• A Marxian message to the pre-industrialized societies-- social and economic conditions in China-- road to Marxism-- Chinese Marxism through the Cold War prism-- the first fruits 1 - the removal of delusive prejudices-- the first fruits 2 - towards a Marxian cultural theory-- Mao Zedong's thought-- Chinese Marxism in action -two case studies-- the thermidorean reaction - a crisis of legitimacy.
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With underlying fidelity to primary sources, Adrian Chan has produced an original account of the evolution of Marxism in China. This controversial and extraordinary analysis confronts the traditional scholarship of the West, which is still overshadowed by the Cold War, and of China, which is burdened by party orthodox. It posits a tension between the proponents of the Marxism and the Scientific Marxist-Leninist versions of Communism, and it challenges the received view that Chinese Communism was a pale Soviet model contaminated by traditional Chinese ideas.
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• Preface Ch. 2From the Whatever to the Dialectical Materialist Approach Ch. 3Competing Models of the Socialist Economy Ch. 4The Reassessment of the Socialist Economic System Ch. 5The Noncompeting Nature of the Socialist Political System Ch. 6The Reassessment of the Socialist Political System Ch. 7The Reconceptualization of Socialism Ch. 8The Response to the "Liberal" Reassessment of Socialism Ch. 9The Chinese and Soviet Reassessments of Socialism: A Comparison Ch. 10The Post-Mao Reassessment of Socialism and the Chinese Socialist Experience Notes References Index.
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Since the late 1970s, a debate has been unfolding in China concerning the merits of socialism as a philosophy of social justice and as a programme for national development. Just as Deng Xiaoping's better advertised experiment with market-based reforms has challenged Marxist-Leninist dogma on economic policy, the years since the death of Mao Zedong have seen a profound re-examination of a more basic question: to what extent are the root problems of the system due to Chinese socialism and Marxism generally? This book presents a systematic study of post-Mao reappraisal of China's socialist theory and practice. Rejecting an assumption often made in the West, that Chinese socialist thought has little bearing on politics and policymaking, this book takes the argument of the post-Mao era seriously on their own terms. It identifies the major factors in the debate, reveals the interplay among official and unofficial forces, and charts the development of the debate from an initially parochial concern with problems raised by Chinese practice to a grand critique of the theory of socialism itself. The book concludes with a comparison of the reassessments undertaken by Deng Xiaoping with those o.
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Christina Kelley Gilmartin rewrites the history of gender politics in the 1920s with this compelling assessment of the impact of feminist ideals on the Chinese Communist Party during its formative years. For the first time, Gilmartin reveals the extent to which revolutionaries in the 1920s were committed to women's emancipation and the radical political efforts that were made to overcome women's subordination and to transform gender relations. Women activists whose experiences and achievements have been previously ignored are brought to life in this study, which illustrates how the Party functioned not only as a political organization but as a subculture for women as well. We learn about the intersection of the personal and political lives of male communists and how this affected their beliefs about women's emancipation. Gilmartin depicts with thorough and incisive scholarship how the Party formulated an ideological challenge to traditional gender relations while it also preserved aspects of those relationships in its organization.
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• Chapter 1 Introduction
• Part 2 Part I: The Origins
• Chapter 3 Socialism and Capitalism in Chinese Socialist Thinking: The Origins
• Chapter 4 National Development and Social Revolution in Early Chinese Marxist Thought
• Part 5 Part II: Making Marxism Chinese: Mao Zedong
• Chapter 6 Mao Zedong and "Chinese Marxism"
• Chapter 7 Modernism and Anti-Modernism in Mao Zedong's Marxism
• Chapter 8 The Predicament of Marxist Revolutionary Consciousness: Mao Zedong, Antonio Gramsci, and the Reformulation of Marxist Revolutionary Theory
• Part 9 Part III: The Cultural Revolution in Historical Perspective
• Chapter 10 Revolutionary Hegemony and the Language of Revolution: Chinese Socialism between the Present and the Future
• Chapter 11 The Two Cultural Revolutions: The Chinese Cultural Revolution in the Perspective of Global Capitalism
• Chapter 12 Revolutions in History and Memory: The Politics of Cultural Revolution in Historical Perspective
• Part 13 Part IV: After the Revolution
• Chapter 14 Post-Socialism? Reflections on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
• Chapter 15 Looking Backward in the Age of Global Capital: Thoughts on History in Third World Cultural Criticism
• Chapter 16 Markets, Culture, Power: The Making of a 'Second Cultural Revolution' in China.
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Representing a lifetime of research and writing by noted historian Arif Dirlik, the essays collected here explore developments in Chinese socialism and the issues that have occupied historians of the Chinese revolution for the past three decades. These incisive essays range from the origins of socialism in the early twentieth century, through the victory of the Communists in mid-century, to the virtual abandonment by century's end of any pretense to a socialist revolutionary project by the leadership of the CCP. All that remains of the revolution in historical hindsight are memories of its failures and misdeeds, but Dirlik retains a critical perspective not just toward the past, but also toward the ideological hegemonies of the present. Taken together, his writings reaffirm the centrality of the revolution to modern Chinese history and the ongoing relevance of Marxism in grasping the flaws of capitalist modernity.
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• Preface Abbreviations and measures
• 1. A topography of the past: shaping a township landscape in the early twentieth century
• 2. Alliance and antagonism: family associations in an era of insecurity
• 3. Creating a new village order: revolutionizing identity through liberation and land reform
• 4. getting organized: struggling with collectivism
• 5. Village as enterprise: corporate community management in the Deng Era
• 6. A topography of the present: shaping a village landscape in the late twentieth century Appendix: Qiaolou Village Compact Notes Character list Index.
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Building on ethnographic research in a rural village in Sichuan, China's most populous province, this book examines changing relationships between social organization, politics, and economy during the twentieth century. Offering a wealth of empirical data on township and village life during the pre-Communist 1930's and 1940's, the decades of collectivism, and the present era of post-Mao reforms, the author explores the historical development of a local state regime he characterizes as managerial corporatism.Genealogies of power suggest that agnatic solidarity among selective patrilineal kin, as well as other modes of association based on marriage, ritual kinship, and personal friendship, were critical factors in the local political arena. The particularly close relationships that developed among a core group of local cadres and their kin during the Maoist years shaped the ways in which party-state policies were interpreted, implemented, and experienced by fellow villagers. These ties were also critical in orchestrating village industrialization and corporate community building in the 1980's and 1990's.The processes of community and elite formation entailed the mobilization of some alliances of interest, emotion, and exchange while at the same time suppressing others. The author examines strategies and patterns of interfamily cooperation and conflict during the tumultuous decades-the 1920's-1940's- of civil unrest, inflation, and burgeoning taxation. He shows how historical relationships between local families and officials were instrumental in shaping the reorganization of rural life under Communism. The social organization of polity and economy in Qiaolou village during the reform era bore many hallmarks of both corporate and corporatist practices. Loosened state controls enabled village cadres to create new roles for themselves as economic patrons, drawing on economic, social, political, and symbolic resources to cultivate solidarity and labor discipline within the village corporation they managed.
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This text chronicles Deng Xiaoping's institution of far-reaching and practical economic reforms that seem at odds with Communist theory and its emphasis on ideology. In fact, while Deng often turned to Mao for ideological justification of his reforms, those very reforms seemed to wear away to official ideology. Ultimately, even though the post-Mao government has fostered economic growth, improved standards of living and intellectual pluralism, these changes have resulted in a decline on the perceived legitimacy of the regime.
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• Introduction - explaining revolution, Feng Chongyi and David S.G. Goodman-- getting peasants organized - village organizations and the party-state in the Shaan Gan Ning border region, Pauline Keating-- revolution in a feudal fortress - Yangjiagou, Mizhi County, Shaanxi, Joseph Esherick-- social reform and value change in the Jin Cha Ji anti-Japanese border region, Wei Hongyun-- social and political change in the villages of the Taihang anti-Japanese base area, Tian Youru-- resistance and revolution, religion and rebellion - the sixth Trigram Movement in Licheng, Shanxi, David S.G. Goodman-- the making of the Jin Sui base area - peasants, intellectuals and democratization, Feng Chongyi-- the construction of the Shandong base area - external influences and internal conflicts, Elise DeVido-- comparative perspectives - North and Central China in the anti-Japanese resistance, Gregor Benton.
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This volume draws on documentary sources to explore key facets of the Chinese Communist Party's move to power from 1937-1945. Scholars compare experiences of the CCP and its interactions with society on the border and areas of resistance to the Japanese invasion of the North China battlefront.
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This groundbreaking volume draws on newly available documentary sources to explore key facets of the move to power of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the War of Resistance to Japan from 1937 to 1945. Leading scholars from China and the West compare the varied experiences of the CCP-and its interactions with local society-in all the border regions and base areas of resistance to the Japanese invasion on the North China battlefront. Eschewing grand theory, the authors develop a social ecology of revolutionO that traces the relationship between local conditions and patterns of social and political change.
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• Introduction / Jeremy Brown and Matthew D. Johnson
• Part I. Crimes, labels, and punishment
• How a "bad element" was made : the discovery, accusation, and punishment of Zang Qiren / Yang Kuisong
• Moving targets : changing class labels in rural Hebei and Henan, 1960-1979 / Jeremy Brown
• An overt conspiracy : creating rightists in rural Henan, 1957-1958 / Cao Shuji
• Revising political verdicts in post-Mao China : the case of Beijing Fengtai District / Daniel Leese
• Part II. Mobilization
• Liberation from the loom? : rural women, textile work, and revolution in North China / Jacob Eyferth
• Youth and the "great revolutionary movement" of scientific experiment in 1960s-1970s rural China / Sigrid Schmalzer
• Adrift in Tianjin, 1976 : a diary of natural disaster, everyday urban life, and exile to the countryside / Sha Qingqing and Jeremy Brown
• Part III. Culture and communication
• Beneath the propaganda state : official and unofficial cultural landscapes in Shanghai, 1949-1965 / Matthew D. Johnson
• China's "great proletarian information revolution" of 1966-1967 / Michael Schoenhals
• The dilemma of implementation : the state and religion in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1990 / Xiaoxuan Wang
• Part IV. Discontent
• Radical agricultural collectivization and ethnic rebellion : the communist encounter with a "new emperor" in Guizhou's Mashan region, 1956 / Wang Haiguang
• Caught between opposing Han chauvinism and opposing local nationalism : the drift toward ethic antagonism in Xinjiang society, 1952-1963 / Zhe Wu
• Redemptive religious societies and the communist state, 1949 to the 1980s / S.A. Smith
• Epilogue: Mao's China : putting politics in perspective / Vivienne Shue.

Maoism at the Grassroots challenges state-centered views of China under Mao, providing insights into the lives of citizens across social strata, ethnicities, and regions. It reveals how ordinary people risked persecution and imprisonment in order to assert personal beliefs and identities, despite political repression and surveillance.
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• Paper-cuts in modern China : the search for modernity, cultural tradition, and women's liberation
• Narrative battle : fabricating folk paper-cutting as an intangible heritage
• Traditional revival with socialist characteristics : propaganda storytelling turned into spiritual service
• Folk cultural production with danwei characteristics : folk storytelling and public relations activities
• Spirit cults in Yan'an : surrogate rural subjectivity in the urbanizing rural
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Glossary
• References
• Index.

The final destination of the Long March and center of the Chinese Communist Party's red bases, Yan'an acquired mythical status during the Maoist era. Though the city's significance as an emblem of revolutionary heroism has faded, today's Chinese still glorify Yan'an as a sanctuary for ancient cultural traditions. Ka-ming Wu's ethnographic account of contemporary Yan'an documents how people have reworked the revival of three rural practices--paper-cutting, folk storytelling, and spirit cults--within (and beyond) the socialist legacy. Moving beyond dominant views of Yan'an folk culture as a tool of revolution or object of market reform, Wu reveals how cultural traditions become battlegrounds where conflicts among the state, market forces, and intellectuals in search of an authentic China play out. At the same time, she shows these emerging new dynamics in the light of the ways rural residents make sense of rapid social change. Alive with details, Reinventing Chinese Tradition is an in-depth, eye-opening study of an evolving culture and society within contemporary China.
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• Introduction - deviant labeling and social control-- methdology-- building a new China with a socialist model-- becoming deviants - the beginning-- the lives and careers of deviants-- deviant labeling and broken social solidarity-- China after Mao - no more labeling?
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This study investigates the entire process of deviant labelling under the leadership of Chairman Mao between 1950 and 1978. Through the use of life history materials that include autobiographies and memoirs published in both English and Chinese, the causes of the labelling, the lives of the deviants and the consequences of deviant labels on individuals, family members and significant others are thoroughly analyzed. It documents the impacts of labelling on the self-concept of deviants and the creation of a new socially and politically defined deviant class, the "enemies of the people" in Mao's China.
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• Chapter 1: Finding a Place for the Lumpenproletariat: Vacillators and Rural Revolution
• Chapter 2: The People versus Their Enemies: Urban Reeducation and the Old Society
• Chapter 3: The Curriculum of Consciousness Raising: Low Consciousness and Mass Reeducation
• Chapter 4: The Laboring Masses: Voluntarism and the People
• Chapter 5: The People Stand Up: Resistance and Reform Conclusion Bibliography.
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This book offers the first detailed study of the essential relationship between thought reform and the "dangerous classes"-the prostitutes, beggars, petty criminals, and other "lumpenproletarians" the Communists saw as a threat to society and the revolution. Aminda Smith takes readers inside early-PRC reformatories, where the new state endeavored to transform "vagrants" into members of the laboring masses. As places where "the people" were literally created, these centers became testing grounds for rapidly changing ideas and experiments about thought reform and the subjects they produced. Smith explores reformatories as institutions dedicated to molding new socialist citizens and as symbolic spaces in which internees, cadres, and the ordinary masses made sense of what it meant to be a member of the people in the People's Republic. Drawing on extensive, previously unavailable source material, she offers convincing answers to much-debated questions about the development and future of Chinese political culture.
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In 1949 Mao Zedong hoisted the red flag over Beijing's Forbidden City. Instead of liberating the country, the communists destroyed the old order and replaced it with a repressive system that would dominate every aspect of Chinese life. In an epic of revolution and violence which draws on newly opened party archives, interviews and memoirs, Frank Dik tter interweaves the stories of millions of ordinary people with the brutal politics of Mao's court. A gripping account of how people from all walks of life were caught up in a tragedy that sent at least five million civilians to their deaths.
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"Chinese Utopianism" offers a new explanation of extreme radicalism in Chinese reform movements from the late nineteenth century through the Cultural Revolution and into the post-Mao era. By studying comparable Japanese and Russian reforms that have, in contrast, pulled their societies back toward the center, Shiping Hua demonstrates how datong - an ancient concept that can be translated as 'great harmony' - and other elements of Chinese thought have led China down a unique political path.
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• Rehearsing revolution
• Teaching revolution : the strike of 1922
• China's little Moscow
• From mobilization to militarization
• Constructing a revolutionary tradition
• Mao's final crusade : purifying the revolutionary tradition
• Reforming the revolutionary tradition
• Glossary.

How do we explain the surprising trajectory of the Chinese Communist revolution? Why has it taken such a different route from its Russian prototype? An answer, Elizabeth Perry suggests, lies in the Chinese Communists' creative development and deployment of cultural resources - during their revolutionary rise to power and afterwards. Skillful "cultural positioning" and "cultural patronage", on the part of Mao Zedong, his comrades and successors, helped to construct a polity in which a once alien Communist system came to be accepted as familiarly "Chinese". Perry traces this process through a case study of the Anyuan coal mine, a place where Mao and other early leaders of the Chinese Communist Party mobilized an influential labor movement at the beginning of their revolution, and whose history later became a touchstone of "political correctness" in the People's Republic of China. Once known as "China's Little Moscow", "Anyuan" came over time to symbolize a distinctively Chinese revolutionary tradition. Yet the meanings of that tradition remain highly contested, as contemporary Chinese debate their revolutionary past in search of a new political future.
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• Funeral
• From movement to regime
• Rural revolution
• Urban revolution
• The socialist economy
• The evolving party system
• Thaw and backlash
• Great leap
• Toward the Cultural Revolution
• Fractured rebellion
• Collapse and division
• Military rule
• Discord and dissent
• The Mao era in retrospect.

China's Communist Party seized power in 1949 after a long period of guerrilla insurgency followed by full-scale war, but the Chinese revolution was just beginning. China Under Mao narrates the rise and fall of the Maoist revolutionary state from 1949 to 1976--an epoch of startling accomplishments and disastrous failures, steered by many forces but dominated above all by Mao Zedong. Mao's China, Andrew Walder argues, was defined by two distinctive institutions established during the first decade of Communist Party rule: a Party apparatus that exercised firm (sometimes harsh) discipline over its members and cadres; and a socialist economy modeled after the Soviet Union. Although a large national bureaucracy had oversight of this authoritarian system, Mao intervened strongly at every turn. The doctrines and political organization that produced Mao's greatest achievements--victory in the civil war, the creation of China's first unified modern state, a historic transformation of urban and rural life--also generated his worst failures: the industrial depression and rural famine of the Great Leap Forward and the violent destruction and stagnation of the Cultural Revolution. Misdiagnosing China's problems as capitalist restoration and prescribing continuing class struggle against imaginary enemies as the solution, Mao ruined much of what he had built and created no viable alternative. At the time of his death, he left China backward and deeply divided.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)