From references to secret agents in The Art of War in 400 B.C.E. to the Bush administration's ongoing War on Terrorism, espionage has always been an essential part of state security policies. This illustrated encyclopedia traces the fascinating stories of spies, intelligence, and counterintelligence throughout history, both internationally and in the United States. Written specifically for students and general readers by scholars, former intelligence officers, and other experts, Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence provides a unique background perspective for viewing history and current events. In easy-to-understand, non-technical language, it explains how espionage works as a function of national policy; traces the roots of national security; profiles key intelligence leaders, agents, and double-agents; discusses intelligence concepts and techniques; and profiles the security organizations and intelligence history and policies of nations around the world. As a special feature, the set also includes forewords by former CIA Director Robert M. Gates and former KGB Major General Oleg Kalugin that help clarify the evolution of intelligence and counterintelligence and their crucial roles in world affairs today.
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Offering a response to the crisis of political communication, this text examines the potential applications of new information and communication technologies to the political process. Its contributors explore the question of whether the immense developments in the means of communicating information (based upon digital technologies, the convergence of computers and telecommunications, and the extraordinary development of internet technology) profoundly affect the way that parliamentary democracy operates.
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As the world moves toward greater democracy, "Congressional Quarterly" offers an invaluable survey of legislative bodies. For each country, the legislative body is described in terms of constitutional approach as well as practice. Chapters describe each parliament or legislature in terms of key characteristics including historical background, elections, relations with the executive branch and judiciary, budgetary control, lawmaking, parliamentary procedures, and member's rights and immunities. Organized alphabetically by country, the work covers all democracies regardless of size. In addition, a number of essay articles cover various general topics relating to aspects of legislative governing.
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• Foreword-- Lord Dahrendorf - Acknowledgements - Introduction -
• PART 1: FRIEDRICH A. HAYEK AND NEO-LIBERALISM - Presentation - Discussion - An Evaluation -
• PART 2: RAYMOND PLANT AND SOCIALISM - Presentation - Discussion - An Evaluation -
• PART 3: SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS: A LIBERAL PROPOSAL - Conclusions - Bibliography - Index.
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`Anyone who wants to engage in the debate of these issues will find Joao Espada's book a stimulus and a guide.' - Ralf Dahrendorf This book criticises two rival views of social citizenship rights, as they are presented by two authors who are taken as representatives of broader currents of thought: Friedrich A. Hayek and neo-liberalism, and Raymond Plant and socialism. It is claimed that the alternative view presented here should still be regarded as liberal: it is part of an active view of liberalism, or a self-restrained constructivism, which should be distinguished both from neo-liberal evolutionism and socialist egalitarianism.
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• Australia
• Austria
• Belgium
• Germany (GFR)
• Ireland
• Israel
• Japan
• Luxembourg
• The Netherlands
• New Zealand
• Northern Ireland
• Sri Lanka.