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"The Nobel Prize is science's highest award, as is the case with non-science fields too, and it is therefore arguably the most internationally recognized award in the world. This unique set of volumes focuses on summarizing the Nobel Prize within organic chemistry, as well as the specializations within this specialty. Any reader researching the history of the field of organic chemistry will be interested in this work. Furthermore, it serves as an outstanding resource for providing a better understanding of the circumstances that led to these amazing discoveries and what has happened as a result, in the years since"-- Provided by publisher

• 1 UV/Vis Spectroscopy 1.1 Theoretical Introduction 1.2 Sample Preparation and Measurement of Spectra 1.3 Chromophores 1.4 Applications of UV/Vis Spectroscopy 1.5 Derivative Spectroscopy 1.6 Chiroptical Methods
• 2 Infrared and Raman Spectra 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Principles 2.3 Infrared Spectrometer 2.4 Sample Preparation 2.5 Infrared Spectrum 2.6 Characteristic Absorptions: An Overview 2.7 Infrared Absorptions of Single Bonds with Hydrogen 2.8 Infrared Absorptions of Triple Bonds and Cumulated Double Bonds 2.9 Infrared Absorptions of Double Bonds C=O, C=N, N=N, and N=O 2.10 Infrared Absorption of Aromatic Compounds 2.11 Infrared Absorption in the Fingerprint Range 2.12 Examples of Infrared Spectra 2.13 Information Technology Assisted Spectroscopy 2.14 Quantitative Infrared Spectroscopy 2.15 Raman Spectroscopy
• 3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 3.1 Physical Principles 3.2 NMR Spectra and Molecular Structure 3.3 1H NMR Spectroscopy 3.4 13C NMR Spectroscopy 3.5 Combination of 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy 3.6 NMR of other Nuclei
• 4 Mass Spectrometry 4.1 Introduction 4.2 General Aspects of Mass Spectrometry 4.3 Instrumental Aspects 4.4 Interpretation of Spectra and Structural Elucidation 4.5 Sample Preparation 4.6 Artifacts 4.7 Tables to the Mass Spectrometry
• 5 Handling of Spectra and Analytical Data: Practical Examples 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Characterization of Compounds 5.3 Structure Elucidation of Allegedly Known Compounds and of Products Arising from Syntheses 5.4 Structure Elucidation of COmpletely Unknown Compounds.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Boost your knowledge of modern spectroscopic methods! This reference work provides you with essential knowledge for the application of modern spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry. All methods are explained based on typical practical examples, theoretical aspects, and applications. The following spectroscopic methods are explained and examples are given: UV/Vis Spectroscopy Infrared (IR) and Raman Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) Mass Spectrometry (MS) The textbook has been a standard reference for decades. As it conveys necessary knowledge for examinations at all universities it is compulsory reading for every organic chemistry student!.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1 Bond-Line Drawings 1 1.1 How to Read Bond-Line Drawings 1 1.2 How to Draw Bond-Line Drawings 4 1.3 Mistakes to Avoid 6 1.4 More Exercises 6 1.5 Identifying Formal Charges 8 1.6 Finding Lone Pairs that are Not Drawn 11 Chapter 2 Resonance 15 2.1 What is Resonance? 15 2.2 Curved Arrows: The Tools for Drawing Resonance Structures 16 2.3 The Two Commandments 17 2.4 Drawing Good Arrows 20 2.5 Formal Charges in Resonance Structures 22 2.6 Drawing Resonance Structures-Step by Step 25 2.7 Drawing Resonance Structures-by Recognizing Patterns 29 2.8 Assessing the Relative Importance of Resonance Structures 36 Chapter 3 Acid-Base Reactions 41 3.1 Factor 1-What Atom is the Charge On? 41 3.2 Factor 2-Resonance 44 3.3 Factor 3-Induction 47 3.4 Factor 4-Orbitals 49 3.5 Ranking the Four Factors 50 3.6 Other Factors 53 3.7 Quantitative Measurement (pKa Values) 54 3.8 Predicting the Position of Equilibrium 54 3.9 Showing a Mechanism 55 Chapter 4 Geometry 57 4.1 Orbitals and Hybridization States 57 4.2 Geometry 60 4.3 Lone Pairs 62 Chapter 5 Nomenclature 64 5.1 Functional Group 65 5.2 Unsaturation 66 5.3 Naming the Parent Chain 67 5.4 Naming Substituents 70 5.5 Stereoisomerism 72 5.6 Numbering 74 5.7 Common Names 78 5.8 Going from a Name to a Structure 79 Chapter 6 Conformations 80 6.1 How to Draw a Newman Projection 80 6.2 Ranking the Stability of Newman Projections 84 6.3 Drawing Chair Conformations 86 6.4 Placing Groups on the Chair 90 6.5 Ring Flipping 93 6.6 Comparing the Stability of Chairs 99 6.7 Don't Be Confused by the Nomenclature 102 Chapter 7 Configurations 103 7.1 Locating Chiral Centers 103 7.2 Determining the Configuration of a Chiral Center 106 7.3 Nomenclature 113 7.4 Drawing Enantiomers 116 7.5 Diastereomers 120 7.6 Meso Compounds 121 7.7 Drawing Fischer Projections 123 7.8 Optical Activity 127 Chapter 8 Mechanisms 129 8.1 Introduction to Mechanisms 129 8.2 Nucleophiles and Electrophiles 129 8.3 Basicity vs. Nucleophilicity 131 8.4 Arrow-Pushing Patterns for Ionic Mechanisms 133 8.5 Carbocation Rearrangements 138 8.6 Information Contained in a Mechanism 142 Chapter 9 Substitution Reactions 145 9.1 The Mechanisms 145 9.2 Factor 1-The Electrophile (Substrate) 147 9.3 Factor 2-The Nucleophile 149 9.4 Factor 3-The Leaving Group 151 9.5 Factor 4-The Solvent 153 9.6 Using All Four Factors 155 9.7 Substitution Reactions Teach Us Some Important Lessons 156 Chapter 10 Elimination Reactions 157 10.1 The E2 Mechanism 157 10.2 The Regiochemical Outcome of an E2 Reaction 158 10.3 The Stereochemical Outcome of an E2 Reaction 159 10.4 The E1 Mechanism 162 10.5 The Regiochemical Outcome of an E1 Reaction 163 10.6 The Stereochemical Outcome of an E1 Reaction 164 10.7 Substitution vs. Elimination 164 10.8 Determining the Function of the Reagent 165 10.9 Identifying the Mechanism(s) 167 10.10 Predicting the Products 169 Chapter 11 Addition Reactions 172 11.1 Terminology Describing Regiochemistry 172 11.2 Terminology Describing Stereochemistry 174 11.3 Adding H and H 180 11.4 Adding H and X, Markovnikov 183 11.5 Adding H and Br, Anti-Markovnikov 188 11.6 Adding H and OH, Markovnikov 192 11.7 Adding H and OH, Anti-Markovnikov 194 11.8 Synthesis Techniques 198 11.9 Adding Br and Br
• Adding Br and OH 204 11.10 Adding OH and OH, Anti 209 11.11 Adding OH and OH, syn 211 11.12 Oxidative Cleavage of an Alkene 213 Summary of Reactions 214 Chapter 12 Alkynes 216 12.1 Structure and Properties of Alkynes 216 12.2 Preparation of Alkynes 218 12.3 Alkylation of Terminal Alkynes 219 12.4 Reduction of Alkynes 221 12.5 Hydration of Alkynes 224 12.6 Keto-Enol Tautomerization 227 12.7 Ozonolysis of Alkynes 232 Chapter 13 Alcohols 234 13.1 Naming and Designating Alcohols 234 13.2 Predicting Solubility of Alcohols 235 13.3 Predicting Relative Acidity of Alcohols 237 13.4 Preparing Alcohols: A Review 239 13.5 Preparing Alcohols via Reduction 240 13.6 Preparing Alcohols via Grignard Reactions 246 13.7 Summary of Methods for Preparing Alcohols 249 13.8 Reactions of Alcohols: Substitution and Elimination 250 13.9 Reactions of Alcohols: Oxidation 253 13.10 Converting an Alcohol into an Ether 255 Chapter 14 Ethers and Epoxides 257 14.1 Introduction to Ethers 257 14.2 Preparation of Ethers 259 14.3 Reactions of Ethers 261 14.4 Preparation of Epoxides 262 14.5 Ring-Opening Reactions of Epoxides 264 Chapter 15 Synthesis 270 15.1 One-Step Syntheses 271 15.2 Multistep Syntheses 283 15.3 Retrosynthetic Analysis 284 15.4 Creating Your Own Problems 285 Detailed Solutions 287 Index 381.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Organic chemistry can be a challenging subject. Most students view organic chemistry as a subject requiring hours upon hours of memorization. Author David Klein's Second Language books prove this is not true-organic chemistry is one continuous story that actually makes sense if you pay attention. Offering a unique skill-building approach, these market-leading books teach students how to ask the right questions to solve problems, study more efficiently to avoid wasting time, and learn to speak the language of organic chemistry. Covering the initial half of the course, Organic Chemistry as a Second Language: First Semester Topics reviews critical principles and explains their relevance to the rest of the course. Each section provides hands-on exercises and step-by-step explanations to help students fully comprehend classroom lectures and textbook content. Now in its fifth edition, this valuable study resource covers the characteristics of molecules, the nature of atomic bonds, the relationships between different types of molecules, drawing and naming molecules, and essential molecular reactions.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1 Aromaticity 1 1.1 Introduction to Aromatic Compounds 1 1.2 Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds 2 1.3 Criteria for Aromaticity 6 1.4 Lone Pairs 9
• Chapter 2 IR Spectroscopy 11 2.1 Vibrational Excitation 11 2.2 IR Spectra 13 2.3 Wavenumber 13 2.4 Signal Intensity 18 2.5 Signal Shape 19 2.6 Analyzing an IR Spectrum 26
• Chapter 3 NMR Spectroscopy 33 3.1 Chemical Equivalence 33 3.2 Chemical Shift (Benchmark Values) 36 3.3 Integration 41 3.4 Multiplicity 44 3.5 Pattern Recognition 46 3.6 Complex Splitting 48 3.7 No Splitting 49 3.8 Hydrogen Deficiency Index (Degrees of Unsaturation) 50 3.9 Analyzing a Proton NMR Spectrum 53 3.10 13C NMR Spectroscopy 57
• Chapter 4 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 60 4.1 Halogenation and the Role of Lewis Acids 61 4.2 Nitration 65 4.3 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation 67 4.4 Sulfonation 74 4.5 Activation and Deactivation 78 4.6 Directing Effects 80 4.7 Identifying Activators and Deactivators 89 4.8 Predicting and Exploiting Steric Effects 99 4.9 Synthesis Strategies 106
• Chapter 5 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 112 5.1 Criteria for Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 112 5.2 SNAr Mechanism 114 5.3 Elimination-Addition 120 5.4 Mechanism Strategies 125
• Chapter 6 Ketones and Aldehydes 127 6.1 Preparation of Ketones and Aldehydes 127 6.2 Stability and Reactivity of C===O Bonds 130 6.3 H-Nucleophiles 132 6.4 O-Nucleophiles 137 6.5 S-Nucleophiles 147 6.6 N-Nucleophiles 149 6.7 C-Nucleophiles 157 6.8 Exceptions to the Rule 166 6.9 How to Approach Synthesis Problems 170
• Chapter 7 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 176 7.1 Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 176 7.2 General Rules 177 7.3 Acid Halides 181 7.4 Acid Anhydrides 189 7.5 Esters 191 7.6 Amides and Nitriles 200 7.7 Synthesis Problems 209
• Chapter 8 Enols and Enolates 217 8.1 Alpha Protons 217 8.2 Keto-Enol Tautomerism 219 8.3 Reactions Involving Enols 223 8.4 Making Enolates 226 8.5 Haloform Reaction 229 8.6 Alkylation of Enolates 232 8.7 Aldol Reactions 236 8.8 Claisen Condensation 242 8.9 Decarboxylation 249 8.10 Michael Reactions 256
• Chapter 9 Amines 263 9.1 Nucleophilicity and Basicity of Amines 263 9.2 Preparation of Amines Through SN2 Reactions 265 9.3 Preparation of Amines Through Reductive Amination 268 9.4 Acylation of Amines 273 9.5 Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid 276 9.6 Aromatic Diazonium Salts 279
• Chapter 10 Diels-Alder Reactions 282 10.1 Introduction and Mechanism 282 10.2 The Dienophile 285 10.3 The Diene 286 10.4 Other Pericyclic Reactions 292 Detailed Solutions S-1 Index I-1.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Organic chemistry can be a challenging subject. Most students view organic chemistry as a subject requiring hours upon hours of memorization. Author David Klein's Second Language books prove this is not true-organic chemistry is one continuous story that actually makes sense if you pay attention. Offering a unique skill-building approach, these market-leading books teach students how to ask the right questions to solve problems, study more efficiently to avoid wasting time, and learn to speak the language of organic chemistry. The fifth edition of Organic Chemistry as a Second Language: Second Semester Topics builds upon the principles previously explored in first half of the course-delving deeper into molecular mechanisms, reactions, and analytical techniques. Hands-on exercises and thoroughly-explained solutions further reinforce student comprehension of chemical concepts and organic principles. An indispensable supplement to the primary text, this resource covers aromatic compounds, infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, nucleophilic and electrophilic aromatic substitution, ketones and aldehydes, carboxylic acid derivatives, and much more.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1 Introduction
• 2 Photocatalysis: The Principles
• 3 Practical Aspects of Photocatalysis
• 4 Photocatalytic Oxidative C-C Bond Formation
• 5 Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions
• 6 Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer
• 7 Organocatalysis with Amines in Photocatalysis
• 8 Copper-Based Photocatalysts for Visible-Light-Mediated Organic Transformations
• 9 Gold in Photocatalysis
• 10 Palladium in Photocatalysis
• 11 Nickel in Photocatalysis
• 12 Acridinium Dyes and Quinones in Photocatalysis
• 13 Flavins in Photocatalysis
• 14 Organic Dyes in Photocatalytic Reductive C-H Arylations
• 15 Silicates in Photocatalysis
• 16 Photocatalytic Cycloadditions
• 17 Photocatalytic Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation
• 18 Photocatalytic Introduction of Fluorinated Groups
• 19 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in Organic Synthesis
• 20 Photocatalysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The field of photocatalysis has developed rapidly over the last decade and it is time to clarify its impact on organic synthesis. This volume is an opportunity to provide the defining and current reference work for this field. A primary objective is to collect together the most useful, practical, and reliable methods for photocatalysis and to introduce them to a larger audience. The fundamental concepts of photophysics are introduduced and laboratory set-ups are described, enabling newcomers to the field to instantly apply these new tools in synthesis. Rather than aiming for comprehensive coverage, solutions for challenging transformations in synthesis applying visible light and suitable dyes are presented. A team of pioneers and leaders in the field has been assembled, who discuss both the practical and conceptual aspects of this rapidly growing field. Scope, limitations, and mechanism of the reactions are covered and key experimental procedures are included.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Prologue
• Silence
• Movement 1, Earth : carbon, the element of crystals
• Movement 2, Air : carbon, the element of cycles
• Movement 3, Fire : carbon, the element of stuff
• Movement 4, Water : carbon, the element of life
• Finale : earth, air, fire, and water.

Carbon is everywhere: in the paper of this book and the blood of our bodies. It's with us from beginning to end, present in our baby clothes and coffin alike. We live on a carbon planet, and we are carbon life. No other element is so central to our well-being; yet, when missing or misaligned, carbon atoms can also bring about disease and even death. At once ubiquitous and mysterious, carbon holds the answers to some of humanity's biggest questions. Where did Earth come from? What will ultimately become of it-and of us? With poetic storytelling, earth scientist Robert M. Hazen explores the universe to discover the past, present, and future of life's most essential element. We're not only "made of star stuff, " as Carl Sagan famously observed, but "Big Bang stuff, " too. Hazen reveals that carbon's grand symphony began with a frenzied prelude shortly after the dawn of creation, bringing new attention to the tiny number of Big Bang-created carbon atoms that often get overlooked. In minutes, violently colliding protons and neutrons improbably formed the first carbon atoms, which can still be found within our bodies. His book then unfolds in four movements, building momentum as he explores carbon as the element of Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. He visits the famed volcanic crater Solfatara di Pozzuoli near Naples, where venting carbon dioxide and other noxious fumes condense into beautiful crystals. He climbs the cliffs of the Scottish Highlands and delves deep into the precious-metal mines of Namibia, journeying toward Earth's mysterious core in search of undocumented carbon structures. Hazen often asks us to pause and consider carbon's role in climate change and what we can do about it, for our lives and this element are inextricably intertwined. With prose that sparkles like a diamond, Symphony in C tells the story of carbon, in which we all have a part.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Prologue Chapter 1 Structure and Bonding Chapter 2 Acids and Bases Chapter 3 Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups Chapter 4 Alkanes Chapter 5 Stereochemistry Chapter 6 Understanding Organic Reactions Chapter 7 Alkyl Halides and Nucleophilic Substitution Chapter 8 Alkyl Halides and Elimination Reactions Chapter 9 Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds Chapter 10 Alkenes Chapter 11 Alkynes Chapter 12 Oxidation and Reduction Chapter 13 Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy Chapter 14 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Chapter 15 Radical Reactions Chapter 16 Conjugation, Resonance, and Dienes Chapter 17 Benzene and Aromatic Compounds Chapter 18 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Chapter 19 Carboxylic Acids and the Acidity of the O-H Bond Chapter 20 Introduction to Carbonyl Chemistry: Organometallic Reagents
• Oxidation and Reduction Chapter 21 Aldehydes and Ketones-Nucleophilic Addition Chapter 22 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives-Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Chapter 23 Substitution Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds at the Carbon Chapter 24 Carbonyl Condensation Reactions Chapter 25 Amines Chapter 26 Amino Acids and Proteins Chapter 27 Carbohydrates Chapter 28 Lipids Chapter 29 Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions in Organic Synthesis Chapter 30 Pericyclic Reactions Chapter 31 Synthetic Polymers (Available online).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Smith's Organic Chemistry with Biological Topics continues to breathe new life into the organic chemistry world. This new fifth edition retains its popular delivery of organic chemistry content in a student-friendly format. Janice Smith draws on her extensive teaching background to deliver organic chemistry in a way in which students learn: with limited use of text paragraphs, and through concisely written bulleted lists and highly detailed, well-labeled "teaching" illustrations. The fifth edition features a modernized look with updated chemical structures throughout. Because of the close relationship between chemistry and many biological phenomena, Organic Chemistry with Biological Topics presents an approach to traditional organic chemistry that incorporates the discussion of biological applications that are understood using the fundamentals of organic chemistry. See the New to Organic Chemistry with Biological Topics section for detailed content changes. Don't make your text decision without seeing Organic Chemistry, 5th edition by Janice Gorzynski Smith and Heidi Vollmer-Snarr! .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The Organic Chemistry Literature. Abstracting and Other Current Awareness Services. Principal Electronic Dictionaries. Useful Reference Works and Review Series. Patents, Including Patent Awareness Services. Cheminformatics Companies. Primary Journals. Endnotes. Nomenclature Fundamentals . IUPAC Nomenclature. CAS Nomenclature. Types of Name. Constructing a Systematic Name. Nomenclature of Ring Systems. Ring Systems (General). Bridged Ring Systems. Spiro Compounds. Heterocyclic Ring Systems. Ring Assemblies. Ring Fusion Names. Nomenclature of Individual Classes of Compound. Carbohydrates. Alditols and Cyclitols. Amino Acids and Peptides. Natural Products (General). Steroids. Lipids. Carotenoids. Lignans. Nucleotides and Nucleosides. Tetrapyrroles. Organoboron Compounds. Organophosphorus (and Organoarsenic) Compounds. Azo and Azoxy Compounds. Labelled Compounds. Tautomeric Compounds. Acronyms and Miscellaneous Terms Used in Describing Organic Molecules. Abbreviations and Acronyms for Reagents and Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry. Glossary of Miscellaneous Terms and Techniques Used in Nomenclature, Including Colloquial Terms. Stereochemistry. The Sequence Rule: R and S. Graphical and Textual Representations of Stereochemistry. Chiral Molecules with No Centres of Chirality. E and Z. The D, L-System. Descriptors and Terms Used in Stereochemistry. Graphical Representation of Organic Compounds. Zigzag Natta Projection. Stereochemistry. CAS Numbers, InChI, and Other Identifiers. CAS Registry Numbers. InChI. Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES). Molecular Formulae. The Hill System. Chemical Abstracts Conventions.Checking Molecular Formulae. Chemical Hazard Information for the Laboratory. Hazard and Risk Assessment. Physical and Reactive Chemical Hazards. Health Hazards. Handling and Storage of Chemicals. Hazardous Reaction Mixtures. Disposal of Chemicals. Solvents. Peroxide- Forming Chemicals. Further Literature Sources. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Mass Spectrometry. Introduction. Ionisation Techniques and Mass Spectrometer Systems. Interpreting Mass Spectra and Molecular Mass. Sample Introduction and Solvent Systems for Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Common Adducts and Contaminants in Mass Spectra. MALDI Matrices. Fragment Ions and Neutral Losses. Natural Abundance and Isotopic Masses of Selected Isotopes and Nuclear Particles. Glossary of Abbreviations and Terms Commonly Used in Mass Spectrometry. Crystallography. Introduction. Definitions.Crystallographic Point Groups. Space Groups. Reciprocal Lattice. Examples of Organic Crystals. CIF Data Format. Bragg's Law and the X-Ray Spectrum. Crystal Specimen Preparation for X-Ray Analysis. Chromatographic Chiral Separation. Types of Molecular Interactions. Diastereomeric Compounds and Complexes. Chiral Mobile Phases. Chiral Stationary Phases. Laboratory Data and SI Units. Solvents. Buffer Solutions. Acid and Base Dissociation Constants. Resolving Agents. Freezing Mixtures. Materials Used for Heating Baths. Drying Agents. Pressure-Temperature Nomograph. SI Units. Languages. A German-English Dictionary. Russian and Greek Alphabets. SI Units. Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The Organic Chemistry Literature Abstracting and Other Current Awareness Services Principal Electronic Dictionaries and Chemical Compound Databases Reference Works and Review Series Patent Literature on the Web
• Primary Journals Electronic Sources for Chemistry Journals Leading Publishers of Chemistry Journals and Chemical Information
• Nomenclature Fundamentals Introduction IUPAC Nomenclature General Principles of Nomenclature Chemical Abstracts (CAS) Nomenclature Types of Name Constructing a Systematic Name Azo and Azoxy Compounds Tautomeric Compounds Nomenclature Algorithms
• Nomenclature of Ring Systems Ring Systems (General) Bridged Ring Systems Heterocyclic Ring Systems Spiro Compounds Ring Assemblies Ring Fusion Names
• Stereochemistry The Sequence Rule: R and S Graphical and Textual Representations of Stereochemistry Chiral Molecules with No Centres of Chirality E and Z The d, l-System Descriptors and Terms Used in Stereochemistry
• Graphical Representation of Organic Compounds Zigzag Natta Projection Stereochemistry
• Structure and Nomenclature of Some Individual Classes of Compounds Carbohydrates Alditols and Cyclitols Amino Acids and Peptides Nucleotides and Nucleosides Steroids Lipids Organoboron Compounds Organophosphorus (and Organoarsenic) Compounds Labelled Compounds
• Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Infrared Spectroscopy Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Common Nuclei Used in NMR Chemical Shift Data Coupling Constants Modern NMR Techniques for Structural Elucidation of Small Molecules Determination of Structure by a Combination of IR and NMR
• Mass Spectrometry Introduction Ionisation Techniques and Mass Spectrometer Systems Interpreting Mass Spectra and Molecular Mass Sample Introduction and Solvent Systems for Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Common Adducts and Contaminants in Mass Spectra MALDI Matrices Fragment Ions and Neutral Losses Natural Abundance and Isotopic Masses of Selected Isotopes and Nuclear Particles Glossary of Abbreviations and Terms Commonly Used in Mass Spectrometry
• Crystallography Introduction Definitions Crystallographic Point Groups Space Groups Reciprocal Lattice Examples of Organic Crystals CIF Data Format Bragg's Law and the X-ray Spectrum Crystal Specimen Preparation for X-ray Analysis
• Chemical Hazard Information for the Laboratory Hazard and Risk Assessment Physical and Reactive Chemical Hazards Health Hazards of Chemicals Handling and Storage of Chemicals Hazardous Reaction Mixtures Disposal of Chemicals Solvents Peroxide-Forming Chemicals Reactive Inorganic Reagents Including Strong Acids and Bases COSHH Assessments for the Organic Chemistry Laboratory Further Literature Sources of Hazard Information
• Abbreviations and Acronyms for Reagents and Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry
• Glossary of Miscellaneous Terms and Techniques Used in Nomenclature, Including Colloquial Terms
• Representation of Organic Compounds: Molecular Formulae, CAS Registry Numbers and Linear Notations Molecular Formulae CAS Registry Numbers InChI (TM) Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System
• Laboratory Data and SI Units Solvents Buffer Solutions Acid and Base Dissociation Constants Resolving Agents Freezing Mixtures Materials Used for Heating Baths Drying Agents Properties of Common Gases Pressure-Temperature Nomograph SI Units Further Reading on SI Units Websites
• Languages German-English Dictionary Russian and Greek Alphabets
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Launched in 1995 as a companion to the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, the Organic Chemist's Desk Reference has been essential reading for laboratory chemists who need a succinct guide to the 'nuts and bolts' of organic chemistry - the literature, nomenclature, stereochemistry, spectroscopy, hazard information, and laboratory data. This third edition reflects changes in the dissemination of chemical information, revisions to chemical nomenclature, and the adoption of new techniques in NMR spectroscopy, which have taken place since publication of the last edition in 2011. Organic chemistry embraces many other disciplines - from material sciences to molecular biology - whose practitioners will benefit from the comprehensive but concise information brought together in this book. Extensively revised and updated, this new edition contains the very latest data that chemists need access to for experimentation and research.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1. Introduction
• * Nomenclature, Structure, and Stability * Generation of Carbocations * The Non-Classical Ion Controversy * Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes * Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution * Elimination reactions * Rearrangement Reactions of Carbocations * References
• Chapter 2. Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution - SN1
• * Introduction *-Activated Alcohols-Bronsted Acids *-Activated Alcohols-Lewis Acids * Alkylation of Aldehydes and Ketones * Glycosylation * Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation * Electrophilic Fluorination Using Fluoronium Ion * Miscellaneous SN1-related Reactions * References
• Chapter 3. Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution - SN2
• * Construction of Quaternary Stereogenic Centers * Sulfur Chemistry * Organometallic Chemistry * Macrocyclization * Glycosylation * Nucleoside Analogues *N-Alkylation * Cyclotetraphosphazenes * Conformationally Locked Tetrahydropyran Ring * The Ionic Liquid Effect * Silver Chemistry * References Chapter 4. Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
• * Introduction * Cyclopropanation * Hydroboration/Oxidation * The Pauson-Khand Reaction * Prins Reaction * Schmidt Reaction * Halogenation * Oxymercuration/Reduction * Epoxidation * Gold-Catalyzed Alkyne Hydration * Conclusion * References
• Chapter 5. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
• * Introduction * Nitration * Halogenation * Friedel-Crafts Alkylation * Friedel-Crafts Acylation * Applications of Friedel-Crafts Reaction on Total Synthesis * Miscellaneous Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions * References
• Chapter 6. Fragmentation and Rearrangement Reactions
• * Claisen Rearrangements * Cope Rearrangements * Cope Rearrangements * Aldehyde (or Ketone) Formation Rearrangements * Carboxylic Acid Formation Rearrangements * Alcohol Formation Rearrangements * Amine Formation Rearrangement * Amides * Hydrocarbon Rearrangements * Oxacyclic, Carbocyclic, Oxazoles, Tetrahydrapuran and Tetrahydropuran Formation Rearrangements * Rearrangements resulting in less common functional groups * Fragmentations * References.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Carbocation chemistry is not only fundamental to the advancement of organic chemistry, it also has found widespread applications in organic synthesis. It is not an exaggeration to say that carbocation chemistry is part of the foundation of organic chemistry. Carbocation Chemistry: Applications in Organic Synthesis provides a panoramic view of carbocation chemistry with an emphasis on synthetic applications. This book is an invaluable tool for organic, medicinal and analytical chemists, including those working in biochemistry as well as the petroleum, plastics and pharmaceutical industries. It is also suitable for upper level undergraduates and graduates in organic chemistry, biochemistry and medicinal chemistry.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Separation and purification of mixtures
• Modification of sp3 carbon
• Substitution at non-aryl sp2 carbon
• Addition at non-aryl sp2 carbon
• Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
• Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
• Transition Metal Catalysed Substitution
• Addition to sp carbon
• Preparation of alkenes
• Peryciclic reactions
• Radical reactions
• Oxidations
• Reductions
• Rearrangements
• Biotransformations
• Polymerization reactions
• Other transformations
• Chiral Resolutions--.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This expansive and practical textbook contains organic chemistry experiments for teaching in the laboratory at the undergraduate level covering a range of functional group transformations and key organic reactions.The editorial team have collected contributions from around the world and standardized them for publication. Each experiment will explore a modern chemistry scenario, such as: sustainable chemistry; application in the pharmaceutical industry; catalysis and material sciences, to name a few. All the experiments will be complemented with a set of questions to challenge the students and a section for the instructors, concerning the results obtained and advice on getting the best outcome from the experiment. A section covering practical aspects with tips and advice for the instructors, together with the results obtained in the laboratory by students, has been compiled for each experiment. Targeted at professors and lecturers in chemistry, this useful text will provide up to date experiments putting the science into context for the students.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Foreword vii Preface ix Copper-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl and Alkenyl Electrophiles 1 Kevin H. Shaughnessy, Engelbert Ciganek, and Rebecca B. DeVasher
• Index 675.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The metal-catalyzed amination of aryl and alkenyl electrophiles has developed into a widely used methodology for the synthesis of natural products, active pharmaceutical ingredients, agricultural chemicals, and materials for molecular electronics. Copper catalysts promote the coupling of a wide range of nitrogen nucleophiles, including amines, amides, and heteroaromatic nitrogen compounds with aryl and alkenyl halides. The reactivity profile of copper catalysts is complementary to that of palladium catalysts in many cases. Copper catalysts are highly effective with less nucleophilic nitrogen nucleophiles, such as amides and azoles, whereas palladium catalysts are more effective with more nucleophilic amine nucleophiles. Copper is an attractive alternative to palladium due to its significantly lower cost. In addition, high activity palladium catalysts require expensive and often air-sensitive ligands, whereas the modern copper systems use relatively stable and inexpensive diamine or amino acid ligands. Copper-catalyzed C N coupling reactions are tolerant of a wide range of functional groups and have been applied to the synthesis of a variety of complex natural products. Significant work has also been done to understand the mechanism of these reactions. Current mechanistic understanding of these methodologies is covered in this monograph. The contents of the book are taken from the comprehensive review of the topic in the Organic Reactions series. Optimal experimental conditions for the amination of aryl and alkenyl halides with all classes of nitrogen nucleophiles are presented. Specific experimental procedures from the literature are provided for the major classes of copper-catalyzed C N coupling reactions. A tabular survey of all examples of Cu-catalyzed arylation and alkenylation of nitrogen nucleophiles is presented in 35 tables organized by nitrogen nucleophile and electrophilic coupling partner. The literature is covered through December 2015 and provides 300 recent citations to supplement the 680 citations of the original hardbound chapter. These latest literature references have been collected in separate sections according to the sequence of the tables in the tabular survey section. In each of the sections, the individual citations have been arranged in alphabetic order of the author names. Copper-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl and Alkenyl Electrophiles is intended to provide organic chemists with an accessible, but detailed, introduction to this important class of transformations.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The iconic chemistry handbook-extensively updated and thoroughly up to date The standard reference for chemists for more than 70 years, this resource contains vast amounts of facts, data, tabular material, and experimental findings in every area of chemistry. Included in this fully updated compendium are listings of the properties of more than 4,000 organic and 1,400 inorganic compounds. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 17th Edition, is divided into six sections-general information and conversion tables, spectroscopy, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, petroleum and petroleum products, biomass and biofuels, and environmental science. Existing tables have been thoroughly overhauled and new tables have been added that cover the properties of coal, minerals, natural gas, oil shale, and petroleum. * Features equations that allow you to calculate important values such as temperature and pressure * Contains newly expanded sections on timely topics, including the properties of petroleum products, the environmental properties of chemicals, and proper clean-up methods * Includes updated viscosity, thermal conductivity, critical constants, explosion limits, and vapor density data.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• A review of general chemistry : electrons, bonds, and molecular properties
• Molecular representations
• Acids and bases
• Alkanes and cycloalkanes
• Stereoisomerism
• Chemical reactivity and mechanisms
• Alkyl halides : nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions
• Addition reactions of alkenes
• Alkynes
• Radical reactions
• Synthesis
• Alcohols and phenols
• Ethers and epoxides; thiols and sulfides
• Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry
• Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
• Conjugated pi systems and pericyclic reactions
• Aromatic compounds
• Aromatic substitution reactions
• Aldehydes and ketones
• Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
• Alpha carbon chemistry : enols and enolates
• Amines
• Introduction to organometallic compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Amino acids, peptides, and proteins
• Lipids
• Synthetic polymers.

Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition is not merely a compilation of principles, but rather, it is a disciplined method of thought and analysis. Success in organic chemistry requires mastery in two core aspects: fundamental concepts and the skills needed to apply those concepts and solve problems. Readers must learn to become proficient at approaching new situations methodically, based on a repertoire of skills. These skills are vital for successful problem solving in organic chemistry. Existing textbooks provide extensive coverage of, the principles, but there is far less emphasis on the skills needed to actually solve problems.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• CHAPTER 1 BOND-LINE DRAWINGS 1 1.1 How to Read Bond-Line Drawings 1 1.2 How to Draw Bond-Line Drawings 5 1.3 Mistakes to Avoid 7 1.4 More Exercises 7 1.5 Identifying Formal Charges 9 1.6 Finding Lone Pairs that are Not Drawn 13 CHAPTER 2 RESONANCE 18 2.1 What is Resonance? 18 2.2 Curved Arrows: The Tools for Drawing Resonance Structures 19 2.3 The Two Commandments 21 2.4 Drawing Good Arrows 24 2.5 Formal Charges in Resonance Structures 26 2.6 Drawing Resonance Structures Step by Step 30 2.7 Drawing Resonance Structures by Recognizing Patterns 34 2.8 Assessing the Relative Importance of Resonance Structures 43 CHAPTER 3 ACID BASE REACTIONS 49 3.1 Factor 1 What Atom is the Charge On? 50 3.2 Factor 2 Resonance 53 3.3 Factor 3 Induction 56 3.4 Factor 4 Orbitals 59 3.5 Ranking the Four Factors 60 3.6 Other Factors 63 3.7 Quantitative Measurement (pKa Values) 64 3.8 Predicting the Position of Equilibrium 65 3.9 Showing a Mechanism 66 CHAPTER 4 GEOMETRY 69 4.1 Orbitals and Hybridization States 69 4.2 Geometry 72 4.3 Lone Pairs 76 CHAPTER 5 NOMENCLATURE 77 5.1 Functional Group 78 5.2 Unsaturation 80 5.3 Naming the Parent Chain 81 5.4 Naming Substituents 84 5.5 Stereoisomerism 88 5.6 Numbering 90 5.7 Common Names 95 5.8 Going from a Name to a Structure 96 CHAPTER 6 CONFORMATIONS 97 6.1 How to Draw a Newman Projection 98 6.2 Ranking the Stability of Newman Projections 102 6.3 Drawing Chair Conformations 105 6.4 Placing Groups On the Chair 108 6.5 Ring Flipping 112 6.6 Comparing the Stability of Chairs 119 6.7 Don t Be Confused by the Nomenclature 122 CHAPTER 7 CONFIGURATIONS 123 7.1 Locating Stereocenters 123 7.2 Determining the Configuration of a Stereocenter 126 7.3 Nomenclature 134 7.4 Drawing Enantiomers 138 7.5 Diastereomers 143 7.6 Meso Compounds 144 7.7 Drawing Fischer Projections 147 7.8 Optical Activity 152 CHAPTER 8 MECHANISMS 154 8.1 Introduction to Mechanisms 154 8.2 Nucleophiles and Electrophiles 154 8.3 Basicity vs. Nucleophilicity 157 8.4 Arrow-Pushing Patterns for Ionic Mechanisms 159 8.5 Carbocation Rearrangements 164 8.6 Information Contained in a Mechanism 169 CHAPTER 9 SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS 173 9.1 The Mechanisms 173 9.2 Factor 1 The Electrophile (Substrate) 175 9.3 Factor 2 The Nucleophile 178 9.4 Factor 3 The Leaving Group 180 9.5 Factor 4 The Solvent 183 9.6 Using All Four Factors 185 9.7 Substitution Reactions Teach Us Some Important Lessons 186 CHAPTER 10 ELIMINATION REACTIONS 188 10.1 The E2 Mechanism 188 10.2 The Regiochemical Outcome of an E2 Reaction 189 10.3 The Stereochemical Outcome of an E2 Reaction 191 10.4 The E1 Mechanism 194 10.5 The Regiochemical Outcome of an E1 Reaction 195 10.6 The Stereochemical Outcome of an E1 Reaction 196 10.7 Substitution vs. Elimination 196 10.8 Determining the Function of the Reagent 197 10.9 Identifying the Mechanism(s) 199 10.10 Predicting the Products 202 CHAPTER 11 ADDITION REACTIONS 206 11.1 Terminology Describing Regiochemistry 206 11.2 Terminology Describing Stereochemistry 208 11.3 Adding H and H 216 11.4 Adding H and X, Markovnikov 219 11.5 Adding H and Br, Anti-Markovnikov 226 11.6 Adding H and OH, Markovnikov 230 11.7 Adding H and OH, Anti-Markovnikov 233 11.8 Synthesis Techniques 238 11.9 Adding Br and Br
• Adding Br and OH 245 11.10 Adding OH and OH, ANTI 250 11.11 Adding OH and OH, SYN 253 11.12 Oxidative Cleavage of an Alkene 255 CHAPTER 12 ALKYNES 258 12.1 Structure and Properties of Alkynes 258 12.2 Preparation of Alkynes 261 12.3 Alkylation of Terminal Alkynes 262 12.4 Reduction of Alkynes 264 12.5 Hydration of Alkynes 268 12.6 Keto-Enol Tautomerization 273 12.7 Ozonolysis of Alkynes 278 CHAPTER 13 ALCOHOLS 280 13.1 Naming and Designating Alcohols 280 13.2 Predicting Solubility of Alcohols 281 13.3 Predicting Relative Acidity of Alcohols 283 13.4 Preparing Alcohols: A Review 286 13.5 Preparing Alcohols via Reduction 287 13.6 Preparing Alcohols via Grignard Reactions 294 13.7 Summary of Methods for Preparing Alcohols 298 13.8 Reactions of Alcohols: Substitution and Elimination 300 13.9 Reactions of Alcohols: Oxidation 303 13.10 Converting an Alcohol Into an Ether 305 CHAPTER 14 ETHERS AND EPOXIDES 308 14.1 Introduction to Ethers 308 14.2 Preparation of Ethers 310 14.3 Reactions of Ethers 313 14.4 Preparation of Epoxides 314 14.5 Ring-Opening Reactions of Epoxides 316 CHAPTER 15 SYNTHESIS 323 15.1 One-Step Syntheses 324 15.2 Multistep Syntheses 336 15.3 Retrosynthetic Analysis 337 15.4 Creating Your Own Problems 338 Answer Key 339 Index 000.
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* Helps develop the skills needed to solve a variety of problem types. * Presents the fundamental topics clearly with an informal, friendly tone. * Describes the how-to of problem solving, including approaching problems strategically. * Discusses the relationship between concepts and puts topics in context. * Covers important areas such as resonance, nomenclature, conformations, substitution reactions, synthesis and more.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Electrons, Bonds, and Molecular Properties
• Molecular Representations
• Acids and Bases
• Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
• Stereoisomerism
• Chemical Reactivity and Mechanisms
• Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions
• Addition Reactions of Alkenes
• Alkynes
• Radical Reactions
• Synthesis
• Alcohols and Phenols
• Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides
• Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• Conjugated Pi Systems and Pericyclic Reactions
• Aromatic Compounds
• Aromatic Substitution Reactions
• Aldehydes and Ketones
• Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
• Alpha Carbon Chemistry: Enols and Enolates
• Amines
• Introduction to Organometallic Compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
• Lipids
• Synthetic Polymers.