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An account of federal-provincial relations in Canada from Confederation to the formation of Wilfrid Laurier's government in 1896. Until now, these formative years for the Canadian federal state have largely been ignored by Canadian political scientists, while historians have usually seen federal-provincial relations during this period in terms of the rivalry between John A. Macdonald and Oliver Mowat. Garth Stevenson goes far beyond this to reveal a complex pattern of conflict and collaboration which provides an interesting parallel to events of today. Beginning with brief accounts of the origins of Confederation and the economic, social, and political characteristics of late nineteenth-century Canada, Stevenson recounts the major issues that occupied the intergovernmental agenda. Liquor regulation in Ontario, land reform in Prince Edward Island, reluctant acceptance of Confederation in Nova Scotia, chronic financial problems in Quebec, controversy over Catholic schools in New Brunswick, and the roots of Western alienation in Manitoba and British Columbia are all described in detail. Stevenson then examines the process of intergovernmental relations and the significance of particular practices and institutions such as disallowance, reservation, federal-provincial conferences, and judicial review. In the final chapter he summarizes the evolution of Canadian federalism up to 1896 and briefly relates it to the current state of Canadian federalism.
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Canada's political regime is centred on the existence of a federal system of government within the institutions of Westminster parliamentary democracy. This system places a great deal of political power in the hands of cabinet ministers, and while cabinet systems of government in Canada have evolved at different speeds in different federal and provincial governments, they have, over the last two decades, increased centralization of administrative and legislative control in ever fewer hands. This shift has been well demonstrated by scholars such as Donald J. Savoie regarding the federal system, but little examined in the context of provincial governance. Executive Styles in Canada places equal emphasis on both levels, explaining how and in what way cabinet systems have conformed to or diverged from this general pattern. This unique collection is the only systematic, cross-provincial study of its kind, and is certain to be of great benefit to anyone interested in the structure of government in Canada.
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• LIST OF FIGURES-- LIST OF TABLES-- CHAPTER ONE: SETTING THE STAGE-- Introduction-- Questions of Context-- Political Parties and Voters-- CHAPTER TWO: THE VOTE-- The 1997 Election in Perspective-- The Regional Vote-- Do Voters Vote Strategically?-- First and Second Choices-- Campaign Dynamics-- The Flow of the Vote-- Conclusion-- CHAPTER THREE: MEDIA DYNAMICS IN THE 1997 ELECTION-- Getting Visibility-- Media Statics: The Winners and Losers-- Media Dynamics: Gaining and Losing Ground-- The Turning Points-- The Impact on the Vote-- Conclusion-- CHAPTER FOUR: IDEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE-- Ideological Structures-- Basic Outlooks-- Communal Orientations-- The Ideological Distribution of Voters in 1997-- Ideological Change?-- Conclusion-- CHAPTER FIVE: LOW TURNOUT: A SIGN OF DISAFFECTION?-- How Low is 67?-- Who Did Not Vote?-- Why Not Vote?-- Conclusion-- CHAPTER SIX: A SMALL LIBERAL VICTORY-- Is the Liberal Part the 'Natural' Party in Government?-- The Economy and the Vote-- Assessing the Performance of the Liberal Government-- What About Jean Chretien?-- Conclusion-- CHAPTER SEVEN: A ONE-MAN SHOW-- A Shrunken Core-- In Search of a Winning Issue-- The Charest Paradox-- Conclusion-- CHAPTER EIGHT: THE REFORM PARTY AND THE LIMITS TO GROWTH-- The Bases of Reform Support-- Why is the Reform Party Viewed as Extreme?-- Ontario: The Failure to Break Through-- The Prospects for a United Right-- Conclusion-- CHAPTER NINE: OFF THE RADAR SCREEN-- Out of Touch or Out of Sight?-- The Atlantic Breakthrough-- The Gender Gap-- Conclusion-- CHAPTER TEN: WHY DID THE BLOC QUEBECOIS LOSE GROUND?-- An Autopsy of the Setback-- The Decline of Sovereignty-- The Utility of a Sovereignist Party in Ottawa-- The Economy-- The Popularity of Political Leaders-- Defections: Were Moderate Sovereignists Easy Prey for Jean Charest?-- Conclusion-- CHAPTER ELEVEN: COCLUSIONS-- An Evolving Party System-- Lessons Learned-- What About Long-Term Factors?-- What Does the Future Hold?-- APPENDIX A: THE 1997 CANADIAN ELECTION STUDY-- APPENDIX B: FACTOR ANALYSIS OF IDEOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS-- APPENDIX C: THE VOTE REGRESSIONS-- APPENDIX D: EXPLAINING TURNOUT-- BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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This volume falls into the recognized sub-field of election studies. The team of scholars co-writing the volume was assembled to conduct a detailed study of voter behaviour in the 1997 federal election. Using broadly based surveys and a question-centred approach, the authors have attempted to analyse the results of the election. Chapters are organized around easily recognizable and understood questions: did the media treat all the parties fairly? Did the leadership debates have any impact on the outcome? What about Reform's Quebec attack ads? Did Canadians vote strategically? Why did the Liberals lose seats when the economy was performing better? How did the leaders help or hurt their parties? Why couldn't Reform win any seats in Ontario? Why did the NDP do better in Atlantic Canada? Do values matter to the way people vote?
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• Foreword by Robert Bothwell and John English Introduction
• 1 How the Prime Ministership Was "Made": Readings, Theories, Models
• Part 1: Structure
• 2 Macdonald's First Mandate: Consolidating Prime Ministerial Power
• 3 Macdonald Returns: Strengthening the Executive Machinery
• 4 Wilfrid Laurier: The Quick Apprentice
• 5 Robert Borden: The Inept Reformer
• Part 2: Substance
• 6 The Public Service and the Slow Death of Patronage
• 7 Priority Setting and the Budget
• 8 The Management of Crisis
• Part 3: Style
• 9 The Order-in-Council: A Tool of Administrative Control
• 10 Managing Routine: Everyday Prime Ministerial Style Conclusion Appendices-- Notes-- Index.
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This book is for scholars and students of political science, public administration, and history as well as others interested in the centralization of power in the prime minister's office.
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This book provides a concise and readable guide to the recent federal election. Marrying journalism to social science, this survey reports on the campaign, examines the functions of the news media and the polls, and analyses the results. Included are details of the vote nationally, regionally, by province and by constituency.
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On a day-to-day basis, what does a newly elected Member of Parliament do? How does the House of Commons work? Drawing on his years of service to five majority and three minority parliaments, Rob Walsh shares first-hand insights into the inner workings of the House, beyond the political personalities that dominate its proceedings. Inside this unique public and political institution, laws are made, taxes are imposed, political issues are debated, and the government is held to account on behalf of all Canadians. The House is the national stage on which democracy plays itself out between elections. Neither a procedural manual nor an academic critique, On the House reveals, from Walsh's perspective, the historical origins of the House, its constitutional place in the parliamentary system, the role of committees, legislation, and administration, and its democratic functions. Providing a deeper understanding of both the House's successes and its failures Walsh celebrates the value of parliamentary democracy while acknowledging the continuing challenges that face it. On the House is a direct, accessible, and fascinating reflection on more than twenty years of experience in the House of Commons.
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• Foreword / The Honourable Thomas Mulcair
• Introduction. A mandate for change / François Pétry and Lisa Birch
• Assessing Justin Trudeau's performance at fulfilling campaign pledges / Lisa Birch and François Pétry
• The Trudeau government's legislative agenda : election promises and a dual mandate / Lisa Birch, Steve Jacob and Antoine Baby-Bouchard
• Federalism : an institutional constraint on the fulfillment of election promises? / François Rocher
• The Liberal fiscal plan : left-wing promises, right-wing government? / Geneviève Tellier and Cheick Alassane Traoré
• Economic policies : did the Liberals strengthen the middle class? / Marcelin Joanis and Stéphanie Lapierre
• Political communication and the Trudeau Liberal government / Alex Marland and Vincent Raynauld
• Selection, humanitarianism, and performance : Trudeau's immigration promises / Mireille Paquet
• Social policies for a stronger middle class : toward policy transformation / Daniel Béland and Michael J. Prince
• The legalization of recreational cannabis / Jared J. Wesley
• Federal Interventionism in health policy : back to the future? / Amélie Quesnel-Vallée, Rachel McKay, and Antonia Maioni
• Gender equality, diversity, and inclusion : between real change and branding / Karen Bird
• Renewing the relationship with Indigenous peoples : an ambitious discourse, limited accomplishments / Thierry Rodon and Martin Papillon
• Reconciling environment and economy : promises kept, but gamble lost / Pierre-Olivier Pineau
• From "sunny ways" to stormy weather : Trudeau's record on foreign and defence policy / Julien Lauzon Chiasson and Stéphanie Paquin
• Conclustion. Overview and election perspectives / Lisa Birch and François Pétry.

"During the 2015 election, the Liberal Party of Justin Trudeau promised to make real change in the lives of all Canadians. It is a good opportunity, on the eve of the next election, to provide a rigorous and impartial assessment of how the Liberal government has delivered on its campaign promises. Under the direction of Lisa Birch and François Pétry, twenty renowned academics investigate the fate of the 353 liberal campaign promises ... Collaborators draw from a common set of documentary sources and rely on a common method to analyze and contextualize the pledge fulfillment verdicts that area accessible on the Trudeau Polimeter website. Contrary to popular belief that politicians make empty promises, it appears that the Liberals in power have fulfilled at least in part the vast majority of their promises. The book concludes with a reflection on the relevance and meaning of campaign promises for Canadian democracy. In particular, we ponder the paradox that fulfilling most of your campaign promises does not necessarily create a sense of enthusiasm among voters."--Page 4 of cover.

• Tables and figures-- Abbreviations-- Introduction--
• 1. Expertise and structure--
• 2. Strategy, structure, and politics--
• 3. The evolution of a problem and the demand for new structures--
• 4. Responding to crisis: the National Energy Program--
• 5. Strategies of negotiation and organizational structure--
• 6. Structure, institutionalization, and change--
• 7. Integrating hierarchies, policies, and error--
• 8. Strategies of policy transformation and problems of consolidation in public bureaucracy-- Appendices-- Notes-- Bibliography-- Index.
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Designing Bureaucracies examines the connection between bureaucratic designs and public policy outcomes. It analyses the role that internal structure plays in generating capacity for programme enactment, and the effects that particular design changes have upon bureaucratic performance.F ocusing principally on the role of entrepreneurial bureaucracies in shaping large-scale, high risk public policies, the author demonstrates how policy innovations so often owe their success or failure to differences in administrative design. While the book draws on the considerable scholarship that links organisational structure and strategic outcomes, it goes beyond this to explore the complexities of strategic-structural relationships in public bureaucracies. The analysis is supported by a case study of Canada's energy bureaucracy, and the implementation of the controversial National Energy Programme in response to the energy crises of the 1970s.
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• v. 1. The early years, 1909-1946
• v. 2. Coming of age, 1946-1968.
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After an introductory chapter dealing with the conduct of external relations before 1909, the book examines three distinct phases of the department's development. Although the department had modest beginnings under the first under-secretary, Sir Joseph Pope (1909-1925), it was seen by his successor, O.D. Skelton, as an important instrument for the assertion of Canadian autonomy. Skelton presided over the establishment of the first Canadian diplomatic missions abroad, and was responsible for the creation of a foreign service to staff them. With the outbreak of the war in 1939, both the responsibilities and the size of the department underwent substantial organizational change under Norman Robertson, who became under-secretary after Skelton's death in 1941. Taken together, the criteria for recruitment introduced by Skelton and the reorganization which took place under Robertson gave the department many of the features which have characterized it as a branch of the Canadian government. The further development of the institution will be examined in a second volume covering the years 1946-1968. Since the prime minister was secretary of state for External Affairs during much of the period covered by volume I, the book contributes to an understanding of the operation of the Canadian government as a whole as well as of a single department. It also examines the policy making process and therefore will be of interest to students of international relations as well as of public administration.
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The rise of the New Right is a phenomenon throughout the Western world. In Canada it has taken the form of the Canadian Alliance Party, formerly known as the Alliance Party. This book is a serious critical examination of the Canadian Alliance and Reform Party ideology. It addresses the most distinctive and politically significant dimensions of the party's understanding of and agenda for democratic politics in contemporary Canada.
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In "The Once and Future Canadian Democracy" Janet Ajzenstat debunks conventional wisdom about Canadian political identity and history. She shows that linking Canadian identity to an ideology that favours the common good over individual interests and counts on big government to achieve it is strangling Canadian democracy by placing fundamental questions beyond debate. To revitalize politics we need to abandon the idea that ideologies evolve from "right" to "left", from conservatism to socialism, and look at our political differences in terms of the distinction, more familiar in the arts, between classicism and romanticism. She argues that by abandoning our current modes of debate and rediscovering the Enlightenment liberalism that is an enduring part of our political tradition we will help to recreate Canada as a place of debate on fundamentals, not one in which a monolithic definition of identity answers all questions in advance.
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• Acknowledgments
• Part I: Citizenship in Theory and History
• 1. Rethinking the Citizen in Canadian Social History (Robert Menzies, Dorothy E. Chunn and Robert Adamoski)
• 2. Three Stories of Canadian Citizenship (Janine Brodie)
• Part II: Constituting the Canadian Citizen
• 3. 'The Citizenship Debates': The 1885 Franchise Act (Veronica Strong-Boag)
• 4. From the Nation to the Citizen: Quebec Historical Writing and the Shaping of Identity (Ronald Rudin)
• 5. Indigenous Citizenship and History in Canada: Between Denial and Imposition (Claude Denis)
• Part III: Domesticity, Industry and Nationhood
• 6. Scaffolding Citizenship: Housing Reform and Nation Formation in Canada, 1900-1950 (Sean Purdy)
• 7. Unemployment and the New Industrial Citizenship: A Review of the Ontario Unemployment Commission, 1916 (Jennifer Stephen)
• 8. Indispensable but not a Citizen: The Housewife in the Great Depression (Denyse Baillargeon)
• 9. Time, Swimming Pools, and Citizenship: The Emergence of Leisure Rights in Mid-Twentieth Century Canada (Shirley Tillotson)
• Part IV: Pedagogies of Belonging and Exclusion
• 10. "The Good Citizen": Masculinity and Citizenship at Frontier College, 1899-1933 (Lorna R. McLean)
• 11. Education for Motherhood: Creating Modern Mothers and Model Citizens (Katherine Arnup)
• 12. Constructing Normal Citizens: Sex Advice for Postwar Teens (Mary Louise Adams)
• 13. Black Nova Scotian Women's Schooling and Citizenship: An Education of Violence (Bernice Moreau)
• Part V: The Boundaries of Citizenship
• 14. The Child - The Citizen - The Nation: The Rhetoric and Experience of Wardship in Early Twentieth Century British Columbia (Robert Adamoski)
• 15. Creating Social and Moral Citizens: Defining and Treating Delinquent Boys and Girls in English Canada, 1920-65 (Joan Sangster)
• 16. Sex And Citizenship: (Hetero)Sexual Offences, Law and 'White' Settler Society in British Columbia, 1885-1940 (Dorothy E. Chunn)
• 17. 'Unfit' Citizens and the BC Royal Commission on Mental Hygiene, 1925-28 (Robert Menzies)
• Contributors
• Index.
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Over the past 15 years, the citizenship debate in political and social theory has undergone an extraordinary renaissance. To date, much of the writing on citizenship, within and beyond Canada, has been oriented toward the development of theory, or has concentrated on contemporary issues and examples. This collection of essays adopts a different approach by contextualizing and historicizing the citizenship debate, through studies of various aspects of the rise of social citizenship in Canada. Focusing on the formative years from the late 19th through mid-20th century, contributors examine how emerging discourse and practices in diverse areas of Canadian social life created a widely engaged, but often deeply contested, vision of the new Canadian citizen. The original essays examine key developments in the fields of welfare, justice, health, childhood, family, immigration, education, labour, media, popular culture and recreation, highlighting the contradictory nature of Canadian citizenship. The implications of these projects for the daily lives of Canadians, their identities, and the forms of resistance that they mounted, are central themes. Contributing authors situate their historical accounts in both public and private domains, their analyses emphasizing the mutual permeability of state and civil(ian) life. These diverse investigations reveal that while Canadian citizenship conveys crucial images of identity, security, and participatory democracy within the ongoing project of nation building, it is also interlaced with the projects of a hierarchical social structure and exclusionary political order. This collection explores the origins and evolution of Canadian citizenship in historical context. It also introduces the more general dilemmas and debates in social history and political theory that inevitably inform these inquiries.
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A comprehensive introduction to political behaviour, this text covers all of the basic subfields, including behaviouralism as a method of inquiry, political culture, public opinion, voting and elections, political participation, leaders and activists, and interest groups and social movements. Each section includes an overview chapter and chapters that are examples of 'state of the art' work in each subfield.
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• Preface
• 1. Downstream from the Centennial: Navigating Fifty Years of Policy Change
• Sophie Borwein and Carolyn Hughes Tuohy
• Part I: Generational Prospects, Then and Now
• 2. Dreams along a Journey
• Michael Valpy
• 3. Discounting Now and Then
• Joseph Heath
• 4. Postponed Adulthood, the Inequality Surge, and the Millennial Burden
• John Myles
• 5. Half a Century of Pension Reform in Canada
• Daniel Beland
• Part II: The Economy, the Environment, and the Federation
• 6. The Economy: From Innovation to Policy
• Michelle Alexopoulos and Jon Cohen
• 7. Natural Resources, Federalism, and the Canadian Economy
• Kathryn Harrison
• 8. Environmental Policy Transformations and Canada at 150
• Jennifer Winter
• 9. The Environment as an Urban Policy Issue in Canada
• Matti Siemiatycki
• 10. Canada's Radical Fiscal Federation: The Next Fifty Years
• Kevin Milligan
• Part III: Rethinking Sovereignty, Allegiance, and Rights
• 11. Reasonable Accommodation, Diversity, and the Supreme Court of Canada
• Emmett Macfarlane
• 12. Invisibility, Wilful Blindness, Impending Doom: The Future (if Any) of Canadian Federalism
• Jean Leclair
• 13. Canadian Federalism, Canadian Allegiance, and Economic Inequality
• Jeremy Webber
• 14. Indigenous-Canadian Relations at the Sesquicentennial: An Opportunity for Real and Lasting Transformation
• Sheryl Lightfoot
• 15. Reconciliation with a Question Mark: Three Moments
• Christa Scholtz
• 16. Reconciliation, Colonization, and Climate Futures
• Deborah McGregor
• Part IV: Canada's Borders and Beyond
• 17. Fifty Years of Canadian Immigration Policy
• Antje Ellermann
• 18. From Gerin-Lajoie to USMCA: The Role of the Canadian Provinces in Trade Negotiation
• Stephane Paquin
• 19. Canada and the World: Managing Insecurity in a Changing Global Order
• Aisha Ahmad
• 20. Has Canada Reached Policy Gridlock?
• Peter Loewen and Andrew Potter
• Contributors.
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Canada's centennial anniversary in 1967 coincided with a period of transformative public policymaking. This period saw the establishment of the modern welfare state, as well as significant growth in the area of cultural diversity, including multiculturalism and bilingualism. Meanwhile, the rising commitment to the protection of individual and collective rights was captured in the project of a "just society." Tracing the past, present, and future of Canadian policymaking, Policy Transformation in Canada examines the country's current and most critical challenges: the renewal of the federation, managing diversity, Canada's relations with Indigenous peoples, the environment, intergenerational equity, global economic integration, and Canada's role in the world. Scrutinizing various public policy issues through the prism of Canada's sesquicentennial, the contributors consider the transformation of policy and present an accessible portrait of how the Canadian view of policymaking has been reshaped, and where it may be heading in the next fifty years.
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• List of tables and figures-- Acknowledgments-- Introduction--
• 1. The problem of political support--
• 2. Economy, society, self--
• 3. Democracy, political system, self--
• 4. Political support and its correlates--
• 5. Regional disaffection: Quebec and the West--
• 6. Elections and political support--
• 7. Causes and consequences of political support--
• 8. Political support in representative democracies-- Appendix-- References-- Index.
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The related subjects of political legitimacy and system support are key theoretical concerns of students of democratic societies. They have received very little scholarly attention, however, because of the conceptual and methodological complexities they engender. In this book the authors address these concerns through systematic multivariate analyses of the sources, distribution, and consequences of variations in citizen support for key political objects in one such society, Canada. Although the authors do so within a comparative context, their primary focus is on Canada because it is one of the world's oldest democracies and is a country that has experienced support problems that periodically have reached crisis proportion. Many of the problems facing Canada are more extreme examples of difficulties that have vexed other democracies. This study helps illuminate both the conditions under which democracies in general are able to sustain themselves and those under which they could flounder. The authors demonstrate that political support has its origins in people's political socialization experiences and their instrumental judgments about the operation of key political and economic institutions and processes. They find that political support is not 'of a piece'. Average citizens are able to distinguish among and ascribe different degrees of support to key objects such as parliament, the bureaucracy, judiciary, political community itself. Support also is dynamic and can vary markedly over relatively brief intervals of time. For example, periodic national elections, changing economic conditions, and the activities of political parties have a significant impact on support levels. And, differences in support for authorities, regime, and community do matter. They affect the levels of public participation in a variety of conventional and unconventional political activities as well as the relative willingness of people to comply with the authoritative edicts of government.
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• Foreword / Tom Flanagan
• Part 1: Theoretical Parameters 1 Welcome to Non-Stop Campaigning / Alex Marland, Anna Lennox Esselment, and Thierry Giasson 2 Governing on the Front Foot: Politicians, Civil Servants, and the Permanent Campaign in Canada / Jonathan Craft 3 Databases, Microtargeting, and the Permanent Campaign: A Threat to Democracy? / Steve Patten
• Part 2: Political Parties 4 Media-Party Parallelism: How the Media Covers Party Messaging / Andrea Lawlor 5 "Friend, Can You Chip in $3?": Canadian Political Parties' Email Communication and Fundraising / Alex Marland and Maria Mathews 6 Online, All the Time: The Strategic Objectives of Canadian Opposition Parties / Thierry Giasson and Tamara A. Small 7 Permanent Polling and Governance / Andre Turcotte and Simon Vodrey
• 8 Election Preparation in the Federal NDP: The Next Campaign Starts the Day after the Last One Ends / David McGrane
• Part 3: Governance 9 Institutional Change, Permanent Campaigning, and Canada's Fixed Election Date Law / Phillipe Lagasse 10 Preaching to the Choir in Case It Is Losing Faith: Government Advertising's Direct Electoral Consequences / Denver McNeney and David Coletto 11 The Obama Approach in Canada: Lessons in Leadership Branding / J.P. Lewis and Kenneth Cosgrove 12 Campaigning from the Centre / Anna Lennox Esselment and Paul Wilson 13 Permanent Campaigning and Digital Government / Amanda Clarke and Mary Francoli 14 24 Seven Videostyle: Blurring the Lines and Building Strong Leadership / Mireille Lalancette and Sofia Tourigny-Kone 15 Vulnerable Populations and the Permanent Campaign: Disability Organizations as Policy Entrepreneurs / Mario Levesque 16 Permanent Campaigning: Changing the Nature of Canadian Democracy / Anna Lennox Esselment, Alex Marland, and Thierry Giasson Glossary-- List of Contributors-- Index.
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Alex Marland is an associate professor of political science and an associate dean at Memorial University of Newfoundland. Thierry Giasson is a professor of political science at Universite Laval. Anna Lennox Esselment is an assistant professor of political science at the University of Waterloo. Contributors: Amanda Clarke, David Coletto, Kenneth Cosgrove, Jonathan Craft, Anna Lennox Esselment, Tom Flanagan, Mary Francoli, Thierry Giasson, Phillipe Lagasse, Mireille Lalancette, Andrea Lawlor, Mario Levesque, J.P. Lewis, Alex Marland, Maria Mathews, David McGrane, Denver McNeney, Steve Patten, Tamara A. Small, Sofia Tourigny-Kone, Andre Turcotte, Simon Vodrey, and Paul Wilson.
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Political parties are at the centre of Canadian democracy. They choose our prime ministers, premiers, and candidates for public office; they decide which policy issues are considered in the provincial and federal legislatures; they dominate our election campaigns. As a result, a democracy that is participatory, responsive, and inclusive can only be achieved if Canadian political parties share these values and operate in a manner respecting them. In a concise and accessible manner, this book delves into the history, structure, mechanisms, and roles of Canada's political parties, and assesses the degree to which Canadians today can rely on political parties as vehicles for grassroots participation. With an emphasis on Canada's federal parties, Cross examines party membership, candidate recruitment, leadership selection, policy development, election campaigning, and party financing. Throughout, he maintains a clear focus on how well Canadian parties are serving the Canadian people, and, in keeping with the aims of the Democratic Audit, interrogates their performance in terms of participation, inclusiveness, and responsiveness. In addition, the book also draws on the experiences of provincial parties to provide a comprehensive portrait of party life in Canada. Where appropriate, comparisons are drawn with parties in other Western democracies. A crucial and timely overview of political parties, this book will appeal to all those who seek a fuller understanding of the Canadian party system. Those interested in how regular citizens participate in party decision making will be particularly concerned with Cross' disturbing conclusion that our parties are falling short in terms of benchmarks set forth by the Canadian Democratic Audit. A volume of the Canadian Democratic Audit, this book examines the history, structure, mechanisms, and performance of Canadian political parties, and assesses the degree to which they function as vehicles for grassroots political participation.
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Political parties are a key component of Canadian democracy. They choose our prime ministers, premiers, and candidates for public office. They determine the policy issues to be considered in our legislatures. And they dominate our election campaigns. A participatory, responsive, and inclusive democracy can be achieved only if Canadian political parties operate in a manner that respects these values. Political Parties delves into the history, structure, mechanisms, and roles of Canada's political parties and assesses the degree to which Canadians today can rely on parties as vehicles for grassroots participation. With an emphasis on federal parties, Cross examines membership, candidate recruitment, leadership selection, policy development, campaigning, and party financing. Throughout he maintains a clear focus on how well Canadian parties are serving the Canadian people. He also addresses the experiences of provincial parties and compares Canadian parties with those in other Western democracies. A crucial and timely overview of political parties, this concise, accessible study will be invaluable to everyone who seeks a fuller understanding of the Canadian party system.
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• Contributors include - Gordon Gibson (Fraser Institute), Hugh Segal (Institute for Research on Public Policy), Samuel LaSelva (University of British Columbia), Jennifer Smith (Dalhousie University), Alain-G. Gagnon (McGill University), Nelson Wiseman (University of Toronto), and Ian Stewart (Acadia University).
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Canada: The State of the Federation 2000/01 probes beneath the surface to determine if the obvious changes - the fractious federal party system, the "common sense revolution" in government budgeting, the re-birth of the sovereignty movement in Quebec, and the re-assertion of Aboriginal claims - are symptomatic of a shift in Canadian political culture. Arguably, political changes in Canada have been greater in the 1990s than in any other decade since Confederation, but do these changes signify a shift in Canadian political culture? Can we even speak of a Canadian political culture? What are the consequences of these changes for the federation? Are Canadians more or less united? Are federal-provincial relations better or worse? What does the future hold? The authors attempt to answer these questions through analyses of the federal party system, politics in the provinces and regions, and political dynamics in a number of issue areas, including Aboriginal politics, the Charter, multiculturalism, the rural-urban cleavage, and social policy.
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Responding to the increasing diversity of the Canadian population -- and to an increasing sensitivity to historical diversities -- the 1982 Constitution Act amended the British North America Act and introduced the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, giving new powers to heterogeneous groups within the Canadian polity. These changes disturbed the equilibrium of an older, federalist Canada whose constitutional concerns were limited to the relative powers of federal and provincial governments and to French-English ethnic/linguistic questions. Cairns underlines the significance of international influences on the development of Canada's constitution, in particular the adoption of the Charter, and examines the constitution's role in shaping Canadians' civic identities and community conceptions. He argues that the constitution is a powerful mobilizing instrument that shapes the people subject to its authority. Canada is now populated by what Cairns calls "Charter Canadians, " who see themselves as rights-bearers and tend to look to the federal government as the effective focus of political community. During the Meech Lake affair, the demands of Charter Canadians and politicized aboriginal peoples clashed with Quebec's constitutional aspirations as well as older elite accommodation politics. In addition to the Charter, the 1982 Constitution Act contained a new amending formula that contradicted the Charter's message that the rights of individuals precede those of governments. This formula gave a collective of federal and provincial governments a formal monopoly on constitutional change and encouraged the belief, refuted by the Meech Lake experience, that they could amend the constitution in terms of their own self-interest and announce the results as a fait accompli. The clash between the Charter and the amending formula is constitutionally destabilizing, Cairns argues, because these two parts of the same constitution are based on different understandings of the fundamental purpose of the constitution and for whose benefit it exists. The Meech Lake fiasco, having brought Canada to the brink of disaster, clearly indicates that Canada's future constitutional health depends not only on the reconciliation of Quebec with the rest of Canada but -- respectful of the Charter's message -- on a simultaneous constitutional rapprochement between citizens and governments in the process of constitutional reform.
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• Editors' Preface Preface
• 1. Introduction The Roots of Ambivalence The Institutionalization of Ambivalence The Organization of Interests Conclusions Notes
• 2. Constitutional Change Context Agenda Process Consequences Readings The Pequiste Manifesto The Federal Response to Quebec's Constitutional Agenda The Quebec Referendum Entrenched Rights versus Parliamentary Supremacy The Quebec Liberals' Constitutional Position during the 1980 Referendum Campaign The Meech Lake Accord (Excerpts) Trudeau's Criticism of the Accord One Legislator's Ambivalence Notes
• 3. Health Care Delivery Context Agenda Process Consequences Readings A Health Charter for Canadians Governmental Insurance and Clinical Judgment: A Medical View The Canadian Medical Association and Canadian Medicare The Canadian Nurses Association and Canadian Medicare A Consumers' Coalition Seeks a Community-Based Health Plan Extra-Billing and the Universality of Social Programs The Medical Profession Seeks a Partnership with Government The Policy Agenda of the 1990s at the Provincial Level Notes
• 4. Industrial Relations and Labour-Market Policy Context Agenda Process Consequences Readings The Business View of Labour-Management Cooperation Labour's Approach to Social Partnership Government as a Catalyst in Labour-Management Cooperation An Evaluation of Government Adjustment Assistance Labour on Collective Bargaining and Labour-Market Policy Notes
• 5. Economic Development and Adjustment Context Agenda Process Consequences Readings The BCNI Critique of Canadian Industrial Policy Labour's Goals: Full Employment and Greater Public Control The Macdonald Commission on Canada-U.S. Trade Labour's Focus on Full Employment The Commons Debate on the Free Trade Agreement Notes
• 6. Oil and Gas Policy Context Agenda Process Consequences Readings The Gordon Commission's View of Foreign Investment in Canadian Oil Western Canadian Resistance to the National Energy Program The Federal Defence of the National Energy Program The Business Community and the National Energy Program Federal and Provincial Powers over Natural Resources Notes
• 7. Minority Language Rights Context Agenda Process Consequences Readings Trudeau on Language Rights Levesque on Francophones outside Quebec The Manifesto of Quebec's Radical Nationalists The Union Nationale Government on the Status of French The Courts on Linguistic Education Rights Language Rights in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom The Commissioner of Official Languages on Multiculturalism Notes
• 8. Competence and Crisis: Canada's Ambivalent Institutions Elite Accommodation: The Role of Mediating Interests Partisanship and Federalism The Need for Institutional Change Summary References Index.
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At a time when Canadian political institutions are being fundamentally questioned, this book provides a comparative perspective on the distinctive features of the Canadian policy process which have enabled conflict to be resolved in the past. In comparison with other Western industrial nations, Canada's policies in some arenas appear as models of workable compromise; in others, they stand out as marked by continuing irresolution. In this first book-length treatment of Canadian public policy in comparative perspective, Carolyn Tuohy focuses on constitutional change, health care delivery, industrial relations and labor market policy, economic development and adjustment, oil and gas policy, and minority language rights. What distinguishes Canada's characteristic policy process is its quintessential ambivalence: ambivalence about the appropriate role of the state, about definitions of political community, and about individual and collective values and conceptions of rights. Embedded in the country's political institutions, it has deep roots in Canada's relationship to the United States, its history of English-French tensions, and its regional diversity. Examining, in particular, the delicate federal-provincial division of power and the legislative-judicial relationship, Tuohy discusses how the constitutional debates of the 1980s and 1990s are testing Canada's institutions to resolve conflict. Author note: Carolyn J. Tuohy is Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

America's northern neighbour faces a severe constitutional crisis. Unprecedented levels of public support for sovereignty in the predominantly French-speaking province of Quebec could lead to the breakup of Canada. This crisis was precipitated by two Canadian provinces' failure in 1990 to ratify the Meech Lake Accord, a package of revisions to Canada's constitution that addressed Quebec's grievances concerning its place within the Canadian federation. The current predicament is not an isolated incident - it is part of a recurring pattern of consitutional crises in Canada. The longer-term question is, can workable solutions be found to keep Canada intact, or is a sovereign Quebec inevitable sooner or later? This book, aimed at an international audience, examines the complex roots of Canada's constitutional discontent, the options currently being considered, and possible futures for "northern North America". Kent Weaver begins with an analysis of the interaction of Canadian social divisions and political institutions in managing political conflict, arguing that traditional institutional arrangements have been irreparably undermined by social change and that current institutions often exacerbate political divisions. Stephane Dion shows how two structural factors - Quebecers' fear of disappearing within an overwhelmingly English-speaking North America and increased confidence that Quebec can stand on its own - have combined with short-term catalystic factors, notably a feeling of rejection over the collapse of the Meech Lake Accord, to shape the ebb and flow of nationalist sentiment in Quebec in recent years. Andrew Stark argues that notions of citizenship and the state associated with important philosophical currents in English Canada, create severe problems for attempts to reach an accommodation with Quebec. Keith Banting examines scenarios for Canada's future with and without a politically sovereign Quebec and the implications of these scenarios for the United States.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)