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• Introduction
• 1. Political Liberalism and Public Reason: The Main Elements
• 2. The Idea of a Civic People: Shared Political Autonomy and Public Reason
• 3. Public Reason and Ideal Theory: Acceptability, Compliance, and the Pursuit of Justice
• 4. Political Liberalism and Families: The Basic Structure, Gender Equality, and Children
• 5. Citizenship Education and Public Reason: Political Autonomy and Non-Domination Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book advances a novel justification for the idea of "public reason": citizens within diverse societies can realize the ideal of shared political autonomy, despite their adherence to different religious and philosophical views, by deciding fundamental political questions with "public reasons." Public reasons draw upon or are derived from ecumenical political ideas, such as toleration and equal citizenship, and mutually acceptable forms of reasoning, like those of the sciences. This book explains that if citizens share equal political autonomy-and thereby constitute "a civic people"-they will not suffer from alienation or domination and can enjoy relations of civic friendship. Moreover, it contends that the ideal of shared political autonomy cannot be realized by alternative accounts of public justification that eschew any necessary role for public reasons. In addition to explaining how the ideal of political autonomy justifies the idea of public reason, this book presents a new analysis of the relation between public reason and "ideal theory": by engaging in "public reasoning, " citizens help create a just society that can secure the free compliance of all. It also explores the distinctive policy implications of the ideal of political autonomy for gender equality, families, children, and education.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• An introduction to the philosophy of agency Luca Ferrero
• Part 1: The metaphysics of agency Introduction to
• Part 1 Luca Ferrero 1. Agency and causation Jesus H. Aguilar and Andrei A. Buckareff 2. Agency, function, and teleology Scott Sehon 3. Agency, events, and processes Matthias Haase 4. Negative agency Randolph Clarke 5. Bounded agency Elijah Millgram 6. Agency and games C. Thi Nguyen
• Part 2: Kinds of agency Introduction to
• Part 2 Luca Ferrero 7. Minimal agency Hans van Hateren 8. Animal agency Helen Steward 9. Intentional agency Lilian O'Brien 10. Rational agency Eric Marcus
• Part 3: Agency and ability Introduction to
• Part 3 Luca Ferrero 11. Agency, powers, and skills Will Small 12. Expert agency Barbara Gail Montero 13. Agency and mistakes Santiago Amaya 14. Agency and disability Kevin Timpe 15. Pathologies of agency Lubomira Radoilska
• Part 4: Agency: mind, body, and world Introduction to
• Part 4 Luca Ferrero 16. Mental agency Matthew Soteriou 17. Agency and the body Hong Yu Wong 18. Agency, consciousness, and attention Wayne Wu 19. Material agency Matthew Noah Smith
• Part 5: Agency and knowledge Introduction to
• Part 5 Luca Ferrero 20. Epistemic agency David Hunter 21. Agency and practical knowledge Kim Frost 22. Agency and evidence Berislav Marusic and John Schwenkler 23. Agency and self-knowledge Brie Gertler
• Part 6: Agency and moral psychology Introduction to
• Part 6 Luca Ferrero 24. Agency, will, and freedom Thomas Pink 25. Agency and responsibility Pamela Hieronymi 26. Agency and identification Agnieszka Jaworska 27. Agency and autonomy Andrea C. Westlund 28. Agency and (the limits of) volitional conflict Sarah Buss 29. Agency and the emotions Carla Bagnoli
• Part 7: Agency and time Introduction to
• Part 7 Luca Ferrero 30. Diachronic agency Luca Ferrero 31. Planning agency Michael E. Bratman 32. Agency, time, and rationality Chrisoula Andreou 33. Artificial and machine agency Richmond H. Thomason and John Horty 34. Agency and personal identity Marya Schechtman 35. Agency, narrative, and mortality Roman Altshuler
• Part 8: Agency, reasoning, and normativity Introduction to
• Part 8 Luca Ferrero 36. Agency, reasons and rationality Maria Alvarez 37. Agency and practical reasoning Jules Salomone-Sehr and Jennifer M. Morton 38. Agency and normativity Kenneth Walden 39. The aim of agency Kathryn Lindeman 40. Agency and morality Christine M. Korsgaard 41. Agency in the law Gideon Yaffe 42. Aesthetics agency Keren Gorodeisky Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This handbook is a thorough and state of the art overview of a central and fast-growing topic in philosophy including up-to-date topics throughout making it the ideal reference source for both students and scholars. This is the only handbook to pull together a thoroughly comprehensive overview of the topic of philosophy of agency. This handbook will help the field of study organise itself: it will be a rallying point for any student and researcher interested in the subject. All chapters are specially commissioned, written by an international team of renowned contributors and not previously published.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction Carla Bagnoli Part I. Acting in Time
• 1. Verbs of Action and Acting in Time Jennifer Hornsby
• 2. Action, Cubes, and Traces Constantin Sandis
• 3. Temporality and Determinate Situation-Specific Truths Arto Latinen Part II. Diachronic Self-Governance
• 4. A Planning Agent's Self-Governance Over Time Acting Together with Oneself over Time: Appendix to "A Planning Agent's Self-Governance Over Time" Michael E. Bratman
• 5. The Structures of Temporally Extended Agents Luca Ferrero
• 6. Agency and Time Abe Roth
• 7. Sticking to it and Settling: Commitments, Normativity, and the Future Caroline Arruda
• 8. Extended Agency and the Problem of Diachronic Autonomy Julia Nefsky and Sergio Tenenbaum
• 9. Hard Times: Self-governance, Freedom to Change, and Normative Adjustment Carla Bagnoli Part III. Failures of Temporal Agency
• 10. Weakness and the Memory of Resolutions Laurent Jaffro
• 11. Inverted Akrasia Monika Betzler
• 12. Individual Time-Bias and Social Discounting Brian Hedden.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book explores the role of time in rational agency and practical reasoning. Agents are finite and often operate under severe time constraints. Action takes time and unfolds in time. While time is an ineliminable constituent of our experience of agency, it is both a theoretical and a practical problem to explain whether and how time shapes rational agency and practical thought. The essays in this book are divided into three parts. Part I is devoted to the temporal structure of action and agency, from metaphysical and metaethical perspectives. Part II features essays about the temporal structure of rational deliberation, from the perspective of action theory and theories of practical reasoning. Part III includes essays about the temporal aspects of failures of rationality. Taken together, the essays in this book shed new light on our understanding of the temporality of agency that coheres with our subjective sense of finitude and explains rational agency both in time and over time. Time in Action will be of interest to advanced students and researchers working on the philosophy of time, metaphysics of action, action theory, practical reasoning, ethical theory, moral psychology, and rational justification.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Contents: Introduction to legal reasoning PART I THE FUNCTION OF LAW
• 1. Settling moral controversy PART II REASONING FROM CANONICAL TEXTS
• 2. Interpreting posited rules
• 3. Infelicities of, and norms constraining, intended meaning
• 4. Non-intentionalist interpretation PART III COMMON LAW REASONING
• 5. Natural reasoning and deduction from rules
• 6. The mystification of common law reasoning
• 7. Judicial practice
• 8. All or nothing Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Elgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world's leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas. This insightful and highly readable Advanced Introduction provides a succinct, yet comprehensive, overview of legal reasoning, covering both reasoning from canonical texts and legal decision-making in the absence of rules. Overall, it argues that there are only two methods by which judges decide legal disputes: deductive reasoning from rules and unconstrained moral, practical, and empirical reasoning. discussion and analysis of the interpretive methods used in legal decision-making guidance for the reader through the debates on analogical reasoning and construction of legal principles a defense of intention-based interpretation of legal rules and natural reasoning in law. This Advanced Introduction will be an invaluable resource for students looking for an overview of the subject. It will also be useful for legal practitioners, scholars, and judges.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Notes on Contributors
• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Yitzhak Y. Melamed
• Part I Life and Background
• 1 Spinoza's Life
• Piet Steenbakkers
• 2 Spinoza's Philology
• Piet Steenbakkers
• 3 Avicenna and Spinoza on the Essence and Existence
• Stephen R. Ogden
• 4 Spinoza and Maimonides On True Religion
• Warren Zev Harvey
• 5 Spinoza and Scholastic Philosophy
• Emanuele Costa
• 6 Spinoza and Descartes
• Denis Kambouchner
• 7 Spinoza's Dutch Philosophical Background
• Henry Krop
• 8 Spinoza and Hobbes
• Michael LeBuffe
• Part II Metaphysics and Natural Philosophy
• 9 Spinoza's Monistic Metaphysics of Substance and Mode
• Don Garrett
• 10 Spinoza on Eternity
• Pierre-Francois Moreau
• 11 Spinoza on Causa Sui
• Yitzhak Y. Melamed
• 12 Spinoza's Physical Picture
• John Carriero
• 13 Spinoza's Mereology
• Tad Schmaltz
• 14 Spinoza's Metaphysics of Time
• Raphael Krut-Landau
• 15 Spinoza's Infinities
• Luce DeLire
• 16 Spinoza on Diachronic Identity
• Dominik Perler
• 17 Spinoza on Relations
• Zachary Gartenberg
• 18 Spinoza on Numerical Identity and Time
• John Morrison
• 19 Spinoza on Universals
• Karolina Hubner
• 20 Spinoza Ontology of Power
• Juan Manuel Ledesma Viteri
• 21 Spinoza's Modal Theory
• Olli Koistinen
• 22 Spinoza on Determination
• Noa Shein
• 23 Spinoza's Physics
• Alison Peterman
• Part III Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind and Psychology
• 25 Spinoza on Human and Divine Knowledge
• Barnaby R. Hutchins and Ursula Renz
• 26 Reflexive Knowledge
• Kristin Primus
• 27 Spinoza Against the Skeptics
• Stephan Schmid
• 28 Spinoza on Ideas of Affections.
• Lia Levy
• 29 The Mind-Body Union
• Chantal Jacquet
• 30 Spinoza's Non-Theory of Non-Consciousness
• Daniel Garber
• 31 Spinoza on the Passions and the Self
• Andrea Sangiacomo
• 32 Spinoza's Two Paths to Enlightenment: The Serpent and the Dove
• Michah Gottlieb
• Part IV Ethics, Politics, and Religion
• 33 Spinoza's Moral Philosophy
• Steven Nadler
• 34 Spinoza on the Constitution of Animal Species
• Susan James
• 35 Essence, Virtue and the State
• Erin Islo
• 36 Spinoza's Concept of Law
• Pina Totaro
• 37 Spinoza's Notion of Freedom
• Moira Gatens
• 38 Spinoza's Republican Ideas of Freedom
• Michael A. Rosenthal
• 39 Spinoza and Economics
• Eric Schlisser
• 40 Spinoza and Feminism
• Hasana Sharp
• 41 Spinoza and International Law
• Moa De Lucia Dahlbeck
• 42 The Intellectual Love of God
• Clare Carlisle
• 43 Spinoza and the Scripture
• Dan Arbib
• Part V Aesthetics and Language
• 44 Spinoza' Aesthetics
• Domenica G. Romagni
• 45 Spinoza on Semiotics
• Lornzo Vinciguerra
• 46 Spinoza and the Grammar of the Hebrew Language
• Guadalupe Gonzalez Dieguez
• Part VI Spinoza's Reception
• 47 Leibniz and Spinoza on Plentitude and Necessity
• Jean-Pascal Anfray
• 48 Spinoza in France, 1670-1970
• Mogens Laerke
• 49 Kant and Spinoza
• Colin Marshall
• 50 Nietzsche and Spinoza
• Jason Maurice Yonover
• 51 Schelling with Spinoza on Freedom
• Daniel Dragicevic
• 52 Hegel on Spinozism and the Beginning of Philosophy
• Jose Maria Sanchez de Leon
• 53 Schopenhauer's Critique of Spinoza's Pantheism, Optimism, and Egoism
• Mor Segev
• 54 Spinoza and Popular Philosophy
• Jack Stetter
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

An unparalleled collection of original essays on Benedict de Spinoza's contributions to philosophy and his enduring legacy A Companion to Spinoza presents a panoramic view of contemporary Spinoza studies in Europe and across the Anglo-American world. Designed to stimulate fresh dialogue between the analytic and continental traditions in philosophy, this extraordinary volume brings together 53 original essays that explore Spinoza's contributions to Western philosophy and intellectual history. A diverse team of established and emerging international scholars discuss new themes and classic topics to provide a uniquely comprehensive picture of one of the most influential metaphysicians of all time. Rather than simply summarizing the body of existing scholarship, the Companion develops new ideas, examines cutting-edge scholarship, and suggests directions for future research. The text is structured around six thematically-organized sections, exploring Spinoza's life and background, his contributions to metaphysics and natural philosophy, his epistemology, politics, ethics, and aesthetics, the reception of Spinoza in the work of philosophers such as Kant, Schelling, Schopenhauer, and Hegel, and more. This unparalleled research collection combines a timely overview of the current state of research with deep coverage of Spinoza's philosophy, legacy, and influence. Part of the celebrated Blackwell Companions to Philosophy series, A Companion to Spinoza is an ideal text for advanced courses in modern philosophy, intellectual history, and the history of metaphysics, and an indispensable reference for researchers and scholars in Spinoza studies. .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Acknowledgments Introduction
• 1: Group Belief: Lessons from Lies and Bullshit
• 2: What Is Justified Group Belief?
• 3: Group Knowledge
• 4: Group Assertion
• 5: Group Lies References Index .
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Groups are often said to bear responsibility for their actions, many of which have enormous moral, legal, and social significance. When children were separated from their parents or guardians at the U.S.-Mexico border as part of America's immigration policy, for example, the Trump Administration was said to be responsible for the harms these families suffered as a result. But are groups subject to normative assessment simply in virtue of their individual members being so, or are they somehow agents in their own right? Answering this question depends on understanding key concepts in the epistemology of groups, as we cannot hold the Trump Administration responsible without first determining what it believed, knew, and said. Deflationary theorists hold that group phenomena can be understood entirely in terms of individual members and their states. Inflationary theorists maintain that group phenomena are importantly over and above, or otherwise distinct from, individual members and their states. In The Epistemology of Groups Jennifer Lackey argues that neither approach is satisfactory. Groups are more than their members, but not because they have 'minds of their own, ' as the inflationists hold. Instead, she shows how group phenomena-like belief, justification, and knowledge-depend on what the individual group members do or are capable of doing while being subject to group-level normative requirements. This framework allows for the correct distribution of responsibility across groups and their individual members.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Part I: Dualism about Rationality Defended Chapter 1 Getting Structural (Ir)rationality into View
• Chapter 2 A Rough Account of Substantive Rationality
• Chapter 3 Eliminations and Reductions I
• Chapter 4 Eliminations and Reductions II
• Part II: A Theory of Structural Rationality Chapter 5 Unifying the Instances of Incoherence
• Chapter 6 Requirements of Structural Rationality
• Chapter 7 Talk about Structural Rationality Chapter 8 The Normativity of Structural Rationality
• Part III: Drawing Some Lessons Chapter 9 Upshots for Other Debates
• Coda The Tyranny of Value
• References.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Some combinations of attitudes-of beliefs, credences, intentions, preferences, hopes, fears, and so on-do not fit together right: they are incoherent. A natural idea is that there are requirements of "structural rationality" that forbid us from being in these incoherent states. Yet a number of surprisingly difficult challenges arise for this idea. These challenges have recently led many philosophers to attempt to minimize or eliminate structural rationality, arguing that it is just a "shadow" of "substantive rationality"-that is, correctly responding to one's reasons. In Fitting Things Together, Alex Worsnip pushes back against this trend-defending the view that structural rationality is a genuine kind of rationality, distinct from and irreducible to substantive rationality, and tackling the most important challenges for this view. In so doing, he gives an original positive theory of the nature of coherence and structural rationality that explains how the diverse range of instances of incoherence can be unified under a general account, and how facts about coherence are normatively significant. He also shows how a failure to focus on coherence requirements as a distinctive phenomenon and distinguish them adequately from requirements of substantive rationality has led to confusion and mistakes in several substantive debates in epistemology and ethics. Taken as a whole, Fitting Things Together provides the first sustained defense of the view that structural rationality is a genuine, autonomous, unified, and normatively significant phenomenon.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1: The Mystery of Reference and Objective Representational Content
• Chapter 2: Inner Fitness and Outer Cause: The Two Factors of Content
• Chapter 3: Against Jazz Combo Theories of Meaning and Reference
• Chapter 4: Puzzles of Coreference: Theme and Variations
• Chapter 5: Concepts, Conceptions in the Psychology of the Referring Mind
• Chapter 6: Representing Representations: The Priority of the De Re
• Chapter 7: The Things We Do With Empty Names Works Cited.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Our words and ideas refer to objects and properties in the external world; this phenomenon is central to thought, language, communication, and science. But great works of fiction are full of names that don't seem to refer to anything! In this book Kenneth A. Taylor explores the myriad of problems that surround the phenomenon of reference. How can words in language and perturbations in our brains come to stand for external objects? Reference is essential to truth, but which is more basic: reference or truth? How can fictional characters play such an important role in imagination and literature, and how does this use of language connect with more mundane uses? Taylor develops a framework for understanding reference, and the theories that other thinkers-past and present-have developed about it. But Taylor doesn't simply tell us what others thought; the book is full of new ideas and analyses, making for a vital final contribution from a seminal philosopher.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Introduction
• Christos Kyriacou & Kevin Wallbridge
• Part I. The Source of Skepticism
• 2. Sceptical Invariantism and the Source of Scepticism Sceptical Invariantism and the Source of Scepticism
• Duncan Pritchard
• 3. Epistemic Standards: Impersonal, not Invariant
• Krista Lawlor
• Part II. Arguments for Infallibilist Skepticism
• 4. A Cumulative Case Argument for Infallibilism
• Nevin Climenhaga
• 5. Skeptical Invariantism, Considered
• Gregory Stoutenburg
• 6. Moderate Pragmatic Skepticism, Moorean Invariantism, and Attributions of Intellectual Virtue/Vice
• Christos Kyriacou
• Part III. Arguments for Fallibilist Skepticism
• 7. In Defense of a Moderate Skeptical Invariantism
• Davide Fassio
• 8. A (Partial) Defence of Moderate Skeptical Invariantism
• Robin McKenna
• 9. Skepticism, Fallibilism, and Rational Evaluation
• Michael Hannon
• 10. Situationism, Implicit Bias, and Skepticism
• Kevin Wallbridge
• Part IV. Wittgensteinian Anti-Skepticism
• 11. "I Know", "I know", "I know." Hinge Epistemology, Invariantism and Skepticism
• Annalisa Coliva
• 12. 'Logical' and 'Epistemic' Uses of 'to Know' or 'Hinges' as Logical Enabling Conditions
• Genia Schoenbaumsfeld
• Part V. Assertion and Knowledge Discourse
• 13. Assertion Compatibilism
• Mona Simion
• 14. Knowledge and Loose Talk
• Alexander Dinges
• 15. Knowledge Claims and the Context of Assessment
• Wayne A. Davis.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This collection of original essays explores the topic of skeptical invariantism in theory of knowledge. It eschews historical perspectives and focuses on this traditionally underexplored, semantic characterization of skepticism. The book provides a carefully structured, state-of-the-art overview of skeptical invariantism and offers up new questions and avenues for future research. It treats this semantic form of skepticism as a serious position rather than assuming that skepticism is false and attempting to diagnose where arguments for skepticism go wrong. The essays take up a wide range of different philosophical perspectives on three key questions in the debate about skeptical invariantism: (1) whether the standards for knowledge vary, (2) how demanding the standards for knowledge are, and (3) whether the kind of evidence, reasons, methods, processes, etc. that we can bring to bear are sufficient to meet those standards. Skeptical Invariantism Reconsidered will be of interest to scholars and advanced students in epistemology and the philosophy of language.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1: We in Korean? Why
• Chapter 2: We in Korean
• Chapter 3: Self in Korean
• Chapter 4: Self as Subject
• Chapter 5: Self in Pre-subjective Relation
• Chapter 6: Self-in-Relation and Pre-subjective We: Mathematical Representation
• Chapter 7: We in Diagrams
• Chapter 8: Primacy of We?
• Chapter 9: Notion of Relation
• Chapter 10: Feelings and Corporeality
• Chapter 11: Collective Memory: Boundary, Place, and Home
• Chapter 12: Epilogue. Violence of the We.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

We and Ouri argues that we-ness should be approached not only from a self-centered or a self-less point of view, in which the we is only either a collection of individuals or an anonymous whole, but should be based on 'relation.' This relation is pre-subjective, meaning that the conscious, reflective, subjective self is not the conceptual basis of the relation. The irreducible metaphysical distinction between self and other is always there, but the awareness of it is not prior to this relation, which is an ontological pre-condition of self. The author argues that the distinction and unity of self and other in this relation can be comprehended spatially by applying knot logic. The author analyzes certain linguistic practices in Korean to show one representation of pre-subjective we-ness in language, but not in an ethnographical manner. By doing so, the author criticizes and challenges the Eurocentric tendency of philosophy and seeks to expand the diversity in philosophy.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Notes on Contributors ix Editors' Introduction xv About the Editors xix Part I Intellectual Foundations 1
• 1 Adorno: A Biographical Sketch 3 Peter E. Gordon
• 2 Adorno's Inaugural Lecture: The Actuality of Philosophy in the Age of Mass Production 21 Roger Foster
• 3 Reading Kierkegaard 35 Marcia Morgan
• 4 Guilt and Mourning: Adorno's Debt to and Critique of Benjamin 51 Alexander Stern
• 5 Adorno and the Second Viennese School 67 Sherry D. Lee Part II Cultural Analysis 85
• 6 The Culture Industry 87 Fred Rush
• 7 Adorno and Horkheimer on Anti-Semitism 103 Fabian Freyenhagen
• 8 Adorno and Jazz 123 Andrew Bowie
• 9 Adorno's Democratic Modernism in America: Leaders and Educators as Political Artists 139 Shannon Mariotti
• 10 Inhuman Methods for an Inhumane World: Adorno's Empirical Social Research, 1938-1950 153 Charles Clavey Part III History and Domination 173
• 11 Adorno and Blumenberg: Nonconceptuality and the Bilderverbot 175 Martin Jay
• 12 Philosophy of History 193 Iain Macdonald
• 13 The Anthropology in Dialectic of Enlightenment 207 Pierre-Francois Noppen
• 14 Adorno's Reception of Weber and Lukacs 221 Michael J. Thompson
• 15 Adorno's Aesthetic Model of Social Critique 237 Andrew Huddleston
• 16 The Critique of the Enlightenment 251 Martin Shuster Part IV Social Theory and Empirical Inquiry 271
• 17 "Nothing is True Except the Exaggerations:" The Legacy of the Authoritarian Personality 273 David Jenemann
• 18 Exposing Antagonisms: Adorno on the Possibilities of Sociology 287 Matthias Benzer and Juljan Krause
• 19 Adorno and Marx 303 Peter Osborne
• 20 Adorno's Three Contributions to a Theory of Mass Psychology and Why They Matter 321 Eli Zaretsky
• 21 Adorno and Postwar German Society 335 Jakob Norberg Part V Aesthetics 349
• 22 Aesthetic Autonomy 351 Owen Hulatt
• 23 Adorno and Literary Criticism 365 Henry W. Pickford
• 24 Adorno as a Modernist Writer 383 Richard Eldridge
• 25 Adorno's Aesthetic Theory 397 Eva Geulen
• 26 Aesthetic Theory as Social Theory 413 Peter Uwe Hohendahl
• 27 Adorno, Music, and the Ineffable 427 Michael Gallope
• 28 Adorno and Opera 443 Richard Leppert Part VI Negative Dialectics 457
• 29 What is Negative Dialectics?: Adorno's Reevaluation of Hegel 459 Terry Pinkard
• 30 Adorno's Critique of Heidegger 473 Espen Hammer
• 31 Concept and Object: Adorno's Critique of Kant 487 J. M. Bernstein
• 32 Critique and Disappointment: Negative Dialectics as Late Philosophy 503 Max Pensky
• 33 Negative Dialectics and Philosophical Truth 519 Brian O'Connor
• 34 Adorno and Scholem: The Heretical Redemption of Metaphysics 531 Asaf Angermann
• 35 Adorno's Concept of Metaphysical Experience 549 Peter E. Gordon Part VII Ethics and Politics 565
• 36 After Auschwitz 567 Christian Skirke
• 37 Forever Resistant? Adorno and Radical Transformation of Society 583 Maeve Cooke
• 38 Adorno's Materialist Ethic of Love 601 Kathy J. Kiloh
• 39 Adorno's Metaphysics of Moral Solidarity in the Moment of its Fall 615 James Gordon Finlayson Index 631.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

A definitive contribution to scholarship on Adorno, bringing together the foremost experts in the field As one of the leading continental philosophers of the last century, and one of the pioneering members of the Frankfurt School, Theodor W. Adorno is the author of numerous influential-and at times quite radical-works on diverse topics in aesthetics, social theory, moral philosophy, and the history of modern philosophy, all of which concern the contradictions of modern society and its relation to human suffering and the human condition. Having authored substantial contributions to critical theory which contain searching critiques of the 'culture industry' and the 'identity thinking' of modern Western society, Adorno helped establish an interdisciplinary but philosophically rigorous study of culture and provided some of the most startling and revolutionary critiques of Western society to date. The Blackwell Companion to Adorno is the largest collection of essays by Adorno specialists ever gathered in a single volume. Part of the acclaimed Blackwell Companions to Philosophy series, this important contribution to the field explores Adorno's lasting impact on many sub-fields of philosophy. Seven sections, encompassing a diverse range of topics and perspectives, explore Adorno's intellectual foundations, his critiques of culture, his views on ethics and politics, and his analyses of history and domination. Provides new research and fresh perspectives on Adorno's views and writings Offers an authoritative, single-volume resource for Adorno scholarship Addresses renewed interest in Adorno's significance to contemporary questions in philosophy Presents over 40 essays written by international-recognized experts in the field A singular advancement in Adorno scholarship, the Companion to Adorno is an indispensable resource for Adorno specialists and anyone working in modern European philosophy, contemporary cultural criticism, social theory, German history, and aesthetics.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface and Acknowledgments viii
• Contributors ix
• Introduction: Rorty's Approach to Philosophy: Time for Reassessment 1 Alan Malachowski
• Prologue 9
• 1 Reading Rorty: A Sketch of a Plan 11 Danielle Macbeth
• Part I Early Developments 25
• 2 Was Rorty an Eliminative Materialist? 27 William Ramsey
• 3 Rorty's Philosophy of Consciousness 43 James Tartaglia
• 4 Rorty and Transcendental Arguments 59 Neil Gascoigne
• Part II Texts 79
• 5 Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature 81 James Tartaglia
• 6 The Uses of Philosophy after the Collapse of Metaphysics: Ironism and Liberalism in Rorty's Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity 100 Colin Koopman
• 7 Rhetoric Between Philosophy and Poetry: Rorty as Essayist 119 William M. Curtis
• 8 Rorty's Inspirational Liberalism 135 Richard J. Bernstein
• Part III Themes 147
• 9 Are Pragmatists About Truth True Democrats? 149 Pascal Engel
• 10 Richard Rorty and (the End of) Metaphysics (?) 163 David Macarthur
• 11 Rorty, Pragmatism, and Ethics: The Value of Hope 178 Marjorie C. Miller
• 12 The Center and Circumference of Knowledge: Rorty on Pragmatism and Romanticism 194 Isaac Nevo
• 13 Rorty and Analytic Philosophy 211 Gary Gutting
• 14 Speculative Pragmatism: Richard Rorty and the Hyperboles of Philosophy 229 Paul Trembath
• Part IV Appropriations 251
• 15 Rorty on Hegel on the Mind in History 253 Paul Redding
• 16 Rorty and the Mirror of Nietzsche 268 Steven Michels
• 17 The Truth of Being and the History of Philosophy 281 Mark Okrent
• 18 Rorty's Romantic Polytheism: The Influence of William James 297 Carol Nicholson
• 19 Inconvenient Conversational Partners: Rorty and Freud 312 Alan Malachowski
• 20 Rorty and Dewey 335 David L. Hildebrand
• 21 Common Understanding Without Uncommon Certainty: Rorty's Wittgenstein Revisited 357 Alan Malachowski
• 22 Rorty, Davidson, and Representation 370 Steven Levine
• 23 The Rorty-Habermas Debate: A Critical Appraisal 395 Anton A. van Niekerk
• Part V Culture, Politics, and Religion 411
• 24 Rorty and Literature 413 Serge Grigoriev
• 25 The Contested Marriage of Rorty and Feminism 427 Elizabeth Sperry
• 26 Rorty and Religion: Beyond the Culture Wars? 444 Molly B. Farneth
• 27 Rorty's Philosophy of Religion 456 Emil Visn?ovsky
• 28 Rorty and the Intellectual Culture of Central Europe 467 Emil Visn?ovsky, Alexander Kremer, and Krzysztof Piotr Skowro?ski
• 29 Rorty and Nihilism 482 Tracy Llanera
• 30 Rorty's Ethics of Responsibility 490 Christopher J. Voparil
• Part VI Coda 505
• 31 Poetry as (a Kind of) Philosophy: For Richard Rorty 507 Christopher Norris
• Internet Resources 528
• Index 529.
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A groundbreaking reference work on the revolutionary philosophy and intellectual legacy of Richard Rorty A provocative and often controversial thinker, Richard Rorty and his ideas have been the subject of renewed interest to philosophers working in epistemology, metaphysics, analytic philosophy, and the history of philosophy. Having called for philosophers to abandon representationalist accounts of knowledge and language, Rorty introduced radical and challenging concepts to modern philosophy, generating divisive debate through the new form of American pragmatism which he advocated and the renunciation of traditional epistemology which he espoused. However, while Rorty has been one of the most widely-discussed figures in modern philosophy, few volumes have dealt directly with the expansive reach of his thought or its implications for the fields of philosophy in which he worked. The Blackwell Companion to Rorty is a collection of essays by prominent scholars which provide close, and long-overdue, examination of Rorty's groundbreaking work. Divided into five parts, this volumecovers the major intellectual movements of Rorty's career from his early work on consciousness and transcendental arguments, to the lasting impacts of his major writings, to his approach to pragmatism and his controversial appropriations from other philosophers, and finally to his later work in culture, politics, and ethics. Offers a comprehensive, balanced, and insightful account of Rorty's approach to philosophy Provides an assessment of Rorty's more controversial thoughts and his standing as an "anti-philosopher's philosopher" Contains new and original exploration of Rorty's thinking from leading scholars and philosophers Includes new perspectives on topics such as Rorty's influence in Central Europe Despite the relevance of Rorty's work for the wider community of philosophers and for those working in fields such as international relations, legal and political theory, sociology, and feminist studies, the secondary literature surrounding Rorty's work and legacy is limited. A Companion to Rorty address this absence, providinga comprehensive resource for philosophers and general readers.
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• Contributors Acknowledgments
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Dretskean Externalism about Knowledge
• 3. Representation and Possibility
• 4. Three Dogmas of Internalism
• 5. Perceptual Activity and the Object of Perception Bibliography of Fred Dretske's Publications Index.
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Information and Mind explores questions of consciousness that Fred Dretske addressed in his philosophical career. Ranging from one of the earliest problems Dretske analyzed-the nature of seeing an object-to epistemological issues that he began working on mid-career, to matters he focused on in later years, including information, mental representation, and conscious experience, this volume investigates and engages with a spectrum of his prolific works. These papers, written by former colleagues and students from the University of Wisconsin and Stanford University, were inspired by talks given at the Center for the Explanation of Consciousness at Stanford in 2015 to celebrate Dretske's life and work. In addition to scholarly essays, the authors also recount stories of personal interactions with Dretske that transformed their views or changed their professional trajectory. A bibliography of Dretske's publications rounds out the volume. This generous volume includes contributions by Fred Adams, John A. Barker, John Perry, Paul Skokowski, and Dennis Stampe.
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• 1: Introduction
• 2: Bootstrapping
• 3: Scope
• 4: Normativity I
• 5: Normativity II
• 6: Belief
• 7: Intention
• 8: Conclusion.
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Rationality requires that we intend the means that we believe are necessary for achieving our ends. Instrumental Rationality explores the formulation and status of this requirement of means-ends coherence. In particular, it is concerned with understanding what means-ends coherence requires of us as believers and agents, and why. Means-ends coherence is a genuine requirement of rationality and cannot be explained away as a myth, confused with a disjunction of requirements to have, or not have, specific attitudes. Nor is means-ends coherence strongly normative, such that we always ought to be means-ends coherent. A promising strategy for assessing why this requirement should exist is to consider the constitutive aim of intention. Just as belief has a constitutive aim (truth) that can explain some of the theoretical requirements of consistency and coherence governing beliefs, intention has a constitutive aim (here called "controlled action") that can explain some of the requirements of consistency and coherence governing intentions. We can therefore better understand means-ends coherence by understanding the constitutive aims of both of the attitudes governed by the requirement, intention, and belief.
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• Chapter 1. Minimal Cooperation and Shared Agency (Anika Fiebich).- Part I. Minimal Cooperation.-
• Chapter 2. What is Minimally Cooperative Behaviour? (Kirk Ludwig).-
• Chapter 3. Social Groups, Roles, and Cooperation (Katherine Ritchie).-
• Chapter 4. Conversation, Context, and Joint Action (Shaun Gallagher).-
• Chapter 5. Towards a Blueprint for a Social Animal (Stephen Butterfill).-
• Chapter 6. Natural Intersubjectivity and Minimal Cooperation (Michael Wilby).-
• Chapter 7. Emerging Joint Actions (Cedric Paternotte).- Part II. Minimal Shared Agency.-
• Chapter 8. Shared Intention: If It Is "lite", Then It Is Dark (Thomas Smith).-
• Chapter 9. What do We Experience of Actions When We Act Together With a Purpose? (Corrado Sinigaglia).-
• Chapter 10. Shared Agency and the Cooperative Evolutionary Thesis (Glenda Satne).-
• Chapter 11. Group Metamemory: Does Collaborative Remembering Imply Group Metacognition? (Santiago Arango-Munoz).-
• Chapter 12. Proprietary Reasons and Shared Agency (Abraham Roth).-
• Chapter 13. The Cognitive Basis of Institutions (Francesco Guala). .
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This volume examines minimality in cooperation and shared agency from various angles. It features essays written by top scholars in the philosophy of mind and action. Taken together, the essays provide a genuine contribution to the contemporary joint action debate. The main accounts in this debate present sufficient rather than necessary or minimal criteria for there to be cooperation. Much discussion in the debate deals with robust rather than more attenuate and simple cases of cooperation or shared agency. Focusing on such minimal cases, however, may help to explain how cooperation comes into existence and how minimal cooperation interrelates with more complex cases of cooperation. The contributors discuss minimality in cooperation by focusing on particular aspects. For example, they consider how social roles might deliver minimal cooperation constraints or what the minimal contextual criteria are for cooperation to emerge. Readers will find the answers to these and other questions: What is minimally cooperative behavior? By what steps could full members of a society organized by conventions, norms and institutions be constructed from creatures with minimal social skills and cognitive abilities? What do we experience of actions when we act together with a purpose?
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Claims about what is metaphysically necessary or possible have long played a central role in metaphysics and other areas of philosophy. Such claims are traditionally thought of as aiming to describe a special kind of modal fact or property, or perhaps facts about other possible worlds. But that assumption leads to difficult ontological, epistemological, and methodological puzzles. Should we accept that there are modal facts or properties, or other possible worlds? If so, what could these things be? How could we come to know what the modal facts or properties are? How can we resolve philosophical debates about what is metaphysically necessary or possible? Norms and Necessity develops a new approach to understanding our claims about metaphysical possibility and necessity: Modal Normativism. The Normativist rejects the assumption that modal claims aim to describe modal features or possible worlds, arguing instead that they serve as useful ways of conveying, reasoning with, and renegotiating semantic rules and their consequences. By dropping the descriptivist assumption, the Normativist is able to unravel the notorious ontological problems of modality, and provide a clear and plausible story about how we can come to know what is metaphysically necessary or possible. Most importantly, this approach helps demystify philosophical methodology. It reveals that resolving metaphysical modal questions does not require a special form of philosophical insight or intuition. Instead, it requires nothing more mysterious than empirical knowledge, conceptual mastery, and an ability to explicitly convey and renegotiate semantic rules.
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• 1: Guided Tour
• 2: The Bayesian Model (Probabilism)
• 3: The Bayesian Theory of States: Critical Discussion
• 4: The Bayesian Transition Theory: Critical Discussion
• 5: The Belief Model (AGM)
• 6: Critical Discussion of the Belief Model
• 7: Conditional Commitment and the Ramsey Test
• 8: Puzzling about Epistemic Attitudes
• 9: Belief-First Epistemology
• 10: Credence-First Epistemology: Strengths and Challenges
• 11: Force-Based Attitudes
• 12: Force-Based Confidence at Work
• 13: Inference and Rationality.
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Scott Sturgeon presents an original account of mental states and their dynamics. He develops a detailed story of coarse- and fine-grained mental states, a novel perspective on how they fit together, an engaging theory of the rational transitions between them, and a fresh view of how formal methods can advance our understanding in this area. In doing so, he addresses a deep four-way divide in literature on epistemic rationality. Formal epistemology is done in specialized languages-often seeming a lot more like mathematics than Plato-and so can alienate philosophers who are drawn to more traditional work on thought experiments in epistemic rationality. Conversely, informal epistemology appears to be a lot more like Plato than mathematics and, as such, it tends to deter philosophers drawn to formal models of the phenomena. Similarly, the epistemology of coarse-grained states boils down everything to a discussion of rational belief-making the area appear a lot more like foundations of knowledge than anything useful for the theory rational decision, such as decision-making under uncertainty. The Rational Mind unifies work in all of these areas for the first time.
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• I. Background. In search of human uniqueness ; Evolutionary foundations
• II. The ontogeny of uniquely human cognition. Social cognition ; Communication ; Cultural learning ; Cooperative thinking
• III. The ontogeny of uniquely human sociality. Collaboration ; Prosociality ; Social norms ; Moral identity
• IV. Conclusion. A neo-Vygotskian theory ; The power of shared agency.

A radical reconsideration of how we develop the qualities that make us human, based on decades of cutting-edge experimental work by the former director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Virtually all theories of how humans have become such a distinctive species focus on evolution. Here, Michael Tomasello proposes a complementary theory of human uniqueness, focused on development. Building on the seminal ideas of Vygotsky, his data-driven model explains how those things that make us most human are constructed during the first years of a child's life. Tomasello assembles nearly three decades of experimental work with chimpanzees, bonobos, and human children to propose a new framework for psychological growth between birth and seven years of age. He identifies eight pathways that starkly differentiate humans from their closest primate relatives: social cognition, communication, cultural learning, cooperative thinking, collaboration, prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. In each of these, great apes possess rudimentary abilities. But then, Tomasello argues, the maturation of humans' evolved capacities for shared intentionality transform these abilities-through the new forms of sociocultural interaction they enable-into uniquely human cognition and sociality. The first step occurs around nine months, with the emergence of joint intentionality, exercised mostly with caregiving adults. The second step occurs around three years, with the emergence of collective intentionality involving both authoritative adults, who convey cultural knowledge, and coequal peers, who elicit collaboration and communication. Finally, by age six or seven, children become responsible for self-regulating their beliefs and actions so that they comport with cultural norms. Becoming Human places human sociocultural activity within the framework of modern evolutionary theory, and shows how biology creates the conditions under which culture does its work.
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• Notes on Contributors viii
• Acknowledgments xii
• Introduction 1 Graham Oppy
• Part I Individual Thinkers 13
• 1 Hume 15 Jennifer Smalligan Marusic?
• 2 Holbach 28 Michael LeBuffe and Emilie Gourdon
• 3 Marx 43 Vanessa Wills
• 4 Wollstonecraft 58 Sandrine Berges
• 5 Cady Stanton 71 Claudette Fillard
• 6 Russell 83 Carolyn Swanson
• Part II Philosophical Movements 97
• 7 Empiricism 99 Gregory Dawes
• 8 Pragmatism 111 Robert Almeder
• 9 Existentialism 123 Mariam Thalos
• 10 Postmodernism 138 Christopher Watkin
• 11 Naturalism 152 Eric Steinhart
• Part III Critiques of Theism 167
• 12 Logical Objections to Theism 169 Stephen Law
• 13 Evidential Objections to Theism 191 Herman Philipse
• 14 Normative Objections to Theism 204 Stephen Maitzen
• 15 Prudential Objections to Theism 216 Guy Kahane
• Part IV Metaphysics 235
• 16 Freedom 237 Alfred Mele
• 17 Supernatural 250 Berit Brogaard
• 18 Death 262 Beth Seacord
• Part V Epistemology 275
• 19 Skepticism 277 Duncan Pritchard
• 20 Methods of Science 291 Elliott Sober
• 21 Evidence 303 Michael Tooley
• 22 Evolution 323 Michael Ruse
• Part VI Ethics 341
• 23 Meta-Ethics 343 Elizabeth Tropman
• 24 Meaning 355 Thaddeus Metz
• 25 Normative Skepticism 367 Susana Nuccetelli
• Part VII Politics 381
• 26 Education 383 Jennifer Bleazby
• 27 Happiness 396 Gregory S. Paul
• 28 Violence 421 Steve Clarke
• 29 Church and State 436 Cristina Lafont
• Part VIII Critiques of Atheism 449
• 30 Logical Objections to Atheism 451 Christopher Gregory Weaver
• 31 Evidential Objections to Atheism 476 Helen De Cruz
• 32 Normative Objections to Atheism 491 C. Stephen Evans
• 33 Prudential Objections to Atheism 506 Amanda Askell
• Bibliography 521
• Index 565.
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Philosophers throughout history have debated the existence of gods, but it is only in recent years that the absence of such a belief has become a significant topic of philosophical analysis, in particular for philosophers of religion. Although it is difficult to trace the historical contours of atheism as the lack of belief in a higher power, the reasoned, reflective, and thoughtful rejection of theism has become commonplace in many modern intellectual circles, including academic philosophy where disciplinary data indicates that a large majority of philosophers self-identify as atheists. As the first book of its kind to bring together a collection of writing on the philosophical aspects of atheism both historical and contemporary, the Companion to Atheism and Philosophy stages an explicit, constructive, and comprehensive conversation between philosophy and atheism to examine the ways in which atheist thought intersects with ideas and positions from a variety of philosophical and theological sub-disciplines. The Companion begins by addressing the foundational questions and lingering controversies which underpin philosophical thought about atheism, exploring the implications of major developments in the history of philosophy for the modern atheistic worldview. Divided into eight distinct sections, essays consider a range of thinkers who were widely believed to have been atheists--including David Hume, Mary Wollstonecraft, Karl Marx, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton--and survey different kinds of objections to theism and atheism, including logical, evidential, normative, and prudential. Later chapters trace the relationship between atheism and metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy oriented around topics such as pragmatism, postmodernism, freedom, education, violence, and happiness. Deftly curated and thoughtfully composed, A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy is the most ambitious and authoritative account of philosophical thinking on atheism available, and is a first-rate resource for academics, professionals, and students of philosophy, religious studies, and theology.
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• Notes on Contributors ix
• Preface xiii
• Chronology of Nineteenth-Century Philosophers xv
• Timeline of Philosophers xvi
• Introduction 1 John Shand
• 1 Transcendental Idealism: Kant 20 John J. Callanan
• 2 Theory of Science: Fichte, Schelling 55 Gabriel Gottlieb
• 3 Absolute Idealism: Hegel 83 Sebastian Stein
• 4 The World as Will and Representation: Schopenhauer 117 Mary S. Troxell
• 5 Historicizing Naturalism: Mill, Comte 140 Christopher Macleod
• 6 The Single Individual is Higher than the Universal: Kierkegaard 160 Karl Aho and C. Stephen Evans
• 7 The Rise of Liberal Utilitarianism: Bentham, Mill 185 Piers Norris Turner
• 8 Critique of Religion: Strauss, Feuerbach, Marx 212 Todd Gooch
• 9 Historical Materialism: Marx 236 Jan Kandiyali
• 10 Philosophy and Historical Meaning: Schleiermacher, Dilthey 261 Benjamin D. Crowe
• 11 Late Utilitarian Moral Theory and Its Development: Sidgwick, Moore 281 Anthony Skelton
• 12 American Pragmatism: Peirce, James 311 Douglas McDermid
• 13 The Value of Our Values: Nietzsche 339 Andrew Huddleston
• 14 British Idealism: Green, Bradley, McTaggart 365 James Connelly and Giuseppina D'Oro
• 15 Neo?Kantianism: Marburg, Southwest Schools 389 Evan Clarke
• 16 The Origins of Phenomenology in Austro?German Philosophy: Brentano, Husserl 418 Guillaume Frechette
• 17 New Logic and the Seeds of Analytic Philosophy: Boole, Frege 454 Kevin C. Klement
• 18 Time, Memory and Creativity: Bergson 480 Michael R. Kelly
• Index 506.
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Investigate the challenging and nuanced philosophy of the long nineteenth century from Kant to Bergson Philosophy in the nineteenth century was characterized by new ways of thinking, a desperate searching for new truths. As science, art, and religion were transformed by social pressures and changing worldviews, old certainties fell away, leaving many with a terrifying sense of loss and a realization that our view of things needed to be profoundly rethought. The Blackwell Companion to Nineteenth-Century Philosophy covers the developments, setbacks, upsets, and evolutions in the varied philosophy of the nineteenth century, beginning with an examination of Kant's Transcendental Idealism, instrumental in the fundamental philosophical shifts that marked the beginning of this new and radical age in the history of philosophy. Guiding readers chronologically and thematically through the progression of nineteenth-century thinking, this guide emphasizes clear explanation and analysis of the core ideas of nineteenth-century philosophy in an historically transitional period. It covers the most important philosophers of the era, including Hegel, Fichte, Schopenhauer, Mill, Kierkegaard, Marx, Nietzsche, Bradley, and philosophers whose work manifests the transition from the nineteenth century into the modern era, such as Sidgwick, Peirce, Husserl, Frege and Bergson. The study of nineteenth-century philosophy offers us insight into the origin and creation of the modern era. In this volume, readers will have access to a thorough and clear understanding of philosophy that shaped our world.
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