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• Intro
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Series Preface
• Introduction to Galatians
• Author
• Recipients and Date
• The North Galatian Hypothesis
• The South Galatian Hypothesis
• Occasion and Opponents
• Outline
• The Theology of the Letter
• The Triune Godhead
• The Gospel
• (1) The Truth of the Gospel
• (2) Salvation History
• (3) Justification by Faith Alone
• (4) Freedom and the Christian Walk
• The Centrality of the Cross (1:1-10)
• Paul Greets the Galatian Churches (1:1-5)
• The Author and Recipients of the Letter (1:1-2)
• The Salutation and Power of the Cross (1:3-5)
• Paul Is Writing to Expose the Danger to the Galatians (1:6-10)
• The Danger: Turning to a False Gospel (1:6-7)
• The Invocation of the Divine Curse (1:8-9)
• Paul's Model: Not Trying to Please People (1:10)
• The Divine Source of Paul's Gospel (1:11-24)
• Paul's Gospel Originated in a Revelation from Christ (1:11-12)
• Not of Human Origin (1:11-12A)
• The True Source: Revelation from Jesus Christ (1:12B)
• Paul Recounts His Conversion and Early Failure to Consult Others (1:13-17)
• His past Animosity (1:13-14)
• Persecution of the Church (1:13)
• Zeal for Judaism (1:14)
• His Apostolic Call (1:15-16A)
• His Decision Not to Consult Others (1:16B-17)
• On His First Jerusalem Visit, Paul Did Not Seek the Approval of the Apostles or the Church (1:18-24)
• Time in Jerusalem: Met Only Cephas and James (1:18-20)
• Very Short Time with the Two Apostles (1:18-19)
• Oath regarding the Truth of Paul's Claims (1:20)
• Time in Judea and Syria: Unknown to These People (1:21-24)
• Not Recognized in Either Region (1:21-22)
• Known Only by Report (1:23-24)
• The Pillars Accept Paul as an Apostle (2:1-10)
• Paul Travels with Barnabas to Jerusalem (2:1-5)
• The Purpose: Presentation of the Gospel He Preaches to the Gentiles (2:1-2).

• Circumcision Not Required (2:3-5)
• Paul Receives Approval from the Pillars (2:6-10)
• Nothing Added to Paul's Gospel (2:6)
• The Validity of Paul's Gentile and Peter's Jewish Ministries (2:7-8)
• The Right Hand of Fellowship from the Pillars (2:9)
• Request to Remember the Poor (2:10)
• Conflict with Peter and the Essence of the Gospel (2:11-21)
• Paul Rebukes Peter and Defends the Gospel against Peter's Actions (2:11-14)
• The Rebuke at Antioch (2:11)
• The Situation: Withdrawal from the Gentiles (2:12A)
• The Reason: Pressure from the Circumcision Group (2:12B-13)
• Rebuke and Correction by Paul (2:14)
• Paul Sets Forth the True Essence of the Gospel (2:15-21)
• Definition: Justification by Faith and Not by the Works of the Law (2:15-16)
• The Problem of Sin: From the Law, Not from Christ (2:17-18)
• The Solution: Died to the Law, Crucified with Christ (2:19-20)
• Grace through Christ, Not the Law (2:21)
• Defense of Faith over the Works of the Law (3:1-18)
• Paul Defends the Gospel by Experience: The Reception of the Spirit (3:1-5)
• They Must Have Been Bewitched (3:1)
• They Received the Spirit by Faith (3:2)
• The Spirit Is Antithetical to the Flesh (3:3)
• The Question of an Empty Religious Experience (3:4)
• The Spirit and Miracles Come by Faith, Not Works (3:5)
• Paul Defends the Gospel Using Scripture: Abraham and Faith (3:6-14)
• Thesis: Faith Credited as Righteousness (3:6)
• The Children of Abraham Come by Faith (3:7-9)
• Faith the Requirement (3:7)
• The Gospel Announced to Abraham and the Nations (3:8)
• The Means: With Abraham the Gentiles Rely on Faith (3:9)
• The Removal of the Curse (3:10-14)
• The Curse on Those Who Rely on the Law (3:10)
• The Righteous Must Live by Faith (3:11-12)
• Christ Redeemed Us by Becoming the Curse (3:13)
• Abraham's Blessing Comes to the Gentiles (3:14).

• Paul Proclaims the Subsidiary Nature of the Mosaic Law (3:15-18)
• The Permanent Nature of a Human Covenant (3:15)
• The Promise Given to Christ as the Seed of Abraham (3:16)
• The Priority of the Abrahamic Covenant (3:17)
• The Inheritance Given via an Eternal Promise (3:18)
• The Law's Temporary Purpose (3:19-29)
• Paul States the Law's Purpose as a Temporary Instrument (3:19-25)
• The Purpose behind Its Interim Status (3:19-21)
• Two Analogies behind the Law's Purpose (3:22-25)
• The Law as a Prison (3:22-23)
• The Law as a Guardian (3:24-25)
• Paul Identifies Believers as the Children of God (3:26-29)
• Faith as the Basis of Sonship (3:26)
• The Results of Sonship (3:27-29)
• Clothed with Christ (3:27)
• Oneness in Christ (3:28)
• Heirs of Abraham (3:29)
• Spiritual Liberation from Slavery (4:1-11)
• There Is a Salvation-Historical Switch from Slavery to Sonship (4:1-7)
• The Analogy of Slavery (4:1-3)
• The Submission of an Heir, While a Child, to Custodians (4:1-2)
• Application to the Enslavement of Jews and Gentiles (4:3)
• The Solution for This Slavery (4:4-7)
• In the Sending of the Son (4:4-5)
• In the Sending of the Spirit (4:6-7)
• Paul Points out the Folly of Returning to the Law (4:8-11)
• The past: Enslaved to False Gods (4:8)
• The Present: Known by God (4:9-10)
• Known by God, Yet Tempted to Turn Back (4:9)
• The Error: Observing the Jewish Calendar (4:10)
• The Danger: Emptying Paul's Ministry of Value (4:11)
• Paul's Relationship with the Galatians (4:12-20)
• Paul Reminds the Galatians of Their Relationship (4:12-16)
• Thesis: Imitate Paul (4:12A-B)
• Their Treatment of Paul (4:12C-16)
• The past: Warm Welcome When He Was Ill (4:12c-14)
• The Present: Displeasure When Being Told the Truth (4:15-16)
• False Teachers Hide Their Intentions (4:17-18).

• Their Plan to Alienate the Galatians from Paul (4:17)
• The Need for Proper Zeal (4:18)
• Paul Is Anguished and Perplexed about the Galatians (4:19-20)
• His Anguish over Them (4:19)
• His Perplexity with Them (4:20)
• Freedom over Slavery: An Allegorical Argument (4:21-31)
• Paul Presents an Allegory from Scripture (4:21-23)
• The Command to Listen to the Law (4:21)
• The Two Sons of Abraham (4:22-23)
• The Two Wives Represent Two Covenants (4:24-27)
• The Old Covenant: Hagar / Jerusalem below Representing Slavery (4:24-25)
• The New Covenant: Sarah/Jerusalem above Representing Freedom (4:26-27)
• Paul Applies This to the Current Situation (4:28-31)
• The Children of the Flesh Persecuting the Children of Promise (4:28-29)
• The Inheritance Only for the Free Woman's Son (4:30)
• Plea to Remain Children of the Free Woman (4:31)
• The Law's Threat to Freedom (5:1-12)
• Take a Stand for Freedom (5:1)
• Paul Warns about the Danger of Circumcision (5:2-6)
• The End Results of Circumcision (5:2-4)
• Robs Christ of Any Value (5:2)
• Demands Perfect Obedience (5:3)
• Causes a Fall from Christ and Grace (5:4)
• The Solution: The True Gospel (5:5-6)
• Righteousness through the Spirit (5:5)
• Faith Expressed through Love (5:6)
• Paul Warns about the Danger of the False Teachers (5:7-12)
• Their Insidious Invasion of the Galatian Churches (5:7-9)
• Certain Judgment for Their Sins (5:10)
• Paul's Opposition to Them (5:11)
• Paul's Wish for Them (5:12)
• Freedom in Love and by the Spirit (5:13-24)
• Love Holds a Central Place in the Christian Life (5:13-15)
• The Meaning of Freedom: Love, Not Libertinism (5:13)
• Love as the Fulfillment of the Law (5:14)
• Warning about Conflicts (5:15)
• Life in the Spirit Is Opposed to Life in the Flesh (5:16-24)
• Antithesis between Flesh and Spirit (5:16-18).

• The Spirit Opposed to the Desires of the Flesh (5:16-17a)
• The Conflict between Flesh and Spirit (5:17b-18)
• The Deeds of the Flesh (5:19-21)
• The Deeds Enumerated (5:19-21a)
• Warning: No Inheritance (5:21b)
• The Fruit of the Spirit (5:22-24)
• The Fruit Enumerated (5:22-23)
• The Crucifixion of the Flesh (5:24)
• Living Life by the Spirit (5:25-6:10)
• Paul Tells How to Keep in Step with the Spirit (5:25-6:5)
• The Basis: Absence of Conceit (5:25-26)
• The Corporate Side: Strengthening the Saints (6:1-3)
• The Restoration of Sinners (6:1)
• Bearing One Another's Burdens (6:2)
• Absence of Pride (6:3)
• The Individual Side: Testing One's Own Actions (6:4-5)
• Doing Good Constitutes Keeping in Step with the Spirit (6:6-10)
• Financial Support for Christian Leaders (6:6)
• Final Judgment: Reaping What We Sow (6:7-8)
• Life in the Spirit: Doing Good (6:9-10)
• Concluding Thoughts (6:11-18)
• Paul's Signature Shows the Importance of the Conclusion (6:11)
• Paul Makes His Closing Exhortations (6:12-15)
• The Danger of the Circumcision Group (6:12-13)
• Their Erroneous Motivation (6:12)
• Their Sinful Purpose (6:13)
• The True Basis for Pride (6:14-15)
• The Centrality of the Cross and the Crucified Life (6:14)
• The Centrality of the New Creation (6:15)
• Paul Makes a Prayer-Wish for the New Israel (6:16)
• Paul Provides Proof of His Ministry: The Marks of Jesus (6:17)
• Paul Closes the Letter with a Benediction (6:18)
• Glossary
• Amanuensis
• Apocalyptic
• Chiasm
• Christological
• Eschatological, Eschatology
• Hellenism, Hellenistic
• Judaizers
• Proleptic
• Septuagint
• Shekinah
• Shema
• Soteriological
• Bibliography
• Subject and Author Index
• Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Literature
• Old Testament
• New Testament
• Other Ancient Literature.

Annotation After the Apostle Paul returned from his first missionary journey, he heard that a certain group of legalistic Jewish Christians had infiltrated the churches he had established. These false teachers were teaching that new Christians had to be circumcised and follow the Old Testament law in order to be truly saved. Paul, realizing the gospel was at stake, wrote this letter in response. In Galatians Verse by Verse, experienced New Testament scholar sets forth Paul's laser-focused argument: Jesus is not only the Messiah; he came to inaugurate a new era in salvation history. In this new era, Christians are not made right with God by obeying the law; justification is by faith alone. This frees believers to live their lives not trying to earn salvation, but instead joyfully keeping in step with the Spirit. Pastors, Bible study leaders, and invested laypeople will all benefit from Osborne's careful reading of the text and commitment to making sense of the New Testament without scholarly jargon.The Osborne New Testament Commentary Series is a set of commentaries on every New Testament book. In each volume, Grant R. Osborne seeks to carefully exposit the text in plain language, bringing out the treasures in each book and making them accessible for today's readers.

• Intro
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Series Preface
• Introduction to Philippians
• Genre
• Authorship and Date
• Circumstances and City
• Paul's Purpose and the Philippians' Opponents
• Structure and Outline
• The Theology of the Letter
• The Doctrine of Christ
• The Gospel of Christ
• The Church of Christ
• The Return of Christ
• Greeting and Prayer for Love and Discernment (1:1-11)
• Paul Greets the Philippian Christians (1:1-2)
• Paul Thanks Them for Sharing in His Ministry (1:3-8)
• His Joy in Their Partnership (1:3-5)
• Paul's Confidence in God's Work among Them (1:6)
• His Deep Affection for Them (1:7-8)
• Paul Prays for Their Spiritual Growth (1:9-11)
• Prayer for Overflowing Love (1:9)
• Prayer for Discernment of What Is Best (1:10A)
• Prayer for Blameless Lives (1:10B)
• Prayer for the Fruit of Righteousness (1:11)
• The State of Paul and the Gospel in Rome-Part I (1:12-18a)
• Paul Tells How His Imprisonment Has Advanced the Gospel (1:12-14)
• The Results of His Imprisonment among Roman Guards and Officials (1:12-13)
• The Results of His Imprisonment for Christian Witness (1:14)
• The Gospel Advances in Spite of Impure Motives (1:15-18A)
• Two Motives for Proclaiming Christ (1:15-16)
• Some out of Love for Paul (1:16)
• Others out of Selfish Ambition (1:17)
• The Important Consideration-Proclaiming Christ (1:18A)
• The State of Paul and the Gospel in Rome-Part II (1:18b-26)
• Paul Discusses the Possible Outcomes and the True Purpose-The Glory of Christ (1:18B-20)
• Joy in His Future Deliverance (1:18B-19)
• The True Goal-The Glory of Christ (1:20)
• Paul Discusses the Difficult Choice before Him-Life or Death (1:21-24)
• The Options, Both of Which Are Desirable (1:21)
• The Choices Are Enumerated (1:22-24)
• To Go on Living Means Fruitful Labor (1:22).

• To Depart and Be with Christ Is Far Better (1:23)
• To Remain Is Better for the Philippians (1:24)
• The Joyous Expectation-Paul Would Remain with Them (1:25-26)
• Dealing with Persecution and Dissension (1:27-2:4)
• Paul Calls for Steadfastness and Unity in the Midst of Persecution (1:27-30)
• The Proper Conduct-Worthy of the Gospel (1:27-28)
• Steadfast, United, and Fearless (1:27-28A)
• The Two Signs-Destruction and Salvation (1:28B)
• The Gift of Suffering (1:29-30)
• The Goal of Suffering-For Paul (1:29)
• The Model for the Struggle-Paul (1:30)
• Paul Calls for Humility in the Midst of Dissension (2:1-4)
• Four Christian Experiences (2:1)
• 1. "Encouragement from Being United with Christ" (Literally, "In Christ")
• 2. "Comfort from His Love" (Literally, "From Love")
• 3. "Common Sharing in the Spirit" (Literally, "Fellowship of the Spirit")
• 4. "Tenderness and Compassion"
• Four Needed Internal Qualities (2:2)
• The Primary Need for Humility (2:3-4)
• Christ Jesus, the Model for Humility (2:5-11)
• Paul Exhorts the Church to Emulate the Mindset of Christ (2:5)
• Paul Presents the Incarnation as the Paradigm for Humility (2:6-11)
• Christ's State of Humiliation (2:6-8)
• Christ's State of Mind-Refused the Glory (2:6)
• Christ's State of Being-Made Himself Nothing (2:7)
• Christ Humbled Himself and Was Crucified (2:8)
• Christ's State of Exaltation (2:9-11)
• His Exaltation by God (2:9)
• His Exaltation via Worship and Submission (2:10)
• His Exaltation via Confession (2:11)
• Call to Obedience, Harmony, and Purity (2:12-18)
• Paul Demands that They Be Obedient (2:12-13)
• Their Part-Work out Their Salvation (2:12)
• God's Part-Working in Them (2:13)
• Paul Commends the Path of Harmony and Purity (2:14-16A)
• The Refusal to Complain or Argue (2:14)
• The Purpose-To Shine like Stars (2:15-16A).

• A Pure People in a Crooked World (2:15)
• Holding Firm to the Gospel (2:16a)
• The Philippian Church Is Paul's Legacy (2:16B-18)
• Paul Desires to Boast because of the Philippians (2:16B)
• Paul's Drink Offering and Mutual Rejoicing (2:17-18)
• Commending Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30)
• Paul Commends Timothy for His Deep Love and Concern (2:19-24)
• His Decision to Send Timothy (2:19)
• The Reason-Timothy's Deep Love for Them (2:20-21)
• Timothy's Faithful Service with Paul (2:22)
• The Two "Comings" (2:23-24)
• Paul Commends Epaphroditus for His Faithful Service (2:25-30)
• The Need for Epaphroditus's Sake (2:25-27)
• His Story-Sent to Care for Paul (2:25)
• His Distress and Serious Illness (2:26-27)
• Hope for the Philippians' Sake (2:28-30)
• The Reasons-Joy and Honor (2:28-29)
• His Example-Risked His Life (2:30)
• A New Crisis: The Judaizers Arrive in Philippi (3:1-11)
• Paul Warns about the Judaizing False Teachers (3:1-3)
• The Need to Rejoice (3:1A)
• The Safeguard and Warning (3:1B-2)
• The Description of True vs. False Believers (3:3)
• Paul Reflects on the Reasons for His Confidence in His past Pedigree (3:4-6)
• The Reasons for His Confidence (3:4)
• His Privileged Inherited Position (3:5A)
• His Personal Achievements (3:5B-6)
• Paul Turns to the Greater Value of His Present Status before God (3:7-11)
• All past Gains Are Present Loss (3:7)
• The Surpassing Value of Knowing Christ (3:8-9)
• Everything Loss to Know Christ (3:8a)
• Everything Garbage to Gain Christ (3:8b-9a)
• The True Gain-Righteousness Based on Faith (3:9b)
• The True Goal-To Know Christ (3:10-11)
• The Content-To Know Christ, His Resurrection, and His Sufferings (3:10a)
• The Means-Like Christ in His Death (3:10b)
• The Goal-Attain Christ's Resurrection (3:11)
• Advancing in the Christian Life despite Worldly Foes (3:12-21).

• Paul Addresses the Need to Press on toward the Goal (3:12-16)
• The Key: Ongoing Spiritual Growth (3:12-14)
• Taking Stock and Forging Ahead (3:12)
• The Method for Reaching the Goal (3:13-14)
• Forget the past and Strive for the Future (3:13)
• Press on for the Prize (3:14)
• Overcome Differences with a Mature Mindset (3:15-16)
• For the Less Mature: God Will Clear It up (3:15)
• For the Mature: Live up to What You've Attained (3:16)
• Paul Addresses the Need to Live Not for the Earthly but for the Heavenly (3:17-21)
• Paul's Living Example (3:17)
• The Indictment of Worldly Pleasure-Seekers (3:18-19)
• Their Designation-Enemies of the Cross (3:18)
• Four Characteristics (3:19)
• The True Believers and Their Heavenly Destiny (3:20-21)
• Citizenship in Heaven (3:20a)
• Eager Expectation-The Glorious Body Awaiting (3:20b-21)
• Closing Exhortations (4:1-9)
• Paul Appeals for Steadfastness and Unity, (4:1-3)
• Stand Firm against False Teachers, (4:1)
• Find Unity in the Midst of Conflict (4:2-3)
• Conflict between Euodia and Syntyche (4:2)
• The Need for the Leaders to Get Involved (4:3)
• Paul Calls Them to Joy and Peace (4:4-7)
• The Need for Constant Rejoicing (4:4)
• Known for Our Gentleness (4:5)
• Prayer, the Antidote for Anxiety (4:6-7)
• The Means-Prayer Replacing Worry (4:6)
• The Result-The Peace of God (4:7)
• Paul Discusses the Christian Mindset (4:8-9)
• Right Thinking-Excellent and Praiseworthy Things (4:8)
• Right Doing-What They Have Learned from Paul (4:9)
• Epilogue: Thanksgiving and Final Greetings (4:10-23)
• Paul Thanks Them for Their Generous Gift (4:10-20)
• Thanks for the Renewal of Their Concern (4:10-13)
• Recognizing Their Concern (4:10)
• Contentment in Every Circumstance (4:11-12)
• Christ, the Source of Strength (4:13)
• Thanks for Their Partnership in His Ministry (4:14-17).

• Sharing in His Difficulties (4:14)
• None Shared but the Philippians (4:15-16)
• His Desire-All This Credited to Their Account (4:17)
• Thanks for Their Fragrant Offering (4:18-20)
• The Abundance of Their Acceptable Sacrifice (4:18)
• The Reward-God Meeting All Their Needs (4:19)
• Doxological Closing (4:20)
• Paul Gives Final Greetings (4:21-23)
• Request that They Greet Every Saint (4:21A)
• Greeting from Coworkers and Saints in Rome (4:21B-22)
• Closing Benediction (4:23)
• Glossary
• Amanuensis
• Chiasm, Chiastic
• Christological, Christology
• Ecclesiological, Ecclesiology
• Eschatological, Eschatology
• Eschaton
• Gnosis, Gnostic, Gnosticism
• Hellenism, Hellenistic
• Inclusio
• Judaizers
• Parousia
• Septuagint
• Shekinah
• Soteriological, Soteriology
• Stoic, Stoicism
• Bibliography
• Subject and Author Index
• Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Literature
• Old Testament
• New Testament
• Other Ancient Literature.

Annotation Even though he was writing from prison, the Apostle Paul's gratitude and joy leaps off the page in his letter to the Philippians. He writes to Christians in a Greek city that he visited on his second missionary journey to thank them for their partnership with him, and also to encourage them to maintain unity in the face of forces that were trying to divide them. In Philippians Verse by Verse, Grant R. Osborne draws on years of examining the text to offer a clear explanation of what this book meant to its original audience and what it means today. In spite of sometimes dire circumstances, readers too may experience joy, encouragement, and fellowship if they remain focused on what God has done for them in Christ. The Osborne New Testament Commentary Series is a set of commentaries on every New Testament book for people who are looking for a straightforward explanation of the text. In each volume, Grant R. Osborne seeks to carefully exposit the text in plain language, bringing out the treasures in each book and making them accessible for today's readers.