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Survival: The state or fact of continuing to live or exist, typically in spite of an accident, ordeal, or difficult circumstances. Climate change: A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. This is a survival guide. It rests on the idea that we could possibly survive a changing climate. Temperatures are already climbing, sea levels are rising and parts of South Africa are on their way to being uninhabitable. Life is already incredibly hard for many people and nobody will be exempt from climate change. Circumstances are going to get a lot more difficult very soon, and we need a plan.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Geometrical Optics Principles Wave Nature of Light and Fermat's Principle Reflection and Refraction Laws Basic Meridional Ray Tracing Equations Gaussian or First-Order Optics Image Formation Stop, Pupils, and Principal Ray Delano's Relation Optical Sine Theorem Lagrange Invariant Herschel Invariant and Image Magnifications Thin Lenses and Spherical Mirrors Thin Lenses Formulas for Image Formation with Thin Lenses Nodal Points of A Thin Lens Image Formation with Converging Lenses Image Formation with Diverging Lenses Systems of Several Lenses and Thick Lenses Focal Length and Power of A Lens System Image Formation with Thick Lenses or Systems of Lenses Cardinal Points Image Formation with A Tilted or Curved Object Thick Lenses Systems of Thin Lenses The Lagrange Invariant in A System of Thin Lenses Effect of Object or Stop Shifting The Delano y - y Diagram Chromatic Aberrations Introduction Axial Chromatic Aberration Conrady's D - d Method of Achromatization Secondary Color Aberration Magnification Chromatic Aberration Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Calculation Primary Spherical Aberration Aspherical Surfaces Spherical Aberration of Aspherical Surfaces Surfaces without Spherical Aberration Aberration Polynomial for Spherical Aberration High-Order Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Correction with Gradient Index Monochromatic Off-Axis Aberrations Introduction Petzval Curvature Coma Astigmatism Aplanatic Surfaces Distortion Off-Axis Aberrations in Aspherical Surfaces The Symmetrical Principle and the Bow-Sutton Conditions Stop Shift Equations Aberrations of the Pupil Aberration Polynomials and High-Order Aberrations Wavefronts in an Optical System Ray Aberrations and Wavefront Aberrations Wavefront Aberration Polynomial Zernike Polynomials Fitting of Wavefront Deformations to A Polynomial Wavefront Representation by an Array of Gaussians Wavefront Aberrations in Refractive Surfaces Wavefront Aberrations in Reflective Surfaces Aldis Theorem Computer Evaluation of Optical Systems Transverse Aberration Polynomials Transverse Aberrations with H.H. Hopkins, Seidel, and Buchdahl Coefficients Meridional Ray Tracing and Stop Position Analysis Spot Diagram Wavefront Deformation Point and Line Spread Function Optical Transfer Function Tolerance to Aberrations Diffraction in Optical Systems Huygens-Fresnel Theory Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction Diffraction Images with Aberrations Strehl Ratio Optical Transfer Function Resolution Criteria Gaussian Beams Prisms Tunnel Diagram Deflecting A Light Beam Transforming an Image Deflecting and Transforming Prisms Nondeflecting Transforming Prisms Beam-Splitting Prisms Chromatic Dispersing Prisms Nonimaging Prisms Basic Optical Systems and Simple Photographic Lenses Optical Systems Diversity Magnifiers and Single Imaging Lens Landscape Lenses Periscopic Lens Achromatic Landscape Lens Doublets Laser Light Collimators Spherical and Paraboloidal Mirrors Some Catoptric and Catadioptric Systems F-Theta Lenses Fresnel Lenses and Gabor Plates Complex Photographic Lenses Introduction Asymmetrical Systems Symmetrical Anastigmat Systems Varifocal and Zoom Lenses The Human Eye and Ophthalmic Lenses The Human Eye Ophthalmic Lenses Ophthalmic Lens Design Prismatic Lenses Spherocylindrical Lenses Astronomical Telescopes Resolution and Light-Gathering Power Reflecting Two-Mirror Cameras and Telescopes Catadioptric Cameras Astronomical Telescopes Field Correctors Multiple-Mirror Telescopes Active and Adaptive Optics Visual Systems and Afocal Systems Visual Optical Systems Basic Telescopic System Afocal Systems Visual And Terrestrial Telescopes Telescope Eyepieces Relays and Periscopes Microscopes Compound Microscope Microscope Objectives Microscope Eyepieces Microscope Illuminators Projection Systems Image Projectors Main Projector Components Coherence Effects in Projectors Anamorphic Projection Slide and Movie Projectors Overhead Projectors Profile Projectors Television Projectors LCD Computer and Home Theater Projectors Lens Design Optimization Basic Principles Optimization Methods Glatzel Adaptive Method Constrained Damped Least-Squares Optimization Method Merit Function and Boundary Conditions Modern Trends in Optical Design Flowchart for a Lens Optimization Program Practical Tips for the Use of Lens Evaluation Programs Some Commercial Lens Design Programs Appendices Appendix: Notation and Primary Aberration Coefficients Summary Appendix: Mathematical Representation of Optical Surfaces Appendix: Optical Materials Appendix: Exact Ray Tracing of Skew Rays Appendix: General Bibliography on Lens Design Index Chapters include references.
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Handbook of Optical Design, Third Edition covers the fundamental principles of geometric optics and their application to lens design in one volume. It incorporates classic aspects of lens design along with important modern methods, tools, and instruments, including contemporary astronomical telescopes, Gaussian beams, and computer lens design. Written by respected researchers, the book has been extensively classroom-tested and developed in their lens design courses. This well-illustrated handbook clearly and concisely explains the intricacies of optical system design and evaluation. It also discusses component selection, optimization, and integration for the development of effective optical apparatus. The authors analyze the performance of a wide range of optical materials, components, and systems, from simple magnifiers to complex lenses used in photography, ophthalmology, telescopes, microscopes, and projection systems. Throughout, the book includes a wealth of design examples, illustrations, and equations, most of which are derived from basic principles. Appendices supply additional background information. What's New in This Edition * Improved figures, including 32 now in color * Updates throughout, reflecting advances in the field * New material on Buchdahl high-order aberrations * Expanded and improved coverage of the calculation of wavefront aberrations based on optical path * An updated list of optical materials in the appendix * A clearer, more detailed description of primary aberrations * References to important new publications * Optical system design examples updated to include newly available glasses *25 new design examples This comprehensive book combines basic theory and practical details for the design of optical systems. It is an invaluable reference for optical students as well as scientists and engineers working with optical instrumentation.
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• Economics and adaptation
• Uncertainty, equity, valuation and efficiency
• Adaptation in activity sectors
• Other dimensions of adaptation.

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing human kind owing to the great uncertainty regarding future impacts, which affect all regions and many ecosystems. Many publications deal with economic issues relating to mitigation policies, but the economics of adaptation to climate change has received comparatively little attention. However, this area is is critical and a central pillar of any adaptation strategy or plan and is the economic dimension, which therefore merits the increase in attention it is receiving. This book deals with the difficulties that face the economics of adaptation. Critical issues include: uncertainty; baselines; reversibility, flexibility and adaptive management; distributional impacts; discount rates and time horizons; mixing monetary and non-monetary evaluations and limits to the use of cost-benefit analysis; economy-wide impacts and cross-sectoral linkages. All of these are addressed in the book from the perspective of economics of adaptation. Other dimensions of adaptation are also included, such as the role of low- and middle-income countries, technology and the impacts of extreme events. This timely book will prove essential reading for international researchers and policy makers in the fields of natural resources, environmental economics and climate change.
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• Methods for data collection
• The context of measurement
• Fundamental issues in measurement
• The real world practice of measurement.

"The Sage Handbook of Measurement" is a unique methodological resource in which Walford, Viswanathan and Tucker draw together contributions from leading scholars in the social sciences, each of whom has played an important role in advancing the study of measurement over the past 25 years. Each of the contributors offers insights into particular measurement related challenges they have confronted and how they have addressed these. Each chapter focuses on a different aspect of measurement, so that the handbook as a whole covers the full spectrum of core issues related to design, method and analysis within measurement studies. The book emphasises issues such as indicator generation and modification, the nature and conceptual meaning of measurement error, and the day-to-day processes involved in developing and using measures. The Handbook covers the full range of disciplines where measurement studies are common: policy studies; education studies; health studies; and, business studies.
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• Background and history
• Problems, controversies, and solutions
• Worldwide perspective
• Chronology
• Biographical sketches
• Data and documents
• Directory of organizations
• Resources
• Glossary.

Climate Change: A Reference Handbook offers readers a way to separate science from politics on this crucial and often contentious issue. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the science and public policy of climate change, including discussion of historical developments, today's key concepts, and the future of climate science and policy. Climate Change begins by explaining the science behind global climate change, including the growing consensus that human activity is a major contributing factor. It then takes an objective look at the key conflicts in climate science and policy, describes those that have been resolved, and offers a balanced review of proposals for those that have not. A separate chapter focuses on the scientific, economic, and political aspects of climate change as they are playing out specifically in the United States.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chapter 1. Diffusion mode of transference of heat, mass and pressure
• Chapter 2. Integral transforms and their inversion formulae
• Chapter 3. Infinite and semi-infinite continuums
• Chapter 4. Bounded continuum
• Chapter 5. Infinite and semi-infinite (Quadrant) continuums
• Chatper 6. Infinite and semi-infinite lamella
• Chapter 7. Rectangle
• Chapter 8. Infinite and semi-infinite (Octant) continuums
• Chapter 9. Quadrant Layer: Infinite and semi-infinite continuums
• Chapter 10. Octant Layer: Infinite and semi-infinite continuums
• Chapter 11. Cuboid
• Chapter 12. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums
• Chapter 13. Bounded cylindrical continuums
• Chapter 14. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums
• Chapter 15. Bounded cylindrical continuum
• Chapter 16. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums
• Chapter 17. Bounded cylindrical continuum
• Chapter 18. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums. The continuum is also either infinite or semi-infinite in z
• Chapter 19. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums bounded by the planes z = 0 and z = d
• Chapter 20. Bounded cylindrical continuum. The independent variable z is either infinite or semi-infinite
• Chapter 21. Bounded cylindrical continuum. The continuum is also bounded by the planes z = 0 and z = d
• Chapter 22. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums
• Chapter 23. Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continuums bounded by the planes z = 0 and z = d
• Chapter 24. Bounded cylindrical continuum. The independent variable z is either infinite or semi-infinite
• Chapter 25. Bounded cylindrical continuum. The continuum is also bounded by the lxviii planes z = 0 and z = d
• Appendix A. Supplement to Chapter 8
• Appendix B. Supplement to Chapter 9
• Appendix C. Supplement to Chapter 10
• Appendix D. Supplement to Chapter 11
• Appendix E. Table of Integrals
• Appendix F. General properties and a table of Laplace transforms.
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PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO DIFFUSION-RELATED PROBLEMS The Diffusion Handbook: Applied Solutions for Engineers is the 2011 recipient of the R.R. Hawkins Award, the top prize of the Association of American Publishers' PROSE Awards and one of the highest recognitions in the world of professional and scholarly publishing. The book is also the winner of the 2011 PROSE Award for Excellence in Physical Sciences & Mathematics and the Engineering & Technology category award. The Diffusion Handbook provides more than 1,000 ready-made solutions to boundary-value problems associated with Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin boundary conditions. The book also offers variations, including: Subdivided systems where the properties of each continuum are uniform but discontinuous at the interface Solutions involving boundary conditions of the mixed type, where the function is prescribed over part of the boundary and its normal derivative over the remaining part Problems that involve space- and time-dependent boundary conditions All semi-analytic solutions presented in this practical resource are accompanied by prescriptions for numerical computation. The diffusion coefficient and the initial and boundary conditions used in this book apply to fluid flow in a porous medium. All solutions can be equally applied to problems in heat conduction and mass transfer. Coverage includes: Integral transforms and their inversion formulae Infinite and semi-infinite continua Bounded continuum Infinite and semi-infinite lamella Rectangle Quadrant layer and octant layer Cuboid Infinite and semi-infinite cylindrical continua Bounded cylindrical continuum Wedge-shaped infinite and semi-infinite continua Wedge-shaped bounded continuum Wedge.
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This book not only actively demystifies the corporate response to climate change, but also ensures that everyone can do something to address climate change. It leads readers to reconsider the relationship between climate change and the corporate world. This is a compact guided journey into the increasingly regulatory and auditing environment which hold corporations accountable for their carbon footprint. The authors provide key pointers to business in a comprehensive overview of factors to consider when formulating appropriate and effective responses to climate change. Appropriate corporate climate change responses are vital.To this end, the authors provide an overview of South African media publications which highlights not only the imperative for a corporate response to climate change, but also the change in paradigm faced by business. Here, the reader is drawn into the most current corporate climate change debate through printed media excerpts and accompanying corresponding graphics and photos. The book continues with an intriguing report on an empirical study conducted on the web database of the newspaper Business Day. Findings point to the most important climate change topics of discussion in specifically the corporate environment over the last 11 years. The local Business Day frequency search is also positioned in an international context with similar searches conducted in the Wall Street Journal, the London Financial Times and the Australian Financial Review.In conclusion, the book offers a method of corporate climate change response benchmarking, reporting and accounting via a corporate climate change response "checklist" and a description of its use by various corporate stakeholders. This handy checklist is organised into ten domains that will assist business to have an overview of the whole field of climate change and concise pointers in each of these domains.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction. Elements of Problem-Solving/Materials Characterization. How to Use This Book. Spectroscopic Techniques. Compositional Analysis by AES and XPS. Ion Beam Techniques. In-Depth Analysis. Surface and Interface Analysis by HRTEM and XTEM. Synchrotron-based Techniques. Scanning Force Microscopy. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Metallurgy. Minerals, Ceramics, and Glasses. Composites. Corrosion. Tribology. Catalysts. Adhesion. Biocompatible Materials. Nano-structured Materials.
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The "Handbook of Surface and Interface Analysis: Methods for Problem-Solving" describes the physical basis and technical implementation of the most commonly used techniques for materials characterization. Providing an overview of the benefits and limitations for each methodology, this second edition features five brand new chapters that address surface and interface analysis by HRTEM and XTEM, synchrotron-based techniques, scanning tunneling microscopy, biocompatible materials, and nano-structured materials. This volume combines the expertise from a distinguished group of scientists into a comprehensive, integrated source of information on the characterization methods considered crucial in this field.
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• Introduction. Fundamentals of Optical Elements and Devices. Light Sources. Lenses, Prisms and Mirrors. Optoelectronic Sensors. Optical Devices and Optomechanical Elements. Fundamentals Principles and Techniques for Metrology. Propagation of Light. Interferometry. Holography. Speckle Methods and Applications. Moire Metrology. Optical Heterodyne Measurement Method. Diffraction. Scattering. Polarization. Near-Field Optics. Practical Applications. Length and Size. Displacement. Straightness and Parallelism. Flatness. Surface Profilometry. Three-Dimensional Shape Measurement. Fringe Analysis. Photogrammetry. Optical Methods in Solid Mechanics. Optical Methods in Flow Measurement. Polarimetry. Birefringence Measurement. Ellipsometry. Optical Thin Film and Coatings. Film Surface and Thickness Profilometry. On-Machine Measurement.
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Carefully designed to make information accessible without sacrificing coverage of advanced topics, this book discusses fundamental principles and techniques before exploring practical applications of optical methods. It includes contributions from veterans of the field and up-and-coming researchers. The editor draws on his experience in teaching and industry to provide a resource that both authoritative and practical.
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• 1. Introduction
• 2. Gravity: The Pull of the Earth
• 3. Case Studies in Gravity
• 4. Magnetometry: Finding Buried Magnets and More
• 5. Case Studies in Magnetometry
• 6. Waves: Some Basic Concepts
• 7. Electromagnetic Induction: A New Frontier
• 8. Case Studies in Electromagnetic Induction
• 9. Ground Penetrating Radar: A True Wave-Based Technique
• 10. Case Studies in Ground Penetrating Radar
• 11. Geotomography: Holograms within the Earth
• 12. Case Studies in Geotomography
• 13. Electrical Resistivity Tomography: Imaging with Electricity
• A. Quick Reference
• B. Glossary.
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Geophysics is used in dealing with problems from academic to practical interest. Applications can include, an understanding the structure of the Earth, resource exploration, environmental and construction concerns, as well as archaeology, palaeontology, law enforcement, and counter-terrorism. The nature of this science make inaccessible to all but those with rigorous training in mathematics and physics. While there are a great many publications in geophysics at various levels, none has been directed towards those that have a professional need to know about the geophysical techniques or are simply curious. This book was written with that particular audience in mind. Although its fundamental focus is on archaeological applications, it is sufficiently broad to be useful as a reference to support other applications and is sufficiently self-contained to serve as an introductory text. With the numerous application of geophysics comes a multiplicity of geophysical techniques that support each application. This book addresses geophysical techniques that are most commonly employed in near-surface application; those used in probing the underground to a depth of about ten meters. Each technique is covered at multiple levels beginning with elementary discussions that call upon every-day intuitive insights, with subtleties explored in greater depth. For each method considered, there are a number of case studies that serve to illustrate, the range of applicability of the technique and how this type of data is interpreted. In addition, these case studies have been selected to be of popular interest. One aspect stressed in this book is that, for a given application, there is not necessarily a single geophysical technique that can completely characterize the Earth's shallow subsurface. The synergism of multiple geophysical methods is emphasized by the inclusion of an integrated case study that continues from chapter to chapter demonstrating the increased understanding associated with addition of information from each newly presented technique.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)