developments. It also includes four new chapters-nearly 100 pages-on optical coherence tomography for industrial applications, interference microscopy for surface structure analysis, noncontact dimensional and profile metrology by video measurement, and optical metrology in manufacturing technology.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials Preface Part I: Fundamentals of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications
• Chapter 1: Optoelectronic techniques for the generation and detection of terahertz waves Abstract: 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Terahertz detector technologies 1.3 Terahertz signal generation in terahertz photoconductive antennas (THz-PCAs) 1.4 Terahertz signal detection with terahertz photoconductive antennas (THz-PCAs) 1.5 Parametric interaction in nonlinear crystals 1.6 Difference frequency mixing in nonlinear crystals 1.7 Conclusion
• Chapter 2: Transmission and propagation of terahertz waves in plastic waveguides Abstract: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Main challenges of the plastic-based terahertz fiber optics 2.3 Devices based on subwavelength fibers 2.4 Hollow-core fibers 2.5 Composite terahertz materials 2.6 Experimental characterization of terahertz waveguides 2.7 Conclusions 2.8 Acknowledgments
• Chapter 3: Fundamental aspects of surface plasmon polaritons at terahertz frequencies Abstract: 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Drude model 3.3 Surface plasmon polaritons on planar surfaces 3.4 Multilayered structures 3.5 New trends in terahertz plasmonics 3.6 Acknowledgments
• Chapter 4: Fundamental aspects of terahertz near-field imaging and sensing Abstract: 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Terahertz near-field measurements 4.3 Near-fields of various subwavelength holes 4.4 Kirchhoff formalism for near-field estimate 4.5 Conclusions
• Chapter 5: Field effect transistors for terahertz applications Abstract: 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Plasma waves in low-dimensional structures 5.3 Instability of the steady state with a dc current in field effect transistors (FETs) 5.4 Detection of terahertz radiation by an FET 5.5 Studies of terahertz emission from FETs 5.6 Experimental studies of terahertz detection by FETs 5.7 Conclusions 5.8 Acknowledgements
• Chapter 6: Terahertz wireless communications Abstract: 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Motivation for terahertz wireless communications 6.3 Atmospheric propagation for communications 6.4 Modeling of terahertz communication channels 6.5 Hardware for terahertz communications: sources and detectors 6.6 Modulators for terahertz waves 6.7 Modulation formats for terahertz signals 6.8 Examples of terahertz communication systems 6.9 Experimental characterization of rain, fog and scintillations on terahertz communication links 6.10 Future trends 6.11 Sources of further information 6.12 Acknowledgments Part II: Recent progress and novel techniques in terahertz technology
• Chapter 7: Terahertz bio-sensing techniques Abstract: 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sensing of water dynamics by terahertz waves 7.3 Sensing of proteins 7.4 Binding-state dependent sensing 7.5 Characteristic resonances of biomolecules in the terahertz range 7.6 Water-mediated terahertz molecular imaging 7.7 Conclusion 7.8 Acknowledgements
• Chapter 8: Terahertz array imagers: towards the implementation of terahertz cameras with plasma-wave-based silicon MOSFET detectors Abstract: 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Resistive mixing - a quasi-static analysis 8.3 Plasmonic mixing - a hydrodynamic analysis 8.4 Technology, design and implementation of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistors as terahertz detectors 8.5 Characterization and optimization of field effect transistor (FET) detectors 8.5.6 Results for MOSFET THz detectors 8.6 Developments towards a terahertz camera 8.7 Overview of other focal-plane technologies for terahertz imaging 8.8 Acknowledgements
• Chapter 9: Resonant field enhancement of terahertz waves in subwavelength plasmonic structures Abstract: 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fundamentals of surface plasmon polaritons at terahertz frequencies 9.3 Extraordinary transmission of terahertz waves through metallic hole arrays 9.4 Active control of terahertz surface plasmon polaritons 9.5 Conclusion
• Chapter 10: Fiber-coupled terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) systems Abstract: 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fiber guiding 10.3 Experimental layout and system characterization 10.4 Measurement results of fiber-based terahertz systems 10.5 Comparison of THz-TDS with other systems and techniques 10.6 Future trends and conclusions
• Chapter 11: State-of-the-art in terahertz continuous-wave photomixer systems Abstract: 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Continuous-wave emitter and detector technologies 11.3 Coherent signal detection 11.4 Laser sources 11.5 Selected applications of photomixing continuous-wave terahertz systems 11.6 Conclusion 11.7 Acknowledgements
• Chapter 12: Novel techniques in terahertz near-field imaging and sensing Abstract: 12.1 Introduction 12.2 State-of-the-art terahertz near-field approaches 12.3 Novel micro-machined terahertz near-field probe-tips 12.4 Analysis of nanophotonic second-order nonlinear-optic waveguides with terahertz near-field probing 12.5 Failure analysis in integrated electronic structures based on terahertz time-domain reflectometry 12.6 High-resolution imaging of free-carrier concentrations for photovoltaic material inspection 12.7 Conclusion and future trends
• Chapter 13: Terahertz nano-devices and nano-systems Abstract: 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Nanoscale terahertz detector 13.3 Near-field terahertz imager 13.4 Conclusion 13.5 Acknowledgments
• Chapter 14: Terahertz integrated devices and systems Abstract: 14.1 Integrated terahertz biosensor chip 14.2 Terahertz oscillators integrated with patch antennas 14.3 Results and discussion of fabricated resonant tunneling diodes
• Chapter 15: Terahertz frequency metrology based on frequency comb techniques Abstract: 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Coherent frequency linking with a frequency comb 15.3 Terahertz-comb-referenced spectrum analyzer 15.4 Optical-comb-referenced terahertz synthesizer 15.5 Terahertz-comb-referenced spectrometer 15.6 Conclusions and future trends
• Chapter 16: Semiconductor material development for terahertz applications Abstract: 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Generation and detection of broadband pulsed terahertz radiation 16.3 Generation of continuous wave terahertz radiation using photomixing 16.4 Photoconductive semiconductor materials 16.5 Conclusions 16.6. Acknowledgements Part III: Applications of terahertz technology
• Chapter 17: Terahertz applications in tomographic imaging and material spectroscopy: a review Abstract: 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Tomographic imaging applications 17.3 Quantitative analysis of powdered chemicals 17.4 Conclusion
• Chapter 18: Terahertz applications in the aerospace industry Abstract: 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Non-destructive evaluation of aircraft composites using transmissive terahertz time domain spectroscopy 18.3 Non-destructive evaluation of aircraft composites using reflective terahertz time domain spectroscopy 18.4 Continuous-wave non-destructive terahertz imaging for aerospace applications 18.5 Comparison of non-destructive imaging for glass fiber reinforced plastics 18.6 Conclusion
• Chapter 19: Terahertz applications in the wood products industry Abstract: 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Applications of terahertz technology in the wood products industry 19.3 Wood structure and morphology 19.4 Far infrared properties of wood 19.5 Probing wood characteristics at terahertz frequencies 19.6 Terahertz sensing in the oriented strand board industry 19.7 Future trends
• Chapter 20: Terahertz applications in the pharmaceutical industry Abstract: 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) spectroscopy set-up and analysis 20.3 Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS): identification, quantification and analysis 20.4 Terahertz time-domain imaging (THz-TDI): imaging set-up and analysis 20.5 Terahertz time-domain imaging (THz-TDI): process monitoring, spectroscopic imaging and chemical mapping 20.6 Conclusions and future trends 20.7 Acknowledgement
• Chapter 21: Terahertz applications in art conservation Abstract: 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Material analysis using terahertz waves 21.3 Observation of the internal structure of artworks using terahertz waves 21.4 Prospective development of terahertz technology as a tool for heritage science
• Chapter 22: Applications of terahertz technology in the semiconductor industry Abstract: 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Characterizations of electro-optical terahertz pulse reflectometry (EOTPR) 22.3 Examples of failure analysis using electro-optical terahertz pulse reflectometry (EOTPR) 22.4 Conclusions and future trends Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The recent development of easy-to-use sources and detectors of terahertz radiation has enabled growth in applications of terahertz (Thz) imaging and sensing. This vastly adaptable technology offers great potential across a wide range of areas, and the Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications explores the fundamental principles, important developments and key applications emerging in this exciting field. Part one provides an authoritative introduction to the fundamentals of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications. The generation, detection and emission of waves are discussed alongside fundamental aspects of surface plasmon polaritons, terahertz near-field imaging and sensing, room temperature terahertz detectors and terahertz wireless communications. Part two goes on to discuss recent progress and such novel techniques in terahertz technology as terahertz bio-sensing, array imagers, and resonant field enhancement of terahertz waves. Fiber-coupled time-domain spectroscopy systems (THz-TDS), terahertz photomixer systems, terahertz nanotechnology, frequency metrology and semiconductor material development for terahertz applications are all reviewed. Finally, applications of terahertz technology are explored in part three, including applications in tomographic imaging and material spectroscopy, art conservation, and the aerospace, wood products, semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, the Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications is an authoritative guide to the field for laser engineers, manufacturers of sensing devices and imaging equipment, security companies, the military, professionals working in process monitoring, and academics interested in this field.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part 1: The Automation Knowledge Base 1. The Automation Practicum 2. Basic Principles 3. Measurement methods, reliability and asset management 4. Training and Education 5. Maintenance and repair
• Part 2: Mechanical Measurements 1. Measurement of Flow 2. Measurement of Viscosity 3. Measurement of Length 4. Measurement of Strain 5. Measurement of Level and Volume 6. Vibration 7. Measurement of Force 8. Measurement of Density 9. Measurement of Pressure 10. Measurement of Vacuum 11. Particle Sizing 12. Fiber optics in sensor instrumentation 13. Nanotechnology for sensors 14. Microprocessor-based and intelligent transmitters 15. Wireless sensors and networks
• Part 3: Measurement of Temperature and Chemical Composition 1. Temperature measurement 2. Chemical Analysis- Introduction 3. Chemical Analysis- Spectroscopy 4. Chemical Analysis- Electrochemical techniques 5. Chemical Analysis- Gas analysis 6. Chemical Analysis- moisture measurement 7. Chemical Analysis- online systems, NeSSI and sampling techniques 8. PAT (Process Analyzer Technology initiative)
• Part 4: Electrical and Radiation Measurements 1. Electrical measurements 2. Optical measurements 3. Nuclear instrumentation technology 4. Measurements employing nuclear techniques 5. Non Destructive Testing 6. Positive Material Identification 7. Noise measurement
• Part 5: Controllers, Actuators and Final Control Elements 1. Field controllers, hardware and software 2. Advanced Control for the Plant Floor 3. Discrete and Sequential Control 4. Motion control 5. Cables and connectors 6. Batch process control 7. Valves, actuators and final control elements
• Part 6: Automation and Control Systems 1. Design principles and equipment selection for sequential and discrete automation 2. Design and selection of field instruments and final control elements for continuous and batch process control 3. Principles of industrial networking and fieldbuses 4. SCADA and telemetry systems 5. Using field controllers, PLCs and PACs 6. Instrument installation and commissioning 7. Design principles for control rooms and operator stations 8. Selecting and specifying a control system 9. Safety instrumented systems and plant floor safety 10. Security for the industrial enterprise
• Part 7: Manufacturing Execution Systems 1. Project planning and execution 2. Modeling the plant floor and the enterprise 3. Data analysis and connection 4. Networking for MES 5. MES-IT integration.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The discipline of instrumentation has grown appreciably in recent years because of advances in sensor technology and in the interconnectivity of sensors, computers and control systems. This 4e of the Instrumentation Reference Book embraces the equipment and systems used to detect, track and store data related to physical, chemical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of materials, systems and operations. While traditionally a key area within mechanical and industrial engineering, understanding this greater and more complex use of sensing and monitoring controls and systems is essential for a wide variety of engineering areas--from manufacturing to chemical processing to aerospace operations to even the everyday automobile. In turn, this has meant that the automation of manufacturing, process industries, and even building and infrastructure construction has been improved dramatically. And now with remote wireless instrumentation, heretofore inaccessible or widely dispersed operations and procedures can be automatically monitored and controlled. This already well-established reference work will reflect these dramatic changes with improved and expanded coverage of the traditional domains of instrumentation as well as the cutting-edge areas of digital integration of complex sensor/control systems.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Measurement techniques
• Chapter 3: Explanation of graphs
• Chapter 4: Text references
• Chapter 5: Index of materials
• Chapter 6: Material resistivity graphs
• Chapter 7: Resistivity references.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book updates and expands the editor's acclaimed Electrical Resistivity Handbook, bringing together advances in the field over the last two decades. In this period, much has been achieved in the fields of new materials and superconductivity. This new volume provides a comprehensive compilation of experimental data in graphical form of the resistivity/resistance of over 1000 elements, compounds and alloys in three sections. The first section deals with resistivity as a function of temperature, the second section deals with resistivity as a function of temperature and pressure, whilst the third deals with the normalised resistance of materials as a function of temperature and/or pressure.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Thermoluminescence Theories and Models
• Dose Determination by Thermoluminescence
• Methods for Determining the Kinetics Parameters
• Thermoluminescent Materials TL Dose Determination of Irradiated Food
• Characterization of Irradiated Food by Thermoluminescence.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This second edition of the Handbook of Thermoluminescence enlarges on all the subjects which were treated in the first edition and adds further arguments, including the theory of thermoluminescent dose measurement, several examples concerning the kinetics parameters determination using various methods such as peak shape, isothermal decay, and so on. A special section is devoted to food irradiation, an important subject at the present time, and to the thermoluminescent characterization of the minerals extracted from the irradiated food. Another new section is devoted to the thermoluminescent phosphors and their main characteristics.The analytical treatments of the various thermoluminescent models are fully developed. As in the first edition, the arguments are given in alphabetical order to ease research. This second edition therefore aims to provide real practical support for researchers, students and personnel involved in radiation protection services, as well as in medical applications.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Afterglow
• Batch of TLDs
• CVD Diamond
• Dosimetric Trap
• Erasing Treatment
• Fading Factor
• Glow Curve
• Integral Approximation
• Killer Centers
• Luminescence Efficiency
• Metastable State
• Nonlinearity
• Optical Bleaching
• Peak Shape Method: Reliability Expressions
• Post-Irradiation Annealing
• Quasiequilibrium Condition
• Recombination Processes
• Solid State Dosimetry
• Thermal Quenching
• Various heating Rates Method (Chen-Winer: First Order)
• Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2)
• and other topics.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book provides practical support for research, study, routine work and terminology in the field of thermoluminescence (TL). It discusses the methods of determining the kinetic parameters, the procedures for characterizing a thermoluminescent dosimetric system, and the definition of terms commonly used in the literature. Furthermore, the analytical treatments of the various TL models are fully developed. The arguments are given in alphabetical order to ease research.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part 1: Mechanical Measurements
• Part 2: Measurement of Temperature and Chemical Composition
• Part 3: Electrical and Radiation Measurement
• Part 4: Instrumentation Systems
• Part 5: Further Scientific and Technical Information.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Instrumentation is not a clearly defined subject, having a 'fuzzy' boundary with a number of other disciplines. Often categorized as either 'techniques' or 'applications' this book addresses the various applications that may be needed with reference to the practical techniques that are available for the instrumentation or measurement of a specific physical quantity or quality. This makes it of direct interest to anyone working in the process, control and instrumentation fields where these measurements are essential.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part 1: The Automation Knowledge Base 1. The Automation Practicum 2. Basic Principles 3. Measurement methods, reliability and asset management 4. Training and Education 5. Maintenance and repair
• Part 2: Mechanical Measurements 1. Measurement of Flow 2. Measurement of Viscosity 3. Measurement of Length 4. Measurement of Strain 5. Measurement of Level and Volume 6. Vibration 7. Measurement of Force 8. Measurement of Density 9. Measurement of Pressure 10. Measurement of Vacuum 11. Particle Sizing 12. Fiber optics in sensor instrumentation 13. Nanotechnology for sensors 14. Microprocessor-based and intelligent transmitters 15. Wireless sensors and networks
• Part 3: Measurement of Temperature and Chemical Composition 1. Temperature measurement 2. Chemical Analysis- Introduction 3. Chemical Analysis- Spectroscopy 4. Chemical Analysis- Electrochemical techniques 5. Chemical Analysis- Gas analysis 6. Chemical Analysis- moisture measurement 7. Chemical Analysis- online systems, NeSSI and sampling techniques 8. PAT (Process Analyzer Technology initiative)
• Part 4: Electrical and Radiation Measurements 1. Electrical measurements 2. Optical measurements 3. Nuclear instrumentation technology 4. Measurements employing nuclear techniques 5. Non Destructive Testing 6. Positive Material Identification 7. Noise measurement
• Part 5: Controllers, Actuators and Final Control Elements 1. Field controllers, hardware and software 2. Advanced Control for the Plant Floor 3. Discrete and Sequential Control 4. Motion control 5. Cables and connectors 6. Batch process control 7. Valves, actuators and final control elements
• Part 6: Automation and Control Systems 1. Design principles and equipment selection for sequential and discrete automation 2. Design and selection of field instruments and final control elements for continuous and batch process control 3. Principles of industrial networking and fieldbuses 4. SCADA and telemetry systems 5. Using field controllers, PLCs and PACs 6. Instrument installation and commissioning 7. Design principles for control rooms and operator stations 8. Selecting and specifying a control system 9. Safety instrumented systems and plant floor safety 10. Security for the industrial enterprise
• Part 7: Manufacturing Execution Systems 1. Project planning and execution 2. Modeling the plant floor and the enterprise 3. Data analysis and connection 4. Networking for MES 5. MES-IT integration.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The discipline of instrumentation has grown appreciably in recent years because of advances in sensor technology and in the interconnectivity of sensors, computers and control systems. This 4e of the Instrumentation Reference Book embraces the equipment and systems used to detect, track and store data related to physical, chemical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of materials, systems and operations. While traditionally a key area within mechanical and industrial engineering, understanding this greater and more complex use of sensing and monitoring controls and systems is essential for a wide variety of engineering areas--from manufacturing to chemical processing to aerospace operations to even the everyday automobile. In turn, this has meant that the automation of manufacturing, process industries, and even building and infrastructure construction has been improved dramatically. And now with remote wireless instrumentation, heretofore inaccessible or widely dispersed operations and procedures can be automatically monitored and controlled. This already well-established reference work will reflect these dramatic changes with improved and expanded coverage of the traditional domains of instrumentation as well as the cutting-edge areas of digital integration of complex sensor/control systems.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Radiation Physics and Radioisotope Decay.
• 2. Gas Ionization Detectors.
• 3. Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors.
• 4. Semiconductor Detectors.
• 5. Alpha Spectrometry.
• 6. Liquid Scintillation Analysis: Principles and Practice.
• 7. Sample Preparation Techniques for Liquid Scintillation Analysis.
• 8. Environmental Liquid Scintillation Analysis.
• 9. Radioactivity Counting Statistics.
• 0. Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring.
• 11. Radioactive Aerosol Analysis.
• 12. Marine Radioactivity Analysis.
• 3. Inorganic Mass Spectrometry of Radionuclides.
• 4. Radionuclide Standardization.
• 5. Cherenkov Counting.
• 6. Solid Scintillation Analysis.
• 17. Flow Scintillation Analysis.
• 18. Automated Radiochemical Separation, Analysis and Sensing.
• 19. High Resolution Beta Imaging for Quantitative Autoradiography.
• 20. Analytical Techniques in Nuclear Safeguards.
• 21. Nuclear Forensic Analysis. Appendix. Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The updated and much expanded 3e of the Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis is an authoritative reference providing the principles, practical techniques, and procedures for the accurate measurement of radioactivity from the very low levels encountered in the environment to higher levels measured in radioisotope research, clinical laboratories, biological sciences, radionuclide standardization, nuclear medicine, nuclear power, and fuel cycle facilities and in the implementation of nuclear forensic analysis and nuclear safeguards. The book describes the basic principles of radiation detection and measurement and the preparation of samples from a wide variety of matrices, assists the investigator or technician in the selection and use of appropriate radiation detectors, and presents state-of-the-art methods of analysis. Fundamentals of radiation properties, radionuclide decay, the calculations involved, and methods of detection provide the basis for a thorough understanding of the analytical procedures. The Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis, 3e, is suitable as a teaching text for university and professional training courses.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Secondary Neutron Yields from Thick Targets Secondary Neutron Production Cross Sections Measurements of HZE Neutrons behind Shielding Production Cross Sections of Spallation Products Created in Heavy-Ion Reactions Moving Source Parametrizations of Thick-Target Neutron Yields and Neutron-Production Cross Sections.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This handbook is a timely resource for the rapidly growing field of heavy-ion transport-model theory and its applications to the fields of accelerator development, heavy-ion radiotherapy, and shielding of accelerators and in space.Data from over 20 years of experiments in the production of secondary neutrons and spallation products are contained in the handbook, and are available on the accompanying CD. Transport modelers and experimentalists will find the detailed descriptions of the experiments and subsequent analyses to be a valuable aid in utilizing the data for their particular applications.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Introduction. 1.1. How to use this book. 1.2. Nomenclature. 1.3. Fundamental constants. 1.4. Units and conversions. 1.5. Fundamental formulae / A.W. Chao. 1.5. Glossary of accelerator types. 1.7. Accelerator computer codes / R. Ryne
• 2. Beam dynamics. 2.1. Phase space. 2.2. Optics and lattice. 2.3. Nonlinear dynamics. 2.4. Collective effects. 2.5. Beam-beam effects. 2.6. Polarization. 2.7. Beam cooling
• 3. Electromagnetic and nuclear interactions. 3.1. Synchrotron radiation. 3.2. Impedances and wake functions. 3.3. Particle-matter interaction
• 4. Operational considerations. 4.1. Luminosity / M.A. Furman, M.S. Zisman. 4.2. Brightness / P. Elleaume, K.-J. Kim. 4.3. Linac operation. 4.4. Recirculated energy recovery linacs / S.A. Bogacz, D.R. Douglas, G.A. Krafft. 4.5. Bunch compression / P. Emma. 4.6. Operation of linear-collider final focus systems / A.A. Seryi, G.R. White. 4.7. Operation of circular accelerators. 4.8. Temporal and spatial correlations in BPM measurements. 4.9. Transition crossing / J. Wei. 4.10. RF gymnastics in a synchrotron / R. Garoby. 4.11. Energy measurement with electron beams / J. Seeman. 4.12. Ring injection and extraction / G.H. Rees. 4.13. Collision schemes for ring colliders / M. Zobov, F. Zimmermann. 4.14. Beam-beam compensation schemes / J.P. Koutchouk, V. Shiltsev. 4.15. Space charge compensation (SCC) in hadron beams / V. Shiltsev. 4.16. Operational considerations on cooling / S. Nagaitsev, M. Blaskiewicz
• 5. Mechanical considerations. 5.1. Mechanical and thermal properties of structural materials / M. Kuchnir. 5.2. Mechanical and thermal properties of composite superconductors / R.M. Scanlan. 5.3. Thermodynamic & hydrodynamic properties of coolants & cryogens / M. McAshan. 5.4. Creep and stress relaxation in accelerator components / F. Markley. 5.5. Electric and magnetic forces / M. Tigner. 5.6. Deflections and buckling / M. Tigner. 5.7. Practical heat transfer and fluid flow / M. McAshan, M. Tigner. 5.8. Fabrication of niobium rf structures / T. Hays, H. Padamsee, D. Proch. 5.9. Refrigeration systems / C. Rode, R. Ganni. 5.10. Vacuum systems. 5.11. Alignment / R. Ruland. 5.12. Magnet supports and alignment / G. Bowden. 5.13. Ground vibration / C. Montag, J. Rossbach. 5.14. Vibration control in accelerators / C. Montag.

• 6. Electrical considerations. 6.1. Properties of dielectrics / M. Tigner. 6.2. Properties of conductors, normal and superconducting / R.M. Scanlan. 6.3. Properties of ferromagnetic materials / M. Tigner. 6.4. Permanent magnet materials / R.D. Schlueter. 6.5. Properties of lossy materials / E. Chojnacki. 6.6. Common transmission lines and cavities / M. Tigner. 6.7. RF pulse compression. 6.8. RF windows and cavity coupling / R.M. Sundelin, H.L. Phillips. 6.9. Multipacting / D. Proch, J. Sekutowicz. 6.10. Polyphase power circuits / M. Tigner. 6.11. High precision power converters / F. Bordry, J.P. Burne, M. Cerqueira Bastos. 6.12. High accuracy in power converters for particle accelerators / F. Bordry, J.P. Burnet, M. Cerqueira Bastos. 6.13. High-gradient limitations in room temperature RF linacs / G.A. Loew, S. Tantawi, J.W. Wang. 6.14. High voltage technique / B. Goddard. 6.15. Coating recipes. 6.16. Cavity measurements / R. Rimmer, M. Tigner. 6.17. Magnetic measurements. 6.18. High power switches
• 7. Subsystems. 7.1. Particle sources. 7.2. Confinement and focusing. 7.3. Acceleration. 7.4. Beam instrumentation and diagnostics. 7.5. Impedance determination. 7.6. Polarimeters. 7.7. Controls and timing / K. Rehlich. 7.8. Femtosecond precision optical synchronization / F. Löhl
• 8. Radiation effects and protection. 8.1. Radiation protection principles / S. Roesler, M. Silari. 8.2. Sources of radiation / R.H. Thomas, S. Roesler, M. Silari. 8.3. Monte Carlo codes / S. Roesler, M. Silari. 8.4. Radiation transport and shielding / S. Roesler, M. Silari. 8.5. Radiation measurements / S. Roesler, M. Silari. 8.6. induced radioactivity / S. Roesler, M. Silari. 8.7. Radiation damage thresholds / H. Schönbacher.

Edited by internationally recognized authorities in the field, this expanded and updated new edition of the bestselling Handbook, containing more than 100 new articles, is aimed at the design and operation of modern particle accelerators. It is intended as a vade mecum for professional engineers and physicists engaged in these subjects. With a collection of more than 2000 equations, 300 illustrations and 500 graphs and tables, here one will find, in addition to the common formulae of previous compilations, hard-to-find, specialized formulae, recipes and material data pooled from the lifetime experience of many of the world's most able practitioners of the art and science of accelerators.The eight chapters include both theoretical and practical matters as well as an extensive glossary of accelerator types. Chapters on beam dynamics and electromagnetic and nuclear interactions deal with linear and nonlinear single particle and collective effects including spin motion, beam-environment, beam-beam, beam-electron, beam-ion and intrabeam interactions. The impedance concept and related calculations are dealt with at length as are the instabilities associated with the various interactions mentioned. A chapter on operational considerations includes discussions on the assessment and correction of orbit and optics errors, real-time feedbacks, generation of short photon pulses, bunch compression, tuning of normal and superconducting linacs, energy recovery linacs, free electron lasers, cooling, space-charge compensation, brightness of light sources, collider luminosity optimization and collision schemes. Chapters on mechanical and electrical considerations present material data and important aspects of component design including heat transfer and refrigeration. Hardware systems for particle sources, feedback systems, confinement and acceleration (both normal conducting and superconducting) receive detailed treatment in a subsystems chapter, beam measurement techniques and apparatus being treated therein as well. The closing chapter gives data and methods for radiation protection computations as well as much data on radiation damage to various materials and devices.A detailed name and subject index is provided together with reliable references to the literature where the most detailed information available on all subjects treated can be found.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Volume one: determination of optical constants
• critiques - metals
• critiques - semi-conductors
• critiques - insulators. Volume two: determination of optical constants
• critiques - metals
• critiques - semi-conductors
• critiques - insulators. Volume three: determination of optical constants
• critiques - metals
• critiques - semi-conductors
• critiques - insulators. Volume four: author and subject indices for volumes I, II and III. Volume five: refractive index
• thermo-optic co-efficients
• applications
• future technology.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This set of five volumes, four volumes edited by Edward D. Palik and a volume by Gorachand Ghosh, is a unique resource for any science and technology library. It provides materials researchers and optical device designers with reference facts in a context not available anywhere else. The singular functionality of the set derives from the unique format for the three core volumes that comprise the Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids. The Handbook satisfies several essential needs: first, it affords the most comprehensive database of the refractive index and extinction (or loss) coefficient of technically important and scientifically interesting dielectrics. This data has been critically selected and evaluated by authorities on each material. Second, the dielectric constant database is supplemented by tutorial chapters covering the basics of dielectric theory and reviews of experimental techniques for each wavelength region and material characteristic. As an additional resource, two of the tutorial chapters summarize the relevant characteristics of each of the materials in the database. The data in the core volumes have been collected and analyzed over a period of twelve years, with the most recent completed in 1997. The volumes systematically define the dielectric properties of 143 of the most engaging materials, including metals, semiconductors, and insulators. Together, the three Palik books contain nearly 3,000 pages, with about 2/3 devoted to the dielectric constant data. The tutorial chapters in the remaining 1/3 of the pages contain a wealth of information, including some dielectric data. Hence, the separate volume, Index to Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, which is included as part of the set, substantially enhances the utility of the Handbook and in essence, joins all the Palik volumes into one unit. It isthen of great importance to users of the set. A final volume rounds out the set. The Handbook of Thermo-Optic Coefficients of Optical Materials with Applications collects refractive index measurements and their temperature dependence for a large number of crystals and glasses. Mathematical models represent these data, and in turn are used in the design of nonlinear optical devices.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Edited by internationally recognized authorities in the field, this expanded edition of the bestselling Handbook first published in 1999 is aimed at the design and operation of modern accelerators including Linacs, Synchrotrons and Storage Rings. It is intended as a vade mecum for professional engineers and physicists engaged in these subjects. With a collection of 2200 equations, 345 illustrations and 185 tables, here one will find, in addition to the common formulae of previous compilations, hard to find, specialized formulae, recipes and material data pooled from the lifetime experience of many of the world's most able practitioners of the art and science of accelerators.The eight chapters include both theoretical and practical matters as well as an extensive glossary of accelerator types. Chapters on beam dynamics and electromagnetic and nuclear interactions deals with linear and nonlinear single particle and collective effects including spin motion, beam-environment, beam-beam and intrabeam interactions. The impedance concept and calculations are dealt with at length as are the instabilities associated with the various interactions mentioned. A chapter on operational considerations deals with orbit error assessment and correction. Chapters on mechanical and electrical considerations present material data and important aspects of component design including heat transfer and refrigeration. Hardware systems for particle sources, feedback systems, confinement and acceleration (both normal conducting and superconducting) receive detailed treatment in a subsystems chapter, beam measurement techniques and apparatus being treated therein as well. The closing chapter gives data and methods for radiation protection computations as well as much data on radiation damage to various materials and devices.A detailed index is provided together with reliable references to the literature where the most detailed information available on all subjects treated can be found.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Front Matter
• 2 1. The Marine Observing and Forecasting System
• 3 2. Users of Marine Forecasts
• 4 3. Findings and Recommendations
• 5 Appendix A - Biographies of Committee Members
• 6 Appendix B - Questionnaire and Responses
• 7 Appendix C - Workshop Participants
• 8 Appendix D - Workshop Agenda
• 9 Appendix E - Working Group 1: Wind, Wave, and Swell
• 10 Appendix F - Working Group 2: Tropical and Extratropical Storms
• 11 Appendix G - Working Group 3: Currents, Ocean Processes, and Ice
• 12 Appendix H - Working Group 4: Nearshore Forecasting.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Commerce and the general public--especially those living in increasingly crowded, highly developed low-lying coastal communities--rely heavily on accurate forecasts of marine conditions and weather over the oceans to ensure the safe and productive use of the sea and coastal zone. This book examines the opportunities to improve our ocean forecasting systems made possible by new observational techniques and high-speed computers. Significant benefits from these potential improvements are possible for transportation, ocean energy and resources development, fisheries and recreation, and coastal management.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Properties Of Nuclear Spins. -Nuclear Spin Interactions in Solids. -Quantum Mechanical Calculations. -High Resolution Solid-State NMR Methods. -Principles of 2-Dimensional Spectroscopy. -Molecular Dynamics and Local Molecular Conformation in Solid Materials. -Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Basic Theory. -Instrumentation. -Interpretation of Coupling Constants. -Summary. -Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Theoretical Background. -Experimental. -Applications of EPR Spectroscopy. ENDOR Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Experimental Conditions for ENDOR. -ENDOR in The Solid State. -Pulsed ENDOR. -Applications. -Moessbauer Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Methodology. -Applications. -Concluding Remarks. -Crystal-Field Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -The Crystal-Field Interaction. -Experimental Techniques. -Determination of Crystal-Field Parameters From Experimental Data. -Interactions of Crystal-Field Split Ions. -Crystal-Field Effects Related to High-Temperature Superconductivity. -Concluding Remarks. -Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). -Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy of Semiconductors & Metals. -Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Molecules. -Practical Considerations Relating to STM-IETS and STM-OMTS. -Some Concluding Points. -Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Scattering Of Waves. -Mathematical Models. -Method of Isolation and Identification of Resonances (MIIR). -Experimental and Numerical Results. -Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Historical Background. -FT-IR Spectroscopy. -Applications. -Auger Electron Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Historical Perspective. -Basic Principlesof AES. -Instrumentation. -Experimental Procedures Including Sample Preparation. -Auger Spectra: Direct and Derivative Forms. -Applications of Auger Spectroscopy. -Recent Advances. -Conclusions. -X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. -Introduction And Basic Theory. -Historical Perspective. -Instrumentation. -Sample Selection and Preparation. -Spectral Analysis. -XPS Imaging. -Angle-Resolved XPS. -Recent Advances and Applications. -Conclusions. -Luminescence Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Spontaneous Emission, Absorption And Induced Emission. -Measurements and Techniques. -Localized Systems. -Processes in Localized System Service. -Delocalized Systems. -Processes in Delocalized Systems. -Direction of Future Efforts. -Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Experimental Setup. -Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Minerals. -Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Surface Species and in Solid Phases. -Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Frozen Samples. -Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Non- Actinide Solid Matrices. -Outlook. -Soft X-Ray Emission and Resonant Inelastic Scattering Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Properties of X-Ray Spectra. -Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering. -Experimental Techniques. -Applications. -Summary. -Laser Raman Spectroscopy. -Introduction. -Spontaneous Raman Scattering. -Experimental Approaches. -Applications. -Conclusions and Outlook. -Polarization Spectroscopy of Ordered Samples. -Introduction. -Occurrence, Production and Optical Properties of Aligned, Solid Samples. -One-Photon Spectroscopy: Linear Dichroism. -Two-Photon Spectroscopy. -Conclusions.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Solid-State spectroscopy is a burgeoning field with applications in many branches of science, including physics, chemistry, biosciences, surface science, and materials science. This handbook brings together in one volume information about various spectroscopic techniques that is currently scattered in the literature of these disciplines. This concise yet comprehensive volume covers theory and applications of a broad range of spectroscopies. It provides an overview of sixteen spectroscopic technique and self-contained chapters present up-to-date scientific and technical information and references with minimal overlap and redundancy.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part 1: Mechanical Measurements
• Part 2: Measurement of Temperature and Chemical Composition
• Part 3: Electrical and Radiation Measurement
• Part 4: Instrumentation Systems
• Part 5: Further Scientific and Technical Information.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Instrumentation is not a clearly defined subject, having a 'fuzzy' boundary with a number of other disciplines. Often categorized as either 'techniques' or 'applications' this book addresses the various applications that may be needed with reference to the practical techniques that are available for the instrumentation or measurement of a specific physical quantity or quality. This makes it of direct interest to anyone working in the process, control and instrumentation fields where these measurements are essential.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Units and Constants.- Part A Mathematical Methods: Angular Momentum Theory.- Group Theory for Atomic Shells.- Dynamical Groups.- Perturbation Theory.- Second Quantization.- Density Matrices.- Computational Techniques.- Hydrogenic Wave Functions.- Part B Atoms: Atomic Spectroscopy.- High Precision Calculations for Helium.- Atomic Multipoles.- Atoms in Strong Fields.- Rydberg Atoms.- Rydberg Atoms in Strong Static Fields.- Hyperfine Structure.- Precision Oscillator Strength and Lifetime Measurements.- Ion Beam Spectroscopy.- Line Shapes and Radiation Transfer.- Thomas - Fermi and Other Density-Functional Theories.- Atomic Structure: Multiconfiguration Hartree - Fock Theories.- Relativistic Atomic Structure.- Many-Body Theory of Atomic Structure and Processes.- Photoionization of Atoms.- Autoionization.- Green's Functions of Field Theory.- Quantum Electrodynamics.- Tests of Fundamental Physics.- Parity Nonconserving Effects in Atoms.- Atomic Clocks and Constraints on Variations of Fundamental Constants.- Molecular Structure.- Molecular Symmetry and Dynamics.- Radiative Transition Probabilities.- Molecular Photodissociation.- Time-Resolved Molecular Dynamics.- Nonreactive Scattering.- Gas Phase Reactions.- Gas Phase Ionic Reactions.- Clusters.- Infrared Spectroscopy.- Laser Spectroscopy in the Submillimeter and Far-Infrared Region.- Spectroscopic Techniques: Lasers.- Spectroscopic Techniques: Cavity-Enhanced Methods.- Spectroscopic Techniques: Ultraviolet.- Part C Scattering Theory: Elastic Scattering: Classical, Quantal, and Semiclassical.- Orientation and Alignment in Atomic and Molecular Collisions.- Electron-Atom, Electron-Ion, and Electron-Molecule Collisions.- Positron Collisions.- Adiabatic and Diabatic Collision Processes at Low Energies.- Ion -Atom and Atom - Atom Collisions.- Ion - Atom Charge Transfer Reactions at Low Energies.- Continuum Distorted-Wave and Wannier Methods.- Ionization in High Energy Ion - Atom Collisions.- Electron - Ion and Ion - Ion Recombination.- Dielectronic Recombination.- Rydberg Collisions: Binary Encounter, Born and Impulse Approximations.- Mass Transfer at High Energies: Thomas Peak.- Classical Trajectory and Monte Carlo Techniques.- Collisional Broadening of Spectral Lines.- Part D Scattering Experiments: Photodetachment.- Photon - Atom Interactions: Low Energy.- Photon - Atom Interactions: Intermediate Energies.- Electron - Atom and Electron - Molecule Collisions.- Ion - Atom Scattering Experiments: Low Energy.- Ion - Atom Collisions:High Energy.- Reactive Scattering.- Ion - Molecule Reactions.- Part E Quantum Optics: Light - Matter Interaction.- Absorption and Gain Spectra.- Laser Principles.- Types of Lasers.- Nonlinear Optics.- Coherent Transients.- Multiphoton and Strong-Field Processes.- Cooling and Trapping.- Quantum Degenerate Gases: Bose - Einstein Condensation.- De Broglie Optics.- Quantized Field Effects.- Entangled Atoms and Fields: Cavity QED.- Quantum Optical Tests of the Foundations of Physics.- Quantum Information.- Part F Applications: Applications of Atomic and Molecular Physics to Astrophysics.- Comets.- Aeronomy.- Applications of Atomic and Molecular Physics to Global Change.- Atoms in Dense Plasmas.- Conduction of Electricity in Gases.- Applications to Combustion.- Surface Physics.- Interface with Nuclear Physics.- Charged-Particle - Matter Interactions.- Radiation Physics.-
• About the Authors.- Subject Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Comprises a comprehensive reference source that unifies the entire fields of atomic molecular and optical (AMO) physics, assembling the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field. 92 chapters written by about 120 authors present the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field, together with a guide to the primary research literature (carefully edited to ensure a uniform coverage and style, with extensive cross-references). Along with a summary of key ideas, techniques, and results, many chapters offer diagrams of apparatus, graphs, and tables of data. From atomic spectroscopy to applications in comets, one finds contributions from over 100 authors, all leaders in their respective disciplines. Substantially updated and expanded since the original 1996 edition, it now contains several entirely new chapters covering current areas of great research interest that barely existed in 1996, such as Bose-Einstein condensation, quantum information, and cosmological variations of the fundamental constants. A fully-searchable CD- ROM version of the contents accompanies the handbook.
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• Introduction The expression: "analytical work", often connotes an effort in which basic expressions are combined to analyze a given problem and to derive new information and insight from the resulting mathematical steps of the analysis. Specifically, having started with the appropriate relationships and bringing appropriate mathematical manipulations to the task, the analyst is able to create new information to address the motivating question(s). A central organizing theme of this handbook is that 'experimental fluid mechanics" can be understood as a parallel activity to that described above. The motivating questions will set the context for the experiment. The experiment will be established as a boundary value problem in which the experimentalist will address all aspects of the boundary conditions that will influence the "solution." If a transient or an evolving solution is sought, the appropriate initial conditions will similarly be addressed. Having established these conditions, the solution to the boundary value problem will be revealed in the experimental data that will - ideally - not be contaminated by unintended or unknown perturbing effects and that will be fully converged if statistical average values are sought. Part A Experiments in Fluid Mechanics
• The objective of Part A is to establish the fundamental concepts and equations that undergird experimental fluid mechanics. The first chapter: addresses both the governing equations and the constitutive equations for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Chapter 2 provides the systematic bases for model testing and the scaling of experimental results. Sections 2.1 through 2.7 derive similitude parameters (Reynolds number, Froude number, etc.) from the governing equations and the boundary conditions. Dimensional analysis (Sect. 2.2) provides a rational approach for the organization and interpretation of experimental data-- Sect. 2.3, self-similarity, documents known flow fields that exhibit this condition and it provides guidance on what other flows may exhibit this behavior. The encyclopedic presentation of examples will allow the reader to comprehend the universal features of both complete and incomplete self-similarity. Chap. 1 The Experiment as a Boundary-Value Problem Chap. 2 Nondimensional Representation of the Boundary-Value Problem Part B Measurement of Primary Quantities The objective of Part B is to provide specific information to the reader on the following primary quantities: material properties (Chap. 3), flow field properties (Chap. 4 - pressure, Chap. 5 - velocity, vorticity, Mach number, Chap. 6 - spatial density variations and Chap. 7 - temperature and heat flux) and forces and moments (Chap. 8). Chapter 3 is focused on providing quantitative information for the material properties, the sources of this information and the associated confidence levels for the given data. Chapters 4 through 8 provide comprehensive guidance to the reader on: i) the objectives, ii) the available equipment, iii) the utilization techniques, and iv) the post-processing of the primitive information for the stated quantities. Chap. 3 Material Properties: Measurement and Data Chap. 4 Pressure Measurement Systems Chap. 5 Velocity, Vorticity and Mach Number Chap. 6 Spatial Density Variations Chap. 7 Temperature, Concentration and Heat Flux Chap. 8 Forces and Moments Part C Specific Experimental Approaches Building on the previous two parts of this Springer Handbook, which have dealt with the fundamental concepts and equations that undergrid experimental fluid mechanics and the measurement of primary quantities, respectively, Part C addresses experimental fluid mechanics from an application point of view. According to application, often unique and specific forms of equipment, experimental procedure, or analysis and interpretation of results have been developed. It is the purpose of Part C to elucidate a selection of such application areas, in particular measurements of non-Newtonian flows, turbulence, flow visualization, wall-bounded flows, surface topology, turbomachines, hydraulics, aerodynamics, atmospheric and oceanographic measurements, combustion diagnostics and electrohydrodynamic systems. Chap. 9 Non-Newtonian Flows Chap. 10 Measurement of Turbulent Flows Chap. 11 Flow Visualization Chap. 12 Wall-Bounded Flows Chap. 13 Surface Topology Chap. 14 Turbomachines Chap. 15 Hydraulics Chap. 16 Aerodynamics Chap. 17 Atmospheric Measurements Chap. 18 Oceanographic Measurements Chap. 19 The No-Slip Boundary Condition Chap. 20 Combustion Diagnostics Chap. 21 Electrohydrodynamic Systems Part D Analyses and Post-Processing of Data This final part of the Springer Handbook is actually meant to be a reference source about single and data processing techniques commonly encountered in fluid mechanics. These topics have been complemented by a section discussing data acquisition by imaging detectors, a topic becoming increasingly important for optical measurement techniques. These are all subjects, which in their development are not naturally associated with fluid mechanics-- hence Part D attempts to collect information from many diverse sources and present them conveniently to the fluid mechanic researcher. Topics covered in this part include fundamental topics of signal and data processing transforms (Fourier, Hilbert, wavelet), proper orthogonal decomposition and stochastic estimation. This is followed by a discussion of estimator expectation and variance and the influence of noise on these quantities. The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is introduced and developed for several common signal processing examples from fluid mechanics. Imaging detectors and measures of their performance are then discussed in detail before closing with a chapter on image processing and motion analysis, two topics especially relevant for the Particle Image Velocity (PIV) measurement technique. Chap. 22 Review of Some Fundamentals Chap. 23 Fundamentals of Data Processing Chap. 24 Data Acquisition Chap. 25 Data Analyses About the Authors Subject Index.
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This key text is a major reference work - a totally authoritative handbook on a major current topic. It consolidates state-of-the-art information from the large number of disciplines used in Experimental Fluid Mechanics into a readable desk reference book. It comprises four parts: Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, Measurement of Primary Quantities, Specific Experimental Approaches, and Analyses and Post-Processing of Data. The book has been prepared for physicists and engineers in research and development in universities, in industry and in other research institutions. Both experimental methodology and techniques are covered fundamentally and for a wide range of application fields. A generous use of citations directs the reader to additional material on each subject.
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• Introduction. Spintronics and spintronic applications. L10 alloy thin films and nanostructures. Relaxation in magnetic materials for spintronics. Nonlinear dynamic properties of two-dimensional arrays of magnetic nanodots. Dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles and nano-devices. Magneto-plasmonic nanostructures. Nonlinear optics in magnetic nanostructures. Understanding magnetic exchange in molecule-based magnets from an electronic structure point of view. Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy.
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This unique handbook compiles and details cutting-edge research in nanomagnetism and its applications in spintronics, magnetoplasmonics, and nonlinear magneto-optics. Fundamental aspects of magnetism relevant to nanodevices and new spin-transfer torque random-access memory (STT-RAM), current-induced domain wall motion memory, and spin torque oscillators, as well as highly anisotropic materials and topics on magnetization damping are developed in detail in the book. New paradigms such as molecule-based magnets (MBMs), which are a promisingly adaptive class of solids poised to open new frontiers of exploration, are also covered. The relationship between magnetism and nonlinear optics and the new field of magnetoplasmonics is also developed in detail. The book also includes a thorough chapter on spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM), which enables studying magnetic phenomena on surfaces with real-space imaging and spectroscopy techniques down to the atomic level. All these topics are developed by an interdisciplinary team of leading experts in their pertinent fields. The book will certainly appeal to anyone involved in nanomagnetism and its application in spintronic nanodevices and nonlinear magneto-optics.
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This unique handbook compiles and details cutting-edge research in nanomagnetism and its applications in spintronics, magnetoplasmonics, and nonlinear magneto-optics. Fundamental aspects of magnetism relevant to nanodevices and new spin-transfer torque random-access memory (STT-RAM), current-induced domain wall motion memory, and spin torque oscill.
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• Chapter 1: Mean climate and seasonal cycle 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Rainfall and evaporation climatologies 1.3 Water vapour and clouds 1.4 Radiation, dust, sunshine duration, vegetation, and soil water 1.5 Pressure, temperature, humidity and wind at the surface 1.6 Upper air wind, mass and humidity fields 1.7 Summary schematics of the January and July WAM system
• Chapter 2: Synoptic Systems 2.1 Scientific background 2.2 Operational methods and canonical synoptic patterns
• Chapter 3: Deep Convection 3.1 Scientific background 3.2 Operational methods
• Chapter 4: Local weather 4.1 Scientific background 4.2 Operational methods
• Chapter 5: Dust 5.1 Scientific Background 5.2 Operational Methods
• Chapter 6: Nowcasting 6.1 Scientific Background 6.2 Operational Methods for Nowcasting Severe Weather
• Chapter 7: Subseasonal Forecasting 7.1 Scientific Background 7.2 Operational Methods
• Chapter 8: Seasonal Forecasting 8.1 Scientific background 8.2 Operational methods
• Chapter 9: Remote Sensing 9.1 Scientific Background 9.2 Operational Methods 9.3 Case Study, Presentations, and other Resources
• Chapter 10: Numerical weather prediction over Africa 10.1 Scientific Background 10.2 Operational NWP over Africa
• Chapter 11: West African Synthetic Analysis and Forecast: WASA/F Introduction 11.1 The intertropical discontinuity (ITD), or intertropical front (ITF) 11.2 The Heat Low (HL) or thermal depression 11.3 The Subtropical Jet (STJ) 11.4 Features associated with midlatitudes 11.5 Mid-level dry air 11.6 The Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) 11.7 The African Easterly Jet (AEJ) 11.8 African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and cyclonic vortices 11.9 The African Monsoon layer and the Monsoon Trough (MT) 11.10 Dust or Sand 11.11 Convection.
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• Part 1: The Automation Knowledge Base 1. The Automation Practicum 2. Basic Principles 3. Measurement methods, reliability and asset management 4. Training and Education 5. Maintenance and repair
• Part 2: Mechanical Measurements 1. Measurement of Flow 2. Measurement of Viscosity 3. Measurement of Length 4. Measurement of Strain 5. Measurement of Level and Volume 6. Vibration 7. Measurement of Force 8. Measurement of Density 9. Measurement of Pressure 10. Measurement of Vacuum 11. Particle Sizing 12. Fiber optics in sensor instrumentation 13. Nanotechnology for sensors 14. Microprocessor-based and intelligent transmitters 15. Wireless sensors and networks
• Part 3: Measurement of Temperature and Chemical Composition 1. Temperature measurement 2. Chemical Analysis- Introduction 3. Chemical Analysis- Spectroscopy 4. Chemical Analysis- Electrochemical techniques 5. Chemical Analysis- Gas analysis 6. Chemical Analysis- moisture measurement 7. Chemical Analysis- online systems, NeSSI and sampling techniques 8. PAT (Process Analyzer Technology initiative)
• Part 4: Electrical and Radiation Measurements 1. Electrical measurements 2. Optical measurements 3. Nuclear instrumentation technology 4. Measurements employing nuclear techniques 5. Non Destructive Testing 6. Positive Material Identification 7. Noise measurement
• Part 5: Controllers, Actuators and Final Control Elements 1. Field controllers, hardware and software 2. Advanced Control for the Plant Floor 3. Discrete and Sequential Control 4. Motion control 5. Cables and connectors 6. Batch process control 7. Valves, actuators and final control elements
• Part 6: Automation and Control Systems 1. Design principles and equipment selection for sequential and discrete automation 2. Design and selection of field instruments and final control elements for continuous and batch process control 3. Principles of industrial networking and fieldbuses 4. SCADA and telemetry systems 5. Using field controllers, PLCs and PACs 6. Instrument installation and commissioning 7. Design principles for control rooms and operator stations 8. Selecting and specifying a control system 9. Safety instrumented systems and plant floor safety 10. Security for the industrial enterprise
• Part 7: Manufacturing Execution Systems 1. Project planning and execution 2. Modeling the plant floor and the enterprise 3. Data analysis and connection 4. Networking for MES 5. MES-IT integration.
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The discipline of instrumentation has grown appreciably in recent years because of advances in sensor technology and in the interconnectivity of sensors, computers and control systems. This 4e of the Instrumentation Reference Book embraces the equipment and systems used to detect, track and store data related to physical, chemical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of materials, systems and operations. While traditionally a key area within mechanical and industrial engineering, understanding this greater and more complex use of sensing and monitoring controls and systems is essential for a wide variety of engineering areas--from manufacturing to chemical processing to aerospace operations to even the everyday automobile. In turn, this has meant that the automation of manufacturing, process industries, and even building and infrastructure construction has been improved dramatically. And now with remote wireless instrumentation, heretofore inaccessible or widely dispersed operations and procedures can be automatically monitored and controlled. This already well-established reference work will reflect these dramatic changes with improved and expanded coverage of the traditional domains of instrumentation as well as the cutting-edge areas of digital integration of complex sensor/control systems.
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• Thermoluminescence Theories and Models
• Dose Determination by Thermoluminescence
• Methods for Determining the Kinetics Parameters
• Thermoluminescent Materials TL Dose Determination of Irradiated Food
• Characterization of Irradiated Food by Thermoluminescence.
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This second edition of the Handbook of Thermoluminescence enlarges on all the subjects which were treated in the first edition and adds further arguments, including the theory of thermoluminescent dose measurement, several examples concerning the kinetics parameters determination using various methods such as peak shape, isothermal decay, and so on. A special section is devoted to food irradiation, an important subject at the present time, and to the thermoluminescent characterization of the minerals extracted from the irradiated food. Another new section is devoted to the thermoluminescent phosphors and their main characteristics.The analytical treatments of the various thermoluminescent models are fully developed. As in the first edition, the arguments are given in alphabetical order to ease research. This second edition therefore aims to provide real practical support for researchers, students and personnel involved in radiation protection services, as well as in medical applications.
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• Afterglow
• Batch of TLDs
• CVD Diamond
• Dosimetric Trap
• Erasing Treatment
• Fading Factor
• Glow Curve
• Integral Approximation
• Killer Centers
• Luminescence Efficiency
• Metastable State
• Nonlinearity
• Optical Bleaching
• Peak Shape Method: Reliability Expressions
• Post-Irradiation Annealing
• Quasiequilibrium Condition
• Recombination Processes
• Solid State Dosimetry
• Thermal Quenching
• Various heating Rates Method (Chen-Winer: First Order)
• Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2)
• and other topics.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book provides practical support for research, study, routine work and terminology in the field of thermoluminescence (TL). It discusses the methods of determining the kinetic parameters, the procedures for characterizing a thermoluminescent dosimetric system, and the definition of terms commonly used in the literature. Furthermore, the analytical treatments of the various TL models are fully developed. The arguments are given in alphabetical order to ease research.
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• Fundamentals of Optical Elements and Devices
• Light Sources-- Natalia Dushkina
• Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors-- Peter R. Hall
• Optoelectronic Sensors-- Motohiro Suyama
• Optical Devices and Optomechanical Elements-- Akihiko Chaki and Kenji Magara
• Fundamentals of Principles and Techniques for Metrology
• Propagation of Light-- Natalia Dushkina
• Interferometry-- David A. Page
• Holography-- Giancarlo Pedrini
• Speckle Methods and Applications-- Nandigana Krishna Mohan
• Moire Metrology-- Lianhua Jin and Toru Yoshizawa
• Optical Heterodyne Measurement Method-- Masao Hirano
• Diffraction-- Toru Yoshizawa
• Light Scattering-- Lev T. Perelman
• Polarization-- Michael Shribak
• Near-Field Optics-- Wenhao Huang, Xi Li, and Guoyong Zhang
• Practical Applications
• Length and Size-- Rene Schoedel
• Displacement-- Akiko Hirai, Mariko Kajima, and Souichi Telada
• Straightness and Alignment-- Ruedi Thalmann
• Flatness-- Toshiyuki Takatsuji and Youichi Bitou
• Surface Profilometry-- Toru Yoshizawa and Toshitaka Wakayama
• Three-Dimensional Shape Measurement-- Frank Chen, Gordon M. Brown, and Mumin Song
• Fringe Analysis-- Jun-ichi Kato
• Photogrammetry-- Nobuo Kochi
• Optical Methods in Solid Mechanics-- Anand Asundi
• Optical Methods in Flow Measurement-- Sang Joon Lee
• Polarimetry-- Baoliang (Bob) Wang
• Birefringence Measurement-- Yukitoshi Otani
• Ellipsometry-- Hiroyuki Fujiwara
• Optical Thin Film and Coatings-- Cheng-Chung Lee and Shigetaro Ogura
• Film Surface and Thickness Profilometry-- Katsuichi Kitagawa
• Optical Coherence Tomography for Industrial Applications-- Tatsuo Shiina
• Interference Microscopy for Surface Structure Analysis-- Peter J. de Groot
• Noncontact Dimensional and Profile Metrology by Video Measurement-- Hiroo Tsumuraya and Shuichi Sakai
• Optical Metrology in Manufacturing Technology-- Rainer Tutsch
• On-Machine Measurements-- Takashi Nomura and Kazuhide Kamiya.
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Handbook of Optical Metrology: Principles and Applications begins by discussing key principles and techniques before exploring practical applications of optical metrology. Designed to provide beginners with an introduction to optical metrology without sacrificing academic rigor, this comprehensive text: Covers fundamentals of light sources, lenses, prisms, and mirrors, as well as optoelectronic sensors, optical devices, and optomechanical elements Addresses interferometry, holography, and speckle methods and applications Explains Moire metrology and the optical heterodyne measurement method Delves into the specifics of diffraction, scattering, polarization, and near-field optics Considers applications for measuring length and size, displacement, straightness and parallelism, flatness, and three-dimensional shapes This new Second Edition is fully revised to reflect the latest developments. It also includes four new chapters-nearly 100 pages-on optical coherence tomography for industrial applications, interference microscopy for surface structure analysis, noncontact dimensional and profile metrology by video measurement, and optical metrology in manufacturing technology.
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• Afterglow
• Batch of TLDs
• CVD Diamond
• Dosimetric Trap
• Erasing Treatment
• Fading Factor
• Glow Curve
• Integral Approximation
• Killer Centers
• Luminescence Efficiency
• Metastable State
• Nonlinearity
• Optical Bleaching
• Peak Shape Method: Reliability Expressions
• Post-Irradiation Annealing
• Quasiequilibrium Condition
• Recombination Processes
• Solid State Dosimetry
• Thermal Quenching
• Various heating Rates Method (Chen-Winer: First Order)
• Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2)
• and other topics.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book provides practical support for research, study, routine work and terminology in the field of thermoluminescence (TL). It discusses the methods of determining the kinetic parameters, the procedures for characterizing a thermoluminescent dosimetric system, and the definition of terms commonly used in the literature. Furthermore, the analytical treatments of the various TL models are fully developed. The arguments are given in alphabetical order to ease research.
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• Glossary
• Mathematical background and notation
• Fourier analysis
• Linear shift invariant systems
• Sampling, discrete systems, and the DFT
• Signal and image processing
• Propagation of optical fields
• Image-forming systems
• Applications of linear systems and Fourier analysis
• Fourier transform tables
• Equation summary
• Bibliography.

"Linear systems" is a broad and important area in many scientific and engineering disciplines, and it is especially important in optics because it forms the basis for Fourier optics, diffraction theory, image-quality assessment, and many other areas. This Field Guide provides the practicing optical engineer with a reference for the basic concepts and techniques of linear systems, including Fourier series, continuous and discrete Fourier transforms, convolution, sampling and aliasing, and MTF/PSF using the language, notation, and applications from optics, imaging, and diffraction.
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• Fabrication.- Formation Survey.- Porosity.- Structures & Forms.- Properties.- Property Survey.- Thermal.- Mechanical.- Transport.- Optical.- Electrical.- Magnetic.- Luminescent.- Chemical & Biochemical.- Characterization.- Structural.- Porosity.- Thermal.- Magnetic.- Chemical.- Biochemical.- Theoretical Techniques.- Irradiation.- Processessing.- Patterning.- Drying.- Epitaxy.- Thermal.- Impregnation.- Encapsulation.- Derivitization.- Particles.- Electrical Contacts.- Macroporous Silicon.- Applications.- Application Survey.- Electronic.- Microsystems.- Optics.- Acoustic.- Diagnostic.- Medical.- Energy Conversion.- Food & consumer Care.
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The Handbook of Porous Silicon brings together the expertise of a large, international team of almost 100 academic researchers, engineers and product developers from industry across electronics, medicine, nutrition and consumer care to summarize the field in its entirety with 150 chapters and 5000 references. The volume presents 5 parts which cover fabrication techniques, material properties, characterization techniques, processing and applications. Much attention was given in the past to its luminescent properties, but increasingly it is the biodegradability, mechanical, thermal and sensing capabilities that are attracting attention. The volume is divided into focussed data reviews with, wherever possible, quantitative rather than qualitative descriptions of both properties and performance. The book is targeted at undergraduates, postgraduates and experienced researchers.
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• Part A Propagation of Sound
• Part B Physical and Nonlinear Acoustics
• Part C Architectural Acoustics
• Part D Hearing and Signal Processing
• Part E Music, Speech, Electroacoustics
• Part F Biological and Medical Acoustics
• Part G Structural Acoustics and Noise
• Part H Engineering Acoustics
• Acknowledgements
• About the Authors
• Subject Index. .

"The Springer Handbook of Acoustics reviews the most important areas of acoustics, with emphasis on current research. The authors of the various chapters are all experts in their fields. Each chapter is richly illustrated with figures and tables. The latest research and applications are incorporated throughout, e.g. computer recognition and synthesis of speech, physiological acoustics, psychological acoustics, thermoacoustics, diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications and acoustical oceanography. This new edition of the Handbook features over 11 revised and expanded chapters, new illustrations and two new chapters covering microphone arrays, acoustic metamaterials and acoustic emission."--Provided by publisher.

• Geometrical Optics Principles Wave Nature of Light and Fermat's Principle Reflection and Refraction Laws Basic Meridional Ray Tracing Equations Gaussian or First-Order Optics Image Formation Stop, Pupils, and Principal Ray Delano's Relation Optical Sine Theorem Lagrange Invariant Herschel Invariant and Image Magnifications Thin Lenses and Spherical Mirrors Thin Lenses Formulas for Image Formation with Thin Lenses Nodal Points of A Thin Lens Image Formation with Converging Lenses Image Formation with Diverging Lenses Systems of Several Lenses and Thick Lenses Focal Length and Power of A Lens System Image Formation with Thick Lenses or Systems of Lenses Cardinal Points Image Formation with A Tilted or Curved Object Thick Lenses Systems of Thin Lenses The Lagrange Invariant in A System of Thin Lenses Effect of Object or Stop Shifting The Delano y - y Diagram Chromatic Aberrations Introduction Axial Chromatic Aberration Conrady's D - d Method of Achromatization Secondary Color Aberration Magnification Chromatic Aberration Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Calculation Primary Spherical Aberration Aspherical Surfaces Spherical Aberration of Aspherical Surfaces Surfaces without Spherical Aberration Aberration Polynomial for Spherical Aberration High-Order Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Correction with Gradient Index Monochromatic Off-Axis Aberrations Introduction Petzval Curvature Coma Astigmatism Aplanatic Surfaces Distortion Off-Axis Aberrations in Aspherical Surfaces The Symmetrical Principle and the Bow-Sutton Conditions Stop Shift Equations Aberrations of the Pupil Aberration Polynomials and High-Order Aberrations Wavefronts in an Optical System Ray Aberrations and Wavefront Aberrations Wavefront Aberration Polynomial Zernike Polynomials Fitting of Wavefront Deformations to A Polynomial Wavefront Representation by an Array of Gaussians Wavefront Aberrations in Refractive Surfaces Wavefront Aberrations in Reflective Surfaces Aldis Theorem Computer Evaluation of Optical Systems Transverse Aberration Polynomials Transverse Aberrations with H.H. Hopkins, Seidel, and Buchdahl Coefficients Meridional Ray Tracing and Stop Position Analysis Spot Diagram Wavefront Deformation Point and Line Spread Function Optical Transfer Function Tolerance to Aberrations Diffraction in Optical Systems Huygens-Fresnel Theory Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction Diffraction Images with Aberrations Strehl Ratio Optical Transfer Function Resolution Criteria Gaussian Beams Prisms Tunnel Diagram Deflecting A Light Beam Transforming an Image Deflecting and Transforming Prisms Nondeflecting Transforming Prisms Beam-Splitting Prisms Chromatic Dispersing Prisms Nonimaging Prisms Basic Optical Systems and Simple Photographic Lenses Optical Systems Diversity Magnifiers and Single Imaging Lens Landscape Lenses Periscopic Lens Achromatic Landscape Lens Doublets Laser Light Collimators Spherical and Paraboloidal Mirrors Some Catoptric and Catadioptric Systems F-Theta Lenses Fresnel Lenses and Gabor Plates Complex Photographic Lenses Introduction Asymmetrical Systems Symmetrical Anastigmat Systems Varifocal and Zoom Lenses The Human Eye and Ophthalmic Lenses The Human Eye Ophthalmic Lenses Ophthalmic Lens Design Prismatic Lenses Spherocylindrical Lenses Astronomical Telescopes Resolution and Light-Gathering Power Reflecting Two-Mirror Cameras and Telescopes Catadioptric Cameras Astronomical Telescopes Field Correctors Multiple-Mirror Telescopes Active and Adaptive Optics Visual Systems and Afocal Systems Visual Optical Systems Basic Telescopic System Afocal Systems Visual And Terrestrial Telescopes Telescope Eyepieces Relays and Periscopes Microscopes Compound Microscope Microscope Objectives Microscope Eyepieces Microscope Illuminators Projection Systems Image Projectors Main Projector Components Coherence Effects in Projectors Anamorphic Projection Slide and Movie Projectors Overhead Projectors Profile Projectors Television Projectors LCD Computer and Home Theater Projectors Lens Design Optimization Basic Principles Optimization Methods Glatzel Adaptive Method Constrained Damped Least-Squares Optimization Method Merit Function and Boundary Conditions Modern Trends in Optical Design Flowchart for a Lens Optimization Program Practical Tips for the Use of Lens Evaluation Programs Some Commercial Lens Design Programs Appendices Appendix: Notation and Primary Aberration Coefficients Summary Appendix: Mathematical Representation of Optical Surfaces Appendix: Optical Materials Appendix: Exact Ray Tracing of Skew Rays Appendix: General Bibliography on Lens Design Index Chapters include references.
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Handbook of Optical Design, Third Edition covers the fundamental principles of geometric optics and their application to lens design in one volume. It incorporates classic aspects of lens design along with important modern methods, tools, and instruments, including contemporary astronomical telescopes, Gaussian beams, and computer lens design. Written by respected researchers, the book has been extensively classroom-tested and developed in their lens design courses. This well-illustrated handbook clearly and concisely explains the intricacies of optical system design and evaluation. It also discusses component selection, optimization, and integration for the development of effective optical apparatus. The authors analyze the performance of a wide range of optical materials, components, and systems, from simple magnifiers to complex lenses used in photography, ophthalmology, telescopes, microscopes, and projection systems. Throughout, the book includes a wealth of design examples, illustrations, and equations, most of which are derived from basic principles. Appendices supply additional background information. What's New in This Edition * Improved figures, including 32 now in color * Updates throughout, reflecting advances in the field * New material on Buchdahl high-order aberrations * Expanded and improved coverage of the calculation of wavefront aberrations based on optical path * An updated list of optical materials in the appendix * A clearer, more detailed description of primary aberrations * References to important new publications * Optical system design examples updated to include newly available glasses *25 new design examples This comprehensive book combines basic theory and practical details for the design of optical systems. It is an invaluable reference for optical students as well as scientists and engineers working with optical instrumentation.
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• Introduction / Siegfried Sauermoser, Florian Rudolf-Miklau, Stefan Margreth
• Avalanches: evolution and impact / Patrick Nairz, Art Mears, Siegfried Sauermoser, Karl Gabl, Markus Stoffel, Stefan Margreth
• Avalanche dynamics: models and impact / Siegfried Sauermoser, Matthias Granig, Karl Kleemayr, Stefan Margreth
• Avalanche hazard assessment and planning of protection measures / Florian Rudolf-Miklau, Christoph Skolaut, Siegfried Sauermoser
• Structural avalanche protection: defense systems and construction types / Wolfgang Schilcher, Stefan Margreth, Siegfried Sauermoser, Christoph Skolaut, Michael Mölk, Florian Rudolf-Miklau
• Structural avalanche defense: design and construction / Stefan Margreth, Jürgen Suda, Michael Mölk, Robert Hofmann, Peter Gauer, Wolfgang Schilcher, Christoph Skolaut, Art Mears, Siegfried Sauermoser
• Construction work and maintenance of structural avalanche control / Florian Rudolf-Miklau, Wolfgang Schilcher, Stefan Margreth, Gebhard Walter, Jürgen Suda
• Building protection (direct protection) measures / Jürgen Suda, Siegfried Sauermoser, Florian Rudolf-Miklau
• Artificial release and monitoring technology for avalanches / Lukas Stoffel, Patrick Nairz, Karl Kleemayr, Emily Procter, Arnold Kogelnig, Roderich Urschler, Marco Larghi, Siegfried Sauermoser
• Technical avalanche protection international: facts and figures / Florian Rudolf-Miklau, Stefan Margreth, Francois Rapin, Bernhard Zenke, Yasuo Ishii, Rudolf Pollinger, Krister Kristensen, Tomas Johannesson, Pere Oller, Art Mears, Chris Stetham, Emily Procter.

• Introduction.- Hydrogen and The Alkali Metals.- The Alkali Earth Metals.- The 3d Transition Metals.- The 4d Transition Metals.- The 5d Transition Metals.- Free-Electron-Like Metals of Groups III and IV.- The Diamond Structure.- Group 15 Elements: Pnictogens.- Group 16 Elements: Chalcogens.- Group 17 Elements: Halogens.- The Noble Gases.- Lanthanides.- Actinides.- Transactinides.- AI: Spin-Orbit Coupling.- AII: Modifications and Extensions to Harrison's Theory.- AIII: Alternative Structures.- AIV: Computer Programs.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This handbook presents electronic structure data and tabulations of Slater-Koster parameters for the whole periodic table. This second edition presents data sets for all elements up to Z = 112, Copernicium, whereas the first edition contained only 53 elements. In this new edition, results are given for the equation of state of the elements together with the parameters of a Birch fit, so that the reader can regenerate the results and derive additional information, such as Pressure-Volume relations and variation of Bulk Modulus with Pressure. For each element, in addition to the equation of state, the energy bands, densities of states and a set of tight-binding parameters is provided. For a majority of elements, the tight-binding parameters are presented for both a two- and three-center approximation. For the hcp structure, new three-center tight-binding results are given. Other new material in this edition include: energy bands and densities of states of all rare-earth metals, a discussion of the McMillan-Gaspari-Gyorffy theories and a tabulation of the electron-ion interaction matrix elements. The evaluation of the Stoner criterion for ferromagnetism is examined and results are tabulated. This edition also contains two new appendices discussing the effects of spin-orbit interaction and a modified version of Harrison's tight-binding theory for metals which puts the theory on a quantitative basis.
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• 1. Introduction. 1.1. How to use this book. 1.2. Nomenclature. 1.3. Fundamental constants. 1.4. Units and conversions. 1.5. Fundamental formulae / A.W. Chao. 1.6. Glossary of accelerator types
• 2. Beam dynamics. 2.1. Phase space. 2.2. Optics and lattices. 2.3. Nonlinear dynamics. 2.4. Electron guns and pre-injectiors / H.G. Kirk, R. Miller, D. Yeremian. 2.5. Collective effects. 2.6. Beam-beam effects. 2.7. Polarization. 2.8. Beam cooling
• 3. Electromagnetic and nuclear interactions. 3.1. Syncroptron radiation. 3.2. Impedances and wake functions. 3.3. Particle-matter interaction
• 4. Opertional considerations. 4.1. Luminosity / M.A. Furman, M.S. Zisman. 4.2. Brightness / K.-J. Kim. 4.3. Operation of high energy electron linacs / T.O. Raubenheimer. 4.4. Operation of final forcus systems in liner colliders / T.O. Raubenheimer, F. Zimmermann. 4.5. Operation of circular accelerators. 4.6. Temporal and spatial correlations in BPM measurements. 4.7. Transition crossing / J. Wei. 4.8. RF gymnastics in a synchrotron / R. Garoby. 4.9. Energy measurement with electron beams / J. Seeman. 4.10. Slow extraction / P.J. Bryant
• 5. Mechanical considerations. 5.1. Techanical and thermal properties of structural materials / M. Kuchnir. 5.2. Mechanical and thermal properties of composite superconductors / R.M. Scanlan. 5.3. Fabrication of niobium RF strustutes / T. Hays, H. Padamsee, D. Proch. 5.4. Thermodyamic & hydrodynamic properties of coolants & cryogens / M. McAshan. 5.5. Creep and stress relaxation in accelerator components / F. Markley. 5.6. Electric and magnetic forces / M. Tigner. 5.7. Deflections and buckling / M. Tigner. 5.8. Practical heat transfer and fluid flow / M. McAshan, M. Tigner. 5.9. Refrigeration systems / C. Rode, R. Ganni. 5.10. Vacuum systems. 5.11. Alignment / R. Ruland. 5.12. Magnet supports and alignment / G. Bowden. 5.13. Ground vibration / C. Montag, J. Rossbach. 5.14. Vibration control in accelerators / D. Mangra ... [et al.]. 5.15. Process control / R. Carcagno.

• 6. Electrical considerations. 6.1. Properties of dielectrics / M. Tigner. 6.2. Properties of conductors, normal and superconducting / R.M. Scanlan. 6.3. Properties of ferromagnetic materials / M.Tigner. 6.4. Permanent magnet materials / R.D. Schlueter. 6.5. Properties of lossy material / M. Tigner. 6.6. Common transmission lines and cavities / M. Tigner. 6.7. RF pulse compression. 6.8. RF windows and cavity coupling / R.M. Sundelin, H.L. Phillips. 6.9. Multipacting / D. Proch. 6.10. Power converters (supplies) / H.W. Isch. 6.11. Polyphase power circuits / M. Tigner. 6.12. High-gradient limitation in room temprerature RF linacs / G.A. Loew, J.W. Wang. 6.13. High coltage technique / B. Goddard. 6.14. Coating recipes. 6.15. Superconducting wire and cable / R.M. Scanlan. 6.16. Cavity measurements / R. Rimmer, M. Tigner. 6.17. Magnetic measurements. 6.18. High power switches
• 7. Subsystems. 7.1. Particle sources. 7.2. Confinement and focusing. 7.3. Acceleration. 7.4. Beam instrumentation and diagnostics. 7.5. Impedance determination. 7.6. Polarimeters. 7.7. Controls and timing / K. Rehlich
• 8. Radiation effects and protection. 8.1. Radiological protection at accelerators / R.H. Thomas. 8.2. Radiation sources / R.H. Thomas. 8.3. Radiation transport and shielding / R.H. Thomas. 8.4. Radiation measurements at accelerators / R.H. Thomas. 8.5. Environmental aspects of accelerator operation / R.H. Thomas. 8.6. Glossary of terms used in radialogical protection / R.H. Thomas. 8.7. Radiation damage thresholds / H. Schönbacher.

Concerned with the design and operation of modern accelerators including linacs, synchrotrons and storage rings, this text includes both theoretical and practical matters. Chapters on beam dynamics and electromagnetic and nuclear interactions deals with linear and nonlinear single particle and collective effects including spin motion, beam-environment, beam-beam and intrabeam interactions. The impedance concept and calculations are covered along with the instabilities associated with the various interactions mentioned. A chapter on operational considerations deals with orbit error assessment and correction. Chapters on mechanical and electrical considerations present material data and aspects of component design including heat transfer and refrigeration. Hardware systems for particle sources, feedback systems, confinement and acceleration (both normal conduction and superconducting) receive detailed treatment in a subsystems chapter, which also covers beam measurement techniques and apparatus. The closing chapter gives data and methods for radiation protection computations as well as much data on radiation damage to various materials and devices.
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Edited by internationally recognized authorities in the field, this expanded edition of the bestselling Handbook first published in 1999 is aimed at the design and operation of modern accelerators including Linacs, Synchrotrons and Storage Rings. It is intended as a vade mecum for professional engineers and physicists engaged in these subjects. With a collection of 2200 equations, 345 illustrations and 185 tables, here one will find, in addition to the common formulae of previous compilations, hard to find, specialized formulae, recipes and material data pooled from the lifetime experience of many of the world's most able practitioners of the art and science of accelerators.The eight chapters include both theoretical and practical matters as well as an extensive glossary of accelerator types. Chapters on beam dynamics and electromagnetic and nuclear interactions deals with linear and nonlinear single particle and collective effects including spin motion, beam-environment, beam-beam and intrabeam interactions. The impedance concept and calculations are dealt with at length as are the instabilities associated with the various interactions mentioned. A chapter on operational considerations deals with orbit error assessment and correction. Chapters on mechanical and electrical considerations present material data and important aspects of component design including heat transfer and refrigeration. Hardware systems for particle sources, feedback systems, confinement and acceleration (both normal conducting and superconducting) receive detailed treatment in a subsystems chapter, beam measurement techniques and apparatus being treated therein as well. The closing chapter gives data and methods for radiation protection computations as well as much data on radiation damage to various materials and devices.A detailed index is provided together with reliable references to the literature where the most detailed information available on all subjects treated can be found.
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• Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement Preface Acknowledgements Editors Contributors Part I: Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts Measurements, Instrumentation, and Sensors Halit Eren Characteristics of Instrumentation John R. Hansman, Jr. Operational Modes of Instrumentation Richard S. Figliola Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Instrumentation Peter H. Sydenham Measurement Accuracy Ronald H. Dieck Development of Standards Halit Eren Measurement Standards DeWayne B. Sharp Calibrations in Instrumentation and Measurements Halit Eren Intelligent Sensors and Instruments Halit Eren Virtual Instruments David Potter and Halit Eren Fail-Safe Instruments and Devices Davide Quatrini, Giuseppe Fazio, Mauro Giaconi, and Adelio Salsano Dynamic Error Measurements of Force Sensors Akihiro Takita, Jin Tao, and Yusaku Fujii Part II: Spatial Variables Thickness Measurement John C. Brasunas, G. Mark Cushman, and Brook Lakew Distance Measurement W. John Ballantyne Altitude Measurement Dimitris E. Manolakis Attitude Measurement Mark A. Stedham, Partha P. Banerjee, Seiji Nishifuji, and Shogo Tanaka Inertial Navigation Halit Eren Level Measurement Detlef Brumbi Area Measurement Charles B. Coulbourn and Wolfgang P. Buerner Volume Measurement Rene G. Aarnink and Hessel Wijkstra Tilt Measurement Adam Chrzanowski and James M. Secord Proximity Sensing for Robotics Ricardo E. Saad, Ben Benhabib, A. Bonen, and K.C. Smith Part III: Displacement Resistive Displacement Sensors Keith Antonelli, James Ko, and Shyan Ku Inductive Displacement Sensors Halit Eren Capacitive Sensors: Displacement, Humidity, Force Halit Eren Piezoelectric Sensors and Transducers Ahmad Safari, Victor F. Janas, Amit Bandyopadhyay, and Andrei Kholkine Laser Interferometer Displacement Sensor Bernhard Gunther Zagar Bore-Gaging Displacement Sensors Viktor P. Astakhov Ultrasonic Displacement Sensors Nils Karlsson and Ole Pedersen Optical Encoder Displacement Sensors J.R. Rene Mayer Magnetic Displacement Sensors David S. Nyce Synchro/Resolver Displacement Sensors Robert M. Hyatt, Jr. and David Dayton Optical Fiber Displacement Sensors Richard O. Claus, Vikram Bhatia, and Anbo Wang Optical Beam Deflection Sensors Grover C. Wetsel Velocity Measurement Charles P. Pinney and William E. Baker Part IV: Mechanical Variables Acceleration, Vibration, and Shock Measurement Halit Eren Strain Measurement Christopher S. Lynch Tactile Sensing Ricardo E. Saad, A. Bonen, K.C. Smith, and Ben Benhabib Pressure Measurement Kevin H.L. Chau Vacuum Measurement Ron Goehner, Emil Drubetsky, Howard M. Brady, and William H. Bayles, Jr. Force Measurement M.A. Elbestawi Angle Measurement Robert J. Sandberg Mass, Weights, and Instrumentation Emil Hazarian Torque and Power Measurement Ivan J. Garshelis Density Measurement Halit Eren Fluid Viscosity Measurement R.A. Secco, M. Kostic, and J.R. deBruyn Surface Tension Measurement David B. Thiessen and Kin F. Man Part V: Acoustics Acoustic Measurement Per Rasmussen Ultrasound Measurement Peder C. Pedersen Part VI: Flow and Spot Velocity Capillary-Type Mass Flow Meter Reza Pakdaman Zangabad and Manouchehr Bahrami Differential Pressure Flowmeters Richard Thorn Variable Area Flowmeters Adrian Melling, Herbert Kochner, and Reinhard Haak Positive Displacement Flowmeters Zaki D. Husain and Donald J. Wass Turbine and Vane Flowmeters David Wadlow Impeller Flowmeters Harold M. Miller Electromagnetic Flowmeters Halit Eren Ultrasonic Flowmeters Hans-Peter Vaterlaus, Thomas Hossle, Paolo Giordano, and Christophe Bruttin Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters Wade M. Mattar and James H. Vignos Thermal Anemometry Jugal K. Agarwal and John G. Olin Coriolis Effect Mass Flowmeters Jesse Yoder Drag Force Flowmeters Rekha Philip-Chandy, Roger Morgan, and Patricia J. Scully Pitot Probe Anemometer John A. Kleppe Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters John G. Olin Laser Anemometry Rajan K. Menon Part VII: Thermal and Temperature Measurement Temperature Measurements, Scales, and Calibrations Franco Pavese Thermal Conductivity Measurement William A. Wakeham and Marc J. Assael Heat Flux Thomas E. Diller Resistive Thermometers Jim Burns Thermistor Thermometers Rod White and Meyer Sapoff Thermocouple Thermometry R.P. Reed Semiconductor Junction Thermometers Randy Frank Noncontact Thermometers Jacob Fraden Pyroelectric Detectors Jacob Fraden Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Rod White and J.V. Nicholas Manometric Thermometers Franco Pavese Temperature Indicators Jan Stasiek, Tolestyn Madaj, and Jaroslaw Mikielewicz Fiber-Optic Thermometers Brian Culshaw Thermal Imaging Herbert M. Runciman Calorimetry Measurement Sander van Herwaarden and Elina Iervolino Part VIII: Radiation Radioactivity Measurement Bert M. Coursey Radioactivity Detectors Larry A. Franks, Ralph B. James, and Larry S. Darken Charged-Particle Measurement John C. Armitage, Madhu S. Dixit, Jacques Dubeau, Hans Mes, and F. Gerald Oakham Neutron Measurement Steven M. Grimes Dosimetry Measurement Brian L. Justus, Mark A. Miller, and Alan L. Huston Part IX: Wireless Instrumentation Wireless Instrumentation J.P. Carmo and J.H. Correria Wireless Sensor Node Hardware Michael Healy, Thomas Newe, and Elfed Lewis Mobile Instrumentation with Wireless Design and Implementation Frederick Fortson and Kenneth Johnson Powering Autonomous Sensors Manel Gasulla, Maria Teresa Penella, and Oscar Lopez-Lapena Wireless Sensing Technology Gregory C. Willden, Ben A. Abbott, and Ronald T. Green Telemetry Albert Lozano-Nieto Part X: Control and Human Factors PID Control F. Greg Shinskey Optimal Control and the Software Halit Eren Electropneumatic and Electrohydraulic Instruments: Modeling M. Pachter and C.H. Houpis Explosion-Proof Instruments Sam S. Khalilieh Measurement and Identification of DC Brush and Brushless Stepping Motors Stuart Schweid, Robert Lofthus, and John McInroy Human Factors in Displays Jeffrey D. Onken, Barrett S. Caldwell, and Steven A. Murray Appendix: Units and Conversions B.W. Petley Index.
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The Second Edition of the bestselling Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook brings together all aspects of the design and implementation of measurement, instrumentation, and sensors. Reflecting the current state of the art, it describes the use of instruments and techniques for performing practical measurements in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences and discusses processing systems, automatic data acquisition, reduction and analysis, operation characteristics, accuracy, errors, calibrations, and the incorporation of standards for control purposes. Organized according to measurement problem, the Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement volume of the Second Edition: Contains contributions from field experts, new chapters, and updates to all 96 existing chapters Covers instrumentation and measurement concepts, spatial and mechanical variables, displacement, acoustics, flow and spot velocity, radiation, wireless sensors and instrumentation, and control and human factors A concise and useful reference for engineers, scientists, academic faculty, students, designers, managers, and industry professionals involved in instrumentation and measurement research and development, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second Edition: Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement provides readers with a greater understanding of advanced applications.
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• 1. Axial Heat Flow Methods of Thermal Conductivity Measurement for Good Conducting Materials
• 2. Thermal Conductivity of loose-Fill Materials By a Radial-heat-Flow Method
• 3. The Measurement of Thermal Conductivity By the Comparative Method
• 4. Reference Guarded Hot plate ApparatuS for the Determination of Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties
• 5. Apparatus for Testing High-Temperature Thermal-Conductivity Standard Reference Materials With Conductivities Above 1 W m-1K-1 in the Temperature Range 400 to 2500 K
• 6. The Probe Method for Measurement of Thermal Conductivity
• 7. B.S. 1902 Panel Test Method for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Refractory Materials
• 8. The Variable-Gap Technique for Measuring Thermal Conductivity of Fluid Specimens
• 9. Methods for Electrical Resistivity Measurement Applicable to Medium and Good Electrical Conductors
• 10. The Apparatus for Thermal Diffusivity Measurement By the Laser Pulse Method
• 11. Modulated Electron Beam Thermal Diffusivity equipment
• 12. Instruments for Measuring Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Diffusivity, and Specific Heat Under Monotonic Heating
• 13. Apparatus for Measuring Thermophysical Properties of Liquids By Ac Hot-Wire techniques
• 14. PracticaL Modulation Calorimetry
• 15. Phase-Change Calorimeter for Measuring Relative Enthalpy in the Temperature Range 273.15 to 1200 K
• 16. Apparatus for Investigation of Thermodynamic Properties of Metals by Levitation Calorimetry
• 17. A Millisecond-Resolution Pulse Heating System for Specific-Heat Measurements at High Temperatures
• 18. The Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry to the Measurement of Specific Heat
• 19. Methods of Measuring Thermal Expansion
• 20. Recent Thermal Expansion Interferometric Measuring Instruments
• 21. Apparatus for Continuous Measurement of TemperaturE Dependence of Density of Molten Metals By the Method of a Suspended PycnometeR at High Temperatures and Pressures
• 22. Reference Materials for Thermophysical PropertieS.

Building on the extensive coverage of the first volume, Volume 2 focuses on the fundamentals of measurements and computational techniques that will aid researchers in the construction and use of measurement devices.

• Economics and adaptation
• Uncertainty, equity, valuation and efficiency
• Adaptation in activity sectors
• Other dimensions of adaptation.

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing human kind owing to the great uncertainty regarding future impacts, which affect all regions and many ecosystems. Many publications deal with economic issues relating to mitigation policies, but the economics of adaptation to climate change has received comparatively little attention. However, this area is is critical and a central pillar of any adaptation strategy or plan and is the economic dimension, which therefore merits the increase in attention it is receiving. This book deals with the difficulties that face the economics of adaptation. Critical issues include: uncertainty; baselines; reversibility, flexibility and adaptive management; distributional impacts; discount rates and time horizons; mixing monetary and non-monetary evaluations and limits to the use of cost-benefit analysis; economy-wide impacts and cross-sectoral linkages. All of these are addressed in the book from the perspective of economics of adaptation. Other dimensions of adaptation are also included, such as the role of low- and middle-income countries, technology and the impacts of extreme events. This timely book will prove essential reading for international researchers and policy makers in the fields of natural resources, environmental economics and climate change.
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• Part 1: The Automation Knowledge Base 1. The Automation Practicum 2. Basic Principles 3. Measurement methods, reliability and asset management 4. Training and Education 5. Maintenance and repair
• Part 2: Mechanical Measurements 1. Measurement of Flow 2. Measurement of Viscosity 3. Measurement of Length 4. Measurement of Strain 5. Measurement of Level and Volume 6. Vibration 7. Measurement of Force 8. Measurement of Density 9. Measurement of Pressure 10. Measurement of Vacuum 11. Particle Sizing 12. Fiber optics in sensor instrumentation 13. Nanotechnology for sensors 14. Microprocessor-based and intelligent transmitters 15. Wireless sensors and networks
• Part 3: Measurement of Temperature and Chemical Composition 1. Temperature measurement 2. Chemical Analysis- Introduction 3. Chemical Analysis- Spectroscopy 4. Chemical Analysis- Electrochemical techniques 5. Chemical Analysis- Gas analysis 6. Chemical Analysis- moisture measurement 7. Chemical Analysis- online systems, NeSSI and sampling techniques 8. PAT (Process Analyzer Technology initiative)
• Part 4: Electrical and Radiation Measurements 1. Electrical measurements 2. Optical measurements 3. Nuclear instrumentation technology 4. Measurements employing nuclear techniques 5. Non Destructive Testing 6. Positive Material Identification 7. Noise measurement
• Part 5: Controllers, Actuators and Final Control Elements 1. Field controllers, hardware and software 2. Advanced Control for the Plant Floor 3. Discrete and Sequential Control 4. Motion control 5. Cables and connectors 6. Batch process control 7. Valves, actuators and final control elements
• Part 6: Automation and Control Systems 1. Design principles and equipment selection for sequential and discrete automation 2. Design and selection of field instruments and final control elements for continuous and batch process control 3. Principles of industrial networking and fieldbuses 4. SCADA and telemetry systems 5. Using field controllers, PLCs and PACs 6. Instrument installation and commissioning 7. Design principles for control rooms and operator stations 8. Selecting and specifying a control system 9. Safety instrumented systems and plant floor safety 10. Security for the industrial enterprise
• Part 7: Manufacturing Execution Systems 1. Project planning and execution 2. Modeling the plant floor and the enterprise 3. Data analysis and connection 4. Networking for MES 5. MES-IT integration.
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The discipline of instrumentation has grown appreciably in recent years because of advances in sensor technology and in the interconnectivity of sensors, computers and control systems. This 4e of the Instrumentation Reference Book embraces the equipment and systems used to detect, track and store data related to physical, chemical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of materials, systems and operations. While traditionally a key area within mechanical and industrial engineering, understanding this greater and more complex use of sensing and monitoring controls and systems is essential for a wide variety of engineering areas--from manufacturing to chemical processing to aerospace operations to even the everyday automobile. In turn, this has meant that the automation of manufacturing, process industries, and even building and infrastructure construction has been improved dramatically. And now with remote wireless instrumentation, heretofore inaccessible or widely dispersed operations and procedures can be automatically monitored and controlled. This already well-established reference work will reflect these dramatic changes with improved and expanded coverage of the traditional domains of instrumentation as well as the cutting-edge areas of digital integration of complex sensor/control systems.
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• Geometrical Optics Principles Wave Nature of Light and Fermat's Principle Reflection and Refraction Laws Basic Meridional Ray Tracing Equations Gaussian or First-Order Optics Image Formation Stop, Pupils, and Principal Ray Delano's Relation Optical Sine Theorem Lagrange Invariant Herschel Invariant and Image Magnifications Thin Lenses and Spherical Mirrors Thin Lenses Formulas for Image Formation with Thin Lenses Nodal Points of A Thin Lens Image Formation with Converging Lenses Image Formation with Diverging Lenses Systems of Several Lenses and Thick Lenses Focal Length and Power of A Lens System Image Formation with Thick Lenses or Systems of Lenses Cardinal Points Image Formation with A Tilted or Curved Object Thick Lenses Systems of Thin Lenses The Lagrange Invariant in A System of Thin Lenses Effect of Object or Stop Shifting The Delano y - y Diagram Chromatic Aberrations Introduction Axial Chromatic Aberration Conrady's D - d Method of Achromatization Secondary Color Aberration Magnification Chromatic Aberration Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Calculation Primary Spherical Aberration Aspherical Surfaces Spherical Aberration of Aspherical Surfaces Surfaces without Spherical Aberration Aberration Polynomial for Spherical Aberration High-Order Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Correction with Gradient Index Monochromatic Off-Axis Aberrations Introduction Petzval Curvature Coma Astigmatism Aplanatic Surfaces Distortion Off-Axis Aberrations in Aspherical Surfaces The Symmetrical Principle and the Bow-Sutton Conditions Stop Shift Equations Aberrations of the Pupil Aberration Polynomials and High-Order Aberrations Wavefronts in an Optical System Ray Aberrations and Wavefront Aberrations Wavefront Aberration Polynomial Zernike Polynomials Fitting of Wavefront Deformations to A Polynomial Wavefront Representation by an Array of Gaussians Wavefront Aberrations in Refractive Surfaces Wavefront Aberrations in Reflective Surfaces Aldis Theorem Computer Evaluation of Optical Systems Transverse Aberration Polynomials Transverse Aberrations with H.H. Hopkins, Seidel, and Buchdahl Coefficients Meridional Ray Tracing and Stop Position Analysis Spot Diagram Wavefront Deformation Point and Line Spread Function Optical Transfer Function Tolerance to Aberrations Diffraction in Optical Systems Huygens-Fresnel Theory Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction Diffraction Images with Aberrations Strehl Ratio Optical Transfer Function Resolution Criteria Gaussian Beams Prisms Tunnel Diagram Deflecting A Light Beam Transforming an Image Deflecting and Transforming Prisms Nondeflecting Transforming Prisms Beam-Splitting Prisms Chromatic Dispersing Prisms Nonimaging Prisms Basic Optical Systems and Simple Photographic Lenses Optical Systems Diversity Magnifiers and Single Imaging Lens Landscape Lenses Periscopic Lens Achromatic Landscape Lens Doublets Laser Light Collimators Spherical and Paraboloidal Mirrors Some Catoptric and Catadioptric Systems F-Theta Lenses Fresnel Lenses and Gabor Plates Complex Photographic Lenses Introduction Asymmetrical Systems Symmetrical Anastigmat Systems Varifocal and Zoom Lenses The Human Eye and Ophthalmic Lenses The Human Eye Ophthalmic Lenses Ophthalmic Lens Design Prismatic Lenses Spherocylindrical Lenses Astronomical Telescopes Resolution and Light-Gathering Power Reflecting Two-Mirror Cameras and Telescopes Catadioptric Cameras Astronomical Telescopes Field Correctors Multiple-Mirror Telescopes Active and Adaptive Optics Visual Systems and Afocal Systems Visual Optical Systems Basic Telescopic System Afocal Systems Visual And Terrestrial Telescopes Telescope Eyepieces Relays and Periscopes Microscopes Compound Microscope Microscope Objectives Microscope Eyepieces Microscope Illuminators Projection Systems Image Projectors Main Projector Components Coherence Effects in Projectors Anamorphic Projection Slide and Movie Projectors Overhead Projectors Profile Projectors Television Projectors LCD Computer and Home Theater Projectors Lens Design Optimization Basic Principles Optimization Methods Glatzel Adaptive Method Constrained Damped Least-Squares Optimization Method Merit Function and Boundary Conditions Modern Trends in Optical Design Flowchart for a Lens Optimization Program Practical Tips for the Use of Lens Evaluation Programs Some Commercial Lens Design Programs Appendices Appendix: Notation and Primary Aberration Coefficients Summary Appendix: Mathematical Representation of Optical Surfaces Appendix: Optical Materials Appendix: Exact Ray Tracing of Skew Rays Appendix: General Bibliography on Lens Design Index Chapters include references.
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Handbook of Optical Design, Third Edition covers the fundamental principles of geometric optics and their application to lens design in one volume. It incorporates classic aspects of lens design along with important modern methods, tools, and instruments, including contemporary astronomical telescopes, Gaussian beams, and computer lens design. Written by respected researchers, the book has been extensively classroom-tested and developed in their lens design courses. This well-illustrated handbook clearly and concisely explains the intricacies of optical system design and evaluation. It also discusses component selection, optimization, and integration for the development of effective optical apparatus. The authors analyze the performance of a wide range of optical materials, components, and systems, from simple magnifiers to complex lenses used in photography, ophthalmology, telescopes, microscopes, and projection systems. Throughout, the book includes a wealth of design examples, illustrations, and equations, most of which are derived from basic principles. Appendices supply additional background information. What's New in This Edition * Improved figures, including 32 now in color * Updates throughout, reflecting advances in the field * New material on Buchdahl high-order aberrations * Expanded and improved coverage of the calculation of wavefront aberrations based on optical path * An updated list of optical materials in the appendix * A clearer, more detailed description of primary aberrations * References to important new publications * Optical system design examples updated to include newly available glasses *25 new design examples This comprehensive book combines basic theory and practical details for the design of optical systems. It is an invaluable reference for optical students as well as scientists and engineers working with optical instrumentation.
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• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Measurement techniques
• Chapter 3: Explanation of graphs
• Chapter 4: Text references
• Chapter 5: Index of materials
• Chapter 6: Material resistivity graphs
• Chapter 7: Resistivity references.
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This book updates and expands the editor's acclaimed Electrical Resistivity Handbook, bringing together advances in the field over the last two decades. In this period, much has been achieved in the fields of new materials and superconductivity. This new volume provides a comprehensive compilation of experimental data in graphical form of the resistivity/resistance of over 1000 elements, compounds and alloys in three sections. The first section deals with resistivity as a function of temperature, the second section deals with resistivity as a function of temperature and pressure, whilst the third deals with the normalised resistance of materials as a function of temperature and/or pressure.
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• 1. Radiation Physics and Radioisotope Decay.
• 2. Gas Ionization Detectors.
• 3. Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors.
• 4. Semiconductor Detectors.
• 5. Alpha Spectrometry.
• 6. Liquid Scintillation Analysis: Principles and Practice.
• 7. Sample Preparation Techniques for Liquid Scintillation Analysis.
• 8. Environmental Liquid Scintillation Analysis.
• 9. Radioactivity Counting Statistics.
• 0. Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring.
• 11. Radioactive Aerosol Analysis.
• 12. Marine Radioactivity Analysis.
• 3. Inorganic Mass Spectrometry of Radionuclides.
• 4. Radionuclide Standardization.
• 5. Cherenkov Counting.
• 6. Solid Scintillation Analysis.
• 17. Flow Scintillation Analysis.
• 18. Automated Radiochemical Separation, Analysis and Sensing.
• 19. High Resolution Beta Imaging for Quantitative Autoradiography.
• 20. Analytical Techniques in Nuclear Safeguards.
• 21. Nuclear Forensic Analysis. Appendix. Index.
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The updated and much expanded 3e of the Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis is an authoritative reference providing the principles, practical techniques, and procedures for the accurate measurement of radioactivity from the very low levels encountered in the environment to higher levels measured in radioisotope research, clinical laboratories, biological sciences, radionuclide standardization, nuclear medicine, nuclear power, and fuel cycle facilities and in the implementation of nuclear forensic analysis and nuclear safeguards. The book describes the basic principles of radiation detection and measurement and the preparation of samples from a wide variety of matrices, assists the investigator or technician in the selection and use of appropriate radiation detectors, and presents state-of-the-art methods of analysis. Fundamentals of radiation properties, radionuclide decay, the calculations involved, and methods of detection provide the basis for a thorough understanding of the analytical procedures. The Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis, 3e, is suitable as a teaching text for university and professional training courses.
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• TECHNOLOGIES A. Adhesive and Anodic Bonding Glass Frit Wafer Bonding Wafer Bonding Using Spin-On Glass as Bonding Material Polymer Adhesive Wafer Bonding Anodic Bonding B. Direct Wafer Bonding Direct Wafer Bonding Plasma-Activated Bonding C. Metal Bonding Au/Sn Solder Eutectic Au-In Bonding Thermocompression Cu-Cu Bonding of Blanket and Patterned Wafers Wafer-Level Solid-Liquid Interdiffusion Bonding D. Hybrid Metal/Dielectric Bonding Hybrid Metal/Polymer Wafer Bonding Platform Cu/SiO2 Hybrid Bonding Metal/Silicon Oxide Hybrid Bonding APPLICATIONS Microelectromechanical Systems Three-Dimensional Integration Temporary Bonding for Enabling Three-Dimensional Integration and Packaging Temporary Adhesive Bonding with Reconfiguration of Known Good Dies for Three-Dimensional Integrated Systems Thin Wafer Support System for above 250?C Processing and Cold De-bonding Temporary Bonding: Electrostatic.
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Written by an author and editor team from microsystems companies and industry-near research organizations, this handbook and reference presents dependable, first-hand information on bonding technologies. In the first part, researchers from companies and institutions around the world discuss the most reliable and reproducible technologies for the production of bonded wafers. The second part is devoted to current and emerging applications, including microresonators, biosensors and precise measuring devices.
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• Part 1. PHOTON ABSORPTION
• Main Points of the Theory of Photoabsorption
• Results of Calculations
• Part 2. ELECTRON SCATTERING
• Main Points of the Electron Scattering Theory
• Electron Scattering: Results of Calculations
• Part 3. VACANCIES DECAY
• Main Points on Vacancies Decay Theory
• Vacancies Decay: Results of Calculations
• Off-shell Photoionization Cross-sections: Results of Calculations
• Conclusion and Perspectives.

Annotation The aim of this book is to present highly accurate and extensive theoretical Atomic data and to give a survey of selected calculational methods for atomic physics, used to obtain these data. The book presents the results of calculations of cross sections and probabilities of a broad variety of atomic processes with participation of photons and electrons, namely on photoabsorption, electron scattering and accompanying effects. Included are data for photoabsorption and electron scattering cross-sections and probabilities of vacancy decay formed for a large number of atoms and ions. Attention is also given to photoionization and vacancy decay in endohedrals and to positron-atom scattering. The book is richly illustrated. The methods used are one-electron Hartree-Fock and the technique of Feynman diagrams that permits to include many-electron correlations. This is done in the frames of the Random Phase approximation with exchange and the many-body perturbation theory. Newly obtained and previously collected atomic data are presented. The atomic data are useful for investigating the electronic structure and physical processes in solids and liquids, molecules and clusters, astronomical objects, solar and planet atmospheres and atomic nucleus. Deep understanding of chemical reactions and processes is reached by deep and accurate knowledge of atomic structure and processes with participation of atoms. This book is useful for theorists performing research in different domains of contemporary physics, chemistry and biology, technologists working on production of new materials and for experimentalists performing research in the field of photon and electron interaction with atoms, molecules, solid bodies and liquids.

• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• 1. Mathematical background
• 2. Gravitation
• 3. Gravity
• 4. The tides
• 5. Earth's rotation
• 6. Earth's heat
• 7. Geomagnetism
• 8. Foundations of seismology
• Appendix A. Magnetic poles, the dipole field, and current loops
• Appendix B. Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
• References
• Index.
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• 2.3.1 Outside a solid sphere, using Laplace's equation
• 2.3.2 Inside a solid sphere, using Poisson's equation
• 2.4 Laplace's equation in spherical polar coordinates
• 2.4.1 Azimuthal (longitudinal) solution
• 2.4.2 Polar (latitudinal) solution for rotational symmetry
• 2.4.3 Radial solution
• 2.4.4 Solution of Laplace's equation for rotational symmetry
• 2.4.5 General solution of Laplace's equation
• 2.5 MacCullagh's formula for the gravitational potential
• 2.5.1 Gravitational potential of a spheroid
• 2.5.2 MacCullagh's formula and the figure of the Earth
• Further reading
• 3 Gravity
• 3.1 The ellipticity of the Earth's figure
• 3.2 The geopotential
• 3.2.1 Gravitational potential
• 3.2.2 Centrifugal potential
• 3.3 The equipotential surface of gravity
• 3.3.1 Relationship of J2, J4, f, and m
• 3.3.2 Inferred increase of density with depth in the Earth
• 3.4 Gravity on the reference spheroid
• 3.4.1 Polar component of gravity
• 3.4.2 Radial component of gravity
• 3.4.3 Variation of reference gravity with geocentric latitude
• 3.4.4 Clairaut's formula
• 3.5 Geocentric and geographic latitude
• 3.5.1 Normal gravity on the reference ellipsoid
• 3.6 The geoid
• 3.6.1 The potential of a geoid undulation
• 3.6.2 Stokes' formula for the height of the geoid
• 3.6.3 Evaluation of the function F(θ)
• Further reading
• 4 The tides
• 4.1 Origin of the lunar tide-raising forces
• 4.2 Tidal potential of the Moon
• 4.2.1 Significance of individual terms in the lunar potential
• Potential W0
• Potential W1
• Potential W2
• Potential W3
• 4.2.2 The lunar tide-raising acceleration
• 4.2.3 The solar tide-raising acceleration
• 4.3 Love's numbers and the tidal deformation
• 4.3.1 Tidal height
• 4.3.2 Tidal gravity anomaly
• 4.3.3 Tidal deflection of the vertical
• 4.3.4 Satellite-derived values for k, h, and l.

The advent of accessible student computing packages has meant that geophysics students can now easily manipulate datasets and gain first-hand modeling experience - essential in developing an intuitive understanding of the physics of the Earth. Yet to gain a more in-depth understanding of physical theory, and to develop new models and solutions, it is necessary to be able to derive the relevant equations from first principles. This compact, handy book fills a gap left by most modern geophysics textbooks, which generally do not have space to derive all of the important formulae, showing the intermediate steps. This guide presents full derivations for the classical equations of gravitation, gravity, tides, earth rotation, heat, geomagnetism and foundational seismology, illustrated with simple schematic diagrams. It supports students through the successive steps and explains the logical sequence of a derivation - facilitating self-study and helping students to tackle homework exercises and prepare for exams.
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• Introduction.- Part I. Scientific Evidences of Climate Change and Societal Issues. Climate Change - Evidences and Contrarian Viewpoints.- Carbon Emissions and Human Activities.- 4. Natural Climatic Archives: Overview and Discussion of Proxy Data.- 5. Chemistry and Physics of CO2.- Climate Change and U.S. Laws.- Climate Change and International Protocols.- Ethics and Environmental Policy.- Mass Media Roles in Climate Change Mitigation.- Energy Economics.- Emission Trading.- Venture Capital Investment and Trend in Clean Technologies.- Part II. Impact of Climate Change.- Carbon Liability.- Impacts of Climatic Changes on Biogeochemical Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems.- Climate Change and Dynamics of Soil Carbon Cycle.- Effects of Climate Change on Costal Flood.- Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity.- Impacts of Climatic Changes on Water Quality and Fish Habitat in Aquatic Systems.- Part III. Energy Conservation.- Energy Efficient Design on Future Transportation Systems.- Building Design for Energy Conservation.- Thermal Energy Storage and Transport.- Greenhouse Gas Reduction from Chemical Processing.- Mobile and Arial Sources of Greenhouse Gases and Abatement Strategies.- Part IV. Alternative Energies.- Biochemical Conversion of Biomass.- Thermal Conversion of Biomass.- Hydrogen Production.- Nuclear Energy and Environmental Impact.- Harvesting Solar Energy using Inexpensive and Benign Materials.- Solar Concentrators.- Wind Energy.- Geothermal Energy.- Hydropower.- Part V. Advanced Combustion.- Carbon Capture and Sequestration.- Chemical Absorption.- Oxy-Fuel Combustion.- Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
• Conversion of Syngas to Fuels.- Chemical Looping.- Integrated O2-Transport Membrane.- Part VI. Advanced Technologies.- Low Temperature Fuel Cells.- Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.- Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells.- Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 and Water Splitting.- Geoengineering Strategy for Global Climate Stabilization.- Technological Options for Reducing Non-CO2 GHG Emissions.- Thermoacoustics.- Part VII. Education and Outreach.- Developing a Climate Literate Society Through Education.- An Introductory Course on Climate Change.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

There is a mounting consensus that human behavior is changing the global climate and its consequence could be catastrophic. Reducing the 24 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions from stationary and mobile sources is a gigantic task involving both technological challenges and monumental financial and societal costs. The pursuit of sustainable energy resources, environment, and economy has become a complex issue of global scale that affects the daily life of every citizen of the world. The present mitigation activities range from energy conservation, carbon-neutral energy conversions, carbon advanced combustion process that produce no greenhouse gases and that enable carbon capture and sequestion, to other advanced technologies. From its causes and impacts to its solutions, the issues surrounding climate change involve multidisciplinary science and technology. This handbook will provide a single source of this information. The book will be divided into the following sections: Scientific Evidence of Climate Change and Societal Issues, Impacts of Climate Change, Energy Conservation, Alternative Energies, Advanced Combustion, Advanced Technologies, and Education and Outreach.
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• Methods for data collection
• The context of measurement
• Fundamental issues in measurement
• The real world practice of measurement.

"The Sage Handbook of Measurement" is a unique methodological resource in which Walford, Viswanathan and Tucker draw together contributions from leading scholars in the social sciences, each of whom has played an important role in advancing the study of measurement over the past 25 years. Each of the contributors offers insights into particular measurement related challenges they have confronted and how they have addressed these. Each chapter focuses on a different aspect of measurement, so that the handbook as a whole covers the full spectrum of core issues related to design, method and analysis within measurement studies. The book emphasises issues such as indicator generation and modification, the nature and conceptual meaning of measurement error, and the day-to-day processes involved in developing and using measures. The Handbook covers the full range of disciplines where measurement studies are common: policy studies; education studies; health studies; and, business studies.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Background and history
• Problems, controversies, and solutions
• Worldwide perspective
• Chronology
• Biographical sketches
• Data and documents
• Directory of organizations
• Resources
• Glossary.

Climate Change: A Reference Handbook offers readers a way to separate science from politics on this crucial and often contentious issue. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the science and public policy of climate change, including discussion of historical developments, today's key concepts, and the future of climate science and policy. Climate Change begins by explaining the science behind global climate change, including the growing consensus that human activity is a major contributing factor. It then takes an objective look at the key conflicts in climate science and policy, describes those that have been resolved, and offers a balanced review of proposals for those that have not. A separate chapter focuses on the scientific, economic, and political aspects of climate change as they are playing out specifically in the United States.
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• Chapter 1. Diffusion mode of transference of heat, mass and pressure
• Chapter 2. Integral transforms and their inversion formulae
• Chapter 3. Infinite and semi-infinite continuums
• Chapter 4. Bounded continuum
• Chapter 5. Infinite and semi-infinite (Quadrant) continuums
• Chatper 6. Infinite and semi-infinite lamella
• Chapter 7. Rectangle
• Chapter 8. Infinite and semi-infinite (Octant) continuums
• Chapter 9. Quadrant Layer: Infinite and semi-infinite continuums
• Chapter 10. Octant Layer: Infinite and semi-infinite continuums
• Chapter 11. Cuboid
• Chapter 12. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums
• Chapter 13. Bounded cylindrical continuums
• Chapter 14. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums
• Chapter 15. Bounded cylindrical continuum
• Chapter 16. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums
• Chapter 17. Bounded cylindrical continuum
• Chapter 18. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums. The continuum is also either infinite or semi-infinite in z
• Chapter 19. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums bounded by the planes z = 0 and z = d
• Chapter 20. Bounded cylindrical continuum. The independent variable z is either infinite or semi-infinite
• Chapter 21. Bounded cylindrical continuum. The continuum is also bounded by the planes z = 0 and z = d
• Chapter 22. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums
• Chapter 23. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums bounded by the planes z = 0 and z = d
• Chapter 24. Bounded cylindrical continuum. The independent variable z is either infinite or semi-infinite
• Chapter 25. Bounded cylindrical continuum. The continuum is also bounded by the lxviii planes z = 0 and z = d
• Appendix A. Supplement to Chapter 8
• Appendix B. Supplement to Chapter 9
• Appendix C. Supplement to Chapter 10
• Appendix D. Supplement to Chapter 11
• Appendix E. Table of Integrals
• Appendix F. General properties and a table of Laplace transforms.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO DIFFUSION-RELATED PROBLEMS The Diffusion Handbook: Applied Solutions for Engineers is the 2011 recipient of the R.R. Hawkins Award, the top prize of the Association of American Publishers' PROSE Awards and one of the highest recognitions in the world of professional and scholarly publishing. The book is also the winner of the 2011 PROSE Award for Excellence in Physical Sciences & Mathematics and the Engineering & Technology category award. The Diffusion Handbook provides more than 1,000 ready-made solutions to boundary-value problems associated with Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin boundary conditions. The book also offers variations, including: Subdivided systems where the properties of each continuum are uniform but discontinuous at the interface Solutions involving boundary conditions of the mixed type, where the function is prescribed over part of the boundary and its normal derivative over the remaining part Problems that involve space- and time-dependent boundary conditions All semi-analytic solutions presented in this practical resource are accompanied by prescriptions for numerical computation. The diffusion coefficient and the initial and boundary conditions used in this book apply to fluid flow in a porous medium. All solutions can be equally applied to problems in heat conduction and mass transfer. Coverage includes: Integral transforms and their inversion formulae Infinite and semi-infinite continua Bounded continuum Infinite and semi-infinite lamella Rectangle Quadrant layer and octant layer Cuboid Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continua Bounded cylindrical continuum Wedge-shaped infinite and semi-infinite continua Wedge-shaped bounded continuum Wedge.
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• Forewords.- Dedications.- Acknowledgements.- Prefaces.- Part I Introduction: Concepts of Security Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks.- Part II Securitization of Global Environmental Change.- Part III Economic, Social, Environmental Security and Human Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks in the Near East, North and Sub-Sahara Africa and in Asia, - Part IV Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks for Urban Centres in Hazards and Disasters.- Part V Coping with Global Environmental Change: Climate Change, Soil and Desertification, Water Management, Food and Health.- Part VI Coping with Hazards and Strategies for Coping with Social Vulnerability and Resilience Building, - Part VII Coping with Global Environmental Change: Scientific, International, Regional and National Political Strategies, Policies and Measures.- Part VIII A Technical Tool: Remote Sensing, Vulnerability Mapping and Indicators of Environmental Security Challenges and Risks.- Part IX Towards an Improved Early Warning of Conflicts and Hazards.- Part X Summary and Conclusions.- Abbreviations.- Bibliography.- Biographies of Contributors.- Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security - Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks reviews conceptual debates and case studies focusing on disasters and security threats, challenges, vulnerabilities and risks in Europe, the Mediterranean and other regions. It discusses social science concepts of vulnerability and risks, global, regional and national security challenges, global warming, floods, desertification and drought as environmental security challenges, water and food security challenges and vulnerabilities, vulnerability mapping of environmental security challenges and risks, contributions of remote sensing to the recognition of security risks, mainstreaming early warning of conflicts and hazards and provides conceptual and policy conclusions.
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• Surface force apparatus measurements of molecular forces in biological adhesion (Deborah Leckband, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign) Force spectroscopy with optical and magnetic tweezers (Richard Conroy, Harvard University) Chemical Force Microscopy
• 1: Nanoscale probing of fundamental chemical interactions (Aleksandr Noy, LLNL, Dmitry V. Vezenov, Harvard University, and Charles M. Lieber, Harvard University) Chemical Force Microscopy
• 2: Interactions in complex molecular assemblies (Dmitry V. Vezenov, Harvard University, Aleksandr Noy, LLNL, and Charles M. Lieber, Harvard University) Dynamic force spectroscopy with the atomic force microscope (Phil Williams, University of Nottingham) Simulation in force spectroscopy (David L. Patrick, Western Washington University) Probe tip functionalization: applications to chemical force microscopy (Craig D. Blanchard, Albert Loui, and Timothy V. Ratto, LLNL) The dynamical response of proteins under force (Kirstine L. Anderson, Sheena E. Radford, D. Alastair Smith, and David J. Brockwell, University of Leeds) Counting and breaking single bonds: Dynamic force spectroscopy in tethered single molecule systems (Todd A. Sulchek, Raymond W. Friddle, and Aleksandr Noy, LLNL) Direct mapping of intermolecular interaction potentials (Paul D. Ashby, MIT).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Researchers in academia and industry who are interested in techniques for measuring intermolecular forces will find this an essential text. It presents a review of modern force spectroscopy, including fundamentals of intermolecular forces, technical aspects of the force measurements, and practical applications. The handbook begins with a review of the fundamental physics of loading single and multiple chemical bonds on the nanometer scale. It contains a discussion of thermodynamic and kinetic models of binding forces and dissipation effects in nanoscale molecular contacts, covers practical aspects of modern single-molecule level techniques, and concludes with applications of force spectroscopy to chemical and biological processes. Computer modeling of force spectroscopy experiments is also addressed.
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• List of Contributors.
• 1 Introduction.
• 2 Optomechanics of Plastic Optical Components. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Configuration of Plastic Optical Elements. 2.3 Mounting Plastic Optical Elements. 2.4 Dimensional Stability. 2.5 Tolerancing. 2.6 Optomechanical Simulation of Plastic Optical Elements.
• 3 Tooling for Injection Molded Optics. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Principles. 3.3 Molding Variations. 3.4 Optical Mold Inserts. 3.5 Ultra-precision Machine Tools for Mold-Making.
• 4 Metrologyof Injection Molded Optics. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Dimensional Metrology. 4.3 Optical Metrology. 4.4 Tactile Profiling. 4.5 Centration Measurement. 4.6 Birefringence. 4.7 Custom Setups. 4.8 Concluding Remarks.
• 5 Optical Plastics. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Quality Requirements for Optical Plastics. 5.3 Plastics. 5.4 Summary.
• 6 Coating on Plastics. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Deposition Techniques. 6.3 Plasma Effects on Polymers. 6.4 Stresses and Crack Formation. 6.5 Test and Qualification Methods. 6.6 Antireflective Properties. 6.7 Additional Functional Coatings. 6.8 Coating with Different Thermoplastics. 6.9 Summary and Outlook. Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This volume is the only book to describe in detail all aspects of plastic optics from design issues to production technology and quality control aspects. Throughout, the focus is firmly set on practical applications, making this an indispensable source of information for all those working in optics research and development. The topics covered in this volume include: opto-mechanical design; processing; tooling; materials; metrology; equipment; and applications.
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This book not only actively demystifies the corporate response to climate change, but also ensures that everyone can do something to address climate change. It leads readers to reconsider the relationship between climate change and the corporate world. This is a compact guided journey into the increasingly regulatory and auditing environment which hold corporations accountable for their carbon footprint. The authors provide key pointers to business in a comprehensive overview of factors to consider when formulating appropriate and effective responses to climate change. Appropriate corporate climate change responses are vital.To this end, the authors provide an overview of South African media publications which highlights not only the imperative for a corporate response to climate change, but also the change in paradigm faced by business. Here, the reader is drawn into the most current corporate climate change debate through printed media excerpts and accompanying corresponding graphics and photos. The book continues with an intriguing report on an empirical study conducted on the web database of the newspaper Business Day. Findings point to the most important climate change topics of discussion in specifically the corporate environment over the last 11 years. The local Business Day frequency search is also positioned in an international context with similar searches conducted in the Wall Street Journal, the London Financial Times and the Australian Financial Review.In conclusion, the book offers a method of corporate climate change response benchmarking, reporting and accounting via a corporate climate change response "checklist" and a description of its use by various corporate stakeholders. This handy checklist is organised into ten domains that will assist business to have an overview of the whole field of climate change and concise pointers in each of these domains.
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• Part 1: The Automation Knowledge Base 1. The Automation Practicum 2. Basic Principles 3. Measurement methods, reliability and asset management 4. Training and Education 5. Maintenance and repair
• Part 2: Mechanical Measurements 1. Measurement of Flow 2. Measurement of Viscosity 3. Measurement of Length 4. Measurement of Strain 5. Measurement of Level and Volume 6. Vibration 7. Measurement of Force 8. Measurement of Density 9. Measurement of Pressure 10. Measurement of Vacuum 11. Particle Sizing 12. Fiber optics in sensor instrumentation 13. Nanotechnology for sensors 14. Microprocessor-based and intelligent transmitters 15. Wireless sensors and networks
• Part 3: Measurement of Temperature and Chemical Composition 1. Temperature measurement 2. Chemical Analysis- Introduction 3. Chemical Analysis- Spectroscopy 4. Chemical Analysis- Electrochemical techniques 5. Chemical Analysis- Gas analysis 6. Chemical Analysis- moisture measurement 7. Chemical Analysis- online systems, NeSSI and sampling techniques 8. PAT (Process Analyzer Technology initiative)
• Part 4: Electrical and Radiation Measurements 1. Electrical measurements 2. Optical measurements 3. Nuclear instrumentation technology 4. Measurements employing nuclear techniques 5. Non Destructive Testing 6. Positive Material Identification 7. Noise measurement
• Part 5: Controllers, Actuators and Final Control Elements 1. Field controllers, hardware and software 2. Advanced Control for the Plant Floor 3. Discrete and Sequential Control 4. Motion control 5. Cables and connectors 6. Batch process control 7. Valves, actuators and final control elements
• Part 6: Automation and Control Systems 1. Design principles and equipment selection for sequential and discrete automation 2. Design and selection of field instruments and final control elements for continuous and batch process control 3. Principles of industrial networking and fieldbuses 4. SCADA and telemetry systems 5. Using field controllers, PLCs and PACs 6. Instrument installation and commissioning 7. Design principles for control rooms and operator stations 8. Selecting and specifying a control system 9. Safety instrumented systems and plant floor safety 10. Security for the industrial enterprise
• Part 7: Manufacturing Execution Systems 1. Project planning and execution 2. Modeling the plant floor and the enterprise 3. Data analysis and connection 4. Networking for MES 5. MES-IT integration.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The discipline of instrumentation has grown appreciably in recent years because of advances in sensor technology and in the interconnectivity of sensors, computers and control systems. This 4e of the Instrumentation Reference Book embraces the equipment and systems used to detect, track and store data related to physical, chemical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of materials, systems and operations. While traditionally a key area within mechanical and industrial engineering, understanding this greater and more complex use of sensing and monitoring controls and systems is essential for a wide variety of engineering areas--from manufacturing to chemical processing to aerospace operations to even the everyday automobile. In turn, this has meant that the automation of manufacturing, process industries, and even building and infrastructure construction has been improved dramatically. And now with remote wireless instrumentation, heretofore inaccessible or widely dispersed operations and procedures can be automatically monitored and controlled. This already well-established reference work will reflect these dramatic changes with improved and expanded coverage of the traditional domains of instrumentation as well as the cutting-edge areas of digital integration of complex sensor/control systems.
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• Introduction. Elements of Problem-Solving/Materials Characterization. How to Use This Book. Spectroscopic Techniques. Compositional Analysis by AES and XPS. Ion Beam Techniques. In-Depth Analysis. Surface and Interface Analysis by HRTEM and XTEM. Synchrotron-based Techniques. Scanning Force Microscopy. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Metallurgy. Minerals, Ceramics, and Glasses. Composites. Corrosion. Tribology. Catalysts. Adhesion. Biocompatible Materials. Nano-structured Materials.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The "Handbook of Surface and Interface Analysis: Methods for Problem-Solving" describes the physical basis and technical implementation of the most commonly used techniques for materials characterization. Providing an overview of the benefits and limitations for each methodology, this second edition features five brand new chapters that address surface and interface analysis by HRTEM and XTEM, synchrotron-based techniques, scanning tunneling microscopy, biocompatible materials, and nano-structured materials. This volume combines the expertise from a distinguished group of scientists into a comprehensive, integrated source of information on the characterization methods considered crucial in this field.
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• Introduction. Fundamentals of Optical Elements and Devices. Light Sources. Lenses, Prisms and Mirrors. Optoelectronic Sensors. Optical Devices and Optomechanical Elements. Fundamentals Principles and Techniques for Metrology. Propagation of Light. Interferometry. Holography. Speckle Methods and Applications. Moire Metrology. Optical Heterodyne Measurement Method. Diffraction. Scattering. Polarization. Near-Field Optics. Practical Applications. Length and Size. Displacement. Straightness and Parallelism. Flatness. Surface Profilometry. Three-Dimensional Shape Measurement. Fringe Analysis. Photogrammetry. Optical Methods in Solid Mechanics. Optical Methods in Flow Measurement. Polarimetry. Birefringence Measurement. Ellipsometry. Optical Thin Film and Coatings. Film Surface and Thickness Profilometry. On-Machine Measurement.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Carefully designed to make information accessible without sacrificing coverage of advanced topics, this book discusses fundamental principles and techniques before exploring practical applications of optical methods. It includes contributions from veterans of the field and up-and-coming researchers. The editor draws on his experience in teaching and industry to provide a resource that both authoritative and practical.
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• Part 1: Mechanical Measurements
• Part 2: Measurement of Temperature and Chemical Composition
• Part 3: Electrical and Radiation Measurement
• Part 4: Instrumentation Systems
• Part 5: Further Scientific and Technical Information.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Instrumentation is not a clearly defined subject, having a 'fuzzy' boundary with a number of other disciplines. Often categorized as either 'techniques' or 'applications', this book addresses the various applications that may be needed with reference to t.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
Instrumentation is not a clearly defined subject, having a 'fuzzy' boundary with a number of other disciplines. Often categorized as either 'techniques' or 'applications', this book addresses the various applications that may be needed with reference to the practical techniques that are available for the instrumentation or measurement of a specific physical quantity or quality. This makes it of direct interest to anyone working in the process, control and instrumentation fields where these measurements are essential. The latest edition of the "Instrumentation Reference Book" is a comprehensive and authoritative collection of technical information, which is of direct practical value to instrumentation and control engineers as well as all instrument technicians and users. It is also an indispensable addition to any academic library for the benefit of engineering and science students. Written by a collection of specialist contributors under the guidance of Walt Boyes, the third edition of this book (developed from the work originally published for more than 40 years as Jones Instrument Technology) has been updated to include chapters on the fieldbus standards, reliability, EMC, 'virtual instrumentation', fibre optics, smart and intelligent transmitters, analyzers, level and flow meters, and many more.
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• Machine derived contents note: Table of Contents
• Purpose vii
• Preface & Acknowledgements. ix
• Units of Measurement. 1
• Pressure Measurement. 29
• Flow Measurement. 55
• Temperature Measurement. 119
• Level Measurement 161
• Industrial Communications Buses. 181
• Safety. 211
• Environmental Measurement 239
• Humidity Measurement 251
• Electrical Measurement 259
• Viscosity Measurement. 299
• Index. 309.

Provides equations and tables to help readers select, operate and maintain measurement devices. This book contains chapters with tables and equations for industrial communications buses, safety, and environmental measurements.
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• 1. Introduction
• 2. Gravity: The Pull of the Earth
• 3. Case Studies in Gravity
• 4. Magnetometry: Finding Buried Magnets and More
• 5. Case Studies in Magnetometry
• 6. Waves: Some Basic Concepts
• 7. Electromagnetic Induction: A New Frontier
• 8. Case Studies in Electromagnetic Induction
• 9. Ground Penetrating Radar: A True Wave-Based Technique
• 10. Case Studies in Ground Penetrating Radar
• 11. Geotomography: Holograms within the Earth
• 12. Case Studies in Geotomography
• 13. Electrical Resistivity Tomography: Imaging with Electricity
• A. Quick Reference
• B. Glossary.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Geophysics is used in dealing with problems from academic to practical interest. Applications can include, an understanding the structure of the Earth, resource exploration, environmental and construction concerns, as well as archaeology, palaeontology, law enforcement, and counter-terrorism. The nature of this science make inaccessible to all but those with rigorous training in mathematics and physics. While there are a great many publications in geophysics at various levels, none has been directed towards those that have a professional need to know about the geophysical techniques or are simply curious. This book was written with that particular audience in mind. Although its fundamental focus is on archaeological applications, it is sufficiently broad to be useful as a reference to support other applications and is sufficiently self-contained to serve as an introductory text. With the numerous application of geophysics comes a multiplicity of geophysical techniques that support each application. This book addresses geophysical techniques that are most commonly employed in near-surface application; those used in probing the underground to a depth of about ten meters. Each technique is covered at multiple levels beginning with elementary discussions that call upon every-day intuitive insights, with subtleties explored in greater depth. For each method considered, there are a number of case studies that serve to illustrate, the range of applicability of the technique and how this type of data is interpreted. In addition, these case studies have been selected to be of popular interest. One aspect stressed in this book is that, for a given application, there is not necessarily a single geophysical technique that can completely characterize the Earth's shallow subsurface. The synergism of multiple geophysical methods is emphasized by the inclusion of an integrated case study that continues from chapter to chapter demonstrating the increased understanding associated with addition of information from each newly presented technique.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface. List of Contributors. Part One. Fundamentals.
• 1. SURVEY OF NUMERICAL METHODS (J.Y. Murthy, W.J. Minkowycz, E.M. Sparrow and S.R. Mathur).
• 2. FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD (R.H. Pletcher).
• 3. FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD (J.C. Heinrich).
• 4. BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD (A.J. Kassab, L.C. Wrobel, R. Bialecki and E. Divo).
• 5. LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSPORT IN TURBULENT FLOWS (F. A. Jaberi, C.K. Madnia and P. Givi).
• 6. CONTROL-VOLUME-BASED FINITE DIFFERENCE AND FINITE ELEMENT METHODS (B.R. Baliga and N. Atabaki).
• 7. MESHLESS METHODS (D.W. Pepper).
• 8. MONTE CARLO METHODS (A. Haji-Sheikh and J.R. Howell).
• 9. DISCRETE-ORDINATES AND FINITE-VOLUME METHODS FOR RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER (lC. Chai and S.V. Patankar).
• 10. PRESSURE-BASED ALGORITHMS FOR SINGLE AND MULTI FLUID FLOW (F. Moukalled and M. Darwish).
• 11. NUMERICAL MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER IN WALL-ADJACENT TURBULENT FLOWS (T.J. Craft, S.E. Gant, A.V. Gerasimov, H. Iacovides and B.E. Launder).
• 12. SYNTHESIS OF MODELS FOR TURBULENT TRANSPORT THROUGH POROUS MEDIA (K. Vafai, K. Khanafer, W.J. Minkowycz and A. Bejan).
• 13. VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF COMPUTATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER (D. Pelletier and P.J. Roache).
• 14. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION OF COMPUTATIONAL MODELS (B.F. Blackwell and K.J. Dowding).
• 15. COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY, GRID GENERATION AND ADAPTIVE GRIDS (G.F. Carey).
• 16. HYBRID METHODS AND SYMBOLIC COMPUTATIONS (R.M. Cotta and M.D. Mikhailov). Part Two. Applications.
• 17. INVERSE PROBLEMS IN HEAT TRANSFER (N. Zabaras).
• 18. MOVING BOUNDARY PROBLEMS (W. Shyy).
• 19. NUMERICAL METHODS FOR PHASE-CHANGE PROBLEMS (V.R. Voller).
• 20. COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROSCALE HEAT TRANSFER (R.D.Y. Tzou).
• 21. MOLECULAR DYNAMICS METHOD FOR MICRO/NANO SYSTEMS (S. Maruyama).
• 22. EULERIAN-LAGRANGIAN SIMULATIONS OF PARTICLE/DROPLET-LADEN TURBULENT FLOWS (F. Mashayek and W.J. Minkowycz).
• 23. NUMERICAL MODELING OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES (Y. Jaluria).
• 24. COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN MATERIALS PROCESSING (R. Pitchumani).
• 25. THERMAL MODELING OF TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES: A CASE STUDY OF DATA CENTERS (J. Rambo and Y. Joshi).
• 26. NUMERICAL BIO-HEAT TRANSFER (B. Rubinsky).
• 27. HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FOR FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER (D.W. Pepper and J.M. Lombardo).
• 28. OVERVIEW OF NUMERICAL METHODS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (S.R. Mathur, W.J. Minkowycz, E.M. Sparrow and IY. Murthy). Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

A completely updated edition of the acclaimed single volume reference for heat transfer and the thermal sciences, this Second Edition of "Handbook of Numerical Heat Transfer" covers the basic equations for numerical method calculations regarding heat transfer problems and applies these to problems encountered in aerospace, nuclear power, chemical processes, electronic packaging, and other related areas of mechanical engineering. As with the first edition, this complete revision presents comprehensive but accessible coverage of the necessary formulations, numerical schemes, and innovative solution techniques for solving problems of heat and mass transfer and related fluid flows. Featuring contributions from some of the most prominent authorities in the field, articles are grouped by major sets of methods and functions, with the text describing new and improved, as well as standard, procedures. "Handbook of Numerical Heat Transfer, Second Edition" includes: updated coverage of parabolic systems, hyperbolic systems, integral and integro differential systems, Monte Carlo and perturbation methods, and inverse problems; usable computer programs that allow quick applications to aerospace, chemical, nuclear, and electronic packaging industries; and, user friendly nomenclature listings which include all the symbols used in each chapter so that chapter specific symbols are readily available.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)