• I. Background. In search of human uniqueness ; Evolutionary foundations
• II. The ontogeny of uniquely human cognition. Social cognition ; Communication ; Cultural learning ; Cooperative thinking
• III. The ontogeny of uniquely human sociality. Collaboration ; Prosociality ; Social norms ; Moral identity
• IV. Conclusion. A neo-Vygotskian theory ; The power of shared agency.

A radical reconsideration of how we develop the qualities that make us human, based on decades of cutting-edge experimental work by the former director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Virtually all theories of how humans have become such a distinctive species focus on evolution. Here, Michael Tomasello proposes a complementary theory of human uniqueness, focused on development. Building on the seminal ideas of Vygotsky, his data-driven model explains how those things that make us most human are constructed during the first years of a child's life. Tomasello assembles nearly three decades of experimental work with chimpanzees, bonobos, and human children to propose a new framework for psychological growth between birth and seven years of age. He identifies eight pathways that starkly differentiate humans from their closest primate relatives: social cognition, communication, cultural learning, cooperative thinking, collaboration, prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. In each of these, great apes possess rudimentary abilities. But then, Tomasello argues, the maturation of humans' evolved capacities for shared intentionality transform these abilities-through the new forms of sociocultural interaction they enable-into uniquely human cognition and sociality. The first step occurs around nine months, with the emergence of joint intentionality, exercised mostly with caregiving adults. The second step occurs around three years, with the emergence of collective intentionality involving both authoritative adults, who convey cultural knowledge, and coequal peers, who elicit collaboration and communication. Finally, by age six or seven, children become responsible for self-regulating their beliefs and actions so that they comport with cultural norms. Becoming Human places human sociocultural activity within the framework of modern evolutionary theory, and shows how biology creates the conditions under which culture does its work.
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• Notes on Contributors viii
• Acknowledgments xii
• Introduction 1 Graham Oppy
• Part I Individual Thinkers 13
• 1 Hume 15 Jennifer Smalligan Marusic?
• 2 Holbach 28 Michael LeBuffe and Emilie Gourdon
• 3 Marx 43 Vanessa Wills
• 4 Wollstonecraft 58 Sandrine Berges
• 5 Cady Stanton 71 Claudette Fillard
• 6 Russell 83 Carolyn Swanson
• Part II Philosophical Movements 97
• 7 Empiricism 99 Gregory Dawes
• 8 Pragmatism 111 Robert Almeder
• 9 Existentialism 123 Mariam Thalos
• 10 Postmodernism 138 Christopher Watkin
• 11 Naturalism 152 Eric Steinhart
• Part III Critiques of Theism 167
• 12 Logical Objections to Theism 169 Stephen Law
• 13 Evidential Objections to Theism 191 Herman Philipse
• 14 Normative Objections to Theism 204 Stephen Maitzen
• 15 Prudential Objections to Theism 216 Guy Kahane
• Part IV Metaphysics 235
• 16 Freedom 237 Alfred Mele
• 17 Supernatural 250 Berit Brogaard
• 18 Death 262 Beth Seacord
• Part V Epistemology 275
• 19 Skepticism 277 Duncan Pritchard
• 20 Methods of Science 291 Elliott Sober
• 21 Evidence 303 Michael Tooley
• 22 Evolution 323 Michael Ruse
• Part VI Ethics 341
• 23 Meta-Ethics 343 Elizabeth Tropman
• 24 Meaning 355 Thaddeus Metz
• 25 Normative Skepticism 367 Susana Nuccetelli
• Part VII Politics 381
• 26 Education 383 Jennifer Bleazby
• 27 Happiness 396 Gregory S. Paul
• 28 Violence 421 Steve Clarke
• 29 Church and State 436 Cristina Lafont
• Part VIII Critiques of Atheism 449
• 30 Logical Objections to Atheism 451 Christopher Gregory Weaver
• 31 Evidential Objections to Atheism 476 Helen De Cruz
• 32 Normative Objections to Atheism 491 C. Stephen Evans
• 33 Prudential Objections to Atheism 506 Amanda Askell
• Bibliography 521
• Index 565.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Philosophers throughout history have debated the existence of gods, but it is only in recent years that the absence of such a belief has become a significant topic of philosophical analysis, in particular for philosophers of religion. Although it is difficult to trace the historical contours of atheism as the lack of belief in a higher power, the reasoned, reflective, and thoughtful rejection of theism has become commonplace in many modern intellectual circles, including academic philosophy where disciplinary data indicates that a large majority of philosophers self-identify as atheists. As the first book of its kind to bring together a collection of writing on the philosophical aspects of atheism both historical and contemporary, the Companion to Atheism and Philosophy stages an explicit, constructive, and comprehensive conversation between philosophy and atheism to examine the ways in which atheist thought intersects with ideas and positions from a variety of philosophical and theological sub-disciplines. The Companion begins by addressing the foundational questions and lingering controversies which underpin philosophical thought about atheism, exploring the implications of major developments in the history of philosophy for the modern atheistic worldview. Divided into eight distinct sections, essays consider a range of thinkers who were widely believed to have been atheists--including David Hume, Mary Wollstonecraft, Karl Marx, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton--and survey different kinds of objections to theism and atheism, including logical, evidential, normative, and prudential. Later chapters trace the relationship between atheism and metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy oriented around topics such as pragmatism, postmodernism, freedom, education, violence, and happiness. Deftly curated and thoughtfully composed, A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy is the most ambitious and authoritative account of philosophical thinking on atheism available, and is a first-rate resource for academics, professionals, and students of philosophy, religious studies, and theology.
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• Notes on Contributors ix
• Preface xiii
• Chronology of Nineteenth-Century Philosophers xv
• Timeline of Philosophers xvi
• Introduction 1 John Shand
• 1 Transcendental Idealism: Kant 20 John J. Callanan
• 2 Theory of Science: Fichte, Schelling 55 Gabriel Gottlieb
• 3 Absolute Idealism: Hegel 83 Sebastian Stein
• 4 The World as Will and Representation: Schopenhauer 117 Mary S. Troxell
• 5 Historicizing Naturalism: Mill, Comte 140 Christopher Macleod
• 6 The Single Individual is Higher than the Universal: Kierkegaard 160 Karl Aho and C. Stephen Evans
• 7 The Rise of Liberal Utilitarianism: Bentham, Mill 185 Piers Norris Turner
• 8 Critique of Religion: Strauss, Feuerbach, Marx 212 Todd Gooch
• 9 Historical Materialism: Marx 236 Jan Kandiyali
• 10 Philosophy and Historical Meaning: Schleiermacher, Dilthey 261 Benjamin D. Crowe
• 11 Late Utilitarian Moral Theory and Its Development: Sidgwick, Moore 281 Anthony Skelton
• 12 American Pragmatism: Peirce, James 311 Douglas McDermid
• 13 The Value of Our Values: Nietzsche 339 Andrew Huddleston
• 14 British Idealism: Green, Bradley, McTaggart 365 James Connelly and Giuseppina D'Oro
• 15 Neo?Kantianism: Marburg, Southwest Schools 389 Evan Clarke
• 16 The Origins of Phenomenology in Austro?German Philosophy: Brentano, Husserl 418 Guillaume Frechette
• 17 New Logic and the Seeds of Analytic Philosophy: Boole, Frege 454 Kevin C. Klement
• 18 Time, Memory and Creativity: Bergson 480 Michael R. Kelly
• Index 506.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Investigate the challenging and nuanced philosophy of the long nineteenth century from Kant to Bergson Philosophy in the nineteenth century was characterized by new ways of thinking, a desperate searching for new truths. As science, art, and religion were transformed by social pressures and changing worldviews, old certainties fell away, leaving many with a terrifying sense of loss and a realization that our view of things needed to be profoundly rethought. The Blackwell Companion to Nineteenth-Century Philosophy covers the developments, setbacks, upsets, and evolutions in the varied philosophy of the nineteenth century, beginning with an examination of Kant's Transcendental Idealism, instrumental in the fundamental philosophical shifts that marked the beginning of this new and radical age in the history of philosophy. Guiding readers chronologically and thematically through the progression of nineteenth-century thinking, this guide emphasizes clear explanation and analysis of the core ideas of nineteenth-century philosophy in an historically transitional period. It covers the most important philosophers of the era, including Hegel, Fichte, Schopenhauer, Mill, Kierkegaard, Marx, Nietzsche, Bradley, and philosophers whose work manifests the transition from the nineteenth century into the modern era, such as Sidgwick, Peirce, Husserl, Frege and Bergson. The study of nineteenth-century philosophy offers us insight into the origin and creation of the modern era. In this volume, readers will have access to a thorough and clear understanding of philosophy that shaped our world.
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• List of contributors Acknowledgments Introduction David Plunkett, Scott Shapiro, and Kevin Toh
• 1. Peter Railton, University of Michigan 'We'll see you in court!': The Rule of Law as an Explanatory and Normative Kind
• 2. Nicholas Southwood, Australian National University Law as Conventional Norms
• 3. David Copp, University of California, Davis Legal Teleology: A Naturalist Account of the Normativity of Law
• 4. David Enoch, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Is General Jurisprudence Interesting?
• 5. Kathyrn Lindeman, Saint Louis University Legal Metanormativity: Lessons for and from Constitutivist Accounts in the Philosophy of Law
• 6. David Plunkett, Dartmouth College Robust Normativity, Morality, and Legal Positivism
• 7. Mitchell Berman, University of Pennsylvania Of Law and Other Artificial Normative Systems
• 8. George Letsas, University College London Law's Full-Blooded Normativity
• 9. Stephen Finlay, University of Southern California Defining Normativity
• 10. Kevin Toh, University College London Legal Philosophy a la carte
• 11. Brian Leiter, University of Chicago Theoretical Disagreements in Law: Another Look
• 12. Teresa Marques, Logos / University of Barcelona Hybrid Dispositionalism and the Law
• 13. Alex Silk, University of Birmingham Normativity in Language and Law
• 14. Katharina Nieswandt, Concordia University Authority and Interest in the Theory of Right
• 15. Luis Duarte d'Almeida, University of Edinburgh On the Legal Syllogism
• 16. Sam Shpall, University of Sydney Dworkin's Literary Analogy
• 17. Connie Rosati, University of Arizona Constitutional Realism Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Understood one way, the branch of contemporary philosophical ethics that goes by the label "metaethics" concerns certain second-order questions about ethics-questions not in ethics, but rather ones about our thought and talk about ethics, and how the ethical facts (insofar as there are any) fit into reality. Analogously, the branch of contemporary philosophy of law that is often called "general jurisprudence" deals with certain second order questions about law- questions not in the law, but rather ones about our thought and talk about the law, and how legal facts (insofar as there are any) fit into reality. Put more roughly (and using an alternative spatial metaphor), metaethics concerns a range of foundational questions about ethics, whereas general jurisprudence concerns analogous questions about law. As these characterizations suggest, the two sub-disciplines have much in common, and could be thought to run parallel to each other. Yet, the connections between the two are currently mostly ignored by philosophers, or at least under-scrutinized. The new essays collected in this book are aimed at changing this state of affairs. Dimensions of Normativity collects together works by metaethicists and legal philosophers that address a number of issues that are of common interest, with the goal of accomplishing a new rapprochement between the two sub-disciplines.
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• Philip A. Ebert and Marcus Rossberg: Foreword
• 1: Richard Kimberly Heck: The Basic Laws of Cardinal Number
• 2: Patricia Blanchette: Axioms in Frege
• 3: Walter B. Pedriali: When Logic Gives Out: Frege on Basic Logical Laws
• 4: Oystein Linnebo: The Context Principle in Frege's Grundgesetze
• 5: Joan Weiner: Why Does Frege Care Whether Julius Caesar is a Numbera
• Section 10 of Basic Laws and the Context Principle
• 6: Kevin C. Klement: Grundgesetze and the Sense/Reference Distinction
• 7: Peter Simons: Double Value-Ranges
• 8: Robert C. May and Kai F. Wehmeier: The Proof of Hume's Principle
• 9: William Stirton: Frege's Theorems on Simple Series
• 10: Jamie Tappenden: Infinitesimals, Magnitudes, and Definition in Frege
• 11: Erich H. Reck: Frege's Relation to Dedekind: Basic Laws and Beyond
• 12: Michael Hallett: Frege on Creation
• 13: Philip A. Ebert and Marcus Rossberg: Mathematical Creation in Frege's Grundgesetze
• 14: Eric Snyder and Stewart Shapiro: Frege on the Real Numbers
• 15: Roy T. Cook: Frege's Little Theorem and Frege's Way Out
• 16: Crispin Wright: How did the serpent of inconsistency enter Frege's paradise?
• 17: Matthias Schirn: Second-Order Abstraction Before and After Russell's Paradox
• 18: Richard Kimberly Heck: Formal Arithmetic Before Grundgesetze
• 19: Michael Kremer: Definitions in Begriffsschrift and Grundgesetze
• 20: Michael Beaney: A Brief History of English Translations of Frege's Writings
• 21: Michael Beaney: Translating 'Bedeutung' in Frege's Writings: A Case Study and Cautionary Tale in the History and Philosophy of Translation
• 22: Philip A. Ebert and Marcus Rossberg: Contemporary Reviews of Frege's Grundgesetze.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The volume is the first collection of essays that focuses on Gottlob Frege's Basic Laws of Arithmetic (1893/1903), highlighting both the technical and the philosophical richness of Frege's magnum opus. It brings together twenty-two renowned Frege scholars whose contributions discuss a wide range of topics arising from both volumes of Basic Laws of Arithmetic. The original chapters in this volume make vivid the importance and originality of Frege's masterpiece, not just for Frege scholars but for the study of the history of logic, mathematics, and philosophy.
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• Mattias Skipper and Asbjorn Steglich-Petersen: Introduction
• 1: David Christensen: Formulating Independence
• 2: Kevin Dorst: Higher-Order Uncertainty
• 3: Anna-Maria A. Eder and Peter Broessel: Evidence of Evidence as Higher-Order Evidence
• 4: Daniel Greco: Fragmentation and Higher-Order Evidence
• 5: Sophie Horowitz: Predictably Misleading Evidence
• 6: Klemens Kappel: Escaping the Akratic Trilemma
• 7: Maria Lasonen-Aarnio: Higher-Order Defeat and Evincibility
• 8: Ram Neta: The Puzzles of Easy Knowledge and of Higher-Order Evidence: A Unified Solution
• 9: Mattias Skipper: Higher-Order Defeat and the Impossibility of Self-Misleading Evidence
• 10: Asbjorn Steglich-Petersen: Higher-Order Defeat and Doxastic Resilience
• 11: Michael G. Titelbaum: Return to Reason
• 12: Daniel Whiting: Whither Higher-Order Evidence?
• 13: Timothy Williamson: Evidence of Evidence in Epistemic Logic
• 14: Alex Worsnip: Can Your Total Evidence Mislead About Itself?
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

We often have reason to doubt our own ability to form rational beliefs, or to doubt that some particular belief of ours is rational. Perhaps we learn that a trusted friend disagrees with us about what our shared evidence supports. Or perhaps we learn that our beliefs have been afflicted by motivated reasoning or by other cognitive biases. These are examples of higher-order evidence. While it may seem plausible that higher-order evidence should somehow impact our beliefs, it is less clear how and why. Normally, when evidence impacts our beliefs, it does so by virtue of speaking for or against the truth of theirs contents. But higher-order evidence does not directly concern the contents of the beliefs that they impact. In recent years, philosophers have become increasingly aware of the need to understand the nature and normative role of higher-order evidence. This is partly due to the pervasiveness of higher-order evidence in human life. But it has also become clear that higher-order evidence plays a central role in many epistemological debates, spanning from traditional discussions of internalism/externalism about epistemic justification to more recent discussions of peer disagreement and epistemic akrasia. This volume brings together, for the first time, a distinguished group of leading and up-and-coming epistemologists to explore a wide range of interrelated issues about higher-order evidence.
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A history of how political philosophy was recast by the rise of postwar liberalism and irrevocably changed by John Rawls's A Theory of Justice In the Shadow of Justice tells the story of how liberal political philosophy was transformed in the second half of the twentieth century under the influence of John Rawls. In this first-ever history of contemporary liberal theory, Katrina Forrester shows how liberal egalitarianism-a set of ideas about justice, equality, obligation, and the state-became dominant, and traces its emergence from the political and ideological context of the postwar United States and Britain. In the aftermath of the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War, Rawls's A Theory of Justice made a particular kind of liberalism essential to political philosophy. Using archival sources, Forrester explores the ascent and legacy of this form of liberalism by examining its origins in midcentury debates among American antistatists and British egalitarians. She traces the roots of contemporary theories of justice and inequality, civil disobedience, just war, global and intergenerational justice, and population ethics in the 1960s and '70s and beyond. In these years, political philosophers extended, developed, and reshaped this liberalism as they responded to challenges and alternatives on the left and right-from the New International Economic Order to the rise of the New Right. These thinkers remade political philosophy in ways that influenced not only their own trajectory but also that of their critics. Recasting the history of late twentieth-century political thought and providing novel interpretations and fresh perspectives on major political philosophers, In the Shadow of Justice offers a rigorous look at liberalism's ambitions and limits.
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• Part I: Knowledge
• 1: On the logics of knowledge and belief
• 2: Luminosity and the KK principle
• 3: Iterated belief revision
• 4: Modeling a perspective on the world
• 5: Reflection, Endorsement, Calibration
• 6: Rational reflection and the notorious unmarked clock
• 7: Expressivism and propositions
• 8: Contextualism and the logic of knowledge Part II: Conditionals
• 9: A theory of conditionals
• 10: Conditional assertions and conditional propositions
• 11: Counterfactuals and probability
• 12: Dispositions and chance.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Robert C. Stalnaker presents a set of essays on the structure of inquiry. In the first part he focuses on the concepts of knowledge, belief, and partial belief, and on the rules and procedures we use - or ought to use - to determine what to believe, and what to claim that we know. In the second part he examines conditional statements and conditional beliefs, their role in epistemology, and their relations to causal and explanatory concepts, such as dispositions, objective chance, relations of dependence, and independence. A central concern of the book is the interaction of different cognitive perspectives - the ways in which the attitudes of rational agents are or should be influenced by critical reflection on their present cognitive situation, on their own cognitive situations at other times, and on the cognitive situations of others with whom they interact. The general picture that is developed is naturalistic, following Hume in rejecting a substantive role for pure reason in the defense of inductive rules, and in giving causal concepts a central role in the description and explanation of our cognitive practices. However, Stalnaker rejects the side of Hume that aims to reduce concepts involving natural necessity to more basic descriptive concepts. Instead, he argues that the development of inductive rules and practices takes place in interaction with the development of concepts for giving a theoretical description of the world.
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• Preface
• 1: Semantic Analysis and Metaphysical Inquiry
• 2: The Metaphysical Modesty of Narrowly Linguistic Semantics
• 3: The Way of Ideas and the Way of Reference
• 4: Some Considerations against the Way of Ideas
• 5: Modesty as Incompleteness: Feature or Bug?
• 6: Against the Metaphysical Transparency of Semantic Adicity
• 7: Metaphysical Embarrassment, Indefinite Modifiability and Rules of Use
• 8: Conclusion: A Way Forward in Semantics and Metaphysics.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Meaning Diminished examines the complex relationship between semantic analysis and metaphysical inquiry. Kenneth A. Taylor argues that we should expect linguistic and conceptual analysis of natural language to yield far less metaphysical insight into what there is - and the nature of what there is - than many philosophers have imagined. Taking a strong stand against the so-called linguistic turn in philosophy, Taylor contends that philosophers as diverse as Kant, with his Transcendental Idealism, Frege, with his aspirational Platonism, Carnap with his distinction between internal and external questions, and Strawson, with his descriptive metaphysics, have placed too much confidence in the ability of linguistic and conceptual analysis to achieve deep insight into matters of ultimate metaphysics. He urges philosophers who seek such insight to turn away from the interrogation of language and concepts and back to the more direct interrogation of reality itself. In doing so, he maps out the way forward toward a metaphysically modest semantics, in which semantics carries less weighty metaphysical burdens, and toward a revisionary and naturalistic metaphysics, untethered to the a priori analysis of ordinary language.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Sophia Vasalou: Introduction
• 1: Terence Irwin: Magnanimity as Generosity
• 2: Christopher Gill: Stoic Magnanimity
• 3: Jennifer A. Herdt: Strengthening Hope for the Greatest Things: Aquinas s Redemption of Magnanimity
• 4: John Marenbon: Magnanimity, Christian Ethics and Paganism in The Latin Middle Ages
• 5: Sophia Vasalou: Greatness of Spirit in the Arabic Tradition
• 6: Michael Moriarty: Cartesian Generosite and its Antecedents
• 7: Ryan P. Hanley: Magnanimity and Modernity: Greatness of Soul and Greatness of Mind in the Enlightenment
• 8: Emily Brady: The Kantian Sublime and Greatness of Mind
• 9: Andrew Huddleston: Nietzsche on Magnanimity, Greatness and Greatness of Soul
• 10: Andrew J. Corsa and Eric Schliesser: A Composite Portrait of a True American Philosophy on Magnanimity
• 11: Kristjan Kristjansson: 21st Century Magnanimity: The Relevance of Aristotle s Ideal of Megalopsychia for Current Debates in Moral Psychology, Moral Education and Moral Philosophy
• 12: Robert C. Roberts: Greatness of Soul Across the Ages.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Magnanimity is a virtue that has led many lives. Foregrounded early on by Plato as a philosophical virtue par excellence, it became one of the crown jewels in Aristotle's account of human excellence and was accorded equally salient place by other ancient thinkers. It is one of the most distinctive elements of the ancient tradition to filter into the medieval Islamic and Christian worlds. It sparked important intellectual engagements and went on to carve deep tracks through several of the later philosophies to inherit from this tradition. Under changing names and reworked forms, it would continue to breathe in the thought of Descartes and Hume, Kant, and Nietzsche. Its many lives have been joined by important continuities, yet they have also been fragmented by discontinuities - discontinuities reflecting larger shifts in ethical perspectives and competing answers to questions about the nature of the good life, the moral nature of human beings, and their relationship to the social and natural world they inhabit. They have also been punctuated by moments of intense controversy in which the vision of human greatness has itself been called into doubt. The aim of this volume is to provide an insight into the complex trajectory of a virtue whose glitter has at times been as dazzling as it has been divisive. By exploring the many lives it has lived, we will be in a better position to evaluate whether this is a virtue we still want to make central to our own ethical lives, and why.
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The Moral Nexus develops and defends a new interpretation of morality--namely, as a set of requirements that connect agents normatively to other persons in a nexus of moral relations. According to this relational interpretation, moral demands are directed to other individuals, who have claims that the agent comply with these demands. Interpersonal morality, so conceived, is the domain of what we owe to each other, insofar as we are each persons with equal moral standing. The book offers an interpretative argument for the relational approach. Specifically, it highlights neglected advantages of this way of understanding the moral domain; explores important theoretical and practical presuppositions of relational moral duties; and considers the normative implications of understanding morality in relational terms. The book features a novel defense of the relational approach to morality, which emphasizes the special significance that moral requirements have, both for agents who are deliberating about what to do and for those who stand to be affected by their actions. The book argues that relational moral requirements can be understood to link us to all individuals whose interests render them vulnerable to our agency, regardless of whether they stand in any prior relationship to us. It also offers fresh accounts of some of the moral phenomena that have seemed to resist treatment in relational terms, showing that the relational interpretation is a viable framework for understanding our specific moral obligations to other people.
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• Introduction: Strivers
• Recognizing the ethical costs of upward mobility
• Situating ethical costs in context
• Navigating an evolving identity
• Resisting complicity
• Constructing an ethical narrative
• Conclusion: Minimizing and mitigating ethical costs

The ethical and emotional tolls paid by disadvantaged college students seeking upward mobility and what educators can do to help these students flourish Upward mobility through the path of higher education has been an article of faith for generations of working-class, low-income, and immigrant college students. While we know this path usually entails financial sacrifices and hard work, very little attention has been paid to the deep personal compromises such students have to make as they enter worlds vastly different from their own. Measuring the true cost of higher education for those from disadvantaged backgrounds, Moving Up without Losing Your Way looks at the ethical dilemmas of upward mobility-the broken ties with family and friends, the severed connections with former communities, and the loss of identity-faced by students as they strive to earn a successful place in society. Drawing upon philosophy, social science, personal stories, and interviews, Jennifer Morton reframes the college experience, factoring in not just educational and career opportunities but also essential relationships with family, friends, and community. Finding that student strivers tend to give up the latter for the former, negating their sense of self, Morton seeks to reverse this course. She urges educators to empower students with a new narrative of upward mobility-one that honestly situates ethical costs in historical, social, and economic contexts and that allows students to make informed decisions for themselves. A powerful work with practical implications, Moving Up without Losing Your Way paves a hopeful road so that students might achieve social mobility while retaining their best selves.
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• Introduction / Melissa Schwartzberg
• Part I. Foundations of legitimacy : autonomy, assent, and obligation. Legitimacy and self-determination / Anna Stilz ; In defense of functionalism / Jonathan Quong ; Is political legitimacy worth promoting? / Amanda R. Greene ; The sovereign and the republic : a republican view of political obligation / Ekow N. Yankah
• Part II. The justification of institutional authority. Political legitimacy under epistemic constraints : why public reasons matter / Fabienne Peter ; Legitimacy as a right to err / Daniel Viehoff ; Official intentions and political legitimacy : the case of the travel ban / Micah Schwartzman ; The political legitimacy of international NGOs / Jennifer C. Rubenstein
• Part III. Beliefs about legitimacy and compliance. Evaluating consensual models of governance : legitimacy-based law / Tom R. Tyler ; On the empirical measurement of legitimacy / Jeffrey A. Lenowitz ; The empirical study of legitimate authority : normative guidance for positive analysis / Sanford C. Gordon and Gregory A. Huber ; Trustworthy government and legitimating beliefs / Margaret Levi.

Essays on the political, legal, and philosophical dimensions of political legitimacy. Scholars, journalists, and politicians today worry that the world's democracies are facing a crisis of legitimacy. Although there are key challenges facing democracy-including concerns about electoral interference, adherence to the rule of law, and the freedom of the press-it is not clear that these difficulties threaten political legitimacy. Such ambiguity derives in part from the contested nature of the concept of legitimacy, and from disagreements over how to measure it. This volume reflects the cutting edge of responses to these perennial questions, drawing, in the distinctive NOMOS fashion, from political science, philosophy, and law. Contributors address fundamental philosophical questions such as the nature of public reasons of authority, as well as urgent concerns about contemporary democracy, including whether "animus" matters for the legitimacy of President Trump's travel ban, barring entry for nationals from six Muslim-majority nations, and the effect of fundamental transitions within the moral economy, such as the decline of labor unions. Featuring twelve essays from leading scholars, Political Legitimacy is an important and timely addition to the NOMOS series.
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• Preface / Jack Knight and Melissa Schwartzberg
• Contributors
• Introduction / Melissa Schwartzberg
• The Morality Of Privatization
• Some (Largely) Ignored Problems with Privatization / Debra Satz
• In Defense of Accountability as a Lens to Perceive Privatization's Problems : Some Examples from Military and Security Privatization / Laura A. Dickinson
• Why Privatization Matters : The Democratic Case against Privatization / Alon Harel
• Privatization and the Ought, State Gap / Peter Jaworski
• Privatization without Profit? / Chiara Cordelli
• Coercion and Privatization / Jessica Flanigan
• Privatization And The State
• Privatization as State Transformation / Henry Farrell
• Public-Sector Management Is Complicated : Comment on Farrell / Joseph Heath
• Freedom, Responsibility, and Privatization / Eric Macgilvray
• Is Rule of Law an Equilibrium without (Some) Private Enforcement? / Gillian K. Hadfield And Barry R. Weingast
• What Is Politics without the State? A Reply to Hadfield and Weingast / Alex Gourevitch
• Privatizing War / Cécile Fabre
• Index.

Imagine a human society, perhaps in pre-history, in which people were generally of a psychological kind with us, had the use of natural language to communicate with one another, but did not have any properly moral concepts in which to exhort one another to meet certain standards and to lodge related claims and complaints. According to The Birth of Ethics, the members of that society would have faced a set of pressures, and made a series of adjustments in response, sufficient to put them within reach of ethical concepts. Without any planning, they would have more or less inevitably evolved a way of using such concepts to articulate desirable patterns of behavior and to hold themselves and one another responsible to those standards. Sooner or later, they would have entered ethical space. While this central claim is developed as a thesis in conjectural history or genealogy, the aim of the exercise is philosophical. Assuming that it explains the emergence of concepts and practices that are more or less equivalent to ours, the story offers us an account of the nature and role of morality. It directs us to the function that ethics plays in human life and alerts us to the character in virtue of which it can serve that function. The emerging view of morality has implications for the standard range of questions in meta-ethics and moral psychology, and enables us to understand why there are divisions in normative ethics like that between consequentialist and Kantian approaches.
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• Notes on Contributors ix
• 1 Introduction: Substance Dualism and Its Physicalist Rivals 1 Jonathan J. Loose, Angus J. L. Menuge, and J. P. Moreland
• 2 Redressing Substance Dualism 22 William G. Lycan
• Part I. Articulating Substance Dualism 41
• 3 Substance Dualism: A Defense 43 Charles Taliaferro
• Debating Emergent Dualism 61
• 4 The Case for Emergent Dualism 62 William Hasker
• 5 Against Emergent Dualism 73 Brandon L. Rickabaugh
• Debating Thomistic Dualism 87
• 6 Aquinas on the Human Soul 88 Edward Feser
• 7 In Defense of a Thomistic-like Dualism 102 J. P. Moreland
• 8 A Critique of Thomistic Dualism 123 William Hasker
• Debating Cartesian Dualism 132
• 9 Cartesian Substance Dualism 133 Richard Swinburne
• 10 Against Cartesian Dualism 152 Jaegwon Kim
• 11 Non-Cartesian Substance Dualism 168 E. J. Lowe
• Debating the Unity of Consciousness 183
• 12 Substance Dualism and the Unity of Consciousness 184 J. P. Moreland
• 13 Problems with Unity of Consciousness Arguments for Substance Dualism 208 Tim Bayne
• Debating Near-Death Experiences 226
• 14 Evidential Near-Death Experiences 227 Gary R. Habermas
• 15 The Phenomenology of Near-Death and Out-of-Body Experiences: No Heavenly Excursion for Soul
• 247 Michael N. Marsh
• 16 Why Reject Substance Dualism? 267 Ian Ravenscroft
• Part II. Alternatives to Substance Dualism 283
• 17 Why Should a Christian Embrace Materialism (about Human Persons)? 285 Kevin Corcoran
• Debating Animalism 296
• 18 For Animalism 297 Eric T. Olson
• 19 Against Animalism 307 Stewart Goetz
• Debating Nonreductive Physicalism 316
• 20 For Nonreductive Physicalism 317 Nancey Claire Murphy
• 21 Against Nonreductive Physicalism 328 Joshua Rasmussen
• Debating Constitutionalism 340
• 22 Constitutionalism: Alternative to Substance Dualism 341 Lynne Rudder Baker
• 23 Against Constitutionalism 351 Ross Inman
• Debating Emergent Individualism 368
• 24 For Emergent Individualism 369 Timothy O Connor
• 25 Against Emergent Individualism 377 Robert C. Koons
• 26 Why Reject Christian Physicalism? 394 Angus J. L. Menuge
• Part III. Substance Dualism, Theology, and the Bible 411
• Debating Biblical Anthropology 412
• 27 Biblical Anthropology is Holistic and Dualistic 413 John W. Cooper
• 28 The Strange Case of the Vanishing Soul 427 Joel B. Green
• Debating the Incarnation 439
• 29 Dualism Offers the Best Account of the Incarnation 440 Luke Van Horn
• 30 The Word Made Flesh: Dualism, Physicalism, and the Incarnation 452 Trenton Merricks
• Debating the Resurrection 469
• 31 Materialism Most Miserable: The Prospects for Dualist and Physicalist Accounts of Resurrection 470 Jonathan J. Loose
• 32 I Look for the Resurrection of the Dead and the Life of the World to Come 488 Peter van Inwagen
• Index 501.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

A groundbreaking collection of contemporary essays from leading international scholars that provides a balanced and expert account of the resurgent debate about substance dualism and its physicalist alternatives. Substance dualism has for some time been dismissed as an archaic and defeated position in philosophy of mind, but in recent years, the topic has experienced a resurgence of scholarly interest and has been restored to contemporary prominence by a growing minority of philosophers prepared to interrogate the core principles upon which past objections and misunderstandings rest. As the first book of its kind to bring together a collection of contemporary writing from top proponents and critics in a pro-contra format, The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism captures this ongoing dialogue and sets the stage for rigorous and lively discourse around dualist and physicalist accounts of human persons in philosophy. Chapters explore emergent, Thomistic, Cartesian, and other forms of substance dualism broadly conceived in dialogue with leading varieties of physicalism, including animalism, non-reductive physicalism, and constitution theory. Loose, Menuge, and Moreland pair essays from dualist advocates with astute criticism from physicalist opponents and vice versa, highlighting points of contrast for readers in thematic sections while showcasing today s leading minds engaged in direct debate. Taken together, essays provide nuanced paths of introduction for students, and capture the imagination of professional philosophers looking to expand their understanding of the subject. Skillfully curated and in touch with contemporary science as well as analytic theology, The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism strikes a measured balanced between advocacy and criticism, and is a first-rate resource for researchers, scholars, and students of philosophy, theology, and neuroscience.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction : Mind over data
• The ladder of causation
• From buccaneers to guinea pigs : the genesis of causal inference
• From evidence to causes : Reverend Bayes meets Mr. Holmes
• Confounding and deconfounding : or, slaying the lurking variable
• The smoke-filled debate : clearing the air
• Paradoxes galore!
• Beyond adjustment : the conquest of Mount Intervention
• Counterfactuals : mining worlds that could have been
• Mediation : the search for a mechanism
• Big data, artificial intelligence, and the big questions.

A Turing Award-winning computer scientist and statistician shows how understanding causality has revolutionized science and will revolutionize artificial intelligence "Correlation is not causation." This mantra, chanted by scientists for more than a century, has led to a virtual prohibition on causal talk. Today, that taboo is dead. The causal revolution, instigated by Judea Pearl and his colleagues, has cut through a century of confusion and established causality--the study of cause and effect--on a firm scientific basis. His work explains how we can know easy things, like whether it was rain or a sprinkler that made a sidewalk wet; and how to answer hard questions, like whether a drug cured an illness. Pearl's work enables us to know not just whether one thing causes another: it lets us explore the world that is and the worlds that could have been. It shows us the essence of human thought and key to artificial intelligence. Anyone who wants to understand either needs The Book of Why.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface-- Introduction--
• 1. Wittgenstein's critique of philosophy Robert J. Fogelin--
• 2. Pictures, logic, and the limits of sense in Wittgenstein's Tractatus Thomas Ricketts--
• 3. Tractarian ethics Kevin Cahill--
• 4. Wittgenstein in the 1930s David G. Stern--
• 5. A philosophy of mathematics between two camps Steve Gerrard--
• 6. Necessity and normativity Hans-Johann Glock--
• 7. Wittgenstein, mathematics, and ethics: resisting the attractions of realism Cora Diamond--
• 8. Notes and afterthoughts on the opening of Wittgenstein's Investigations Stanley Cavell--
• 9. Mind, meaning and practice Barry Stroud--
• 10. Body and soul Joachim Schulte--
• 11. The question of linguistic idealism revisited Hans Sluga--
• 12. Aspects of aspects Juliet Floyd--
• 13. Forms of life: mapping the rough ground Naomi Scheman--
• 14. Time and history in Wittgenstein Hans Sluga--
• 15. Certainties of a world picture: the epistemological investigations of On Certainty Michael Kober-- Bibliography-- Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) is one of the most important and influential philosophers in modern times, but he is also one of the least accessible. In this volume, leading experts chart the development of his work and clarify the connections between its different stages. The essays, which are both expository and original, address central themes in Wittgenstein's writing on a wide range of topics, particularly his thinking about the mind, language, logic, and mathematics. The contributors illuminate the character of the whole body of work by focusing on key topics: the style of the philosophy, the conception of grammar contained in it, rule-following, convention, logical necessity, the self, and what Wittgenstein called, in a famous phrase, 'forms of life'. This revised edition includes a new introduction, five new essays - on Tractarian ethics, Wittgenstein's development, aspects, the mind, and time and history - and a fully updated comprehensive bibliography.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface / Jack Knight
• 1. The problem of clean hands : negotiated compromise in lawmaking / Eric Beerbohm
• 2. Third parties to compromise / Anton Ford
• 3. The moral distinctiveness of legislated law / David Dyzenhaus
• 4. On compromise, negotiation, and loss / Amy J. Cohen
• 5. Compromise in negotiation / Simon Căbulea May
• 6. Uncompromising democracy / Melissa Schwartzberg
• 7. Democratic conflict and the political morality of compromise / Michelle M. Moody-Adams
• 8. The challenges of conscience in a world of compromise / Amy J. Sepinwall
• 9. Necessary compromise and public harm / Andrew Sabl
• 10. Compromise and representative government : a skeptical perspective / Alexander S. Kirshner.

A distinguished group of scholars explores compromise in contemporary affairs Do lawmakers have a greater ethical responsibility to compromise than ordinary citizens? How does one rectify what is at stake when lawmakers concede to compromise for the sake of reaching resolution? Is compromise necessarily equalizing and is it a reasonable mode of problem solving and dispute resolution? In this latest installment from the NOMOS series, distinguished scholars across the fields of political science, law, and philosophy tackle the complex set of questions that relate to the practice of compromise and its implications for social and political life in modern societies. The volume, edited by Jack Knight, brings together a range of perspectives - in both disciplinary and substantive terms - on representation, political morality, disagreement, negotiation, and various forms of compromise. The ten essays reflect a variety of considerations across interdisciplinary lines, and provide a new and thought-provoking discussion of the policy, practice, and philosophy of compromise, covering a number of specific topics including alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and conscientious objection. Examining these issues and more, Compromise offers new and thought provoking insights into the pressing issue of the importance of compromise in social and political affairs.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)