Contrary to conventional wisdom that equates rural economies with agriculture, rural residents in developing countries often rely heavily on activities other than farming for their income. Indeed, nonfarm work accounts for between one-third and one-half of rural incomes in the developing world. In recent years, accelerating globalization, increasing competition from large businesses, expanding urban markets for rural goods and services, and greater availability of information and communication technology have combined to expose rural nonfarm businesses to new opportunities as well as new risks. By examining these rapid changes in the rural nonfarm economy, international experts explore how the rural nonfarm economy can contribute to overall economic growth in developing countries and how the poor can participate in this rapidly evolving segment of the economy. The authors review an array of recent studies of the rural nonfarm economy in order to summarize existing empirical evidence, explore policy implications, and identify future research priorities. They examine the varied scale, structure, and composition of the rural nonfarm economy, as well as its relationship with agricultural and urban enterprises. And they address key questions about the role of public intervention in the rural nonfarm economy and how the rural poor can participate in and navigate the rapid transition underway in rural areas. This book is the product of a joint study by the International Food Policy Research Institute and The World Bank.
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Experts from inside and outside the USAID programme evaluate the effectiveness of governmental intervention aimed at ensuring adequate agricultural production and food security in Third World nations. The text considers how best to assure food security with the least amount of investment.
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The United States is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of a range of agricultural commodities, so U.S. policies have big effects on global food security and other global public goods linked to agriculture. On the positive side of the ledger, President Obama created the Feed the Future aid initiative to promote agricultural development in poorer countries as a tool to achieve the global goals of ending hunger and extreme poverty, which are mostly rural. But that generosity is undercut by U.S. support for farmers and livestock producers that suppresses global prices for developing country producers, increases food market volatility, increases greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.In this book, Elliott focuses on three policy areas that are particularly damaging for developing countries: traditional agricultural subsidy and trade policies that support the incomes of American farmers at the expense of farmers elsewhere; the biofuels mandate, which in its current form increases market volatility while doing little if anything to mitigate climate change; and weak regulation of antibiotic use in livestock. While noting that broad reforms are needed to fix these problems, Elliott also identifies practical steps that U.S. policymakers could take in the relatively short run to improve farm policies for American taxpayers and consumers as well as for the poor and vulnerable in developing countries.
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• Overview of country studies -- Lessons for other developing countries -- Indonesia -- South Korea -- Malaysia -- Viet Nam -- Chile -- Botswana.

Agricultural trade has always been one of the most sensitive international trade issues. Governments around the world have long been reluctant to abandon policy instruments that give them influence over domestic prices and allow them to raise revenues. This study looks briefly at the agriculture and trade policies of six different developing countries, each of which has enjoyed unusually high rates of economic growth and development: South Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Chile, and Botswana. Their experience may shed further light on the extent to which governments should retain their powers to intervene in trade as opposed to relinquishing them in favour of market liberalisation. Michael Stockbridge is an independent consultant in agricultural economics, rural development, and the management of natural resources.
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• Editorial-- Liberalisation, gender, and the land question in Sub-Saharan Africa-- Does land ownership make a difference? Women's roles in agriculture in Kerala, India-- Rural development in Brazil:Are we practising feminism or gender?-- Women farmers and economic change in northern Ghana-- 'Lazy men', time-use, and rural development in Zambia-- Intergrating gender needs into drinking water projects in Nepal-- Structural adjustment, women, and agriculture in Cameroon-- Interview with Penny Fowler and Koos Neefjes of Oxfam GB:Are genetically modified foods a new development-- Resources-- Books and Papers-- Organisations-- Web Resources-- E-mail lists-- Index to Volume.
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A collection of essays considering women's access to land and their role in food production in developing countries. Contributors assert that women's contribution to global agricultural production for food and for profit continues to be largely unacknowledged and undervalued and that their ability to farm is constrained by lack of control over land, agricultural inputs, credit and other essential resources.
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• Preface-- Acknowledgements-- Part I. Agriculture Policy Analysis:
• 1. Markets, state and policy--
• 2. Policy analysis: framework--
• 3. Policy analysis: economics-- Part II. Agricultural Policies:
• 4. Price policy--
• 5. Marketing policy--
• 6. Input policy--
• 7. Credit policy--
• 8. Mechanisation policy--
• 9. Land reform policy--
• 10. Research policy--
• 11. Irrigation policy-- Part III. Cross-cutting Themes:
• 12. Women and agricultural policies--
• 13. Food policy and food security--
• 14. Policies in perspective-- References-- Author index-- Subject index.
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This textbook considers the methods used by governments to change the economic and social framework within which agricultural production takes place: by influencing the prices of farm inputs and outputs, by modifying agricultural institutions, and by promoting new technologies in agriculture. The book is organised around a central set of eight policy chapters, covering topics of price policy, marketing policy, input policy, credit policy, mechanisation policy, land reform policy, research policy and irrigation policy. These chapters are preceded by material covering the nature of policy, in the context of the market versus state debate, and the principles used by economists to undertake agricultural policy analysis. They are followed by chapters that examine the status of women in agricultural policy, and that summarise aspects of food policy not covered in the main chapters. This book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses related to agricultural policy, agricultural economics, or rural development in developing countries. It will also be accessible to the non-specialist reader who wishes to obtain an overview of the individual policy topics covered.
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• Henry Bernstein: Who are the rural poor?-- Henry Bernstein: Agrarian structure and change-- Henry Bernstein: Rural livelihoods: approaches and issues-- Kate Crehan: Rural livelihoods and rural households-- Kate Crehan: Differentiation and survival: households through time-- Krishna Bharadwaj: Growth with hunger in South Asia-- Philip Woodhouse: Social and environmental change in sub-Saharan Africa-- Mahmood Mamdani: Accumulation, political struggle and ecological crisis-- Tim Allen: Health-- Hazel Johnson: Socialist experiences of rural development-- Ben Crow: Actions from above-- Henry Bernstein: Actions from below.
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Rural livelihoods are in crisis throughout much of the developing world, but understanding of that crisis rarely transcends simple conceptions of food or environmental crisis. This book addresses the question in more depth.
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This book is concerned with the question of how people in developing countries survive, and how their lives have been affected by the great changes since the Second World War. Throughout large parts of the developing world rural livelihoods are in crisis. Even in those parts of the third world where there has been growth of food output, that growth has rarely been translated into a commensurate expansion of livelihoods. Frequently, both economic stagnation and economic growth are translated into suffering for those who live in the countryside. Many people are aware that there is a crisis of livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa, but the understanding of that crisis rarely transcends simple conceptions of food or environmental crisis or the inadequacy of states: the ubiquity of crisis is rarely comprehended. This book addresses the pressing question of rural poverty. It examines the diverse human implications of rural change, the various crises of rural livelihoods which arise from change, and the survival strategies of individuals and households. It describes the great processes of agrarian transformation which have fundamentally altered rural livelihoods in developing countries and identifies some of the dilemmas for public action which arise from agrarian transformation and the crises of rural livelihoods. The contributors draw upon a range of disciplinary approaches to the subject, including anthropology, sociology, economics, political economy, agricultural science, and development studies.
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