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This monographs investigates into the influence of the individual-/stage-level distinction (IL/SL) on order restrictions of multiple prenominal adjectives (AORs). It rejects the restriction regularly postulated-across different research frameworks-that SL-adjectives are being realized farther from the head noun than IL-adjectives, relegating the alleged constraint to an epiphenomenon of more general principles. While formal-theoretic hypotheses on AORs are formulated and put to the test empirically via a large corpus as well as two rating studies, the book also addresses adjective classification, modification patterns, and the IL-SL-debate in general. The preferred prenominal positions of typical SL-adjectives are argued to follow from their nature as absolute-gradable adjectives as well as from the distinction between object- and kind-modification. The empirical studies corroborate these considerations. The book critically discusses and opposes several well-established hypotheses on AORs, sketches a flexible and parsimonious syntax of adjectival modification, and will be of interest to syntacticians and semanticists working on DP-structure, the IL-SL-debate, and adjectival modification.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

"Complex Predicates" examines a number of linguistic phenomena - including auxiliary verb combinations, causative constructions, predicatives, depictive secondary predicates, and particle and verb combinations - and uses scrambling and fronting data to determine that all except the depictive secondary predicates should be treated as complex predicates. Muller's analysis of inflection and derivation is compatible with syntactical analysis of particle verbs; as a byproduct, it also solves the particle verb bracketing paradox often discussed in the literature.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book investigates the occurrence of discontinuous noun phrases, arguing that many of the factors that previous literature has tried to explain in terms of syntactic restrictions on movement are in fact derivable from discourse factors. De Kuthy's HPSG and information-structure analyses provide an exemplary argument for rethinking the division of labour between syntax theory and a theory of discourse.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Acknowledgements
• Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Insubordination
• Data : insubordinate complement and conditional constructions in Germanic languages
• Insubordinate constructions
• Complement insubordination
• Conditional insubordination
• Other independent subordinate structures
• Data collection and methods
• Aims and organization of the study
• A constructional typology of complement insubordination
• Deontic constructions
• Uncontrolled deontic constructions
• Potential short-range wishes
• Potential long-range wishes
• Irrealis wishes
• Counterfactual wishes
• Summary
• Controlled deontic constructions
• Strong controlled deontic constructions
• Weak controlled deontic constructions
• Summary
• Evaluative constructions
• Unexpected evaluatives
• Expected evaluatives
• Summary
• Assertive constructions
• Conclusions
• A constructional typology of conditional insubordination
• Deontic constructions
• Uncontrolled deontic constructions
• Potential wishes
• Irrealis wishes
• Counterfactual wishes
• Summary
• Controlled deontic constructions
• Speaker-centered constructions
• Requests
• Threats
• Addressee-centered constructions
• Offers
• Suggestions
• Summary
• Evaluative constructions
• Remarkable evaluatives
• Lower-limit evaluatives
• Absurd evaluatives
• Summary
• Assertive constructions
• Assertion of the occurrence of an event
• Assertion of identification
• Assertion of qualification
• Summary
• Argumentative constructions
• Direct arguments
• Indirect arguments
• Summary
• Reasoning constructions
• Conclusions
• External delimitation of insubordination
• Elaborative complement constructions and dependency shift
• Elaborative constructions
• Dependency shift
• Post-modifying conditional constructions and dependency shift
• Post-modifying constructions
• Dependency shift
• Constructions with 'main clause traces'
• Conclusions
• Internal organization of insubordination
• Semantic organization
• Modal
• Interactional
• Discursive
• Constructional organization
• Absence of semantic generalization
• Non-compositional marking
• Indications of separate developmental paths
• Conclusions
• Conclusions
• Questions for further research
• References
• Index.

This book studies insubordination using Germanic data. On a descriptive level, it distinguishes a wide number of (previously undescribed) types of complement and conditional insubordination in English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic. On a theoretical level, these data are used to investigate the boundaries of insubordination, and the degree to which insubordination is a constructionally and semantically unified phenomenon.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This series publishes original contributions which describe and theoretically analyze structures of natural languages. The main focus is on principles and rules of grammatical and lexical knowledge both with respect to individual languages and from a comparative perspective. The volumes cover all levels of linguistic analysis, especially phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, including aspects of language acquisition, language use, language change, and phonetical and neuronal realization.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Introductory Remarks
• 2. Some Basic Concepts of HPSG
• 3. Formal Models of Syntactic Discontinuity
• 4. Topological Fields
• 5. Complementizers and Verb Placement
• 6. Left-Peripheral Structures
• 7. Sentence Type Determination
• 8. Syntax of the Verb Cluster
• 9. Beyond German
• References.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

While much of contemporary syntax equates grammatical structure with hierarchical organization, i.e. tree structures, this book argues for a critical reassessment of that premise. It argues that a crucial part of the description of German clausal syntax should be based on linear, rather than hierarchical concepts. This is done here by adopting 'topological fields'DSa concept from traditional descriptive theory. Such fields are defined as syntactic position classes, that is, clusterings of continuous syntactic material, and are defined orthogonally to constituency. This idea is implemented in an extension of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar that employs a separate level of flat linear organization called 'order domain'.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Preface
• 2. Part I. Introduction and overview
• 3. 1. Particle / prefix constructions and the study of constructional meaning
• 4. 2. Route-path expressions and other basic concepts
• 5. Part II. Particle verb constructions
• 6. 3. Intransitive particle verb constructions
• 7. 4. Particle verbs with accusative FGs
• 8. 5. UM- verbs and reflexive-trajectors
• 9. 6. DURCH- verbs with accusative routes
• 10. Part III. Prefixed verb constructions
• 11. 7. Prefixed verbs and holistic paths
• 12. 8. Prefixed verbs and multi-directional paths
• 13. 9. Prefixed verb constructions with an implicit LM
• 14. Part IV. Comparisons and conclusions
• 15. 10. Contrasting uber- and UBER- (and unter- and UNTER-)
• 16. 11. Contrasting durch- and DURCH-
• 17. 12. The meaning of the constructions
• 18. References
• 19. Index of subjects and names
• 20. Index of verbs.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This is really two books in one: a valuable reference resource, and a groundbreaking case study that represents a new approach to constructional semantics. It presents a detailed descriptive survey, using extensive examples collected from the Internet, of German verb constructions in which the expressions durch (`through'), uber (`over'), unter (`under'), and um (`around') occur either as inseparable verb prefixes or as separable verb particles. Based on that evidence, the author argues that the prefixed verb constructions and particle verb constructions themselves have meaning, and that this meaning involves subjective construal processes rather than objective information. The constructions prompt us to distribute focal attention according to patterns that can be articulated in terms of Talmy's notion of "perspectival modes". Among the other topics that play an important role in the analysis are incremental themes, reflexive trajectors, fictive motion, "multi-directional paths", and "accusative landmarks".
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Over the last decades, it has been hotly debated whether and how compounds, i.e. word-formations, and phrases differ from each other. The book discusses this issue by investigating compounds and phrases from a structural, semantic-functional and, crucially, cognitive perspective. The analysis focuses on compounds and phrases that are composed of either an adjective and a noun or two nouns in German, French and English. Having distinguished compounds from phrases on structural and semantic-functional grounds, the author claims that compounds are by their nature more appropriate to be stored in the mental lexicon than phrases and supports his argument with empirical evidence from new psycholinguistic studies. In sum, the book maintains the separation between compounds and phrases and reflects upon its cognitive consequences.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Acknowledgments
• 2. List of abbreviations
• 3. 1. Introduction
• 4. 2. Middle constructions and middle voice: What does a middle look like?
• 5. 3. Lexical and syntactic approaches to middle formation
• 6. 4. The syntax of transitive reflexive sentences: Word order, coordination, focus, and fronting
• 7. 5. The interpretation of reflexive pronouns in German
• 8. 6. Suppressed arguments and dative objects
• 9. 7. Middle constructions revisited
• 10. 8. Conclusion
• 11. References
• 12. Subject index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book offers a completely new analysis of the syntax and semantics of transitive reflexive sentences in German, which is embedded in the major phenomenon of the middle voice in Indo-European languages. It integrates the interpretation of non-argument reflexives into a modified version of recent theories of binding. The ambiguity of the reflexive pronoun is derived at the interface between syntax and semantics and does not rely on additional lexical or syntactic rules of argument suppression and argument promotion. This shift towards the semantic interpretation of syntactic arguments enables the author to offer a unified analysis of the middle, the anticausative and the reflexive interpretations. Furthermore, the crucial distinction between structural and oblique case forms is discussed and it is illustrated how specific properties of middle constructions such as adverbial modification or subject responsibility can be related to the generic interpretation of middle constructions.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction : On the benefits of analyzing morphological variation by linking theory and empirical evidence / Oliver Schallert and Antje Dammel
• Possessive -s in German : Development, variation and theoretical status / Tanja Ackermann
• Analyzing language change through a formalist framework / Raffaela Baechler and Simon Pröll
• Variation and change of plural verbs in Salzburg's base dialects / Lars Bülow, Hannes Scheutz and Dominik Wallner
• Content, form and realizations of Upper German case marking : Issues in modelling corpus-based data / Sophie Ellsässer
• Thoughts on morphomes, on a Scandinavian background / Hans-Olav Enger
• How to get lost : The Präteritumschwund in German dialects / Hanna Fischer
• The interaction of phonological and morphological variation in Zurich German / Anja Hasse
• Negative concord in Alemannic : An OT-approach at the syntax-morphology interface / Ann-Marie Moser
• Variation in non-finiteness and temporality from a canonical perspective / Tabea Reiner
• Strong or weak? Or : How information structure governs morphosyntactic variation / Helmut Weiss and Seyna Maria Dirani
• Index.

Morphological variation is a rather young, yet fascinating topic to study in its own right because it offers challenging evidence both for the autonomy of morphology (morphomic processes) as well as for its tight interconnection with other grammatical domains, notably phonology and syntax. Covering a wide range of phenomena (e.g. negation structures, form function-mismatches in the verbal and nominal domain, loss of morphosyntactic feature values, etc.), the contributions to this volume combine in-depth empirical studies with the explanatory potential of modern theories of grammar as well as approaches for capturing and modelling microtypological diversity.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• Scope and aim
• On adverbials and adjectives
• Defining adverbials
• Adverbial vs. subject
• Adverbial vs. object
• Adverbial vs. predicative
• Adverbial vs. particle
• Summary
• Adverbial adjectives
• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Adjective or adverb?
• Summary
• Basic distinctions
• Class properties of adverbial adjectives
• Set-theoretic classifications of adjectives
• Sentence and non-sentence adverbials
• Other important semantic properties
• Opacity
• Veridicality
• Structure of the book
• The readings of sentence adverbials
• Introduction
• Subject-oriented adverbials
• Adverbial adjectives as subject-oriented adverbials
• Speaker-oriented adverbials
• Speech-act adverbials
• Epistemic adverbials
• Evaluative adverbials
• Domain adverbials
• Semantic constraints on possible sentence adverbials
• Conclusion
• The readings of verb-related adverbials
• Introduction
• Manner adverbials
• Introduction
• Pure manner adverbials
• Agent-oriented manner adverbials
• Further orientations
• Degree adverbials
• Contexts and constraints for degree modification
• Degree-manner ambiguities
• Method-oriented adverbials
• Verb-related adverbials and secondary predication
• Resultatives
• Ambiguities and blends
• Depictives
• Adverbial adjectives and the verb-adverbial combinatorics
• Statives that allow manner modification
• Mannerless statives
• Verb-related adverbials and negation
• Negation, adverbials, and the sentential base
• Verb-related adverbials with scope over negation
• Conclusion
• Event-related adverbials
• Mental-attitude adverbials
• Mental-attitude adverbials and opacity
• Mental-attitude adverbials vs. secondary predication
• Transparent adverbials
• Transparent adverbials, depictives and negation
• Event-external adverbials
• Inchoative readings of schnell and langsam
• Holistic usages
• Holistic usages and the internal structure of the event
• Quantified direct objects
• Modifiers of complex events
• The wobei-paraphrase
• Wobei vs. während
• Event-related adverbials and the wobei-paraphrase
• Mental-attitude adverbials and the wobei'-paraphrase
• The wobei-paraphrase and event-external modification
• The wobei-paraphrase and associated readings
• Summary
• The syntactic position of manner adverbials
• Introduction
• Establishing syntactic positions
• Adverbial modification and information structure
• Focus projection
• Adverbials and normal word order
• Eckardt's account : Scrambled indefinite direct objects
• Restricted combinations : Implicit resultatives and verbs of creation
• The readings of indefinites and topicality
• In-group readings
• Problems for Eckardt's account
• Frey vs Eckardt : the strong reading of indefinites
• Manner adverbials and verbs of creation
• Frey and Pittner: Object integration
• Resultatives and integration
• An alternative account : it's the adverbial's reading that is decisive
• Adverbials out of the blue
• Thetic sentences
• Re-interpreting the controversial examples
• Existentially interpreted w-phrases
• W-phrases : re-interpreting the data
• Theme-rheme condition
• More evidence and some subtleties
• Clear minimal pairs
• Lexical semantics and verb-adverbial combinatorics
• Scrambling
• Summary
• Adverbials in formal semantics : the classical analyses
• The Operator approach
• Thomason and Stalnaker
• The Operator approach and scope
• The Operator approach as a general analysis of modification structures
• Criticism of the Operator approach
• The cognitive inappropriateness of the intensional Solution
• Entailments in the Operator approach
• The argument approach : McConnell-Ginet
• Entailments in McConnell-Ginet's approach
• The predicate approach : event-based semantics
• Event-based semantics and intuitive plausibility
• The scope of the event-based approach
• Neo-Davidsonian approaches
• Possible combinations : events and the predicate-modifier approach
• Adding events
• Event-based semantics as a refinement
• Conclusion
• The semantic analysis of verb-related adverbials
• Manners in the ontology
• The history of the idea
• The cognitive Status of manners
• Manners in the representation
• The technical aspects : getting manners into the representation and specifying them
• Benefits of the analysis
• Differentiating the readings and the link to syntax
• The syntax-semantics interface
• Event-related modification : the difficult cases
• Summary
• Summary and outlook
• Results
• Outlook
• Notes
• References
• Index.

The structural and semantic properties of adverbials represent a still poorly understood area of sentential syntax and semantics in Germanic languages. The volume gives a detailed overview of the system of adverbial adjectives in German, linking the different types of adverbial usages to different syntactic positions and providing formal derivations for the different usages. The book is of interest not only to anyone working on the linguistics of German but also to all linguists investigating the syntax-semantics interface.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• An introduction to reconstruction effects in relative clauses / Mathias Schenner
• A direct compositionality approach to condition C effects under reconstruction and their exceptions / Manfred Krifka
• Relative reconstructions / Caroline Heycock
• A calculus for reconstruction and anti-reconstruction / Winifried Lechner
• Notes on stress reconstruction and syntactic reconstruction / Hubert Ruckenbrodt
• A new version of the matching analysis of relative clauses / Martin Salzmann
• Idioms as evidence for the proper analysis of relative clauses / Gert Webelhuth, Sascha Bargmann, and Christopher Götze
• Some notes on connectivity and predicational copular sentences / Maribel Romero
• Functional readings without type-shifted noun phrases / Irene Helm
• Deconstructing reconstruction / Pauline Jacobson
• Evaluation order, crossover, and reconstruction / Chris Barker
• Telescoping by continuations / Wolfgagn Sternefeld
• Telescoping in relative clauses / Janina Radó, Andreas Konietzko, and Wolfgang Sternefeld
• Intensional relative clauses and the semantics of variable objects / Friederike Moltmann.

Reconstruction effects in relative clauses are a class of phenomena where the external head of the relative clause seems to behave as if it occupied a position withing the relative clause This volume brings together analyses from different frameworks, enabling the reader to develop their own perspective on the perfect tradeoff between syntax and semantics in a theory of grammar.