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• Digestion begins in the mouth
• Stomach breaks down food mechanically and chemically
• Liver & pancreatic secretions breakdown food
• Villi and microvilli help in digestion
• Large intestine absorbs water and bacterially produced vitamins
• The urinary system
• Nephrons: the bowman's capsule and the glomerulus
• Nephrons: tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
• Kidneys maintain homeostasis
• Kidneys act as endocrine glands
• Kidney failure has a number of causes
• Treatment of kidney failure.

First examines the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food that occurs in the mouth and stomach before looking at digestion and absorption in the small intestine and the enzymes and other chemicals secreted by the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas that aid in the process. The program then looks at the synthesis of vitamins by bacteria in the large intestine and then goes on to explore the complex structures in the kidney that allow them to filter wastes out of the blood while returning water and nutrients. The kidneys role in maintaining homeostasis and a look at how kidney dialysis machines work concludes the program.

• Four major types of hormones
• Hormones bind to receptors on target cells
• Some surface receptors trigger second messenger system
• Steroid & thyroid hormone bind to receptors inside cell
• Negative & positive feedback
• Two types of glands exocrine & endocrine
• Hypothalamus pituitary complex
• Thyroid & parathyroid
• Pancreas
• Gonads, testes & ovaries
• Adrenal glands
• Pineal gland
• Thymus
• Kidneys
• Heart.

"First looks at the chemical structure of various hormones, the hormone receptors found on target cells, and the feedback mechanisms that regulate homone levels. After explaining the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands the program then looks at the various endocrine glands and organs including: the hypothalamus; the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands; the pancreas, testes and ovaries; and organs such as the thymus, kidneys, stomack, small intestine and heart that produce hormones".--Container.

• Introduction
• The skin and mucus membranes
• Phgocytic and natural killer cells
• The inflammatory response
• Fever
• The immune system
• Antibodies and T-Cell receptors
• B-Cells and humoral immunity
• T-Cells and cell mediated immunity The function of antibodies
• The function of T-cell receptors
• B and T memory cells
• HIV viruses destroy helper T-cells
• Numerous treatments but no cure for AIDS.

"Starts by looking at external barriers to microbial attack such as the skin and mucus membranes and non-specific internal defenses such as macrophages, natural killer cells, and inflammatory response. The program then delves into the immune response including the recognition of invaders by antibodies and T-cell receptors, the destruction of invaders by antibodies and cytoxic T-cells, and immunity conferred by memory cells. A discussion of how vaccination works and current AIDS research concludes the program"--Container.

• Integumentary system: Skin
• Skin structure: Epidermis
• Skin structure: Dermis
• Muscular system
• Structure of skeletal muscle
• Contraction of skeletal muscle
• Muscular system: Cardiac muscle
• Muscular system: Smooth muscle
• Skeletal system
• Skeletal system: Cartilage
• Skeletal system: Bone structure
• Bones are constantly being dissolved & replaced
• Skeletal: Structure & function
• Muscles & bones generate movement.

"Begins by introducing the dermis and epidermis of the skin; the sweat and sebaceous glands; and the skin's role in protecting against microbial invasion, ultra-violet radiation and in producing vitamin D. The program then looks in-depth at the structure and function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle and how their movement is controlled before looking at the structure of cartilage and bone and the skeletal system(')s role in protecting vital organs, producing blood cells, storing nutrients and in conjunction with the muscular system, producing movement"--Container.

• Neuron structure & function
• Neuron activity
• Resting potential
• Triggering action potentials
• Sodium-potassium pumps
• Conduction of action potentials
• Saltatory conduction
• The synapse
• Integration of synaptic potentials
• Nervous system functions
• Identifying type & intensity of stimulus
• Integrating information & responding to stimuli
• Neural networks
• The peripheral nervous system
• The central nervous system
• The spinal cord
• The brain
• The hindbrain
• The midbrain
• The forebrain
• The thalamus
• The limbic system
• The forebrain cerebrum.

"The nervous system: neurons, networks, and the human brain begins by examining the structure and function of neurons; resting, action and post-synaptic potentials; and reflexes and neural networks. The peripheral, somatic, autonomic, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are introduced before looking at the central nervous system. After describing spinal cord structure and function the program then examines the human brain including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum of the hindbrain; the recticular formation of the midbrain; and the thalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex of the forebrain."--Container.

• Respiratory system
• Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
• Hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells carry O2 and CO2
• Breathing: Inhalation & exhalation
• Breathing is controlled by the nervous system
• Circulatory system
• Structure of the heart
• Heart and the cardiac cycle
• Blood
• Blood plasma
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Blood platelets
• Blood vessels: Arteries & arterioles
• Blood vessels: Capillaries
• Blood vessels: Venules & veins
• Lymphatic system: Structure & function
• Lymphatic organs: Thymus & spleen.

"Looks at the flow of air through the conducting portions of the respiratory system to the alveoli before examining: the role of hemoglobin in gas exchange and O₂ and CO₂ transport in the blood; the operation of the respiratory control center; and the mechanics of breathing. The program then investigates the composition of blood and how it flows through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins before looking at the role of the lymphatic system role in fighting infection, transporting fats, and returning interstitial fluid to the blood"--container.

• Atomic structure: Overview
• Electrons, orbitals & energy levels
• Outer energy levels & chemical bonds
• Ions and Ionic bonds
• Covalent bonds
• Polar & Nonpolar molecules
• Water is the solvent of life
• Acids, bases & buffers
• pH scale.

"Begins by describing the basic structure of atoms and how ions are formed as atoms gain or lose electrons. Molecules and the covalent bonds that hold them together are then investigated. The program then explains the difference between organic and inorganic molecules, polar and non-polar molecules and how the hydrogen bonds that form between polar H2O molecules provide water with a number of unique characteristics critical to life. A look at the concept of pH and the role of buffers concludes the program."--Container.

• Introduction
• Polymer are made of monomers
• dehydration & hydrolysis reactions
• Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates: sugar
• Carbohydrates: starch & glycogen store energy
• Carbohydrates: cellulose & chitin are structural molecules
• Lipids: energy storage, membranes & hormones
• Lipids: fats, oils & waxes
• Lipids: cell membranes built of phospholipids
• Lipids: some hormones are steroids
• Proteins: structural proteins & enzymes
• Proteins: proteins assembled out of amino acids
• Proteins: shape of proteins critical to function
• Nucleic acids: constructed of nucleotides
• Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA store and transmit information
• Nucleic acids: constructed of nucleotides
• Nucleic acids: constructed of nucleotides cAMP & ATP
• Review.

Covers polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

A look at the Human Genome Project & DNA technology; tools used by biotechnologists such as the restriction enzymes, plasmids, and the production of genes via polymerase chain reactions. Looks at future of biotechnology & some environmental, economic, & ethical issues raised by biotech.

• Introduction
• Cell walls
• Structure of the phospholipid bilayer
• Membrane proteins
• Transport proteins
• Receptor proteins
• Recognition proteins
• Diffusion
• Passive transport
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Isotonic, hypertonic & hypotonic solutions
• Active transport
• Protein pumps
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Summary.

"Begins by examining cell wall structure and the major functions of cellular membranes before introducing the fluid mosaic model of the phospholipid bilayer, and transport, recognition, and receptor proteins. The concepts of simple and facilitated diffusion, passive and active transport, and osmosis are illustrated. Endocytosis and exocytosis, the role of contractile and central vacuoles, and how desmosomes and tight junctions tie cells together and how plasmodesmata and gap junctions facilitate communication are explained."--Container.

• Chapter index: Introduction
• Cell walls cover the membranes of plants, fungi, & some protists
• Cell structure: an overview
• The nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Lysosomes are digestive organelles
• Chloroplasts & mitochondria are energy producing organelles
• Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration
• Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis
• Plastids store pigments, lipids & starches
• Contractile & central vacuoles
• Cytoskeleton: an overview
• Cytoskeleton: microtubules
• Cytoskeleton: microfilaments
• Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments
• Cell function determines cell shape.

Explains the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and then explores in detail the structure and function of the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Examined organelles include: the nucleus, ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, lysosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria, plastids, contractile and central vacuoles, cilia, flagella and the various filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. Looks at how cellular shape varies with cellular function.

• Introduction
• Prokaryotic cell cycle and binary fission
• Eukaryotic cell cycle
• Interphase: G1, S phase, and G2
• Mitosis, cytokinesis and cell division
• Mitosis: prophase
• Mitosis: metaphase
• Mitosis: anaphase
• Mitosis: telophase
• Cytokinesis in animal cells
• Cytokinesis in plant cells
• Factors controlling the cell cycle
• Cancer cells escape controls
• Stem cell research holds potential
• Telomerase genes key to cancer and aging.

Starts by introducing the cell cycle and briefly describing the process of binary fision in prokaryotic cells before going on to a detailed look at the eukaryotic cell cycle from the G1, S and G2 phases of interphase through the prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase phases of mitosis. The difference between cytokinesis in animal and plant cells is then illustrated. The program concludes by explaining why an understanding of cellular division is critical to: conquering diseases such as cancer, cloning organs for transplantation, and in slowing or perhaps even stopping or reversing aging. (From disc cover).

• Four functions of DNA
• DNA replication
• Mutations in DNA
• DNA is transcribed into mRNA
• Genetic code
• Ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins
• Translation begins with initiation
• Elongation builds proteins.

Looks first at the structure of DNA before going on to describe how DNA carries out its four major functions: the storage of information; the replication of information; creating slight changes in the information through mutations that forces of natural selection act upon; and the translating of information into the proteins that define an individual. --Container.

• ATP molecules store energy in cells
• Glycolysis & cellular respiration : an overview
• Cellular respiration reverses photosynthesis
• Glycolysis breaks apart glucose molecules
• Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue
• Lactic acid fermentation
• Alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol & CO₂
• Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria
• Krebs cycle : energetic electrons attach to carrier molecules
• The electron transport system
• Flow of H+ ions powers ATP synthesis
• ATP powers cellular processes.

"After looking at the processes of glycolysis and fermentation the program then looks in detail at cellular respiration beginning with the structure of mitochondria. Following the entry of pyruvic acid into the mitochondrial matrix and the formation of acetyl CoA the program continues with an in-depth examination of the citric acid cycle and the endosymbiotic hypothesis which offers an explanation of how photosynthesis and cellular respiration arose in eukaryotic cells."--Container.

• Genetic disorders: Recessive single gene disorders - Cystic fibrosis
• Genetic disorders: Recessive single gene disorders - Sickle cell anemia
• Genetic disorders: Recessive single gene disorders - Tay Sachs
• Genetic disorders: Dominant single gene disorders - Huntington's disease
• Genetic disorders: Sex linked disorders - Color blindness, hemophilia, and MD
• Human inheritance: Poly-genetic inheritance
• Inheriting too many or few chromosomes: Non-disjunction
• Inheriting too many or few chromosomes: Non-disjunction - Downs syndrome
• Genetic disorders: Genetic counseling & diagnostic tests
• Genetic disorders: Diagnostic tests - Amniocentesis
• Genetic disorders: Diagnostic tests - Chorionic villus sampling.

This film begins by looking at single gene genetic disorders including recessive disorders such as Tay-Sachs and sickle-cell anemia, dominant disorders such as Huntington's disease, and sex-linked disorders such as hemophilia and color blindness. It then examines polygenic inheritance and environmental influences on the expression of genes. Chromosomal inheritance of disorders such as Down syndrome are then explored before looking at the ethical issues involved in genetic testing and the hope promised by the Human Genome Project.

Compares asexual and sexual reproduction and describes chromosomes and homologous pairs. Discusses the difference between haploid and diploid cells and the three major eukaryotic life cycles. Includes detailed description of all the stages of meiosis.

• Chapter index: Introduction
• Scientific experiments revealing how plants grow
• Plants grow because of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis supports most life on earth
• The structure of leaves & chloroplasts
• Light reactions: an overview
• Chlorophyll and other pigments capture light energy
• Photosystems I & II are powered by light energy
• Photosystem II produces ATP molecules
• Photosystem I produces NADPH molecules
• Photosystems I & II receive electrons from water
• The C3 cycle
• Carbon fixation
• PGAL and glucose synthesis
• RUBP replacement.

Documents how scientists unraveled the mystery of photosynthesis. Examines the structural adaptations in leaves that facilitate photosynthesis, the nature of visible light, and the structure of chloroplasts. Explains how the light-dependent reactions that occur in photosystems I and II produce ATP and other high energy molecules that are then used to produce glucose via the light independent C3 and C4 cycles which are compared and contrasted.

• Introduction
• Pea plants ideal experimental subjects
• Single trait experiments
• Mendel's law of dominance
• Mendel's law of segregation
• Punnett squares illustrate genotypes
• The law of independent assortment
• Chromosomes made of genes
• Sex chromosomes
• Sex-linked traits in fruit flies
• Linkages in non-sex chromosomes
• Crossing over
• Incomplete dominance
• Multiple alleles, codominance & blood type
• Polygenic inheritance
• Environmental effects on gene expression.

"Delves into the fundamental aspects of genetic inheritance and how Mendel discovered the principles that form the foundation of modern genetics"--Container.

Looks at the characteristics common to all aquatic environments. Looks at freshwater lakes, observes how life changes along the course of rivers, and explains the ecological importance of wetlands and estuaries. Describes and explores various marine habitats such as tide pools, kelp forests, coral reefs, open oceans, and vent communities.

• Chapter index: Introduction
• Prokaryotes have no nucleus or organelles
• Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
• Conjugation, transformation, & transduction
• Prokaryotic shapes & locomotion
• Gram positive & negative prokaryotes
• Sources of energy & nutrition
• The habitats of prokaryotes
• Bacteria & human health
• Archaea, bacteria & eukaryotes considered.

Establishes the importance of bacteria by giving examples of their symbiotic relationships with both plants and animals. This program then looks in detail at both bacteria and archaebacteria and some of the unique habitats in which they live. The program concludes by examining some bacteria that act as human pathogens and others that are beneficial to humans.