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• Geometrical Optics Principles Wave Nature of Light and Fermat's Principle Reflection and Refraction Laws Basic Meridional Ray Tracing Equations Gaussian or First-Order Optics Image Formation Stop, Pupils, and Principal Ray Delano's Relation Optical Sine Theorem Lagrange Invariant Herschel Invariant and Image Magnifications Thin Lenses and Spherical Mirrors Thin Lenses Formulas for Image Formation with Thin Lenses Nodal Points of A Thin Lens Image Formation with Converging Lenses Image Formation with Diverging Lenses Systems of Several Lenses and Thick Lenses Focal Length and Power of A Lens System Image Formation with Thick Lenses or Systems of Lenses Cardinal Points Image Formation with A Tilted or Curved Object Thick Lenses Systems of Thin Lenses The Lagrange Invariant in A System of Thin Lenses Effect of Object or Stop Shifting The Delano y - y Diagram Chromatic Aberrations Introduction Axial Chromatic Aberration Conrady's D - d Method of Achromatization Secondary Color Aberration Magnification Chromatic Aberration Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Calculation Primary Spherical Aberration Aspherical Surfaces Spherical Aberration of Aspherical Surfaces Surfaces without Spherical Aberration Aberration Polynomial for Spherical Aberration High-Order Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Correction with Gradient Index Monochromatic Off-Axis Aberrations Introduction Petzval Curvature Coma Astigmatism Aplanatic Surfaces Distortion Off-Axis Aberrations in Aspherical Surfaces The Symmetrical Principle and the Bow-Sutton Conditions Stop Shift Equations Aberrations of the Pupil Aberration Polynomials and High-Order Aberrations Wavefronts in an Optical System Ray Aberrations and Wavefront Aberrations Wavefront Aberration Polynomial Zernike Polynomials Fitting of Wavefront Deformations to A Polynomial Wavefront Representation by an Array of Gaussians Wavefront Aberrations in Refractive Surfaces Wavefront Aberrations in Reflective Surfaces Aldis Theorem Computer Evaluation of Optical Systems Transverse Aberration Polynomials Transverse Aberrations with H.H. Hopkins, Seidel, and Buchdahl Coefficients Meridional Ray Tracing and Stop Position Analysis Spot Diagram Wavefront Deformation Point and Line Spread Function Optical Transfer Function Tolerance to Aberrations Diffraction in Optical Systems Huygens-Fresnel Theory Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction Diffraction Images with Aberrations Strehl Ratio Optical Transfer Function Resolution Criteria Gaussian Beams Prisms Tunnel Diagram Deflecting A Light Beam Transforming an Image Deflecting and Transforming Prisms Nondeflecting Transforming Prisms Beam-Splitting Prisms Chromatic Dispersing Prisms Nonimaging Prisms Basic Optical Systems and Simple Photographic Lenses Optical Systems Diversity Magnifiers and Single Imaging Lens Landscape Lenses Periscopic Lens Achromatic Landscape Lens Doublets Laser Light Collimators Spherical and Paraboloidal Mirrors Some Catoptric and Catadioptric Systems F-Theta Lenses Fresnel Lenses and Gabor Plates Complex Photographic Lenses Introduction Asymmetrical Systems Symmetrical Anastigmat Systems Varifocal and Zoom Lenses The Human Eye and Ophthalmic Lenses The Human Eye Ophthalmic Lenses Ophthalmic Lens Design Prismatic Lenses Spherocylindrical Lenses Astronomical Telescopes Resolution and Light-Gathering Power Reflecting Two-Mirror Cameras and Telescopes Catadioptric Cameras Astronomical Telescopes Field Correctors Multiple-Mirror Telescopes Active and Adaptive Optics Visual Systems and Afocal Systems Visual Optical Systems Basic Telescopic System Afocal Systems Visual And Terrestrial Telescopes Telescope Eyepieces Relays and Periscopes Microscopes Compound Microscope Microscope Objectives Microscope Eyepieces Microscope Illuminators Projection Systems Image Projectors Main Projector Components Coherence Effects in Projectors Anamorphic Projection Slide and Movie Projectors Overhead Projectors Profile Projectors Television Projectors LCD Computer and Home Theater Projectors Lens Design Optimization Basic Principles Optimization Methods Glatzel Adaptive Method Constrained Damped Least-Squares Optimization Method Merit Function and Boundary Conditions Modern Trends in Optical Design Flowchart for a Lens Optimization Program Practical Tips for the Use of Lens Evaluation Programs Some Commercial Lens Design Programs Appendices Appendix: Notation and Primary Aberration Coefficients Summary Appendix: Mathematical Representation of Optical Surfaces Appendix: Optical Materials Appendix: Exact Ray Tracing of Skew Rays Appendix: General Bibliography on Lens Design Index Chapters include references.
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Handbook of Optical Design, Third Edition covers the fundamental principles of geometric optics and their application to lens design in one volume. It incorporates classic aspects of lens design along with important modern methods, tools, and instruments, including contemporary astronomical telescopes, Gaussian beams, and computer lens design. Written by respected researchers, the book has been extensively classroom-tested and developed in their lens design courses. This well-illustrated handbook clearly and concisely explains the intricacies of optical system design and evaluation. It also discusses component selection, optimization, and integration for the development of effective optical apparatus. The authors analyze the performance of a wide range of optical materials, components, and systems, from simple magnifiers to complex lenses used in photography, ophthalmology, telescopes, microscopes, and projection systems. Throughout, the book includes a wealth of design examples, illustrations, and equations, most of which are derived from basic principles. Appendices supply additional background information. What's New in This Edition * Improved figures, including 32 now in color * Updates throughout, reflecting advances in the field * New material on Buchdahl high-order aberrations * Expanded and improved coverage of the calculation of wavefront aberrations based on optical path * An updated list of optical materials in the appendix * A clearer, more detailed description of primary aberrations * References to important new publications * Optical system design examples updated to include newly available glasses *25 new design examples This comprehensive book combines basic theory and practical details for the design of optical systems. It is an invaluable reference for optical students as well as scientists and engineers working with optical instrumentation.
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• Introduction. Fundamentals of Optical Elements and Devices. Light Sources. Lenses, Prisms and Mirrors. Optoelectronic Sensors. Optical Devices and Optomechanical Elements. Fundamentals Principles and Techniques for Metrology. Propagation of Light. Interferometry. Holography. Speckle Methods and Applications. Moire Metrology. Optical Heterodyne Measurement Method. Diffraction. Scattering. Polarization. Near-Field Optics. Practical Applications. Length and Size. Displacement. Straightness and Parallelism. Flatness. Surface Profilometry. Three-Dimensional Shape Measurement. Fringe Analysis. Photogrammetry. Optical Methods in Solid Mechanics. Optical Methods in Flow Measurement. Polarimetry. Birefringence Measurement. Ellipsometry. Optical Thin Film and Coatings. Film Surface and Thickness Profilometry. On-Machine Measurement.
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Carefully designed to make information accessible without sacrificing coverage of advanced topics, this book discusses fundamental principles and techniques before exploring practical applications of optical methods. It includes contributions from veterans of the field and up-and-coming researchers. The editor draws on his experience in teaching and industry to provide a resource that both authoritative and practical.
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• Introduction. Elements of Problem-Solving/Materials Characterization. How to Use This Book. Spectroscopic Techniques. Compositional Analysis by AES and XPS. Ion Beam Techniques. In-Depth Analysis. Surface and Interface Analysis by HRTEM and XTEM. Synchrotron-based Techniques. Scanning Force Microscopy. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Metallurgy. Minerals, Ceramics, and Glasses. Composites. Corrosion. Tribology. Catalysts. Adhesion. Biocompatible Materials. Nano-structured Materials.
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The "Handbook of Surface and Interface Analysis: Methods for Problem-Solving" describes the physical basis and technical implementation of the most commonly used techniques for materials characterization. Providing an overview of the benefits and limitations for each methodology, this second edition features five brand new chapters that address surface and interface analysis by HRTEM and XTEM, synchrotron-based techniques, scanning tunneling microscopy, biocompatible materials, and nano-structured materials. This volume combines the expertise from a distinguished group of scientists into a comprehensive, integrated source of information on the characterization methods considered crucial in this field.
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• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Automatic Lens Design: Managing the Lens Design Program
• Chapter 3: Improving a Design
• Chapter 4: Evaluation: How Good Is This Design?
• Chapter 5: Lens Design Data
• Chapter 6: Telescope Objectives
• Chapter 7: Eyepieces and Magnifiers
• Chapter 8: Cooke Triplet Anastigmats
• Chapter 9: Split Triplets
• Chapter 10: The Tessar, Hellar, and Other Compounded Triplets
• Chapter 11: Double-Meniscus Anastigmats
• Chapter 12: The Biotar or Double-Gauss Lens
• Chapter 13: Telephoto Lenses
• Chapter 14: Reversed Telephoto (Retrofocus and Fish-Eye) Lenses
• Chapter 15: Wide-Angle Lenses With Negative Outer Elements
• Chapter 16: The Petzval Lens: Head-up Display Lenses
• Chapter 17: Microscope Objectives
• Chapter 18: Mirror and Catadioptric Systems
• Chapter 19: Infrared and Ultraviolet Systems
• Chapter 20: Zoom Lenses
• Chapter 21: Projection TV Lenses and Macro Lenses
• Chapter 22: Scanner/f-o, Laser Disk and Collimator Lenses
• Chapter 23: Tolerance Budgeting
• Chapter 24: Formulary GLOSSARY REFERENCES INDEX.
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The #1 resource in the optics field has been retooled into a "how-to" manual for the lens design process Well-known optics guru Warren J. Smith reveals time-tested methods for designing any major lens type and includes seven fully worked design examples.
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• Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature.- Mathematical Basics.- Acoustics.- Astronomy.- Astrophysics and Cosmology.- Atomic and Molecular Collision Processes.- Atomic Spectroscopy.- Biological Physics.- Crystallography.- Earth, Ocean and Atmosphere Physics.- Electricity and Magnetism.- Elementary Particles.- Fluid Dynamics.- Geophysics and Geodesy.- Mechanics.- Medical Physics.- Molecular Spectroscopy and Structure.- Nonlinear Physics and Complexity.- Nuclear Physics.- Optics.- Particle Accelerators and Storage Rings.- Plasma Physics.- Polymer Physics.- Quantum Theory.- Solid State Physics.- Surfaces and Films.- Thermodynamics and Thermophysics.- Practical Lab Data.
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This is a major revision of a classic, best selling reference book. Originally published by the American Institute of Physics under the title "Physics Vade Mecum" in 1981, and then the second edition in 1989 with the new title "A Physicist's Desk Reference", this third edition has been completely updated and modernized to reflect current modern physics. The book is a concise compilation of the most frequently used physics data and formulae with their derivations. This revision has six more chapters than the second edition, outdated chapters dropped, and new chapters added on atmospheric physics, electricity and magnetism, elementary particle physics, fluid dynamics, geophysics, nonlinear physics, particle accelerators, polymer physics, and quantum theory.There is a new last chapter on practical laboratory data. The references and bibliographies have been updated. This book is an indispensable tool for the researcher, professional and student in physics as well as other scientists who use physics data. The editors of this volume are Richard Cohen, author of the first two chapters of PDR and the "Physics Quick Reference Guide"; David Lide, one of the editors of the previous two editions and the editor of the "CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry"; and George Trigg, editor of the "Encyclopedia of Physics" and the "Encyclopedia of Applied Physics" (VCH). The market for this classic reference book includes the practicing scientist, including engineers, chemists, and biologists; and students.
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• CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS Introduction Physical Properties Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties GLASSES Introduction Commercial Optical Glasses Specialty Optical Glasses Fused Silica Fluoride Glasses Chalcogenide Glasses Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties Special Glasses POLYMERIC MATERIALS Optical Plastics Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Thermal Properties Engineering Data METALS Physical Properties of Selected Metals Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Mirror Substrate Materials LIQUIDS Introduction Water Physical Properties of Selected Liquids Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Commercial Optical Liquids GASES Introduction Physical Properties of Selected Gases Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Atomic Resonance Filters APPENDICES Safe Handling of Optical Materials Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Mineralogical or Common Names for Optical Materials Abbreviations for Methods of Preparing Optical Materials and Thin Films Fundamental Physical Constants Units and Conversion Factors.
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For years scientists turned to the "CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology" for reliable data on optical materials. Out of print for several years, that standard-setting work now has a successor: "The Handbook of Optical Materials". This new handbook is an authoritative compilation of the physical properties of materials used in all types of lasers and optical systems. In it, scientist, author, and editor Dr. Marvin J. Weber provides extensive data tabulations and references for the most important optical materials, including crystals, glasses, polymers, metals, liquids, and gases.The properties detailed include both linear and nonlinear optical properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties together with many additional special properties, such as electro-, magneto-, and elasto-optic properties. Using a minimum of narration and logically organized by material properties, the handbook's unique presentation simplifies the process of comparing different materials for their suitability in particular applications. Appendices furnish a wealth of other useful information, including lists of the many abbreviations and acronyms that proliferate in this field. "The Handbook of Optical Materials" is simply the most complete one-stop source available for materials data essential to lasers and optical systems.
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• 1. Radiation, physics and measurement
• 2. Radiation environments (including human risks from the terrestrial environment)
• 3. Response of materials and devices to radiation
• 4. Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices
• 5. Bipolar transistors and integrated circuits
• 6. Diodes, solar cells, optoelectronics
• 7. Power semiconductors
• 8. Optical media
• 9. Microelectronics, sensors, MEMs, passives, and other components
• 10. Polymers and other organics
• 11. The interaction of radiation with shielding materials
• 12. Computer methods for particle transport
• 13. Radiation testing
• 14. Radiation-hardening of semiconductor parts
• 15. Equipment hardening and hardness assurance
• APPENDICES
• A. Useful general and geophysical data
• B. Radiation quantities
• C. Useful data on materials used in electronic equipment
• D. Bibliography of dosimeter research
• E. Dose-depth curves for typical Earth orbits, calculated by ESA's Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS) software
• F. Degradation in polymers in ionizing radiation
• G. Useful websites.
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This revised second edition of a popular handbook for engineers describes the important relationship between high-energy radiation environments, electronic device physics and materials. It is a straightforward account of the problems which arise when high-energy radiation bombards matter and of engineering methods for solving those problems. Radiation effects are a problem encountered in the use of highly engineered materials such as semiconductors, optics and polymers. The finely-tuned properties of these materials may change drastically when exposed to a radiation environment such as a beam of X-rays or electrons, the space environment or the 'hadrons' in CERN's new collider. All of these environments and several more are described. At the core of this book is a discussion of the impact of these environments on the devices used in computing, data processing and communication. While unashamedly oriented to the engineer-designer and manager, with descriptions in a highly readable form, there is no compromise in physical accuracy when describing high-energy radiation and the effects it produces, such as electronic failure, coloration and the decay of strength.A great breadth of technical data, such as may be needed to make quick decisions, is presented with literature references and a compendium of web-sites which have been tested and used by the authors.
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• Introduction, Physical Constants and Conversion Factors. Properties of the Normal State. Superconducting State. Models and Theories. Supercondutor Types. R.E. Gladysheviskii and K. Cenzual, Crystal Structures of Classical Superconductors. Cuprates. R.E. Gladyshevskii and Ph. Galez, Crystal Structures of High-Tc Superconducting Cuprates. Characteristic Parameters. Thermal Properties. Electrical Properties. Magnetic Properties. Mechanical Properties. W. Wong-ng, Phase Diagrams of High TC Superconductors.
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The field of superconductivity has tremendous potential for growth and further development in industrial applications. The subject continues to occupy physicists, chemists, and engineers interested in both the phenomena itself and possible financially viable industrial devices utilizing the physical concepts. For the past five years, within the publications of the American Physical Society, for example, 40%-60% of all articles submitted to major journals in the area of Solid State Physics have been on the subject of superconductivity, including the newer, extremely important subfield of high temperature superconductivity (high Tc). The present volume is the first handbook to address this field. It covers both 'classic' superconductivity-related topics and high Tc. Numerous properties, including thermal, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, phase diagrams, and spectroscopic crystallographic structures are presented for many types of superconductors. Critical fields, critical currents, coherence lengths, penetration depths, and transition temperatures are tabulated. This is the first handbook on Superconductivity. Coherence lengths and depths are tabulated. This book describes crystallographic structures of over 100 superconductor types. Main results of several theories are submitted. Phase diagrams for synthesizing new superconductors are included.
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• Introduction.- Optics of Nonlinear Crystals.- Properties of Nonlinear Optical Crystals.- Applications of Nonlinear Crystals.
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This is the third revised edition of the book originally published in 1991. It provides a complete description of the properties and applications of nonlinear crystals. In addition, it presents the most important equations for calculating the main parameters of nonlinear frequency converters. This comprehensive reference work is now updated and will be of great value to all scientists and engineers working in nonlinear optics, quantum electronics and laser physics.
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