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• Cover
• Half-title
• Series information
• Title page
• Copyright information
• Epigraph
• Contents
• Acknowledgements
• List of Abbreviations and Russian Terms
• Introduction: The Communist Party in Leninist Theory, Soviet Practice and Historical Scholarship
• I.1 Methodological Leninism: Studying the Communist Rank-and-File
• 1 Building a Workers' Party
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 The Tenth Party Congress: Challenges and Responses
• 1.3 Party Building and the Formation of Grassroots Institutions
• 1.4 Party Democracy and the Left Opposition
• 1.5 Conclusion

• 2 Which Way to Socialism?: NEP and the Struggle for Power
• 2.1 Ambiguous Recovery
• 2.2 The Zinoviev Opposition: A Leningrad Mutiny
• 2.3 Rejuvenating the Party Organisation
• 2.4 Testing the Organisation
• 2.5 Conclusion
• 3 Laying the Foundations: The Rank-and-File and Rapid Industrialisation
• 3.1 The First FYP in Soviet Industry
• 3.2 Party Activism and Managerial Authority on the Factory Floor
• 3.3 No Right Deviation
• 3.4 Edinonachalie and Bacchanalian Counter-Planning
• 3.5 Conclusion
• 4 Marxism and Clean Canteens: Cultural Activism between Ideology and Practice

• 4.1 An Attempt at Cultural Revolution
• 4.2 Not So Great a Retreat
• 4.3 Conclusion
• 5 Democratisation and Repression
• 5.1 Management and Labour in the Second FYP
• 5.2 Another Purge
• 5.3 Vigilance and Verification
• 5.4 Party Revival, State Violence
• 5.5 Conclusion
• 6 Party Activism on the Road to War
• 6.1 Democratisation, Party Building and the Winding Down of Repression
• 6.2 The Eighteenth Congress and New Party Rules
• 6.3 Discipline, Control and Edinonachalie in the Third FYP
• 6.4 Conclusion

• Conclusion: The Vanguard Concept As a Promising Category for Historical Research
• Bibliography
• Archival Collections (Fondy)
• Published Sources and Secondary Literature
• Index

"By placing the party grassroots at the centre of its focus, Building Socialism presents an original account of the formative first two decades of the Soviet system. Assembled in a large network of primary party organisations (PPO), the Bolshevik rank-and-file was an army of activists made up of ordinary people. While far removed from the levers of power, they were nevertheless charged with promoting the Party's programme of revolutionary social transformation in their workplaces, neighbourhoods, and households. Their regular meetings, conferences and campaigns have generated a voluminous source base. This rich material provides a unique view of the practical manifestation of the Party's revolutionary mission and forms the basis of this insightful new narrative of how the Soviet republic functioned in the period from the end of the Russian Civil War in 1921 to its invasion by Nazi Germany in 1941"-- Provided by publisher.

• A Farewell to Arms
• Brave New World
• First Contact
• The Heart of the Matter
• Things Fall Apart
• The End of the Affair

Arrested Development examines the USSR's involvement in West Africa during the 1950s and 1960s as aid donor, trade partner, and political inspiration for the first post-independence governments in Ghana, Guinea, and Mali. Buoyed by solid economic performance in the 1950s, the USSR opened itself up to the world and launched a series of programs aimed at supporting the search for economic development in newly independent countries in Africa and Asia. These countries, emerging from decades of colonial domination, looked at the USSR as an example to strengthen political and economic independence. Based on extensive research in Russian and West African archives, Alessandro Iandolo explores the ideas that guided Soviet engagement in West Africa, investigates the projects that the USSR sponsored "on the ground, " and analyzes their implementation and legacy. The Soviet specialists who worked in Ghana, Guinea, and Mali collaborated with West African colleagues in drawing ambitious development plans, supervised the construction of new transport infrastructure, organized collective farms and fishing cooperatives, conducted geological surveys and mineral prospecting, set up banking systems, managed international trade, and staffed repairs workshops and ministerial bureaucracies alike. The exchanges and clashes born out of the encounter between Soviet and West African ideas, ambitions, and hopes about development reveal the USSR as a central actor in the history of economic development in the twentieth century.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

"This volume examines failed attempts at modernizing the communist economy by means of optimal planning. It traces the rise and fall of the concept in Eastern Europe and China, explaining why the mission of optimization was doomed to fail and why it may nevertheless be relaunched today"-- Provided by publisher

• Introduction: A puzzle
• Perestroika
• Release
• Revolutions
• Separatism
• Crossroads
• Leviathan
• Standoff
• Devolution
• Consensus
• Conspiracy
• Junta
• Demise
• Cacophony
• Independence
• Liquidation
• Conclusion

A major study of the collapse of the Soviet Union-showing how Gorbachev's misguided reforms led to its demise "A deeply informed account of how the Soviet Union fell apart."-Rodric Braithwaite, Financial Times "[A] masterly analysis."-Joshua Rubenstein, Wall Street Journal In 1945 the Soviet Union controlled half of Europe and was a founding member of the United Nations. By 1991, it had an army four-million strong, five-thousand nuclear-tipped missiles, and was the second biggest producer of oil in the world. But soon afterward the union sank into an economic crisis and was torn apart by nationalist separatism. Its collapse was one of the seismic shifts of the twentieth century. Thirty years on, Vladislav Zubok offers a major reinterpretation of the final years of the USSR, refuting the notion that the breakup of the Soviet order was inevitable. Instead, Zubok reveals how Gorbachev's misguided reforms, intended to modernize and democratize the Soviet Union, deprived the government of resources and empowered separatism. Collapse sheds new light on Russian democratic populism, the Baltic struggle for independence, the crisis of Soviet finances-and the fragility of authoritarian state power.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part 1: Hope and hubris, 1983-90
• Perestroika
• Release
• Revolutions
• Separatism
• Crossroads
• Leviathan
• Part 2: Decline and downfall, 1991
• Standoff
• Devolution
• Consensus
• Conspiracy
• Junta
• Demise
• Cacophony
• Independence
• Liquidation

A major study of the collapse of the Soviet Union-showing how Gorbachev's misguided reforms led to its demise "A deeply informed account of how the Soviet Union fell apart."-Rodric Braithwaite, Financial Times "[A] masterly analysis."-Joshua Rubenstein, Wall Street Journal In 1945 the Soviet Union controlled half of Europe and was a founding member of the United Nations. By 1991, it had an army four-million strong, five-thousand nuclear-tipped missiles, and was the second biggest producer of oil in the world. But soon afterward the union sank into an economic crisis and was torn apart by nationalist separatism. Its collapse was one of the seismic shifts of the twentieth century. Thirty years on, Vladislav Zubok offers a major reinterpretation of the final years of the USSR, refuting the notion that the breakup of the Soviet order was inevitable. Instead, Zubok reveals how Gorbachev's misguided reforms, intended to modernize and democratize the Soviet Union, deprived the government of resources and empowered separatism. Collapse sheds new light on Russian democratic populism, the Baltic struggle for independence, the crisis of Soviet finances-and the fragility of authoritarian state power.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Table of Contents Preface Introduction: Why bother with the writings on a defunct economy by authors now at best retired? PART ONE. SOVIETOLOGY AND THE SOVIET MILITARY POWER
• Chapter 1. The origin and structure of Sovietology 1.1 The Cold War roots 1.2 Cradle-to-grave national security funding 1.3 The industrial organization of Sovietology 1.3.1 Structure and conduct 1.3.2 Reliability of results 1.3.3 Status within economics 1.4 Colleagues and competitors 1.4.1 The British, outsiders, political scientists, and others 1.4.2 Academics and government analysts
• Chapter 2. The Politburo's Holy of Holies 2.1 A pillar of the system's original design 2.2 A wartime-size peacetime military sector 2.2.1 Official Soviet data 2.2.2 Western estimates 2.2.3 Trying to make sense of it all 2.3 The defense industry 2.3.1 A sector apart 2.3.2 The most favored sector 2.3.3 The most successful sector 2.4 Mobilization preparations 2.5 Importance and impact PART II. SOVIET MILITARY POWER IN THE SOVIETOLOGICAL MIRROR
• Chapter 3. The Missing Sector 3.1 How to document an absence 3.2 Textbooks 3.2.1 Which sectors merited a chapter 3.2.2 Applying a finer comb: index entries 3.3 Research volumes 3.4 Publications on the military sector proper 3.4.1 Journal articles 3.4.2 Books 3.5 The user side 3.5.1 Comparative economic systems textbooks 3.5.2 Introductory economics textbooks 3.6 Summary
• Chapter 4. Civilianizing the objectives of the planners 4.1 Objectives and behavior in economics 4.2 Who exactly were the planners? 4.3 The Soviet account of the rulers' objectives 4.3.1 The validity of self-proclaimed objectives 4.3.2 Constitutions and planning manuals 4.3.3 Can they be believed? 4.4 The Sovietological account of planners' objectives 4.4.1 Sources: fragmentation in action 4.4.2 Sovietology's standard view 4.5 Making sense of multiple objectives 4.6 Problems with the standard view of the rulers' objectives 4.7 Patterns that seem to suggest production for its own sake 4.8 Bringing the Soviet rulers back into the fold of rational actors
• Chapter 5. Civilianizing Industrialization 5.1 The standard account of industrialization 5.2 Stalin's account of industrialization 5.2.1 Objectives of industrialization 5.2.2 The role of heavy industry 5.3 How the standard account developed 5.4 Problems with the standard account 5.5 The banality of military industrialization 5.6 The real industrialization debate 5.7 Taking socialism too seriously 5.8 Summary PART III. WHY GOVERNMENT MONEY COULD NOT BUY ECONOMISTS' LOVE
• Chapter 6. The Secrecy Hypothesis 6.1 The shape of the constraint 6.1.1 Secrecy in Soviet society 6.1.2 Economic information: civilian and military sectors 6.1.3 Breaches in the wall 6.2 The constraint was not binding 6.2.1 Concern about secrecy and the recognition of gaps in knowledge 6.2.2 The use of roundabout means to overcome secrecy 6.2.3 Response to the writings on the military sector 6.3 Direct test of the secrecy hypothesis 6.3.1 Sovietologists vs the New York Times 6.3.2 What an interested scholar found in Soviet publications 6.4 Conclusion
• Chapter 7. Beating Soviet Swords into Sovietological Ploughshares 7.1 The norms of the economics profession 7.1.1 How scholars choose research topics 7.1.2 How Sovietology fit in 7.1.3 Military topics out of favor with economists 7.1.4 Dressing military buildup in fashionable civvies 7.2 Looking for the essence of socialism 7.3 Politics 7.3.1 The politics and economics of science 7.3.2 Can Sovietologists inform us of each other's bias? 7.3.3 Proliferation of digressions 7.3.4 Interpretation: exculpatory incantations 7.4 Persistence of civilianization and Soviet economic history
• Chapter 8. Civilianization elsewhere 8.1 Writings on German economy in the 1930s 8.1.1 Hitler's military economy 8.1.2 Rearmament in the economics journals of the time 8.1.3 Why economists neglected rearmament 8.2 (No) violence in primitive societies 8.3 The marginalization of military history Conclusion Appendices Appendix 1.1 Alternative estimates of the number of Sovietologists Appendix 3.1 How the literature was surveyed for
• chapter 3 Appendix 3.2 Counting index entries in books Appendix 3.3. Books on the Soviet military sector (chronological order) Appendix 3.4. Books on particular sectors of the Soviet economy other than external and agriculture published before 1975 (chronological order) Appendix 3.5 Books on Soviet agriculture (chronological order) Appendix 3.6 Books on Soviet foreign economic relations (chronological order) Appendix 4.1 How the literature was surveyed for
• chapter 4 Appendix 8.1. How literature was surveyed for section 8.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Scholars attribute the collapse of the Soviet Union in part to the militarization of its economy. But during the Cold War, economic studies of the USSR largely neglected the military sector of the Soviet economy-its dominant and most successful part. This is all the more puzzling in that academic study of the Soviet economy in the US was specifically created to help fight the Cold War. If the rival superpower maintained the peacetime war economy, why did experts fail to tell us when it mattered? Vladimir Kontorovich shows how Western economists came up with strained non-military interpretations of several important aspects of the Soviet economy which the Soviets themselves acknowledged to have military significance. Such "civilianization" suggests that the neglect of the military sector was not forced on scholars of the Soviet economy by secrecy; it was their choice. The explanation of this choice in Reluctant Cold Warriors raises many questions about the internal workings of economic Sovietology and its intellectual and political background. Are peripheral academic fields mimicking the agenda of the discipline's mainstream more likely to produce faulty scholarship? Did the search for the essence of socialism distract researchers from the actual Soviet economy? Were economic Sovietologists under political pressure, and if so, in what direction? This book answers these questions in a way that has broad relevance for national security uses of social science today.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Table of Contents Preface Introduction: Why bother with the writings on a defunct economy by authors now at best retired? PART ONE. SOVIETOLOGY AND THE SOVIET MILITARY POWER
• Chapter 1. The origin and structure of Sovietology 1.1 The Cold War roots 1.2 Cradle-to-grave national security funding 1.3 The industrial organization of Sovietology 1.3.1 Structure and conduct 1.3.2 Reliability of results 1.3.3 Status within economics 1.4 Colleagues and competitors 1.4.1 The British, outsiders, political scientists, and others 1.4.2 Academics and government analysts
• Chapter 2. The Politburo's Holy of Holies 2.1 A pillar of the system's original design 2.2 A wartime-size peacetime military sector 2.2.1 Official Soviet data 2.2.2 Western estimates 2.2.3 Trying to make sense of it all 2.3 The defense industry 2.3.1 A sector apart 2.3.2 The most favored sector 2.3.3 The most successful sector 2.4 Mobilization preparations 2.5 Importance and impact PART II. SOVIET MILITARY POWER IN THE SOVIETOLOGICAL MIRROR
• Chapter 3. The Missing Sector 3.1 How to document an absence 3.2 Textbooks 3.2.1 Which sectors merited a chapter 3.2.2 Applying a finer comb: index entries 3.3 Research volumes 3.4 Publications on the military sector proper 3.4.1 Journal articles 3.4.2 Books 3.5 The user side 3.5.1 Comparative economic systems textbooks 3.5.2 Introductory economics textbooks 3.6 Summary
• Chapter 4. Civilianizing the objectives of the planners 4.1 Objectives and behavior in economics 4.2 Who exactly were the planners? 4.3 The Soviet account of the rulers' objectives 4.3.1 The validity of self-proclaimed objectives 4.3.2 Constitutions and planning manuals 4.3.3 Can they be believed? 4.4 The Sovietological account of planners' objectives 4.4.1 Sources: fragmentation in action 4.4.2 Sovietology's standard view 4.5 Making sense of multiple objectives 4.6 Problems with the standard view of the rulers' objectives 4.7 Patterns that seem to suggest production for its own sake 4.8 Bringing the Soviet rulers back into the fold of rational actors
• Chapter 5. Civilianizing Industrialization 5.1 The standard account of industrialization 5.2 Stalin's account of industrialization 5.2.1 Objectives of industrialization 5.2.2 The role of heavy industry 5.3 How the standard account developed 5.4 Problems with the standard account 5.5 The banality of military industrialization 5.6 The real industrialization debate 5.7 Taking socialism too seriously 5.8 Summary PART III. WHY GOVERNMENT MONEY COULD NOT BUY ECONOMISTS' LOVE
• Chapter 6. The Secrecy Hypothesis 6.1 The shape of the constraint 6.1.1 Secrecy in Soviet society 6.1.2 Economic information: civilian and military sectors 6.1.3 Breaches in the wall 6.2 The constraint was not binding 6.2.1 Concern about secrecy and the recognition of gaps in knowledge 6.2.2 The use of roundabout means to overcome secrecy 6.2.3 Response to the writings on the military sector 6.3 Direct test of the secrecy hypothesis 6.3.1 Sovietologists vs the New York Times 6.3.2 What an interested scholar found in Soviet publications 6.4 Conclusion
• Chapter 7. Beating Soviet Swords into Sovietological Ploughshares 7.1 The norms of the economics profession 7.1.1 How scholars choose research topics 7.1.2 How Sovietology fit in 7.1.3 Military topics out of favor with economists 7.1.4 Dressing military buildup in fashionable civvies 7.2 Looking for the essence of socialism 7.3 Politics 7.3.1 The politics and economics of science 7.3.2 Can Sovietologists inform us of each other's bias? 7.3.3 Proliferation of digressions 7.3.4 Interpretation: exculpatory incantations 7.4 Persistence of civilianization and Soviet economic history
• Chapter 8. Civilianization elsewhere 8.1 Writings on German economy in the 1930s 8.1.1 Hitler's military economy 8.1.2 Rearmament in the economics journals of the time 8.1.3 Why economists neglected rearmament 8.2 (No) violence in primitive societies 8.3 The marginalization of military history Conclusion Appendices Appendix 1.1 Alternative estimates of the number of Sovietologists Appendix 3.1 How the literature was surveyed for
• chapter 3 Appendix 3.2 Counting index entries in books Appendix 3.3. Books on the Soviet military sector (chronological order) Appendix 3.4. Books on particular sectors of the Soviet economy other than external and agriculture published before 1975 (chronological order) Appendix 3.5 Books on Soviet agriculture (chronological order) Appendix 3.6 Books on Soviet foreign economic relations (chronological order) Appendix 4.1 How the literature was surveyed for
• chapter 4 Appendix 8.1. How literature was surveyed for section 8.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Scholars attribute the collapse of the Soviet Union in part to the militarization of its economy. But during the Cold War, economic studies of the USSR largely neglected the military sector of the Soviet economy-its dominant and most successful part. This is all the more puzzling in that academic study of the Soviet economy in the US was specifically created to help fight the Cold War. If the rival superpower maintained the peacetime war economy, why did experts fail to tell us when it mattered? Vladimir Kontorovich shows how Western economists came up with strained non-military interpretations of several important aspects of the Soviet economy which the Soviets themselves acknowledged to have military significance. Such "civilianization" suggests that the neglect of the military sector was not forced on scholars of the Soviet economy by secrecy; it was their choice. The explanation of this choice in Reluctant Cold Warriors raises many questions about the internal workings of economic Sovietology and its intellectual and political background. Are peripheral academic fields mimicking the agenda of the discipline's mainstream more likely to produce faulty scholarship? Did the search for the essence of socialism distract researchers from the actual Soviet economy? Were economic Sovietologists under political pressure, and if so, in what direction? This book answers these questions in a way that has broad relevance for national security uses of social science today.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Map
• Prologue: Mr. Wolfe's horrifying discovery
• 1921
• 1922
• 1923
• A note on sources
• Select bibliography
• Acknowledgments
• Index

"The harrowing, little-known story of the ARA, an American effort to save the newly-formed Soviet Union from a disastrous famine"-- Provided by publisher

• Resources, competition and the layers of the state
• Lucrative products and the pursuit of profit
• Grain, agricultural reclamation and a new perspective on production
• Gold, oil, and the allure of foreign capital
• Furs, pelts, wool and the power of global markets
• Industrial minerals and the transformation of Xinjiang
• Industrial raw materials and the formation of informal empire
• Oil, tungsten, beryllium and the resonances of Soviet planning
• Petroleum and lithium and the foundations of Chinese state power
• The enduring power of layers

China's westernmost province of Xinjiang has experienced escalating violence, cycles of interethnic strife, and state repression since the 1990s. Searching for the roots of these growing tensions, most of the research on the region has tended to zero in on ethnic clashes and political disputes. In Natural Resources and the New Frontier, historian Judd Kinzley takes a different approach-one that works from the ground up to explore the infrastructural and material basis for state power in the region and how it helped create and shape these tensions. As Kinzley argues, Xinjiang's role in producing various natural resources for regional powers served as an important, but largely overlooked factor in fueling unrest. He carefully traces the buildup to this unstable situation over the course of the twentieth century by focusing on shifts in mining and industrial production policies that were undertaken by Chinese, Soviet, and provincial officials. Through his detailed archival work, Kinzley offers a new way of viewing Xinjiang that will shape the conversation about this important region. Moreover, his detailed analysis offers a new way of viewing borders as sites of "layered" state formation that will serve as a model for understanding the development of other Chinese peripheries and, more generally, the development of frontier zones across the Global South.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Resources, competition and the layers of the state
• Part 1. Lucrative Products and the Pursuit of Profit: 2. Grain, agricultural reclamation and a new perspective on production ; 3. Gold, oil, and the allure of foreign capital ; 4. Furs, pelts, wool and the power of global markets
• Part 2. Industrial Minerals and the Transformation of Xinjiang: 5. Industrial raw materials and the formation of informal empire ; 6. Oil, tungsten, beryllium and the resonances of Soviet planning ; 7. Petroleum and lithium and the foundations of Chinese state power ; 8. The enduring power of layers.

China's westernmost province of Xinjiang has experienced escalating violence, cycles of interethnic strife, and state repression since the 1990s. Searching for the roots of these growing tensions, most of the research on the region has tended to zero in on ethnic clashes and political disputes. In Natural Resources and the New Frontier, historian Judd Kinzley takes a different approach-one that works from the ground up to explore the infrastructural and material basis for state power in the region and how it helped create and shape these tensions. As Kinzley argues, Xinjiang's role in producing various natural resources for regional powers served as an important, but largely overlooked factor in fueling unrest. He carefully traces the buildup to this unstable situation over the course of the twentieth century by focusing on shifts in mining and industrial production policies that were undertaken by Chinese, Soviet, and provincial officials. Through his detailed archival work, Kinzley offers a new way of viewing Xinjiang that will shape the conversation about this important region. Moreover, his detailed analysis offers a new way of viewing borders as sites of "layered" state formation that will serve as a model for understanding the development of other Chinese peripheries and, more generally, the development of frontier zones across the Global South.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This study analyses the newly available statistical evidence on income distribution in the former Soviet Union both by social group and by republic, and considers the significance of inequalities as a factor contributing to the demise of the Communist regime. Among the topics covered are wage distribution (interbranch and skill differentials and distribution in terms of gender, education, and age), income distribution for the former USSR as a whole, and wage and income distribution patterns for each republic, with analysis of regional differences.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• This psychologically penetrating revisionist account of the life and rule of Rusia's 18th-century Tsar-reformer develops an important theme - that is, what happens when the drive for "progress" is linked to an autocratic, expansionist impulse rather than to a larger goal of human emancipation? And, what has been the price of power - both for Peter and for Russia?
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This title was first published in 1971: Aims to provide an exciting and psychologically penetrating account of the life of Russia's 18th century tsar/reformer and the theme of progress through violence in Russia.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Consumption in Russia and the former USSR has been lately studied as regards the pre-revolutionary and early Soviet period. The history of Soviet consumption and the Soviet variety of consumerism in the 1950s-1990s has hardly been studied at all. This book concentrates on the late Soviet period but it also considers pre-WWII and even pre-revolutionary times.The book consists of articles, which survey the longue duree of Russian and Soviet consumer attitudes, Soviet ideology of consumption as indicated in texts concerning fashion, the world of Soviet fashion planning and the survival strategies of the Soviet consumer complaining against sub-standard goods and services in a command economy. There's also a case study concerning the uses of concepts with anti-consumerist content. Contributors include: Lena Bogdanova, Olga Gurova, Timo Vihavainen and Larissa Zakharova.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction : the view from Tiananmen
• Asian pivot: the roots of Soviet economic reform
• Take off or leap forward?: Soviet assessments of China after Mao
• Gorbachev's gamble: interest group politics and perestroika
• Soviet industry, Sichuan style: Gorbachev's enterprise reforms
• A Soviet Shenzhen?: copying China's special economic zones
• Of subsidies and sovkhozes: restructuring Soviet agriculture
• Fiscal crisis, the Tiananmen option, and the dissolution of the USSR
• Conclusion: paths not taken?

The economic system forged by Stalin had many faults-the abuse of workers and the waste of resources on a massive scale among them. But for half a century the Soviet economy was stable. Why, then, did it suddenly collapse in the late 1980s, only a few years after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power? In this groundbreaking study, Chris Miller shows that although Gorbachev and his allies sought to learn from China's economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping, their efforts to revitalize Soviet socialism proved much less successful. Making use of never-before-studied documents from the Soviet politburo and other archives, Miller argues that the difference between the Soviet Union and China-and the ultimate cause of the Soviet collapse-was not economics but politics. The Soviet government was riven by bitter conflict, and Gorbachev, the ostensible Soviet autocrat, found himself unable to outmanoeuvre the interest groups that were threatened by economic reform. Miller's analysis settles long-standing debates about the politics and economics of perestroika, transforming our understanding of how Soviet policymakers might have prevented economic collapse.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Asian pivot: the roots of Soviet economic reform
• Take off or leap forward?: Soviet assessments of China after Mao
• Gorbachev's gamble: interest group politics and perestroika
• Soviet industry, Sichuan style: Gorbachev's enterprise reforms
• A Soviet Shenzhen?: copying China's special economic zones
• Of subsidies and sovkhozes: restructuring Soviet agriculture
• Fiscal crisis, the Tiananmen option, and the dissolution of the USSR
• Conclusion: paths not taken?

The economic system forged by Stalin had many faults-the abuse of workers and the waste of resources on a massive scale among them. But for half a century the Soviet economy was stable. Why, then, did it suddenly collapse in the late 1980s, only a few years after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power? In this groundbreaking study, Chris Miller shows that although Gorbachev and his allies sought to learn from China's economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping, their efforts to revitalize Soviet socialism proved much less successful. Making use of never-before-studied documents from the Soviet politburo and other archives, Miller argues that the difference between the Soviet Union and China-and the ultimate cause of the Soviet collapse-was not economics but politics. The Soviet government was riven by bitter conflict, and Gorbachev, the ostensible Soviet autocrat, found himself unable to outmanoeuvre the interest groups that were threatened by economic reform. Miller's analysis settles long-standing debates about the politics and economics of perestroika, transforming our understanding of how Soviet policymakers might have prevented economic collapse.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents;
• Chapter 1: Aid Effectiveness and Donor Preferences; 1.1 Basic Definitions; 1.2 Reciprocal and Normative Donors: The British DFID and the German BMZ; 1.3 The TACIS Program: Agencies, Committees, and Bureaucratic Cycles; 1.4 The Model: Donor Types and Aid Preferences; 1.5 Discussion; Appendix;
• Chapter 2: Aid Effectiveness and the Soft Budget Constraint; 2.1 Aid Effectiveness and the Recipient Economy; 2.2 Developmental Entrepreneurs and Distributive Planners; 2.3 Centralization and EU Development Aid: The New Soft Budget Constraint.

• 2.4 The Model: The New Soft Budget Constraint2.5 Conclusions;
• Chapter 3: The TACIS Program in Russia, Ukraine, and Central Asia, 1992-2007; 3.1 Aid, Growth, and Institutions: Literature Overview; 3.2 Aid Effectiveness and Imperfect Monitoring; 3.3 The Model: Aid Effectiveness as Prisoner℗þs Dilemma; 3.4 Aid Effectiveness and the TACIS Program: Evidence from the Field; 3.5 Synthesis;
• Chapter 4: Europe, Russia, and Global Development; 4.1 Transformations of Development Aid: Russia as a Donor; 4.2 The European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument; 4.3 The Development Cooperation Instrument.

• 4.4 Europe, Russia, and Regional Economic Integration in EurasiaConclusions: Complementarity and Coordination in Aid Governance; Glossary; References; Index.

This book is the one of the first to address aid effectiveness as a political and comparative economics question. Using the case of European Union aid in the post-Soviet transition, it shows why formal modeling and analysis of qualitative data are useful.

• Preliminary Material
• 1 The Spirit of Consumerism in Russia and the West / Timo Vihavainen
• 2 Consumerism and the Soviet Project / Timo Vihavainen
• 3 Ideology of Consumption in the Soviet Union / Olga Gurova
• 4 How and What to Consume: Patterns of Soviet Clothing Consumption in the 1950s and 1960s / Larissa Zakharova
• 5 The Soviet Consumer -- More than Just a Soviet Man / Elena Bogdanova
• 6 Meshchanstvo, or the Spirit of Consumerism and the Russian Mind / Timo Vihavainen
• 7 Afterword / Timo Vihavainen and Elena Bogdanova
• Appendix / Timo Vihavainen and Elena Bogdanova
• Index / Timo Vihavainen and Elena Bogdanova.

Consumption in Russia and the former USSR has been lately studied as regards the pre-revolutionary and early Soviet period. The history of Soviet consumption and the Soviet variety of consumerism in the 1950s-1990s has hardly been studied at all. This book concentrates on the late Soviet period but it also considers pre-WWII and even pre-revolutionary times.The book consists of articles, which survey the longue duree of Russian and Soviet consumer attitudes, Soviet ideology of consumption as indicated in texts concerning fashion, the world of Soviet fashion planning and the survival strategies of the Soviet consumer complaining against sub-standard goods and services in a command economy. There's also a case study concerning the uses of concepts with anti-consumerist content. Contributors include: Lena Bogdanova, Olga Gurova, Timo Vihavainen and Larissa Zakharova.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The tribute of the peasantry in times of food availability decline
• Protecting the cities, fighting for survival of the regime
• Hierarchies of hunger and peasant-state relations (1949-1958)
• Preventing urban famine by starving the countryside (1959-1962)
• The burden of empire: the crisis of indigenization in Ukraine and Tibet
• Eating mice for the liberation of Tibet: hunger in official Chinese history
• Genocide against the nation: the counter-narratives of Tibetan and Ukrainian nationalism.

An authoritative study of food politics in the socialist regimes of China and the Soviet Union During the twentieth century, 80 percent of all famine victims worldwide died in China and the Soviet Union. In this rigorous and thoughtful study, Felix Wemheuer analyzes the historical and political roots of these socialist-era famines, in which overambitious industrial programs endorsed by Stalin and Mao Zedong created greater disasters than those suffered under prerevolutionary regimes. Focusing on famine as a political tool, Wemheuer systematically exposes how conflicts about food among peasants, urban populations, and the socialist state resulted in the starvation death of millions. A major contribution to Chinese and Soviet history, this provocative analysis examines the long-term effects of the great famines on the relationship between the state and its citizens and argues that the lessons governments learned from the catastrophes enabled them to overcome famine in their later decades of rule.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The "tribute" of the peasantry in times of food availability decline
• Protecting the cities, fighting for survival of the regime
• Hierarchies of hunger and peasant-state relations (1949-1958)
• Preventing urban famine by starving the countryside (1959-1962)
• The burden of empire: the crisis of "Indigenization" in Ukraine and Tibet
• "Eating mice for the liberation of Tibet": hunger in official Chinese history
• "Genocide against the nation": the counter-narratives of Tibetan and Ukrainian nationalism
• Epilogue : lessons learned--how the Soviet Union and China escaped famine
• Conclusion : hunger and socialism.

An authoritative study of food politics in the socialist regimes of China and the Soviet Union During the twentieth century, 80 percent of all famine victims worldwide died in China and the Soviet Union. In this rigorous and thoughtful study, Felix Wemheuer analyzes the historical and political roots of these socialist-era famines, in which overambitious industrial programs endorsed by Stalin and Mao Zedong created greater disasters than those suffered under prerevolutionary regimes. Focusing on famine as a political tool, Wemheuer systematically exposes how conflicts about food among peasants, urban populations, and the socialist state resulted in the starvation death of millions. A major contribution to Chinese and Soviet history, this provocative analysis examines the long-term effects of the great famines on the relationship between the state and its citizens and argues that the lessons governments learned from the catastrophes enabled them to overcome famine in their later decades of rule.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• 1. How the West became Rich: Stylized Facts and Literature Review
• 2. Why Did the West Become Rich First? Why Are Some Developing Countries Catching Up But Others Are Not?
• 3. Chinese and Russian Economies Under Central Planning: Why the Difference in Outcomes?
• 4. Chinese and Russian Economies Since Reforms: Transformational Recession in Russia and Acceleration of Growth in China
• 5. Growth Miracles and Failures: Lessons for Development Economics
• Conclusions.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The rise of the West is often attributed the presence of certain features in Western countries from the 16th century that were absent in more traditional societies: the abolition of serfdom and Protestant ethics, the protection of property rights, and free universities. The problem with this reasoning is that, before the 16th century, there were many countries with social structures that possessed these same features that didn't experience rapid productivity growth. This book offers a new interpretation of the 'Great Divergence' and 'Great Convergence' stories. It explores how Western countries grew rich and why parts of the developing world (South and East Asia and the Middle East) did not catch up with the West from 1500 to 1950 but began to narrow the gap after 1950. It also examines why others (Latin America, South Africa, and Russia) were more successful at catching up from 1500 to 1950, but then experienced a slowdown in economic growth compared to other developing countries. Mixed Fortunes offers a novel interpretation of the rise of the West and of the subsequent development of 'the rest' and China and Russia, important examples of two groups of developing countries, are examined in greater detail.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Chapter 1. Turning Points of Russia's Reforms: Generation Changes and Shifting Trajectories
• Chapter 2. The Point of Departure: Late-Soviet Negative Consensus
• Chapter 3. Perestroika: From Revival to Collapse
• Chapter 4. Post-Soviet Challenges: Difficult Choices During the "Triple Transition"
• Chapter 5. The Roaring Nineties
• Chapter 6. Unfree Market Economy under Autocracy Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Reexamining Economic and Political Reforms in Russia, 1985-2000: Generations, Ideas, and Changes analyzes the impact of generational changes and ideational changes on major political and economic reforms conducted in Russia during the late twentieth century. This book examines how the policy agenda was shaped by the ideas of the generations' representatives for the "sixtiers" and "seventiers." Representatives of the generation of "sixtiers" conducted reforms from 1985 to 1991 and invested major efforts in political liberalization but did not pay enough attention to economic reforms. On the other hand, the reformers from the generation of "seventiers, " who were in charge of policy making from 1991 to 1998, were genuinely oriented toward market building but rather insensitive to the democratization of the political regime. This book explores how these differences in ideational agendas produced inconsistent and controversial outcomes from both stages of reforms.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction Part I: The Heritage 1. Capitalism, Civil Society and Development in Russia (to 1917 and from 1989) 2. State and Development in the Soviet period 3. Moving East and South: Empire and After
• Part II: Development and Struggle 4. Political Mobilization From War Communism to Coloured Revolution 5. Local Government Decentralization: Civil Society Development in the Urals and Siberia 6. Development Challenges in an Insecure Neighbourhood: Tajikistan 7. Beyond Alienation: Social Movements and Protest in Russia in the 2000s
• Part III: The International Context 8. NGOs Challenging Political and Economic Power 9. Russia as a BRIC
• Postscript.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Unique and insightful, this book takes a look at Russia's development through the Tsarist and Soviet periods. Rather than make the more familiar comparisons between Russia and the West, Russia and Development focuses on political and social mobilization in adjacent Central Asia. It examines the role of local government and civil society in development, as well as popular responses to the policies of Putin and Medvedev aimed at modernizing Russia and forging a new Eurasia alliance in Russia's 'development neighbourhood'. The book uses local sources and case studies to pose important questions about the role of empire, revolution, nationalism and democratization in the twenty-first century. With unique insider knowledge, Charles Buxton ultimately places Russia's current development model in an international context, where Russia is increasingly becoming a competitor to Western-led development practices. Essential reading for anyone interested in the region or development thought and practice.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction Part I: The Heritage 1. Capitalism, Civil Society and Development in Russia (to 1917 and from 1989) 2. State and Development in the Soviet period 3. Moving East and South: Empire and After
• Part II: Development and Struggle 4. Political Mobilization From War Communism to Coloured Revolution 5. Local Government Decentralization: Civil Society Development in the Urals and Siberia 6. Development Challenges in an Insecure Neighbourhood: Tajikistan 7. Beyond Alienation: Social Movements and Protest in Russia in the 2000s
• Part III: The International Context 8. NGOs Challenging Political and Economic Power 9. Russia as a BRIC
• Postscript.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Unique and insightful, this book takes a look at Russia's development through the Tsarist and Soviet periods. Rather than make the more familiar comparisons between Russia and the West, Russia and Development focuses on political and social mobilization in adjacent Central Asia. It examines the role of local government and civil society in development, as well as popular responses to the policies of Putin and Medvedev aimed at modernizing Russia and forging a new Eurasia alliance in Russia's 'development neighbourhood'. The book uses local sources and case studies to pose important questions about the role of empire, revolution, nationalism and democratization in the twenty-first century. With unique insider knowledge, Charles Buxton ultimately places Russia's current development model in an international context, where Russia is increasingly becoming a competitor to Western-led development practices. Essential reading for anyone interested in the region or development thought and practice.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Dedication Contents List of tables and maps Preface Introduction
• 1. The front line, 1914-1916
• 2. `Educated society' and the Russian elite
• 3. Narod: plebeian society during the war
• 4. Tsarist authority in question, 1915-1916
• 5. Mobilising industry: Russia's war economy at full stretch
• 6. Paying for the war, Russian style
• 7. Feeding Russia: food supply as Achilles' heel
• 8. Economic nationalism and the mobilisation of ethnicity in the 'great patriotic war'
• 9. Hierarchy subverted: the February Revolution and the Provisional Government
• 10. Economic meltdown and revolutionary objectives: from European war to Civil War, 1917-1918
• 11. Russia's First World War: an overview.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The story of Russia's First World War remains largely unknown, neglected by historians who have been more interested in the grand drama that unfolded in 1917. In Russia's First World War: A Social and Economic History Peter Gatrell shows that war is itself `revolutionary' - rupturing established social and economic ties, but also creating new social and economic relationships, affiliations, practices and opportunities. Russia's First World War brings together the findings of Russian and non-Russian historians, and draws upon fresh research. It turns the spotlight on what Churchill called the `unknown war', providing an authoritative account that finally does justice to the impact of war on Russia's home front.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

For close to sixty years Afghanistan was one of the largest recipients of foreign development aid and yet it remains one of the poorest countries on the planet. The Soviet Union pro- vided Afghanistan with large-scale economic and technical assistance for nearly twenty-five years before invading in 1979 and then in- creased the volume of assistance even further during the 1980s in an effort to prop up the government and undermine the anti-Soviet insurgency. None of this aid made any lasting difference to Afghan poverty. As in so many other countries, foreign aid did not promote economic growth. Using unexplored Russian sources, this book describes and analyses the economic and technical assistance programs run by the Soviet Union from the mid-1950s through to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and places them in the context of both Soviet-era development theories and more recent ideas about the role of institutions in fostering economic growth. In some respects Soviet development theorists were actually ahead of their contemporary Western counterparts in realising the centrality of institution-building, but they proved unable to translate their theories into practical solutions. The reasons why their assistance programs failed so completely in Afghanistan remain compellingly relevant today.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• The regional context and UNDP response
• Contribution of the UNDP regional programme to development results
• Strategic positioning of UNDP in the region
• Conclusions and recommendations.

In 2009 the Evaluation Office conducted the Regional Programme Evaluation for Europe and the CIS for the programme period 2006-2010. This is the second evaluation conducted for the region, covering the current programme period 2011-2013. The evaluation assessed UNDP's programme performance, guided by the results and resources framework set forth in the Regional Programme Document.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Foreword by Ed Hewatt Introduction Part I
• 1. The Fundamental Elements of the Centralized Model The System of Directives The Incentive System
• 2. From the requirements of the model to the realities of socialist countries The Freedom of the Enterprise and the aims of the intermediate supervisory bodies Planning versus 'spontaneous processes' Part II Introduction to Part II
• 3. Quasi-Cyclical Changes The swings in economic policies Decentralising reforms and the processes of recentralisation
• 4. The basic trends The proliferation of priorities and increased rigidities The increase in the fundamental imbalances The appearance of new distinctions Part III The reforms and their aftermath
• 5. Limited or fundamental reform? The common ground The main differences and the distinguishing features of the two main types of reform
• 6. The USSR and East Germany: the remains of the reforms The lessons of the Soviet Reform The lessons of the East German Reform The evolution of the economic policies and the overall performance of the Soviet and East German economies
• 7. Hungary: the reform that survived The setting up of the reform 1968
• -73: 'golden age' of the reform? The NEM on trial Conclusion: decentralized socialism, profits and competition.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This study of economic reforms throughout Eastern Europe covers the history of attempts at decentralization. The book: * Describes the centralized model and compares its requirements with the realities of socialist countries * Discusses the economic policies of the post-Stalinist period * Examines the origin of the reforms which began in 1956, culminating in the Soviet economic reform of 1965 and the rehabilitation of profit. Countries covered include the former USSR, the former East Germany and Hungary.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• 1. Between Failure and Success: The Economics and Politics of Consumption under Brezhnev
• 2. Redefining the Norms of Socialist Consumption
• 3. Shopping as a Way of Life: The Experiences and Values of Soviet Consumers
• 4. Structures of Consumption: Class and Generation
• 5. From 'Modest' to 'Modish': New Attitudes to Clothes and Fashion
• 6. Closing the Door on Socialism: Furniture and the Domestic Interior
• 7. Household Technology in the Brezhnev-era Home Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

After decades of turmoil and trauma, the Brezhnev era brought stability and an unprecedented rise in living standards to the Soviet Union, enabling ordinary people to enjoy modern consumer goods on an entirely new scale. This book analyses the politics and economics of the state's efforts to improve living standards, and shows how mass consumption was often used as an instrument of legitimacy, ideology and modernization. However, the resulting consumer revolution brought its own problems for the socialist regime. Rising well-being and the resulting ethos of consumption altered citizens' relationship with the state and had profound consequences for the communist project. The book uses a wealth of sources to explore the challenge that consumer modernity was posing to Soviet 'mature socialism' between the mid-1960s and the early 1980s. It combines analysis of economic policy and public debates on consumerism with the stories of ordinary people and their attitudes to fashion, Western goods and the home. The book contests the notion that Soviet consumers were merely passive, abused, eternally queuing victims and that the Brezhnev era was a period of 'stagnation', arguing instead that personal consumption provided the incentive and the space for individuals to connect and interact with society and the regime even before perestroika. This book offers a lively account of Soviet society and everyday life during a period which is rapidly becoming a new frontier of historical research.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Foreword Geoffrey Swain Preface Introduction
• Part 1: In a Search for a More Efficient Economic Administration 1. 1953-1956: Exploring the Horizons for Administrative Reorganization 2. XX Congress - December 1956 CC CPSU Plenum: The Height of Expectations 3. The Sovnarkhoz Reform
• Part 2: Decentralization of Decision-making: Hopes and Disillusionment 4. Setting New Elements 5. First Disillusionment: Plan for 1958 6. Republican Budgetary Rights 7. Decentralizing the Supply System: Losing Control over Resources 8. Gosplan of Ukraine: Setting its Authority in the Republic
• Part 3: Recentralizing Economic Administration 9. The Turning Point 10. November 1962 CC CPSU Plenum: Giving up on the Reform? 11. Recentralization in Ukraine 12. Epilogue 13. Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The Sovnarkhoz Reform of 1957 was designed by Khrushchev to improve efficiency in the Soviet economic system by decentralising economic decision making from all-Union branch ministries in Moscow to the governments of the individual republics and regional economic councils. Based on extensive original research, including unpublished archival material, this book examines the reform, discussing the motivations for it, which included Khrushchev's attempt to strengthen his own power base. The book explores how the process of reform was implemented, especially its impact on the republics, and analyses why the reform, which was reversed in 1959, failed. Overall, the book reveals a great deal about the workings, and the shortcomings, of the Soviet economic system at its height.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Notes on Contributors
• 1. Introduction 2. The Consolidation of Gorbachev's Political Power - a Springboard for Reform? Iain Elliot 3. Industrial Planning - Forwards or Sideways? David A. Dyker 4. Agriculture the Permanent Crisis David A. Dyker 5. Gorbachev and the World - the Economic Side Alan H. Smith 6. Gorbachev and the World - the Political Side Zdenek Kavan 7. Conclusions David A. Dyker.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Gorbachev's accession to General Secretary promised great changes to the Soviet Union and its relationship with the rest of the world. This book, first published in 1987, discusses the problems faced by Gorbachev when he entered office and how he planned to tackle them. Gorbachev was a figure of genuine debate in the mid-1980s, raising doubts from Western specialists regarding his radicalism and ability to reform the Soviet economic system in particular. Here, Dyker and his colleagues assess the changes Gorbachev had already made to consolidate his power base, alongside those that he was proposing to make to agriculture, industry and foreign relations at the time of publication. The book speculates about how Gorbachev might implement his proposed political and economic reforms, what opposition he might encounter and how successful he would be. A fascinating insight into Soviet economic and political policy in the years leading up to the Union's collapse, this work will be of particular importance to students and academics researching the personality of Gorbachev and the political and economic history of the Soviet Union.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Historical Background
• The Soviet Period and Gorbachev's Perestroika
• The Transition Back to Capitalism
• Putin and the New Russia
• Russia and the Outside World
• Russia and the 'Near Abroad'
• Innovation, the Knowledge Economy and the Russian S&T Complex
• What Does It All Mean for Outsiders?.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book addresses one of the fundamental problems in Russian society, and in Russia's relations with the rest of the world. Why do Russians tend to react differently from `us' in given diplomatic or business situations? Why do they find the notion of a contract difficult to grasp? Why do they seem hostile to the principle of the level playing field? How do they see Russia's position within the globalised economy? In order to probe these issues, the author begins with a historical analysis, looking at the pattern of political and economic development since Tsarist times, always asking the questions: What is unique to Russia in all this, and which unique features tend to recur in different periods? In seeking to illuminate the interface between Russia and the world, the author also examines Russia's attitude to itself, and to its own resources - natural and human - to land as an agricultural resource, and later oil and gas; and to people - as cheap labour and as highly trained scientific personnel. This book is firmly based on scholarly sources, in English, French and Russian, but aims to go beyond the academic audience to address the concerns of people encountering Russians and Russian organizations in their everyday lives.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: a world transformed
• 1. Communism and its demise
• 2. Radical reform versus gradualism
• 3. Output: from slump to recovery and boom
• 4. Liberalization: the creation of a market economy
• 5. From hyperinflation to financial stability
• 6. Privatization: the establishment of private property rights
• 7. The social system
• 8. The politics of transition
• 9. From crime toward law
• 10. The importance of the European Union
• 11. The global financial crisis, 2007-12
• Conclusions: a world transformed.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Anders Aslund is known to make bold predictions that initially arouse controversy but soon become common wisdom. In Gorbachev's Struggle for Economic Reform (1989), he foresaw the collapse of the Soviet political and economic system. After Russia's financial crisis of 1998, observers declared the market economic experiment a failure, Aslund foresaw market economic success (Building Capitalism, 2002). In How Capitalism Was Built, 2nd Edition, he asks - and answers for the twenty-one countries he investigates: * Why did communism collapse? * Why did Russia not choose gradual reforms like China did? * Wherein lies the relative success of postcommunist transformation? * How did the oligarchs arise and decline vis-a-vis authoritarian leaders? Anyone who wants to understand the often confusing postcommunist dramas and obtain an early insight into the future will find this intellectually stimulating book useful. This edition includes updates to each chapter and new chapters on the impact of the global financial crisis and the European Union.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Historical Background
• The Soviet Period and Gorbachev's Perestroika
• The Transition Back to Capitalism
• Putin and the New Russia
• Russia and the Outside World
• Russia and the 'Near Abroad'
• Innovation, the Knowledge Economy and the Russian S&T Complex
• What Does It All Mean for Outsiders?.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book addresses one of the fundamental problems in Russian society, and in Russia's relations with the rest of the world. Why do Russians tend to react differently from `us' in given diplomatic or business situations? Why do they find the notion of a contract difficult to grasp? Why do they seem hostile to the principle of the level playing field? How do they see Russia's position within the globalised economy? In order to probe these issues, the author begins with a historical analysis, looking at the pattern of political and economic development since Tsarist times, always asking the questions: What is unique to Russia in all this, and which unique features tend to recur in different periods? In seeking to illuminate the interface between Russia and the world, the author also examines Russia's attitude to itself, and to its own resources - natural and human - to land as an agricultural resource, and later oil and gas; and to people - as cheap labour and as highly trained scientific personnel. This book is firmly based on scholarly sources, in English, French and Russian, but aims to go beyond the academic audience to address the concerns of people encountering Russians and Russian organizations in their everyday lives.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Globalization, transition and economic diversification / Rob Vos and Malinka Koparanova
• Institutions and diversification of the economies in transition / Paul G. Hare
• The role of the business environment in explaining the performance of countries and firms / Simon Commander and Katrin Tinn
• International trade and economic diversification: Patterns and policies in the transition economies / Michael A. Landesmann
• Annex
• Explaining patterns of trade between the CIS and the EU and China / Malinka Koparanova and Hung-Yi Li
• Introduction: Patterns of foreign direct investment in economies in transition / Kálmán Kalotay
• Foreign direct investment in transition economies: Strengthening the gains from integration / Saul Estrin and Klaus E. Meyer
• Remittances and development in transition economies / Robert C. Shelburne José Palacín
• Appendix: Remittance Inflows by value and percentage of GDP, 2004-2007
• Appendix: Problems in Measuring Remittance Flows
• Agricultural Reforms, Growth and Poverty Reduction in Central Asia / Max Spoort.

• Cover; Contents; Acknowledgements; About the Editors; About other Contributors;
• Chapter 1 Introduction: Globalization, transition and economic diversification; External conditions and growth in the economies in transition; Market reforms and diversification; Integration through trade and FDI flows; Foreign direct investments and economic diversification; Migration, human capital and agricultural development; The way forward;
• Chapter 2 Institutions and diversification of the economies in transition; Introduction; Conditions for growth; Integration in the world economy; Economic diversification.

• The role of institutions: Implications and challenges for economic policy; Conclusion: Institutions and diversification; References;
• Chapter 3 The role of the business environment in explaining the performance of countries and firms; Introduction; Country-level analysis; Business environment and country performance; Firm-level analysis; Measures of the business environment and policy; Conclusion; Notes; References;
• Chapter 4 International trade and economic diversification: Patterns and policies in the transition economies; Introduction; "Les grandes différences" between the NMS and NIS.

• Specialization and trade diversification: some comments; What is to be done?; Notes; References;
• Chapter 5 Explaining patterns of trade between the CIS and the EU and China; Introduction; Stylized facts about trade, growth and reforms in the CIS; Econometric model; Data and regression results; Conclusions and policy implications; Notes; References;
• Chapter 6 Patterns of foreign direct investment in economies in transition; Introduction; Growth and the spread of FDI inflows; The role of FDI in financing domestic investment; Industry and geographical patterns of cross-border M & As.

• The case of the pre-crisis automotive industry; Impact of the crisis on FDI; Policy considerations; Notes; References;
• Chapter 7 Foreign direct investment in transition economies: Strengthening the gains from integration; Introduction; The determinants of FDI to transition economies; How might FDI influence economic performance and integration in transition economies?; The Impact of FDI on Transition Economies; Conclusions; Note; References;
• Chapter 8 Remittances and development in transition economies; Introduction; Trends in remittance flows to transition economies.

• Determinants of bilateral remittance flows; The developmental impact of remittances; Conclusions; Notes; References;
• Chapter 9 Agricultural reforms, growth and poverty reduction in Central Asia; Introduction; Income poverty in Central Asia; Uneven growth and poverty reduction; Land Reforms; Conclusions; Notes; References; Index.

This volume brings together new contributions from renowned academic scholars, from experts on economies in transition and from the United Nations, the European Union, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development as well as other international agencies. It aims to answer fundamental questions and spell out policy options to address the challenges for economies in transition. The volume includes comparative studies focusing on all transition economies, including Central and Eastern Europe, as well as regions such as Western Balkans and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The Soviet example
• Superpower similarities
• The collapse gap
• Collapse mitigation
• Adaptation
• Career opportunities
• Conclusion.

The United States is in steep decline. Plagued by runaway debt, a shrinking economy, and environmental catastrophes to rival Chernobyl, the United States has been retracing the trajectory of the Soviet Union in the early 1980s toward national bankruptcy and political dissolution. By comparing a collapse that has run its course to one that is now unfolding, Dmitry Orlov holds a unique lens up to America's present and future. As Orlov's predictions continue to come true, his writing continues to gain mainstream acceptance. This revised and updated edition of Reinventing Collapse examines the circumstances of the demise of the Soviet superpower and offers clear insights into how we might prepare for the events that are unfolding here. Orlov gives no quarter to prophets of doom and gloom, finding plenty of room for optimism, if only we focus our efforts on personal and cultural transformation instead of trying to perpetuate an impossible status quo. This challenging yet inspiring and surprisingly upbeat work is a must-read for anyone concerned about peak oil, the environment, geopolitics, international relations, and life in a resource-constrained world. Dmitry Orlov is an American engineer who was an eyewitness to the Soviet collapse and has written extensively on the subject of the impending collapse of the United States.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The real benefits of competition
• The dynamics of unemployment and efficiency
• The holistic target : the value of profit and loss for the firm
• The rat race : the value of profit and loss for the economy
• Middlemen, trade, and the market system
• The high price of price control
• The root of all prosperity : money and the danger of centralized monetary policy
• Regulation and the institutions of a dynamic economy
• Democracy and freedom
• Corporate capitalism or the free market.

Marx promoted the idea that economic laws were universal, but the Soviet Union tested his ideas on the premise that by eliminating private property they could eliminate markets and prices?and they tested that proposition on a grand scale. However, in managing an economy based on public ownership, they discovered that they could not repeal economic laws. By managing the consequences of their policies, the Soviets unintentionally relearned the basics of economics from scratch?essentially, rediscovering fire.

• The real benefits of competition
• The dynamics of unemployment and efficiency
• The holistic target : the value of profit and loss for the firm
• The rat race : the value of profit and loss for the economy
• Middlemen, trade, and the market system
• The high price of price control
• The root of all prosperity : money and the danger of centralized monetary policy
• Regulation and the institutions of a dynamic economy
• Democracy and freedom
• Corporate capitalism or the free market.

• Contents: Part I: Introduction
• 1. Markets vs. Hierarchies
• 2. Theoretical Background Part II: The Pre-Revolutionary Period
• 3. Dominant Role of the State in Governing Economic and Political Affairs
• 4. Social Norms
• 5. Status of Merchants Part III: The Soviet Period: 1917-1985
• 6. The Dominant Role of the Soviet State in Governing Economic and Political Affairs
• 7. Social Networks and Cultural Atavism Part IV: Perestroika and the Post-Soviet Era
• 8. The Political Economy of the Russian State: Elite Networks
• 9. Social Networks and Economic Efficiency: Everyday Networks
• 10. Networks and Post-Soviet Culture Conclusion: The Reality of Russian Political Economy Appendix A: War Statistics Appendix B: Distribution of Serfs Around Moscow Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Ekaterina Brancato illustrates from a transaction cost perspective how hierarchies influenced the structure of markets and behaviour of individual businesses and cartels in pre-revolutionary, Soviet and present-day Russia. She exposes the devastating effects of self-interested decision making of the government officials on economic growth, and highlights the inefficiencies of the legal system in Russia. Rent-seeking under autocratic and pseudo-democratic conditions is also explored.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PART I: ORIGINS OF THE CRISIS Tracing the Roots of the Filed 1946 Harvest PART II: SOCIETAL IMPACT AND OFFICIAL POLICIES Exploring the Causes of Child Mortality Food Shortages and Ration Reforms in the Towns and Cities: Moscow and Beyond None Dare Call It Resistance?: Coping, Opposition, and the Soviet State PART III: THE CRISIS IN BROADER PERSPECTIVE The Famine, the Dawn of the Cold War, and the Politics of Food The Soviet Famine of 1946-47 in the Context of Russian History Placing the Famine of 1946-47 in Global Context.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book deals with the long overlooked and understudied Soviet famine of 1946-47, which came on the heels of World War II and at the dawn of the Cold War and killed as many as two million people.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Topic and Method
• 1. A Land of Cities
• 2. The Thirteenth-Century Decline
• 3. Moscow and Novgorod
• 4. The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century
• 5. The 'English Tsar'
• 6. Empire of the Periphery
• 7. Peter the Great
• 8. The Eighteenth-Century Expansion
• 9. The Granary of Europe
• 10. The Crimean War and the World System
• 11. The Age of Reforms
• 12. The Flourishing of Russian Capitalism
• 13. The Revolutionary Explosion
• 14. The Soviet World
• 15. After
• 1991: The Peripheral Capitalism of the Restoration Epoch Notes Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Leading writer Boris Kagarlitsky offers an ambitious account of 1000 years of Russian history. Encompassing all key periods in Russia's dramatic development, the book covers everything from early settlers, through medieval decline, Ivan the Terrible - the 'English Tsar', Peter the Great, the Crimean War and the rise of capitalism, the revolution, the Soviet period, finally ending with the return of capitalism after 1991. Setting Russia within the context of the 'World System', as outlined by Wallerstein, this is a major work of historical Marxist theory that is set to become a future classic.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Topic and Method
• 1. A Land of Cities
• 2. The Thirteenth-Century Decline
• 3. Moscow and Novgorod
• 4. The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century
• 5. The "English Tsar"
• 6. Empire of the Periphery
• 7. Peter the Great
• 8. The Eighteenth-Century Expansion
• 9. The Granary of Europe
• 10. The Crimean War and the World System
• 11. The Age of Reforms
• 12. The Flourishing of Russian Capitalism
• 13. The Revolutionary Explosion
• 14. The Soviet World
• 15. After
• 1991: The Peripheral Capitalism of the Restoration Epoch Notes Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Leading writer Boris Kagarlitsky offers an ambitious account of 1000 years of Russian history. Encompassing all key periods in Russia's dramatic development, the book covers everything from early settlers, through medieval decline, Ivan the Terrible - the 'English Tsar', Peter the Great, the Crimean War and the rise of capitalism, the revolution, the Soviet period, finally ending with the return of capitalism after 1991. Setting Russia within the context of the 'World System', as outlined by Wallerstein, this is a major work of historical Marxist theory that is set to become a future classic.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface Acknowledgments List of abbreviations
• 1. The evolution of America's Cold War planning
• 2. America and the European trade embargo
• 3. Expansion of the trade war under the impact of the Korean War
• 4. The firming of Cold War tensions and the effects of the trade war
• 5. America faces European demands for changes to CoCom
• 6. American flexibility in conducting economic warfare
• 7. US handling of the European's trade expansion
• 8. Dealing with European dissent
• 9. The Johnson Years of innovation
• 10. The Johnson-Nixon era in trade controls
• 11. The Nixon administration and the openings to the East
• 12. Nixon and high technology trade control
• 13. Relaxation of restrictions on communist trading
• 14. Conclusion Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Discussing a rarely researched aspect of the Cold War, this volume uses new material to examine how the United States trade embargo on the Soviet Union and communist China severed relationships with Europe, particularly focusing on Great Britain.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
Discussing a rarely researched aspect of the Cold War, this volume uses new material to examine how the United States trade embargo on the Soviet Union and communist China severed relationships with Europe, particularly focusing on Great Britain. In the late 1940s, the US government stopped nearly all exports to the entire Sino-Soviet bloc in the belief that it would hinder the expansion of Soviet and Chinese military potential. To continue receiving the US Marshall Aid, European countries had to impose similar bans, but were reluctant because their trade links with the USSR and its satellite countries had existed for centuries. The US thereafter negotiated with Europe about what to include or exclude from the list of authorised goods, severely straining diplomatic relations. "Economic Statecraft during the Cold War" details these negotiations, casting new light on the ambivalent US-UK relationship and providing insights into the changing emphasis between the Republican and Democrat administrations on the key question of trade embargo, by explaining how the firm consistency in the application of the US policy over the succeeding decades of the Cold War was maintained. This book will be of much interest to all students and scholars of Cold War history, intelligence studies and international history in general.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• List of Figures.List of Tables.Preface.Acknowledgments.Acronyms.Part I: Foundations
• .1. Muscovy and the West
• .2. Economic Fundamentals.Part II: Soviet Communism: Lenin and Stalin
• .3. War Communism: 1917-1921
• .4. NEP: 1921-1929
• .5. Command Communism: 1929-1953
• .6. Terror, Homicides, and Forced Labor: 1929-1953
• .7. Economic Performance: 1929-1953.Part III: Soviet Communism: Hope and Disenchantment
• .8. Reform Communism: 1953-1991
• .9. Structural Militarization
• .10. Delusions of Adequacy.Part IV: Russia
• .11. Post-Communism
• .12. Prospects.Notes.Glossary.Bibliography.Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The epic tale of the Soviet Union's quest to construct a socialist economy was, until recently, the principal motif of textbooks on the Russian economy. Rosefielde's new text offers a more sober recounting of the Bolshevik saga, stripped bare of socialist romanticism, focused equally on the micro- and macoeconomics of administrative command planning, and Russia's post-Communist market system. Understanding the Soviet economic system and the causes of its failure are central to any student's study of Russia's struggle towards a market economy and its prospects for the future. New textbook, offering a more sober recounting of the Bolshevik saga, stripped bare of socialist romanticism.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Over the past few years, many of the former Communist-rule countries of Central and Eastern Europe have taken a steady path toward becoming more or less normal capitalist countries - with Poland and Hungary cases in point. Russia, on the other hand, has experienced extreme difficulties in its attempted transition to capitalism and democracy. The pursuit of Western-endorsed policies of privatization, liberalization, and fiscal austerity have brought Russia growing crime and corruption, a distorted economy, and a trend toward authoritarian government. In their 1996 book for Routledge - "Revolution from Above" - David Kotz and Fred Weir shed light on the underlying reasons for the 1991 demise of the Soviet Union and the severe economic and political problems of the immediate post-Soviet period in Russia. In this new book, the authors bring the story up to date, showing how continuing misguided policies have entrenched a group of super-rich oligarchs, in alliance with an all-powerful presidency, while further undermining Russia's economic potential. New topics include the origins of the oligarchs, the deep penetration of crime and corruption in Russian society, the financial crisis that almost destroyed the regime, the mixed blessing of an oil-dependent economy, the atrophy of democracy in the Yeltsin years, and the recentralization of political power in the Kremlin under President Putin.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The diary which begins in the days before Childs enters Soviet Russia in 1921 and ends rather abruptly in August 1923, about six months before he left, is a detailed in depth view of Childs's Russian experience. There is first an account of the inner working of the American Relief Administration (ARA) at all levels from Moscow to the workers in the kitchens that fed the starving children and later adults. It also gives a vivid picture of the grisly famine conditions, not only in Kazan, but in the countryside as well, since Childs was early involved in field work establishing orphanages, and kitchens to feed the starving. In this capacity, he had to deal with local governments, now in the control of the Communist Party, and his narration of his experiences gives probably one of the first insights into the workings of the Party, in local governments. Yet the journal also gives an account of the lives of those enemies of the Soviets that did not get out, the bourgeois and aristocratic elements, who were hostile to the new system. Frequently these citizens, who were educated and had often learned English, came to work for the ARA, and Childs witnessed their sad lives and the suspicion they experienced from the Soviet government. The diary also gives a firsthand view of the early days of Lenin's famous New Economic Policy (NEP), which was really partial return to old capitalism. This move on the part of the Soviet government was designed to jump-start the prostrate economy, and Childs a self-proclaimed socialist, curiously found this turnabout fascinating and became an ardent proponent of it.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Reform maximalists
• Boris Yeltsin : the wrecking ball
• Anatoly Chubais : the "neo-bolshevik" privatizer
• Yegor Gaidar : the shock therapist
• Boris Nemtsov : the political activist
• Mikhail Kasyanov : the pro-market prime minister
• Strobe Talbott : Bill Clinton's "Russia hand"
• Reform gradualists
• Grigory Yavlinsky : the permanent oppositionist
• Sergei Rogov : in search of checks and balances at home and abroad
• Nodari Simonia : the pro-Putin vote
• George Soros : the active philanthropist
• Five policy perspectives
• Sergei Dubinin : monopoly sector reform in progress
• Oleg Vyugin : monetary policy in action
• Boris Jordan : media man and investor
• Anatoly Vishnevsky : demographic dilemmas
• Jack Matlock, Jr. : the road ahead
• The role of history
• Martin Malia : history lessons
• Richard Pipes : the past in the present.

Presents a collection of interviews with distinguished Russian and Western policymakers and analysts on Russian reforms, from Yeltsin to Putin. This work appeals to researchers and students in developmental economics, political economy, and Soviet studies, and educated laypeople interested in Russia.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Reform maximalists
• Boris Yeltsin : the wrecking ball
• Anatoly Chubais : the neo-bolshevik privatizer
• Yegor Gaidar : the shock therapist
• Boris Nemtsov : the political activist
• Mikhail Kasyanov : the pro-market prime minister
• Strobe Talbott : Bill Clintons Russia hand
• Reform gradualists
• Grigory Yavlinsky : the permanent oppositionist
• Sergei Rogov : in search of checks and balances, at home and abroad
• Nodari Simonia : the pro-Putin vote
• George Soros : the active philanthropist
• Five policy perspectives
• Sergei Dubinin : monopoly sector reform in progress
• Oleg Vyugin : monetary policy in action
• Boris Jordan : media man and investor
• Anatoly Vishnevsky : demographic dilemmas
• Jack Matlock, Jr. : the road ahead
• The role of history
• Martin Malia : history lessons
• Richard Pipes : the past in the present.

Much of the discussion of Russia's recent post-Communist history has amounted, both in Russia and the West, to a series of monologues by strong-minded people with starkly divergent views. In contrast, Padma Desai's conversations with influential, intelligent participants and observers provide the reader with a broad, nuanced view of what has and has not happened in the last fourteen years, and why. Conversations from Russia will thus serve as a much-needed reference volume, both for academics who study Russia and for laypeople who only have vague perceptions of what has occurred in Russia since the collapse of Communism. In conversations with important figures like Boris Yeltsin, George Soros, Anatoly Chubais, and Yegar Gaidar, Desai considers questions like why the Soviet Union fell apart under Gorbachev, what went wrong with economic reforms after Gorbachev, whether the privatization of Russian assets could have been managed differently, and what the prospects are for the Russian economy in the near future. Desai, a recognized expert in the field of Soviet studies, ties the interviews together with an introduction, ultimately reaching her own judgment on each issue considered in the conversations. This book will appeal to researchers and students in developmental economics, political economy, and Soviet studies, and educated laypeople interested in Russia.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Modernisation in Russian History
• Modernisation Strategies and Outcomes in Pre-Revolutionary Russia
• The Bolshevik Modernisation Project
• Modernisation and the Changing Social Structure of State Socialism
• The 'Modernisation' of the Soviet Economy in the Inter-War Years
• Modernisation in Soviet Agriculture
• Soviet Economic Modernisation and Transferring Technologies from the West
• Changing the Rules of the Economic Game in Post-Soviet Russia
• The Impact of Modernisation on Soviet Women
• The Modernisation of Leadership: From Gorbachev to Putin
• Montage Culture: The Semiotics of Post-Revolutionary Russian Culture
• The Modernisation of Russian Health Care: Challenges, Policy, Constraints
• Khrushchev and the Path to Modernisation Through Education
• In Celebration of Monumentalism: Transport Modernisation in Russia
• Modernisation of Russia's Last Frontier: The Arctic and the Northern Sea Route from the 1930s to the 1990s
• Modernising Public Administration in Russia
• The Internet as an Agent of Socio-Economic Modernisation of the Russian Federation.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Modernisation has been a constant theme in Russian history, at least since Peter the Great launched a series of initiatives aimed at closing the economic, technical and cultural gap between Russia and the more 'advanced' countries of Europe. All of the leaders of the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia have been intensely aware of this gap, and have pursued a number of strategies, some more successful than others, in order to modernise the country. But it would be wrong to view modernisation as a unilinear process which was the exclusive preserve of the state. Modernisation has had profound effects on Russian society, and the attitudes of different social groups have been crucial to the success and failure of modernisation. This volume examines the broad theme of modernisation in late imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet Russia both through general overviews of particular topics, and specific case studies of modernisation projects and their impact. Modernisation is seen not just as an economic policy, but as a cultural and social phenomenon reflected through such diverse themes as ideology, welfare, education, gender relations, transport, political reform, and the Internet. The result is the most up to date and comprehensive survey of modernisation in Russia available, which highlights both one of the perennial problems and the challenges and prospects for contemporary Russia.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Dedication Contents List of tables and maps Preface Introduction
• 1. The front line, 1914-1916
• 2. `Educated society' and the Russian elite
• 3. Narod: plebeian society during the war
• 4. Tsarist authority in question, 1915-1916
• 5. Mobilising industry: Russia's war economy at full stretch
• 6. Paying for the war, Russian style
• 7. Feeding Russia: food supply as Achilles' heel
• 8. Economic nationalism and the mobilisation of ethnicity in the 'great patriotic war'
• 9. Hierarchy subverted: the February Revolution and the Provisional Government
• 10. Economic meltdown and revolutionary objectives: from European war to Civil War, 1917-1918
• 11. Russia's First World War: an overview.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The story of Russia's First World War remains largely unknown, neglected by historians who have been more interested in the grand drama that unfolded in 1917. In Russia's First World War: A Social and Economic History Peter Gatrell shows that war is itself `revolutionary' - rupturing established social and economic ties, but also creating new social and economic relationships, affiliations, practices and opportunities. Russia's First World War brings together the findings of Russian and non-Russian historians, and draws upon fresh research. It turns the spotlight on what Churchill called the `unknown war', providing an authoritative account that finally does justice to the impact of war on Russia's home front.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

In this book, the author highlights various symbols from Russian history that typify the identity confusion of Russia. He takes the reader on a journey of more than a century, from the period preceding the communist seizure of power, through the various stages of communist power, to the ultimate collapse of the communist system, and the attempts by Yeltsin and Putin to deal with its appalling legacy. Many of the problems of post-communist Russiaincluding the heated debates about the best way forward, which eventually resulted in virtual stalemate and stalled reforms, and the various ramifications of the near-absence of the bourgeoisie, including the rise of corruption, of the so-called oligarchs, and of nomenklatura privatizationcan ultimately be traced back to the seriously distorting effects of the logic of communist economics in Russia. But misguided Western advisers must also share part of the blame for the problems the Russian economy has experienced in recent years.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part One: The Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Part Two: Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Offering a unique level of coverage, this book provides a comprehensive survey of the political and economic development of the countries of the former Soviet Union from the mid-1990s onwards.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Part I. The Dilemma of Economic Isolation: 1. The myth of Trotskyism
• 2. Isolation and the mobilization of labour
• 3. Integrationism and the New Economic Policy
• Part II. The Politics of Economic Isolation: 4. The search for a new faith
• 5. Socialism in One Country
• 6. Trotsky's alternative
• 7. Trotsky's attack on socialism in a 'separate'
• 8. Integrationism in defeat and exile
• Bibliography
• Notes
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

A highly original and controversial examination of events in Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1927 in which Professor Day challenges both the standard Trotskyite and Stalinist interpretations of the period. At the same time he rejects the traditional emphasis on Trotsky's concept of Permanent Revolution and argues that a Marxist theorist is essential. Professor Day concentrates upon the economic implications of revolutionary Russia's isolation from Europe. How to build socialism - in a backward, war-ravaged society, without aid from the West: this problem lay behind many of the most important political conflicts of Soviet Russia's formative years.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. The jockey or the horse?
• 2. Collectivization, accumulation, and power
• 3. The principles of governance
• 4. Investment, wages, and fairness
• 5. Visions and control figures
• 6. Planners versus producers
• 7. Creating Soviet industry
• 8. Operational planning
• 9. Ruble control: money, prices, and budgets
• 10. The destruction of the Soviet administrative command economy.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book uses the formerly secret Soviet state and Communist Party archives to describe the creation and operations of the Soviet administrative command system. It concludes that the system failed not because of the 'jockey'(i.e. Stalin and later leaders) but because of the 'horse' (the economic system). Although Stalin was the system's prime architect, the system was managed by thousands of 'Stalins' in a nested dictatorship. The core values of the Bolshevik Party dictated the choice of the administrative command system, and the system dictated the political victory of a Stalin-like figure. This study pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the system - poor planning, unreliable supplies, the preferential treatment of indigenous enterprises, the lack of knowledge of planners, etc. - but also focuses on the basic principal-agent conflict between planners and producers, which created a sixty-year reform stalemate.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. The jockey or the horse?
• 2. Collectivization, accumulation, and power
• 3. The principles of governance
• 4. Investment, wages, and fairness
• 5. Visions and control figures
• 6. Planners versus producers
• 7. Creating Soviet industry
• 8. Operational planning
• 9. Ruble control: money, prices, and budgets
• 10. The destruction of the Soviet administrative command economy.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book uses the formerly secret Soviet state and Communist Party archives to describe the creation and operations of the Soviet administrative command system. It concludes that the system failed not because of the 'jockey'(i.e. Stalin and later leaders) but because of the 'horse' (the economic system). Although Stalin was the system's prime architect, the system was managed by thousands of 'Stalins' in a nested dictatorship. The core values of the Bolshevik Party dictated the choice of the administrative command system, and the system dictated the political victory of a Stalin-like figure. This study pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the system - poor planning, unreliable supplies, the preferential treatment of indigenous enterprises, the lack of knowledge of planners, etc. - but also focuses on the basic principal-agent conflict between planners and producers, which created a sixty-year reform stalemate.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. The jockey or the horse?
• 2. Collectivization, accumulation, and power
• 3. The principles of governance
• 4. Investment, wages, and fairness
• 5. Visions and control figures
• 6. Planners versus producers
• 7. Creating Soviet industry
• 8. Operational planning
• 9. Ruble control: money, prices, and budgets
• 10. The destruction of the Soviet administrative command economy.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book uses the formerly secret Soviet state and Communist Party archives to describe the creation and operations of the Soviet administrative command system. It concludes that the system failed not because of the 'jockey'(i.e. Stalin and later leaders) but because of the 'horse' (the economic system). Although Stalin was the system's prime architect, the system was managed by thousands of 'Stalins' in a nested dictatorship. The core values of the Bolshevik Party dictated the choice of the administrative command system, and the system dictated the political victory of a Stalin-like figure. This study pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the system - poor planning, unreliable supplies, the preferential treatment of indigenous enterprises, the lack of knowledge of planners, etc. - but also focuses on the basic principal-agent conflict between planners and producers, which created a sixty-year reform stalemate.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. The jockey or the horse?
• 2. Collectivization, accumulation, and power
• 3. The principles of governance
• 4. Investment, wages, and fairness
• 5. Visions and control figures
• 6. Planners versus producers
• 7. Creating Soviet industry
• 8. Operational planning
• 9. Ruble control: money, prices, and budgets
• 10. The destruction of the Soviet administrative command economy.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book uses the formerly secret Soviet state and Communist Party archives to describe the creation and operations of the Soviet administrative command system. It concludes that the system failed not because of the 'jockey'(i.e. Stalin and later leaders) but because of the 'horse' (the economic system). Although Stalin was the system's prime architect, the system was managed by thousands of 'Stalins' in a nested dictatorship. The core values of the Bolshevik Party dictated the choice of the administrative command system, and the system dictated the political victory of a Stalin-like figure. This study pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the system - poor planning, unreliable supplies, the preferential treatment of indigenous enterprises, the lack of knowledge of planners, etc. - but also focuses on the basic principal-agent conflict between planners and producers, which created a sixty-year reform stalemate.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Introduction to Russian Economy
• 2. Tsarist Economy, 1890-1913
• 3. Revolutionary Economy, 1914-21
• 4. Bolshevik Economy, 192-1929
• 5. Stalinist Economy, 1929-1940
• 6. Conclusions for Future Economy.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The pre-revolutionary Russian economy was backward and stagnant. Whatever the criticisms of the economy post-revolution, the turnaround in terms of growth and output was staggering. This book looks at the alternatives to Stalin's reform program that had such tragic outcomes. Applying the ideas of orthodox economic theory, Marxism and also institutionalism, the volume encourages the reader to think critically about the development of the Russian / Soviet economy, and also examines the original theories of Russian economists of the period. Intelligent writing, incisive insights and impressive originality characterise Vincent Barnett's book, which will be a valuable resource for all economic and political historians with an interest in Russia.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Cover; Title page; Introduction; Contents; Trends in Innovation in a European Context
• Problems and Perspectives; Legal Dimensions of Innovation; Knowledge and Innovation
• New Developments in the UK; Examples of International Co-operation in Technology Transfer and Environmental Education in Greece; Research and Development as Tools for Developments in Ukraine; Problems and Approaches in National Innovation Policy in Armenia; Innovation Relay Centres
• New Trends in a European Project.

The course was called to address problems created by a general lack of skills in research and development, a lack of local expertise on information and technology transfer, and a lack of experience in disseminating results from research and development in Caucasian and neighboring post-socialist countries. The topics include legal dimensions of inn.

• List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter One Soviet Development in World-Historical Perspective 1 Part One The Economy before Stalin 19 Chapter Two Economic Growth before 1917 21 Chapter Three The Development Problem in the 1920s 47 Chapter Four NEP Agriculture and Economic Development 65 Part Two Stalin's Industrial Revolution 89 Chapter Five Planning, Collectivization, and Rapid Growth 91 Chapter Six The Population History of the USSR 111 Chapter Seven The Standard of Living 132 Chapter Eight The Causes of Rapid Industrialization 153 Chapter Nine Preobrazhensky in Action 172 Part Three After Stalin 187 Chapter Ten The Soviet Climacteric 189 Appendix A Soviet National Income 212 Appendix B The Simulation Model of the Soviet Economy 223 Appendix C Data Sources 238 Appendix D The Demographic Databases and Simulation Model Used in
• Chapter 6 249 Notes 253 Bibliography 271 Index 295.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

To say that history's greatest economic experiment - Soviet communism - was also its greatest economic failure is to say what many consider obvious. Here, in a startling reinterpretation, Robert Allen argues that the USSR was one of the most successful developing economies of the twentieth century. He reaches this provocative conclusion by recalculating national consumption and using economic, demographic, and computer simulation models to address the "what if" questions central to Soviet history. Moreover, by comparing Soviet performance not only with advanced but with less developed countries, he provides a meaningful context for its evaluation. Although the Russian economy began to develop in the late nineteenth century based on wheat exports, modern economic growth proved elusive.But growth was rapid from 1928 to the 1970s - due to successful Five Year Plans. Notwithstanding the horrors of Stalinism, the building of heavy industry accelerated growth during the 1930s and raised living standards, especially for the many peasants who moved to cities. A sudden drop in fertility due to the education of women and their employment outside the home also facilitated growth. While highlighting the previously underemphasized achievements of Soviet planning, "Farm to Factory" also shows, through methodical analysis set in fluid prose, that Stalin's worst excesses - such as the bloody collectivization of agriculture - did little to spur growth. Economic development stagnated after 1970, as vital resources were diverted to the military and as a Soviet leadership lacking in original thought pursued wasteful investments.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

From the late nineteenth century to the eve of World War II, America's experts on Russia watched as Russia and the Soviet Union embarked on a course of rapid industrialization. Captivated by the idea of modernization, diplomats, journalists and scholars across the political spectrum rationalized the enormous human cost of this path to progress. In an examination of this crucial era, David Engerman underscores the key role economic development played in America's understanding of Russia and explores its profound effects on US policy. American intellectuals from George Kennan to Samuel Harper to Calvin Hoover understod Russian events in terms of national character. Many of them used stereotypes of Russian passivity, backwardness and fatalism to explain the need for - and the costs of - Soviet economic development. These costs included devastating famines that left millions starving while the government still exported grain. This book is an example of the new international history that seamlessly blends cultural and intellectual currents with policymaking and foreign relations. It offers valuable insights into the role of cultural differences and the shaping of economic policy for developing nations even today.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The starting point: the Stalinist economic system and the aftermath of war
• Khrushchev: hope rewarded, 1953-60
• Khrushchev: things fall apart, 1960-64
• A new start: Brezhnev, 1964-73
• The "Era of Stagnation": 1973-82
• Three funerals and a coronation: November 1982 to March 1985
• Gorbachev and Catastroika
• The end-game, 1989-91
• The Soviet economy in retrospect.

"The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy draws on personal experience and literary sources, including memoirs, as well as available economic data and analyses, to illustrate the reality of everyday life and of economic policy making in the post-war Soviet Union. The author argues that the Soviet economic system was capable of producing economic growth, and for most of its existence it did exhibit growth. But it revealed over time a key weakness compared with capitalism: a systemic inability to cope with technological change, which doomed the Soviet economy in the long-run. Moreover, 'success' in partially liberalising Soviet society, so that terror receded into the background, reduced the effectiveness of a top-down economic system that relied on authority and obedience."--BOOK JACKET.

• Preface
• Part I. The Tsarist Economic Transition: i. State Economy and Society: 1. The socio-economic framework
• 2. The transition issues
• 3. The economic policies
• ii. Sectoral Growth and Change: 4. The problems of agriculture
• 5. The industrial changes
• 6. Domestic and foreign trade
• iii. Social Accounting: 7. Money and banking
• 8. State finance
• 9. Overall view
• Part II. The Soviet Economic Transition: i. State Economy and Society: 10. The socio-economic framework
• 11. The transition issues
• 12. The economic policies
• ii. Sectoral Growth and Change: 13. The problems of agriculture
• 14. The industrial changes
• 15. Domestic and foreign trade
• iii. Social Accounting: 16. Money and banking
• 17. State finance
• 18. Overall view
• Part III. The Post Soviet Economic Transition: i. State Economy and Society: 19. The socio-economic framework
• 20. The transition issues
• 21. The economic policies
• ii. Sectoral Growth and Change: 22. The problems of agriculture
• 23. The industrial changes
• 24. Domestic and foreign trade
• iii. Social Accounting: 25. Money and banking
• 26. State finance
• 27. Overall view
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Russia's Economic Transitions examines the three major transformations that the country underwent from the early 1860s to 2000. The first transition, under Tsarism, involved the partial break-up of the feudal framework of land ownership and the move toward capitalist relations. The second, following the Communist revolution of 1917, brought to power a system of state ownership and administration - a sui generis type of war-economy state capitalism - subjecting the economy's development to central commands. The third, started in the early 1990s and still unfolding, is aiming at reshaping the inherited economic fabric on the basis of private ownership. The three transitions originated within different settings, but with a similar primary goal, namely the changing of the economy's ownership pattern in the hopes of providing a better basis for subsequent development. The treatment's originality, impartiality and historical breadth have cogent economic, social and political relevance.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Part I. The Tsarist Economic Transition
• Section 1. State Economy and Society: 1. The socio-economic framework
• 2. The transition issues
• 3. The economic policies
• Section 2. Sectoral Growth and Change: 4. The problems of agriculture
• 5. The industrial changes
• 6. Domestic and foreign trade
• Section 3. Social Accounting: 7. Money and banking
• 8. State finance
• 9. Overall view
• Part II. The Soviet Economic Transition
• Section 1. State Economy and Society: 10. The socio-economic framework
• 11. The transition issues
• 12. The economic policies
• Section 2. Sectoral Growth and Change: 13. The problems of agriculture
• 14. The industrial changes
• 15. Domestic and foreign trade
• Section 3. Social Accounting: 16. Money and banking
• 17. State finance
• 18. Overall view
• Part III. The Post Soviet Economic Transition
• Section 1. State Economy and Society: 19. The socio-economic framework
• 20. The transition issues
• 21. The economic policies
• Section 2. Sectoral Growth and Change: 22. The problems of agriculture
• 23. The industrial changes
• 24. Domestic and foreign trade
• Section 3. Social Accounting: 25. Money and banking
• 26. State finance
• 27. Overall view
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Russia's Economic Transitions examines the three major transformations that the country underwent from the early 1860s to 2000. The first transition, under Tsarism, involved the partial break-up of the feudal framework of land ownership and the move toward capitalist relations. The second, following the Communist revolution of 1917, brought to power a system of state ownership and administration - a sui generis type of war-economy state capitalism - subjecting the economy's development to central commands. The third, started in the early 1990s and still unfolding, is aiming at reshaping the inherited economic fabric on the basis of private ownership. The three transitions originated within different settings, but with a similar primary goal, namely the changing of the economy's ownership pattern in the hopes of providing a better basis for subsequent development. The treatment's originality, impartiality and historical breadth have cogent economic, social and political relevance.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The de-tooling and conversion of the vast Soviet defence industry, following the end of the Cold War and collapse of the Soviet Union, is vital for Russian political, economic and social regeneration and stability, and has huge implications for international relations and the world economy. Tarja Cronberg's original study is based on an empirical examination of all aspects of the Soviet military-technical establishment and is firmly grounded in political and social theory.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Prologue: Future corpses
• pt. 1. The battlefield of famine : Russia's crisis and America's response
• pt. 2. Love and death on the Volga : dramas and distractions at the famine front
• pt. 3. Say it ain't so, comrade : American adventures in the communist utopia
• pt. 4. Masters of efficiency : youthful America confronts eternal Russia
• Epilogue: Since then
• Appendix: Riga agreement.

When famine struck Bolshevik Russia in 1921, the US responded with a two-year relief mission that battled starvation and disease, and saved millions of lives. The tale told here is largely derived from the diaries, memoirs and letters of the American participants.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Prologue : future corpses.
• The battlefield of famine : Russia's crisis and America's response. Going in. Food and weapons. The kingdom of hunger. Making the show a go. The neck of the bottle. Haskell at the bat. Home front Putting the job over. The gift horse
• Love and death on the Volga : dramas and distractions at the famine front. Theaters of action. Funerals. Travelers. Gunmen. Tales of cannibalism. Flight of the flivver. Entertainments. Entr'acte. Backstage Entanglements. Denouement
• Say it ain't so, comrade : American adventures in the communist utopia. Red days in Russia. Comrade Eiduk. Comrade Skvortsov. The professor and the sailor. And the show whirled merrily on. Food as a weapon. Shoot the interpreter. Vodka as a weapon. Machine politics. Playing the game
• Masters of efficiency : youthful America confronts eternal Russia. A taste of power. Conquering new worlds. From the bell tower. Time meant nothing. The business of relief. We are all thieves. The mask of Mammon. Stealing the thunder. Mad monks and holy fools. Dangerous men in Russia. The wind and the sun.

When famine struck Bolshevik Russia in 1921, the US responded with a two-year relief mission that battled starvation and disease, and saved millions of lives. The tale told here is largely derived from the diaries, memoirs and letters of the American participants.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• List of tables and charts
• Acknowledgements
• List of abbreviations
• Introduction
• 1. What communism actually was
• 2. The decline and fall of socialism
• 3. Strategic policy choices
• 4. Changes in output and their causes
• 5. Liberalization
• 6. Financial stabilization
• 7. Privatization
• 8. Social developments and policy
• 9. State and politics in the transformation
• 10. Role of the outside world
• 11. Conclusions
• Bibliography
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

A most comprehensive empirical analysis of the economic transformation of the former Soviet bloc during the first decade after communism. It debunks many myths, seeing transition as a struggle between radical reformers and those thriving on rent seeking. People have gained from fast and comprehensive reforms, but several countries have gotten stuck in corruption. Economic decline and social hazards have been greatly exaggerated, since people have forgotten how awful communism was. Swift liberalization of prices and foreign trade, as well as rapid and profound fiscal adjustment, have been vital for growth, institutional reforms, legality and greater equity. Privatization has been beneficial, and its effects will grow over time. The main problem has been the continuation of unregulated and ubiquitous state apparatuses living on corruption, while no country has suffered from too radical reforms. Where malpractices of the elite can be checked, market reforms and democracy have proceeded together.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

A brilliant investigative marrative: How six average Soviet men rose to the pinnacle of Russia's battered economy. David Hoffman, former Moscow bureau chief for The Washington Post, sheds light onto the hidden lives of Russia's most feared power brokers: the oligarchs. Focusing on six of these ruthless men Hoffman reveals how a few players managed to take over Russia's cash-strapped economy and then divvy it up in loans-for-shares deals. Before perestroika, these men were normal Soviet citizens, stuck in a dead-end system, claustrophobic apartments, and long bread lines. But as Communism loosened, they found gaps in the economy and reaped huge fortunes by getting their hands on fast money. They were entrepreneurs. As the government weakened and their businesses flourished, they grew greedier. Now the stakes were higher. The state was auctioning off its own assets to the highest bidder. The tycoons go on wild borrowing sprees, taking billions of dollars from gullible western lenders. Meanwhile, Russia is building up a debt bomb. When the ruble finally collapses and Russia defaults, the tycoons try to save themselves by hiding their assets and running for cover. They turn against each other as each one faces a stark choice-annihilate or be annihilated. The story of the old Russia was spies, dissidents, and missiles. This is the new Russia, where civil society and the rule of law have little or no meaning.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

A brilliant investigative marrative: How six average Soviet men rose to the pinnacle of Russia's battered economy. David Hoffman, former Moscow bureau chief for The Washington Post, sheds light onto the hidden lives of Russia's most feared power brokers: the oligarchs. Focusing on six of these ruthless men Hoffman reveals how a few players managed to take over Russia's cash-strapped economy and then divvy it up in loans-for-shares deals. Before perestroika, these men were normal Soviet citizens, stuck in a dead-end system, claustrophobic apartments, and long bread lines. But as Communism loosened, they found gaps in the economy and reaped huge fortunes by getting their hands on fast money. They were entrepreneurs. As the government weakened and their businesses flourished, they grew greedier. Now the stakes were higher. The state was auctioning off its own assets to the highest bidder. The tycoons go on wild borrowing sprees, taking billions of dollars from gullible western lenders. Meanwhile, Russia is building up a debt bomb. When the ruble finally collapses and Russia defaults, the tycoons try to save themselves by hiding their assets and running for cover. They turn against each other as each one faces a stark choice-annihilate or be annihilated. The story of the old Russia was spies, dissidents, and missiles. This is the new Russia, where civil society and the rule of law have little or no meaning.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. The Historical Origins of the Soviet Planning System
• 2. Soviet Planning in Practice
• 3. The Reforms of the 1960s and why they Failed
• 4. Gorbachev's Perestroika Programme
• 5. The Special Problem of Agriculture
• 6. The Special Problem of Contruction and Investment
• 7. Perestroika in Crisis.
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• The historical origins of the Soviet planning system
• Soviet planning in practice
• the reforms of the 1960s and why they failed
• Gorbachev's perestroika programme
• the special problem of agriculture
• the special problem of construction and investment
• perestroika in crisis.
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Restructuring the Soviet Economy examines the Soviet leadership's most urgent question - how to revitalize the soviet economy. David Dyker argues that the current impasse can can only be understood in the context of the failure of 60 years of central planning. He analyses both the problems besetting the centrally planned system and those that have paralysed perestroika and assesses whether the most ambitious attempt ever to reform the Soviet economy will succeed.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
"Restructuring the Soviet Economy" addresses the fundamental economic problem facing the Soviet government at the present time. How can an economy which has been centrally planned for 60 years make the testing and painful transition to market-based principles? The Soviet experience in the latter half of the 1980s suggests that it is going to be a much more difficult task than was initially believed in either East or West. David Dyker seeks to uncover the underlying reasons for the paralysis of perestroika. He focuses on the crisis points - some new, some perennial - of the economy: the relationship between the enterprise, the regions and the centre, agriculture, investment, inflation, and the budget deficit. A concise treatment of an area which the non-specialist often finds obscure, it is designed to be analytical, without being too technical for the non-economist. This book should be of interest to lecturers and students of Soviet studies, economics and European studies.
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• The contribution of the Soviet archives / Joseph S. Berliner
• The dictator's orders / Paul R. Gregory
• Leaders and their institutions / E.A. Rees
• Making economic policy / R.W. Davies
• Providing for defense / Mark Harrison
• The economy of the gulag / Oleg Khlevnyuk
• Economic crime and punishment / Eugenia Belova
• Stalin's last plan / Aleksei Tikhonov and Paul R. Gregory.

"The opening of the once secret Soviet state and party archives in the early 1990s was an event of profound significance. Western scholars gained access to the same documents as had Soviet leaders, penetrating the official wall of secrecy that had stood firm for decades. But while considerable archive-based research on that period has been published over the past five years, relatively little work has been devoted to the economics of the Stalin system. Although the Stalinist command economy is supposedly a thing of the past, it continues to plague Russia's transition to a market economy, and, more important, it continues to have considerable emotional appeal as a substitute for a market economy." "Examining the period from the early 1930s through Stalin's death in 1953 - the period of the creation of the Stalinist system - this book reveals what we have learned from the archives, what has surprised us, and what has confirmed what we already knew."--Jacket

• Tables Acknowledgements Introduction The Price of Victory Educating a New Elite Recruiting Industry's Supervisors Anointing the Masters of the Workplace The Implications of Stalin's Technocracy Notes Bibliography Index.
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Stalinist Reconstruction and the Confirmation of a New Elite focuses on the technical intelligentsia's postwar construction as a Stalinist elite and shows that postwar Stalinism differed in significant respects from the prewar Stalin phenomenon. J.Eric Duskin finds that the postwar technical intelligentsia emerged from the late-Stalin era as a more stable, influential, and far larger social cohort than it had been before the war, and he demonstrates that elite recruitment in the late Stalin years helped to institutionalize technocratic socialism. The book portrays the late-Stalin era's commitment to social stability and professionalization by examining the social and economic contexts for postwar elite formation, the training of the technical intelligentsia in the Soviet higher education system and their subsequent hiring as industrial managers and supervisors, and the structures of authority and social relations inside Soviet factories. In the end, Duskin argues that the social policies of the late-Stalin era ultimately laid the groundwork for the stability and stagnation of the Brezhnev era.
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• Introduction / Renata Dwan
• Trade initiatives in Central Asia: the Economic Cooperation Organization and the Central Asian Economic Community / Richard Pomfret
• GUUAM: the maturing of a political grouping into economic cooperation / Oleksandr Pavliuk
• The Customs Union of Five and the Russia-Belarus Union / Vyachaslau Paznyak
• Russian regions in subregional cooperation / Natan M. Shklyar
• Russian policies and non-policies toward subregional projects around its borders / Pavel K. Baev
• Subregional cooperation and security in the CIS / Roy Allison
• Energy development and transport network cooperation in Central Asia and the South Caucasus / Friedemann Müller
• Ethnicity and subregional relations: the role of the Russian diasporas / Pål Kolstø
• Islam, transnationalism, and subregionalism in the CIS / Edmund Herzig
• Conclusion / Renata Dwan and Oleksandr Pavliuk
• Selected chronology of cooperative initiatives in and around the CIS, 1991-99.

• Introduction Historical Materialism and the State Globalization The Soviet State and its Rulers Globalization of the Soviet State The Problem of Reform The Gorbachev Restructuring The Collapse China and Vietnam State-Controlled Economies: South Korea and Indonesia Conclusion Endnotes References Bibliography Index.
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Is there a link between the collapse of the Soviet Union, the radical reforms in China and Vietnam, and the current crisis in East Asia? David Lockwood argues that the common factor in each is the crisis of state-controlled economies, besieged by the developing forces of globalization. This book examines the collapse of the Soviet Union not as the "end of history, " or the beginning of a "new world order, " but as an illustration of processes that are taking place the world over. .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
The collapse of the Soviet Union was one of the seminal events of the late twentieth century. But it was not the 'end of history'; nor the beginning of a 'new world order'. It was part of a process that is world-wide in its implications. Globalization has involved a major restructuring of national economies, leaving no part of the world untouched. It has brought with it dramatic change - from 'Thatcherism', to the de-regulation of Australian financial markets, to the liberalization of Indian investment laws. It also brought about the collapse of the Soviet Union. This book examines the effects of globalization on the Soviet economic and political system, as well as on other state-controlled economies. It concludes that globalization continues to eat away at state systems - from the remaining 'socialist' states to the NICs of East Asia.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• List of Tables Glossary of Russian Terms Foreword Acknowledgements Introduction Visions of Future War Organising for Modern Total War, 1921-1928 Launching the First Five-Year Plan Changing Military Requirements, 1931-1932 New Threat Assessments and War Plans, 1933-1936 Plans for Red Army Expansion, 1933-1937 Terror and War-Economic Planning, 1937-1941 Conclusion Appendices Notes Sources and Literature Index.
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Stalinist industrialisation concentrated on the heavy and machine-building sectors, with the frank aim of strengthening defence capacity. However, the precise nature of the defence industry and military-industrial aspirations remained unknown until recently. Using the opened archives in Russia, this is the first study of the involvement of Red Army officials in the central planning organ, Gosplan. It links the military's vision of future war, formulated by the leading military theoretician Mikhail Tukhachevskii (1893-1937) in the theory of 'deep operations', with the investment patterns of the 5-year plans. On a regular basis and parallel to peacetime plans, Gosplan's Defence Sector, with its many military experts, formulated alternative plans for the event of war. These plans and mobiliz-ation requirements as specified for branches and individual enterprises show a new dimension of the pre-war Soviet economy, and give a background to the wartime success of the Red Army despite its catastrophic setbacks in 1941.
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Russia's struggle to build a market economy on the ruins of central planning has been strongly criticized by Western observers. A paper by the World Bank's chief economist, Joseph Stiglitz, entitled "Whither Reform?" contains a set of "accusations" representative of this trend. Vladimir Mau uses the arguments contained in Stiglitz's paper to reflect on the Russian transformation. He shows that most of the criticisms originate from a complete ignorance of the transformation that Russia had to undertake, and argues that this transformation has actually been a revolution.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Andropov and the intensification of labour
• Soviet Labour ideology during the Chernenko interregnum
• ideological transformation under Gorbachev - the moderate intra-systemic phase, 1958-87
• ideological transformation under Gorbachev - the radical intra-systemic phase, 1987-90
• ideological transformation under Gorbachev - the extra systemic phase, 1990-91
• labour and legitimacy in post-Soviet Russia.
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This book examines the transformation of Soviet labor ideology during the last decade of the USSR, and its critical relationship to the collapse of the Soviet state. The author focuses on regime attempts to revive Soviet economic performance on the basis of increased labor productivity, and shows how their failure had foreseen and catastrophic consequences for the legitimacy of the state. Far from reinvigorating concepts about the role and nature of labor in Soviet society, the regime succeeded only in demonstrating its own impotence and unsustainability.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Criteria and values for assessing the quality of economic systems / Jacques Baudot
• The democratic process and the market : key aspects of the transition in comparative perspective / Mihály Simai
• Establishment of an independent, neutral civil service in the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe / Gyórgy Jenei
• Interrelations between political and economic change in Russia and the CIS countries : a comparative analysis / Oleg Bogomolov
• Interactions between political and economic factors in the democratic transformation of Ukraine / Youri M. Matseiko
• The politics of privatization in Croatia : transition in times of war / Ivan Grdešić
• Political and economic factors in the democratic transformation of Slovakia : achievements and problems / Ján Morović
• The changing political system and realities in Hungary / Kulcsár Kálmán
• The political economy of democratization in the Polish transition / Janusz Gołębiowski
• Issues and experiences in the practice of democratization : models and paradogms / Iván Vitányi.

The transition of the former socialist countries of East and Central Europe to a democratic system of governance and a market economy has involved historically unparalleled changes. This text provides a regional perspective on the interrelationship between political and economic change, and delineates the challenges that such developments present to these countries.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)