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• Introduction: Decimal Ideas before Revolutionary France
• Reform of Weights and Measures in Revolutionary France
• Metrication in France and Beyond: the Meter Goes International
• The Systme International dUnits (SI) of 1960
• Changes in the SI from its Introduction (1960) to the Explicit-Constant Revision (2019)
• The Metric System and the United States.

This book succinctly traces the history of the metric system from early modern proposals of decimal measures, to the birth of the system in Revolutionary France, through its formal international adoption under the supervision of an international General Committee of Weights and Measures (CGPM), to its later expansion into the International System of Units (SI), currently formulated entirely in terms of physical constants. The wide range of human activities that employ weights and measures, from practical commerce to esoteric science, influenced both the development and the diffusion of the metric system. The roles of constants of nature in the formulation of the 18th-century metric system and in the 21st-century reformulation of the SI are described. Finally, the status of the system in the United States, the last major holdout against its everyday use, is also discussed.

• Preface
• Sustainable Organic Synthesis in Ionic Liquids
• Industrial Applications of Green Solvents in Organic and Drug Synthesis for Sustainable Development of Chemical Process and Technologies
• Applications of Ionic Liquids in Organic Synthesis
• Water-Mediated Catalyst-Free Organic Transformations
• Modifications on Polymeric Membranes for Isopropanol Dehydration Using Pervaporation: A Review
• Environmentally Benign Organic Synthesis
• Green Aspects of Scale-Up Synthesis of some APIs, Drug Candidates Under Development, or Their Critical Intermediates
• Green Approaches to Synthesize Organic Compounds and Drugs
• Selective Conversion of Glycerol to Lactic Acid Using Porous Multi-Functional Mixed Oxide Catalysts Under Alkaline Environment
• Green Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications
• Silver Nanostructures, Chemical Synthesis Methods, and Biomedical Applications
• The Role of Heterogenous Catalysts in Converting Cellulose to Platform Chemicals
• Production of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) from Battery Waste: Green and Sustainable Synthesis and Reduction
• Bio-Catalysis as a Green Approach for Industrial Waste Treatment
• Green Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Microbial Lipases
• Industrial Applications of Green Solvents for Sustainable Development of Technologies in Organic Synthesis
• Index.

Traditional methods in synthetic chemistry produce chemical waste and byproducts, yield smaller desired products, and generate toxic chemical substances, but the past two centuries have seen consistent, greener improvements in organic synthesis and transformations. These improvements have contributed to substance handling efficiency by using green-engineered forerunners like sustainable techniques, green processes, eco-friendly catalysis, and have minimized energy consumption, reduced potential waste, improved desired product yields, and avoided toxic organic precursors or solvents in organic synthesis. Green synthesis has the potential to have a major ecological and monetary impact on modern pharmaceutical R&D and organic chemistry fields. This book presents a broad scope of green techniques for medicinal, analytical, environmental, and organic chemistry applications. It presents an accessible overview of new innovations in the field, dissecting the highlights and green chemistry attributes of approaches to green synthesis, and provides cases to exhibit applications to pharmaceutical and organic chemistry. Although daily chemical processes are a major part of the sustainable development of pharmaceuticals and industrial products, the resulting environmental pollution of these processes is of worldwide concern. This edition discusses green chemistry techniques and sustainable processes involved in synthetic organic chemistry, natural products, drug syntheses, as well various useful industrial applications.

• Introduction.- Resonant X-Ray Scattering.- Introduction to Charge Order in the Cuprates.- Charge Order in (CaxLa1 x)(Ba1.75 xLa0.25+x)Cu3Oy Single Crystals.- Charge Order in YBa2Cu3O6+x Thin Flms.- Introduction to Antiferromagnetism in Ultrathin Nickelate Layers.- Coupling Between 3d and 4f Spin Sublattices in LaNiO3-Based Heterostructures.- Closing Statement.
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In this thesis chemical and epitaxial degrees of freedom are used to manipulate charge and spin ordering phenomena in two families of transition metal oxides, while taking advantage of state-of-the-art resonant x-ray scattering (RXS) methods to characterize their microscopic origin in a comprehensive manner. First, the relationship of charge density wave order to both magnetism and the "pseudogap" phenomenon is systematically examined as a function of charge-carrier doping and isovalent chemical substitution in single crystals of a copper oxide high-temperature superconductor. Then, in copper oxide thin films, an unusual three-dimensionally long-range-ordered charge density wave state is discovered, which persists to much higher temperatures than charge-ordered states in other high-temperature superconductors. By combining crystallographic and spectroscopic measurements, the origin of this phenomenon is traced to the epitaxial relationship with the underlying substrate. This discovery opens new perspectives for the investigation of charge order and its influence on the electronic properties of the cuprates. In a separate set of RXS experiments on superlattices with alternating nickel and dysprosium oxides, several temperature- and magnetic-field-induced magnetic phase transitions are discovered. These observations are explained in a model based on transfer of magnetic order and magneto-crystalline anisotropy between the Ni and Dy subsystems, thus establishing a novel model system for the interplay between transition-metal and rare-earth magnetism.
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• 1. Schroedinger Equation and Its Application.- 2. Quantum-Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator.- 3. Hydrogen-Like Atoms.- 4. Optical Transition and Selection Rules.- 5. Maxwell's Equations.- 6. Reflection and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves in Dielectric Media.- 7. Light Quanta: Radiation and Absorption.- 8. Introductory Green's Functions.- 9. Vectors and Their Transformation.- 10. Canonical Forms of Matrices
• 11. Inner Product Space.- 12. Hermitian Operators and Unitary Operators.-13. Introductory Group Theory.-14. Symmetry Groups.-15. Representation Theory of Groups.-16. Applications of Group Theory to Physical Chemistry.
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This book introduces basic concepts of mathematical physics to chemists. Many textbooks and monographs of mathematical physics may appear daunting to them. Unlike other, related books, however, this one contains a practical selection of material, particularly for graduate and undergraduate students majoring in chemistry. The book first describes quantum mechanics and electromagnetism, with the relation between the two being emphasized. Although quantum mechanics covers a broad field in modern physics, the author focuses on a hydrogen(like) atom and a harmonic oscillator with regard to the operator method. This approach helps chemists understand the basic concepts of quantum mechanics aided by their intuitive understanding without abstract argument, as chemists tend to think of natural phenomena and other factors intuitively rather than only logically. The study of light propagation, reflection, and transmission in dielectric media is of fundamental importance. This book explains these processes on the basis of Maxwell equations. The latter half of the volume deals with mathematical physics in terms of vectors and their transformation in a vector space. Finally, as an example of chemical applications, quantum chemical treatment of methane is introduced, including a basic but essential explanation of Green functions and group theory. Methodology developed by the author will also prove to be useful to physicists. .
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• 1. Introduction.- 2. Electrodynamics at Interface.- 3. Microscopic Expressions of Nonlinear Polarization.- 4. Two Computational Schemes of X(2).- 5. Molecular Theory of Local Field.- 6. Charge Response Kernel for Electronic Polarization.- 7. Quadrupole Contributions from Interface and Bulk.- 8. Other Topics.- 9.Applications: Aqueous Interfaces
• 10. Applications: Organic Interfaces. - Summary.
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• Intro; Preface; Contents; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Sum Frequency Generation; 1.2 Visible-Infrared SFG Vibrational Spectroscopy; 1.3 Solutions to Problems; 1.3.1 Inversion Symmetry of χ(2); 1.3.2 Time and Frequency Domains; 1.3.3 Red Shift of O-H Frequency; Bibliography; 2 Electrodynamics at Interface; 2.1 Electromagnetic Fields at Interface; 2.1.1 Maxwell Equations; 2.1.2 Boundary Conditions at Interface; 2.1.3 SFG Signal Emitted from Interface; 2.1.4 Fresnel Factor; 2.2 Response to Incident Lights; 2.3 Summary of Factors in SFG Spectra; 2.4 Solutions to Problems.

• 3.1.2 Features and Advantages(i) Ensemble of States; (ii) Partial System in Bath; 3.2 Perturbation Forms of Susceptibilities; 3.2.1 Perturbation Expansion of Density Matrix; 3.2.2 First-Order Susceptibility; 3.2.3 Second-Order Susceptibility; 3.3 Properties of χ(2); 3.3.1 Vibrational Resonance; 3.3.2 Relation to Molecular Orientation; Two Factors: Density and Orientation; Rotational Matrix; 3.3.3 Tensor Elements of χ(2) and Polarization; 3.4 Solutions to Problems; 3.4.1 Formulas for Mixed States; 3.4.2 Pure and Mixed States; 3.4.3 Derivation of χ(2); 3.4.4 Effective χ(2) Formula; Appendix.

• A.1 Off-Diagonal Elements of Density MatrixA. 2 Interaction Energy of Nonmagnetic Materials; A.3 Polarizability Approximation for Raman Tensor; Bibliography; 4 Two Computational Schemes of χ(2); 4.1 Energy Representation; 4.2 Examples of χ(2) Tensor and Orientation; 4.2.1 O-H Stretching; 4.2.2 C-H Stretching; 4.3 Time-Dependent Representation; 4.3.1 Time Correlation Function; 4.3.2 Classical Analogue; 4.4 Motional Effect on χ(2); 4.4.1 Relation of Two χ(2) Models; 4.4.2 Slow Limit and Fast Limit; 4.5 Solutions to Problems; 4.5.1 Polarization Ratios; 4.5.2 Canonical Time Correlation Function.

This book describes fundamental theory and recent advances of sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. SFG spectroscopy is widely used as a powerful tool of surface characterization, although theoretical interpretation of the obtained spectra has been a major bottleneck for most users. Recent advances in SFG theory have brought about a breakthrough in the analysis methods beyond conventional empirical ones, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of SFG spectroscopy allows for simultaneous understanding of observed spectra and interface structure in unprecedented detail. This book explains these recently understood theoretical aspects of SFG spectroscopy by the major developer of the theory. The theoretical topics are treated at basic levels for undergraduate students and are described in relation to computational chemistry, such as molecular modeling and MD simulation, toward close collaboration of SFG spectroscopy and computational chemistry in the near future.
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• 1. Introduction
• 2. The molecular nonlinear polarizability
• 3. Visualization of the molecular tensor
• 4. NLO properties of coupled oscillators and crystals
• 5. Second order nonlinear optical properties of proteins
• 6. Surface SHG and SFG
• 7. Chirality in nonlinear optics
• 8. Nonlinear optical ellipsometry
• 9. Bridging the local to laboratory frames in SHG and SFG microscopy
• 10. Polarization-dependent CARS/SRS microscopy
• 11. Hyper-Rayleigh scattering
• 12. Polarization-dependent single and multi-photon excited fluorescence of isotropic assemblies
• 13. 1PEF and 2PEF from uniaxial interfaces
• 14. 1PEF and 2PEF microscopy
• 15. Mueller tensors.
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This rigorous yet accessible guide presents a molecular-based description of nonlinear optical polarization analysis of chemical and biological assemblies. It includes discussion of the most common nonlinear optical microscopy and interfacial measurements used for quantitative analysis, specifically second harmonic generation (SHG), two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF), vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG), and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy/stimulated Raman spectroscopy (CARS/SRS). A linear algebra mathematical framework is developed, allowing step-wise systematic connections to be made between the observable measurements and the molecular response. Effects considered include local field corrections, the molecular orientation distribution, rotations between the molecular frame, the local frame and the laboratory frame, and simplifications from molecular and macromolecular symmetry. Specific examples are provided throughout the book, working from the common and relatively simple case studies through to the most general scenarios.
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• Chemistry is magic
• Magnets
• Glowsticks
• The meaning of magic
• Ancient magic was mostly chemistry
• The reactions I remember from when I was but a wee lad
• Atoms, elements, molecules, reactions
• Elements, molecules, reactions
• Energy
• The life of a bullet
• The arrow of time
• Entropy
• Fantastic reactions and where to find them
• In the classroom
• In the kitchen
• In the lab
• In a factory
• On the street
• In you
• On the origin of light and color
• Electromagnetic waves
• Sound waves and light waves
• Absorbing light
• Making light
• The ancient Chinese art of chemical arranging
• The wombat problem in chemistry
• The boring chapter
• Watching paint dry
• Watching grass grow
• Watching water boil
• The need for speed
• Weathering
• Fire
• Fast fire
• Detonation
• The fastest reaction of all.

With Reactions bestselling author Theodore Gray continues the journey through our molecular and chemical world that began with the tour de force The Elements and continued with Molecules. In The Elements, Gray gave us a never-before-seen, mesmerizing photographic view of the 118 elements in the periodic table. In Molecules, with the same phenomenal photographic acumen, plus beautifully rendered computer generated graphics, he showed us how the elements combine to form the content that makes up our universe, from table salt to oxygen to the panoply of colors and smells that surround us. At last, we've reached Reactions, in which Gray once again puts his photography and storytelling to work demonstrating how molecules interact in ways that are essential to our very existence. The book begins with a brief recap of elements and molecules and then goes on to explain important concepts the characterize a chemical reaction, including Energy, Entropy, and Time. It is then organized by type of reaction including Combustion, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Oxidation, and Fermentation. A special section dedicated to chemical cycles includes The Carbon Cycle, The Iron Cycle, and The Lime Cycle.
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• Review of Plasmon-Induced Hot-Electron Dynamics and Related SERS Chemical Effects / Gieseking, Rebecca L.; Ratner, Mark A.; Schatz, George C. / http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch001
• Near-Field Interaction between Single Molecule and an Electromagnetic Field at “Hotspot” Generated by Plasmon Resonance / Itoh, Tamitake, Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan; Yamamoto, Yuko S., Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan / http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch002
• Patterning Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates Obtained Using the Porous Character of Colloidal Microsphere Monolayer Templates / Ruan, Weidong, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China; Zhou, Tieli, College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China; Wang, Xu, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China; Jung, Young Mee, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea; Zhao, Bing, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China / http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch003
• Truncated Power Law Analysis of Blinking SERS / Kitahama, Yasutaka / http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch004
• 3D SERS Imaging / Vantasin, Sanpon; Ozaki, Yukihiro / http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch005
• Exploring the Effect of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding and the Application in Label-Free Enantioselective Discrimination by SERS / Wang, Yue, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China; Zhao, Bing, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China; Ozaki, Yukihiro, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan / http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch006
• Advances in Biofunctional SERS-Active Nanoparticles for Future Clinical Diagnostics and Therapeutics / Asiala, Steven, These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.; Barrett, Lee, These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.; Mabbott, Samuel, These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.; Graham, Duncan / http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch007
• Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Semiconductor Nanostructure Surfaces / Li, Xiaowei; Minamimoto, Hiro; Yasuda, Satoshi; Murakoshi, Kei / http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch008
• Near-Infrared Excited Surface-Enhanced Raman and Hyper Raman Scattering for Microscopic Mapping of Biosamples / Kneipp, Janina, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12589 Berlin, Germany; Gühlke, Marina, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12589 Berlin, Germany; Heiner, Zsuzsanna, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12589 Berlin, Germany, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, School of Analytcial Sciences Adlershof, Albert-Einstein-Str. 5-9, 12489 Berlin, Germany / http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch009
• Editors’ Biographies / http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ot001

• Recent developments in chiral inorganic nanostructures
• Metal oxide nanoparticles
• The recent developments in nanoparticle synthesis
• Recent developments in tuning the structural and functional properties of supported bimetallic nanoalloy catalysts
• Recent progress in scanning transmission electron microscope imaging and analysis: application to nanoparticles and 2D nanomaterials
• Microsphere Super-resolution Imaging
• Several recent designs or choices of nanomaterials for photocatalysis: Ag/AgCl composite, silicate and Bi2MoO6
• Biological Applications of Nanomaterials
• 2D Nanomaterials - Beyond Graphene
• Evolution of atomically precise clusters through the eye of mass spectrometry--.
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The field of nanoscience continues to grow at an impressive rate, with over 10,000 new articles a year contributing to more than half a million citations. Such a vast landscape of material requires careful examination to uncover the most important discoveries. Nanoscience, edited by Professor Paul O'Brien (University of Manchester) and Dr John Thomas (Bangor University), presents a critical and comprehensive assessment of the last twelve months of research and discussion. With contributions from around the globe, this series ensures readers will be well-versed in the latest research and methodologies. Chapters cover a range of topics, including `Mesocrystals', `Quantum dot synthesis', `Nano and energy storage' and `Beyond graphene'. Anyone practicing in a nano-allied field, or wishing to enter the nano-world, will benefit from the publication of this comprehensive resource annually.
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• Modern TCSPC electronics - Principles and Acquisition Modes Michael Wahl
• Single-photon counting detectors for the visible range between 300 nm and 1000 nm Andreas Bulter
• Single-photon detectors for infrared wavelengths in the range 1 to 1.7 mum Gerald S. Buller and Robert J. Collins Modern pulsed diode laser sources for time-correlated photon counting Kristian Lauritsen, Sina Riecke#, Andreas Bulter, Thomas Schonau Advanced FCS: an Introduction to Fluorescence Lifetime Correlation Spectroscopy and Dual Focus FCS Thomas Dertinger and Steffen Ruttinger Lifetime-weighted FCS and 2D FLCS: Advanced application of time-tagged TCSPC Kunihiko Ishii, Takuhiro Otosu, and Tahei Tahara MFD-PIE and PIE-FI: Ways to extract more information with TCSPC Anders Barth, Lena Voith von Voithenberg, Don C. Lamb Photon Antibunching in Single Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy Kristin S. Grussmayer and Dirk-Peter Herten FLIM Strategies for Intracellular Sensing: Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging as a Tool to Quantify Analytes of Interest Maria J. Ruedas-Rama, Jose M. Alvarez-Pez, Luis Crovetto, Jose M. Paredes, Angel Orte Multiple-Pulse Pumping with Time-Gated Detection for Enhanced Fluorescence Imaging in Cells and Tissue Rafal Fudala, Ryan M. Rich, Joe Kimball, Ignacy Gryczynski, Sangram Raut, Julian Borejdo, Dorota L. Stankowska, Raghu R. Krishnamoorthy, Karol Gryczynski, Badri P. Maliwal, Zygmunt Gryczynski Pattern based linear un-mixing for efficient and reliable analysis of multi-component TCSPC-data Ingo Gregor and Matthias Patting Metal-Induced Energy Transfer Narain Karedla, Daja Ruhlandt, Anna M. Chizhik, Jorg Enderlein, Alexey I. Chizhik The importance of photon arrival times in STED microscopy Giuseppe Vicidomini Single color centers in diamond as single photon sources and quantum sensors Boris Naydenov and Fedor Jelezko Photon counting and timing in quantum optics experiments Andreas Ahlrichs, Benjamin Sprenger, Oliver Benson Photon counting in diffuse optical imaging Dirk Grosenick.
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This volume focuses on Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC), a powerful tool allowing luminescence lifetime measurements to be made with high temporal resolution, even on single molecules. Combining spectrum and lifetime provides a "fingerprint" for identifying such molecules in the presence of a background. Used together with confocal detection, this permits single-molecule spectroscopy and microscopy in addition to ensemble measurements, opening up an enormous range of hot life science applications such as fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and measurement of Forster Resonant Energy Transfer (FRET) for the investigation of protein folding and interaction. Several technology-related chapters present both the basics and current state-of-the-art, in particular of TCSPC electronics, photon detectors and lasers. The remaining chapters cover a broad range of applications and methodologies for experiments and data analysis, including the life sciences, defect centers in diamonds, super-resolution microscopy, and optical tomography. The chapters detailing new options arising from the combination of classic TCSPC and fluorescence lifetime with methods based on intensity fluctuation represent a particularly unique highlight.
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• Preface
• Introduction
• Hierarchy of Terms in the Effective Hamiltonian
• Spectroscopic Perturbations: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
• The Effective Hamiltonian for Diatomic Molecules
• Rotation of Polyatomic Molecules
• Quantum Beats.- The Effective Hamiltonian for Polyatomic Molecule Vibration
• Intramolecular Dynamics: Representations, Visualizations and Mechanisms.

• 3.6 Intensity Borrowed from a Nearby Bright State3.7 Intensity Borrowed from an Energetically Remote Bright State; 3.8 Intensity Interference Effects; References; 4 The Effective Hamiltonian for Diatomic Molecules; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Main Topics of This Lecture; 4.2.1 R-Dependence; 4.2.2 How Do We Account for Interactions with Energetically Remote States; 4.2.3 Van Vleck Transformation; 4.3 R-Dependence Is Encoded in v, J Dependence; 4.3.1 Transition Moments: μ (R) →Mv, v; 4.3.2 Centrifugal Distortion, De; 4.3.3 Vibration-Rotation Interaction, αe: A Small Surprise.

These seven lectures are intended to serve as an introduction for beginning graduate students to the spectra of small molecules. The author succeeds in illustrating the concepts by using language and metaphors that capture and elegantly convey simple insights into dynamics that lie beyond archival molecular constants. The lectures can simultaneously be viewed as a collection of interlocking special topics that have fascinated the author and his students over the years. Though neither a textbook nor a scholarly monograph, the book provides an illuminating perspective that will benefit students and researchers alike.

• Random Variables.- Sequence of Independent Variables.- Langevin equation.- Fokker-Planck Equation I.- Fokker-Planck Equation II.- Markov Chains.- Master Equation I.- Master Equation II.- Phase Transitions and Criticality.- Reactive Systems.- Glauber Model.- Systems with Inversion Symmetry.- Systems with Absorbing States.- Population Dynamics.- Probabilistic Cellular automata.- Reaction-Diffusion Processes.- Random Sequential Adsoprtion.- Percolation.
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This textbook presents an exposition of stochastic dynamics and irreversibility. It comprises the principles of probability theory and the stochastic dynamics in continuous spaces, described by Langevin and Fokker-Planck equations, and in discrete spaces, described by Markov chains and master equations. Special concern is given to the study of irreversibility, both in systems that evolve to equilibrium and in nonequilibrium stationary states. Attention is also given to the study of models displaying phase transitions and critical phenomena both in thermodynamic equilibrium and out of equilibrium. These models include the linear Glauber model, the Glauber-Ising model, lattice models with absorbing states such as the contact process and those used in population dynamic and spreading of epidemic, probabilistic cellular automata, reaction-diffusion processes, random sequential adsorption and dynamic percolation. A stochastic approach to chemical reaction is also presented.The textbook is intended for students of physics and chemistry and for those interested in stochastic dynamics. It provides, by means of examples and problems, a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the theory and its applications.
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• Analysis of the origin of lateral interactions in the adsorption of small organic molecules on oxide surfaces.- First-principles study of structure and stability in Si-C-O-based materials.- A time-dependent DFT/molecular dynamics study of the proton-wire responsible for the red fluorescence in the LSSmKate2 protein.- Preface to the ESPA-2012 special issue.- Br2 dissociation in water clusters: the catalytic role of water.- Low-energy nanoscale clusters of (TiC) n n = 6,
• 12: a structural and energetic comparison with MgO.- Alkyl mercury compounds: an assessment of DFT methods.- Simulating the optical properties of CdSe clusters using the RT-TDDFT approach.- Comparison of pure and hybrid DFT functionals for geometry optimization and calculation of redox potentials for iron nitrosyl complexes with "mu-SCN" bridging ligands.- Exohedral interaction in cationic lithium metallofullerenes.- Isodesmic reaction for pK a calculations of common organic molecules.- Organometallic copper I, II or III species in an intramolecular dechlorination reaction.- A theoretical investigation of the CO2-philicity of amides and carbamides.- Electronic structure studies of diradicals derived from Closo-Carboranes.- Manipulating the singlet-triplet transition in ion strings by nonresonant dynamic Stark effect.- Cooperativity of hydrogen and halogen bond interactions.- MS-CASPT2 study of the low-lying electronic excited states of di-thiosubstituted formic acid dimers.- The one-electron picture in the Piris natural orbital functional 5 (PNOF5).- Theoretical study of the benzoquinone-tetrathiafulvalene-benzoquinone triad in neutral and oxidized/reduced states.- Structures and energetics of organosilanes in the gaseous phase: a computational study.- Isotope effects on the dynamics properties and reaction mechanism in the Cl(2P) + NH3 reaction: a QCT and QM study.- A theoretical analysis of the magnetic properties of the low-dimensional copper(II)X2(2-X-3-methylpyridine)2 (X = Cl and Br) complexes.- Numerical investigation of the elastic scattering of hydrogen (isotopes) and helium at graphite (0001) surfaces at beam energies of 1 to 4 eV using a split-step Fourier method.- Dancing multiplicity states supported by a carboxylated group in dicopper structures bonded to O2.- On the transferability of fractional contributions to the hydration free energy of amino acids.
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This volume collects research findings presented at the 8th Edition of the Electronic Structure: Principles and Applications (ESPA-2012) International Conference, held in Barcelona, Spain on June 26-29, 2012. The contributions cover research work on methods and fundamentals of theoretical chemistry, chemical reactivity, bimolecular modeling, and materials science. Originally published in the journal Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, these outstanding papers are now available in a hardcover print format, as well as a special electronic edition. This volume provides valuable content for all researchers in theoretical chemistry, and will especially benefit those research groups and libraries with limited access to the journal.
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• Fabrication.- Formation Survey.- Porosity.- Structures & Forms.- Properties.- Property Survey.- Thermal.- Mechanical.- Transport.- Optical.- Electrical.- Magnetic.- Luminescent.- Chemical & Biochemical.- Characterization.- Structural.- Porosity.- Thermal.- Magnetic.- Chemical.- Biochemical.- Theoretical Techniques.- Irradiation.- Processessing.- Patterning.- Drying.- Epitaxy.- Thermal.- Impregnation.- Encapsulation.- Derivitization.- Particles.- Electrical Contacts.- Macroporous Silicon.- Applications.- Application Survey.- Electronic.- Microsystems.- Optics.- Acoustic.- Diagnostic.- Medical.- Energy Conversion.- Food & consumer Care.
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The Handbook of Porous Silicon brings together the expertise of a large, international team of almost 100 academic researchers, engineers and product developers from industry across electronics, medicine, nutrition and consumer care to summarize the field in its entirety with 150 chapters and 5000 references. The volume presents 5 parts which cover fabrication techniques, material properties, characterization techniques, processing and applications. Much attention was given in the past to its luminescent properties, but increasingly it is the biodegradability, mechanical, thermal and sensing capabilities that are attracting attention. The volume is divided into focussed data reviews with, wherever possible, quantitative rather than qualitative descriptions of both properties and performance. The book is targeted at undergraduates, postgraduates and experienced researchers.
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• Molecular movies from molecular frame photoelectron angular distribution (MF-PAD) measurements.- XUV lasers for ultrafast electronic control in H2.- Ultrafast dynamics of hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon molecules in intense laser fields: hydrogen atom migration and scrambling in methylacetylene.- Femtosecond photodissociation dynamics by velocity map imaging.- Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy for excited state dynamics.- Biomolecules, photostability and 1pisigma* states: linking this with femtochemistry.- Ultrafast laser-induced processes described by ab-initio molecular dynamics.-
• 8. Ultrafast ionization and fragmentation: from small molecules to proteomic analysis.- On the investigation of excited state dynamics with (pump-) degenerate four wave mixing.- Surface-aligned femtochemistry: Molecular reaction dynamics on oxide surfaces.- Optical diagnostics with ultrafast and strong field Raman techniques.
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This book presents the latest developments in Femtosecond Chemistry and Physics for the study of ultrafast photo-induced molecular processes. Molecular systems, from the simplest H2 molecule to polymers or biological macromolecules, constitute central objects of interest for Physics, Chemistry and Biology, and despite the broad range of phenomena that they exhibit, they share some common behaviors. One of the most significant of those is that many of the processes involving chemical transformation (nuclear reorganization, bond breaking, bond making) take place in an extraordinarily short time, in or around the femtosecond temporal scale (1 fs = 10-15 s). A number of experimental approaches - very particularly the developments in the generation and manipulation of ultrashort laser pulses - coupled with theoretical progress, provide the ultrafast scientist with powerful tools to understand matter and its interaction with light, at this spatial and temporal scale. This book is an attempt to reunite some of the state-of-the-art research that is being carried out in the field of ultrafast molecular science, from theoretical developments, through new phenomena induced by intense laser fields, to the latest techniques applied to the study of molecular dynamics.
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• M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1941-1949
• The Journey, January 29 to February 7, 1949
• Early Life and Education, London, 1903-1929
• Medical Physicist Part I, London, 1929-1944
• The Unknown Years and UNESCO, Paris, 1944-1948
• Replacing Radium, 1937-1949
• The Arrival, Houston, February 1949
• The Cobalt Unit, 1949-1954
• Medical Physicist Part II, Houston, 1949-1951
• Cobalt-60 and the Notebook
• Cobalt-60 in Perspective.

For the latter half of the 20th century, cobalt-60 units were the mainstay of radiation treatments for cancer. Cobalt Blues describes the development of the first cobalt-60 unit in the United States and the man behind it, Leonard Grimmett. Conceptually conceived before World War II, it only became possible because of the development of nuclear reactors during the war. Although Grimmett conceived of and published his ideas first, the Canadians built the first units because of the capability of their reactor to produce more suitable cobalt-60 sources. This book tells the story of how Grimmett and others came together at the time that the U S Atomic Energy Agency was pushing the use of radioactivity in medicine. Due to his sudden death, very little information about Grimmett was known until recently, when various documents have come to light, allowing the full story to be told.

"The journal is interdisciplinary, publishing work of international significance on all aspects of materials chemistry related to optical, magnetic and electronic devices, including (but not limited to): Display technologies: eg liquid crystals, LEDs, OLEDs; Optical materials: eg photonics, plasmonics, metamaterials; Electronics: eg printing technologies, transistors, semi-conductors; Information storage technology: eg memory devices, integrated nanostructured materials, switchable devices."

• Preface, Quantum Dot Synthesis, Bio Synthesis, Oxides, Indian Perspective, Mesocrystals, HRTEM, Graphene and Related Materials, China Perspective, Soft Lithography, Probe Microscopy.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The field of nanoscience continues to grow at an impressive rate, with over 10,000 new articles a year contributing to a literature of more than half a million citations. Such a vast landscape of material requires careful searching to discover the most important discoveries. The newest edition to the Specialist Periodical Reports presents a digest of the last twelve months of the literature across the field. The volume editor, Professor Paul O'Brien (University of Manchester, UK) has drawn on some of the most active researchers to present critical and comprehensive reviews of the hottest topics in the field. Chapters include "Nanomaterials for solar energy", "Magnetic hyperthermia", and "Graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites". There is also a special chapter on "Nanoscience in India". Anyone practicing in any nano-allied field, or wishing to enter the nano-world will benefit from the comprehensive resource, which will be published annually.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Oxides
• Metals
• Energy and Nano
• Perspective on Photocatalytic Materials Chemistry in China
• Nanostructured Non-ITO Based Transparent Conducting Electrodes
• Nano Dimensional ZnO and its Application
• Nano in Water Splitting and Artificial Photosynthesis
• Nano in Batteries
• Indian Perspective.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The field of nanoscience continues to grow at an impressive rate, with over 10,000 new articles a year contributing to a literature of more than half a million citations. Such a vast landscape of material requires careful searching to discover the most important discoveries. The introduction of the newest Specialist Periodical Report by the Royal Society of Chemistry: Nanoscience, provides a critical and comprehensive assesment of the most recent research and opinion. With contributions from across the globe, this new series ensures readers will be well-versed in the latest research and methodologies. Some chapters will also present a special focus in emerging countries contributing to the field, such as India and China. Anyone practicing in any nano-allied field, or wishing to enter the nano-world will benefit from the comprehensive resource, which will be published annually.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)