• CONTENTS List of Illustrations ................................................................ ............ xi Preface ................................................................ ................................. xxi Acknowledgements ................................................................ ............ xxv List of Abbreviations ................................................................ ......... xxix A Note on Orthography and Translation ..................................... xxxi Maps and Figures ................................................................ .............. xxxiii Introduction Making and re-Making Mosques in Senegal ..... 1 On the Centrality of the Mosque ............................................... 5 On the Diversity of Styles ............................................................ 12 PART ONE FROM CONVERSION TO CONSTRUCTION Chapter One Sudanese Style Mosques and their Little Known Relatives in Futa Toro (15th-mid 19th century) ....21 Baraka and Building Traditions: From the Eyes of Arab Geographers ............................................... 23 Encroaching Eurocentrism: Early European Explorers ........ 26 Mosques in the Sudan and `Sudanese Style' Mosques .......... 36 Some Reflections on Linguistic Kinship .................................. 50 Defensive Tatas and Protective Palisades ................................ 54 Fulbe Jihad and Mosques ........................................................... 70 Architecture of the `Umarian' Mosques of Futa Toro .......... 75 Conclusion ................................................................ .................... 87 PART TWO THE QUEST FOR AN APPROPRIATE AESTHETIC Chapter Two The Birth of the `Colonial Mosque': Hybridity, French Policy and Muslim Identity (ca. 1820-1920) . 93 Marabouts, Mosques and the Policy of Assimilation ........... 93 Trade, Territory and the Mission Civilisatrice ....................... 95 The Churches of Goree and Saint-Louis: Slaves, Missionaries and Metisses ..................................... 98 Consolidating Colonialism through the Creation of Colonial Cities ................................................................ ......... 106 France's Ambivalent Attitudes towards Mosques: To Fund or Not To Fund Them? .............................................. 114 Three Colonial Mosques: Goree, Saint-Louis Nord and rue Blanchot .............................................................. 122 Veranda-style Mosques .............................................................. 147 Concluding Remarks ................................................................ .. 156 Chapter Three Regionalism, Revivals and Repercussions on Senegalese Mosques (ca. 1920-1950s) ............. 159 Framing Attitudes towards Islam: The Policy of Association ................................................................ ............... 159 Regionalism, Revivals and Colonial Expositions ................... 166 Financing of Mosques, 1930-1940s ......................................... 180 Jenne, neo-Sudanese Style and the Quest for an Appropriate Aesthetic .................................................. 184 Genesis of the Murid Style ........................................................ 187 The Great Mosque of Dakar and the Politics of Construction ................................................................ ............ 192 Smaller Mosques in Dakar ......................................................... 198 Afro-Brazilian Synthesis and its Appearance in Senegal ...... 209 Shaping Muslim Identity ........................................................... 222 PART THREE DISCOURSE, GENDER AND IDENTITY Chapter Four The Contemporary Urban Mosque Phenomenon: Ibadou and Tariqa Identities (1960s-present). 229 Urbanization and the Construction Boom ............................. 229 The Rise of Religiosity: To each man his own mosque ........ 232 Multiplication of Mosques as Material Manifestation of Spiritual Clout ................................................................ 234 Stylistic Appropriation of Tariqa Mosques ............................ 240 Intimating Independence: The Great Mosque of Dakar ...... 243 The Great Mosque of Touba: Monumental Murid Eclecticism ................................................................ ................ 248 The Revival of Islamic Identity ................................................. 254 Ibadou mosques ................................................................ ........... 258 The Contentious Issue of Funding Mosques .......................... 288 The Mosque as Locus for Inclusiveness, Access and Community ................................................................ .............. 292 Chapter Five Women, Space and West African Mosques ...... 297 Women, Islam and the West African Context ...................... 297 "These Mutes of Islam": Colonial and Scholarly Views ....... 302 Women, Education and Role Models ...................................... 308 Spatial Segregation ................................................................ ...... 318 Jakka Jigeen: A Women's Mosque or a Mosque for Women? ................................................................ .................... 324 The Place of Women in West African Mosques: Doctrinal Debates ................................................................ ....... 332 Architecture, Space and the Regional Variety of Women's Mosques ................................................................ .. 335 A Question of Visibility: les filles voilees and `les Salaf ' ....... 342 Female Architects and the Appropriation of (Male) Sacred Space ................................................................ .... 354 Concluding Remarks ................................................................ .. 357 Epilogue: Is There Room for Sustainable Architecture? ............. 363 Glossary ................................................................ ............................... 371 Bibliography ................................................................ ........................ 375 Index ................................................................ .................................... 391 Colour Plates ................................................................ ...................... 408.
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This book constitutes a seminal contribution to the fields of Islamic architectural history and gender studies. It is the first major empirical study of the history and current state of mosque building in Senegal and the first study of mosque space from a gender perspective. The author positions Senegalese mosques within the field of Islamic architectural history, unraveling their history through pre-colonial travelers' accounts to conversations with present-day planners, imams and women who continually shape and reshape the mosques they worship in. Using contemporary Dakar as a case study, the book's second aim is to explore the role of women in the "making and remaking" of mosques. In particular, the rise of non-tariqa grass-roots movements (i.e.: the "Sunni/Ibadou" movement) has empowered women (particularly young women) and has greatly strengthened their capacity to use mosques as places of spirituality, education and socialization. The text is aimed at several specialized readerships: readers interested in Islam in West Africa, in the role of women in Islam, as well as those interested in the sociology and art-history of mosques.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• sect. 1. Meaning from faith
• Spirituality and architecture / Mohammed Arkoun
• "Simultaneous perplexity" : the paradise garden as the quintessential visual paradigm of Islamic architecture and beyond / Nader Ardalan
• On what makes architecture Islamic : some reflections and a proposal / S. Gulzar Haider
• The grand tradition of Islamic architecture / Abdul Rehman
• Discovering concepts from faith / Khalil K. Pirani
• sect. 2. Meaning from history
• Cities in the Islamic world / Ronald Lewcock
• Lofty chambers : the interior space in the architecture of Islamic countries / Ludovico Micara
• The aesthetics of space in Ottoman architecture / Jale N. Erzen
• Changes in the Islamic religion and their effects on the built environment : two cases from Indonesia / Adhi Moersid, Achmad Fanani, and Tulus Setyo Budhi
• Persian gardens and courtyards : an approach to designing contemporary architecture / Mahvash Alemi
• sect. 3. Contemporary trends
• Modernity and tradition : problem or potential / Suha Özkan
• The search for appropriate architecture / Ali Shuaibi
• On the poetics of place : the communicability of an architectural image / Rasem Badran
• Project and tradition / Eugenio Galdieri
• What Islamic architecture is not / Kamran T. Diba
• Architecture in Islamic societies and the new development paradigm / Arif Hasan
• An overview of architecture education in the contemporary Muslim world / Kausar B. Ahmad.

The ongoing debate among practitioners and in academia about the meaning and understanding of Islamic architecture will be energized by this book. It contains essays by architects and academics from various parts of the world which clarify how the carious disciplines of the design profession can be employed to build in the spirit of Islam. Divided into three sections the book covers: *meaning from Faith, which draws meaning from the Islamic faith in order to propose a built environment that is universally beneficial *analysis of History, which examines historical buildings and planning concepts, and suggest how to apply lessons learned to contemporary practice *contemporary Trends, which discusses current trends in architecture, education and socio-economic aspects of various Muslim countries. Illustrated throughout, this book will appeal to students and scholars, practising architects and planners alike.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• 1. The Tradition of Islam and Its Law
• 2. The Traditional Islamic Framework: Its Principles and Dimensions
• 3. The Traditional Islamic Physical Framework: Its Principles and Dimensions
• 4. Islam and Modernisation: Principles vs. Materials Notes and References Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Written with the non-Muslim reader in mind, this book analyses the principles and values established by Islamic tradition to govern the social and physical environments of Muslims. The picture of Islam that emerges from this work is of a way of life with social ideals. Relying on the Qur'an and Sunna, the basic sources of Islamic law, and using examples of the built environment of early Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Central Asia, the author explains how following these ideals can create an urban environment that responds to social and environmental variables.Islamic views on the controversial issue of modernisation are also examined. This book will be of interest to people in the fields of urban planning, architecture, sociology, anthropology, housing and built environment, as well as Islamic studies.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Ajimez * Allepo * Arabesque * Artesando * Bijapur * Bulgaria * Byzantine * Crusader Period * Desert * Fathy, Hassan * Fez * Gardens * Ghana * Granada * Harem * House * Jerusalem * Mamluk Architecture * Minaret * Mosaic * Mosque of Amr * Oman * Pakistan * Qatar * Semahane * Singapore * Spain * Taj Mahal * Tomb of the Abasid Caliphs.
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The Dictionary of Islamic Architecture provides the fullest range of artistic, technical, archaeological, cultural and biographical data for the entire geographical and chronological spread of Islamic architecture - from West Africa through the Middle East to Indonesia, and from the seventh to the eighteenth centuries of the Common Era. Over 500 entries are arranged alphabetically and fully cross-referenced and indexed to permit easy access to the text and to link items of related interest. Four main categories of subject matter are explored: * dynastic and regional overviews * individual site descriptions * biographical entries * technical definitions Over 100 relevant plans, sketch maps, photographs and other illustrations complement and illuminate the entries, and the needs of the reader requiring further information are met by individual entry bibliographies.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Contents - 6[-]Acknowledgements - 8[-]Introduction: The Representation of Islamic Architecture[-]in The Netherlands - 10[-]1. Hindustani-Commissioned Mosque Design[-]in The Netherlands - 40[-]2. Moluccan-Commissioned Mosque Design[-]in The Netherlands - 94[-]3. Turkish-Commissioned Mosque Design[-]in The Netherlands - 132[-]4. Moroccan-Commissioned[-]Mosque Design in The Netherlands - 182[-]Conclusion: The Architectural Representation of Islam[-]in The Netherlands - 238[-]Notes - 258[-]Selected Bibliography - 296[-]Samenvatting in het Nederlands - 310[-]Curriculum Vitae - 318[-]Figures - 320.
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This book is a study of Dutch mosque designs, objects of heated public debate. Until now, studies of diaspora mosque designs have largely consisted of normative architectural critiques that reject the ubiquitous 'domes and minarets' as hampering further Islamic-architectural evolution. The Architectural Representation of Islam: Muslim-Commissioned Mosque Design in The Netherlands represents a clear break with the architectural critical narrative, and meticulously analyzes twelve design processes for Dutch mosques. It shows that patrons, by consciously selecting, steering and replacing their architects, have much more influence on their mosques than has been generally assumed. Through the careful transformation of specific building elements from Islamic architectural history to a new context, they literally aim to 'construct' the ultimate Islam. Their designs thus evolve not in opposition to Dutch society, but to those versions of Islam that they hold to be false.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Palaces like the Aljaferia and the Alhambra rank among the highest achievements of the Islamic world. In recent years archaeological work at Cordoba, Kairouan and many other sites has vastly increased our knowledge about the origin and development of Islamic palatial architecture, particularly in the Western Mediterranean region. This book offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of Islamic palace architecture in Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and southern Italy. The author, who has himself conducted archaeological field work at several prominent sites, presents all Islamic palaces known in the region in ground plans, sections and individual descriptions. The book traces the evolution of Islamic palace architecture in the region from the 8th to the 19th century and places them within the context of the history of Islamic culture. Palace architecture is a unique source of cultural history, offering insights into the way space was conceived and the way rulers used architecture to legitimize their power. The book discusses such topics as the influence of the architecture of the Middle East on the Islamic palaces of the western Mediterranean region, the role of Greek logic and scientific progress on the design of palaces, the impact of Islamic palaces on Norman and Gothic architecture and the role of Sufism on the palatial architecture of the late medieval period.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Contents: Introduction: reframing the lands of Rum-- A capital without royal patronage: Konya (1240-1280)-- A capital of learning: three madrasas in Sivas (1271-1272)-- On the Ilkhanid frontier: Erzurum (1280-1320)-- Small cities in a global moment: Tokat, Amasya, Ankara (1280-1330)-- Epilogue-- Bibliography-- Index.
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This book is a study of Islamic architecture in Anatolia following the Mongol conquest in 1243. Complex shifts in rule, movements of population, and cultural transformations took place that affected architecture on multiple levels. Beginning with the Mongol conquest of Anatolia, and ending with the demise of the Ilkhanid Empire, centered in Iran, in the 1330s, this book considers how the integration of Anatolia into the Mongol world system transformed architecture and patronage in the region. Traditionally, this period has been studied within the larger narrative of a progression from Seljuk to Ottoman rule and architecture, in a historiography that privileges Turkish national identity. Once Anatolia is studied within the framework of the Mongol Empire, however, the region no longer appears as an isolated case; rather it is integrated into a broader context beyond the modern borders of Turkey, Iran, and the Caucasus republics. The monuments built during this period served a number of purposes: mosques were places of prayer and congregation, madrasas were used to teach Islamic law and theology, and caravanserais secured trade routes for merchants and travelers. This study analyzes architecture on multiple, overlapping levels, based on a detailed observation of the monuments. The layers of information extracted from the monuments themselves, from written sources in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, and from historical photographs, shape an image of Islamic architecture in medieval Anatolia that reflects the complexities of this frontier region. New patrons emerged, craftsmen migrated between neighboring regions, and the use of locally available materials fostered the transformation of designs in ways that are closely tied to specific places. Starting from these sources, this book untangles the intertwined narratives of architecture, history, and religion to provide a broader understanding of frontier culture in the medieval Middle East, with its complex interaction of local, regional, and trans-regional identities.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)